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加巴喷丁与卡马西平治疗坐骨神经痛的疗效比较
蛇志〕01'001of SNAKE(Science&Noun)2021年第33卷第1期Vod33No.I,061加巴喷丁与卡马西平治疗坐骨神经痛的疗效比较吴昱4范冠清5((.福建省福州神经精神病防治院药剂科，福建福州357008；.福建省南平市松溪县医院內二科，福建南平353540)［摘要］目的探讨加巴喷丁与卡马西平治疗坐骨神经痛的临床疗效。
方法选取27)7年1月~2020年1月治疗的坐骨神经痛患者80 例,随机分为观察组和对照组各44例，观察组给予加巴喷丁治疗，对照组给予卡马西平治疗。
采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)对两组患者治疗前、治疗4周后的疼痛程度进行评估，采用生活质量量表(QOL)评价两组患者治疗前后的生活质量改善情况,并对两组患者的不良反应发生率进行比较。
结果观察组患者的临床治疗有效率为87.3%,高于对照组的67.3%45=2667,P<7.05)。
治疗后，观察组的VAS评分低于对照组(=2.229,P<0.05),QOL评分高于对照组(a=9.446,P<0.05)。
两组不良反应发生率比较，观察组显著低于对照组((5=9 .434,P< 0.05)。
结论加巴喷丁治疗坐骨神经痛的疗效明显,能明显减轻患者的疼痛程度,改善患者的生活质量，且不良反应少,安全性高,值得临床推广应用。
［关键词］坐骨神经痛;加巴喷丁;卡马西平;临床疗效［中图分类号］R745.4+2［文献标识码］A［文章编号］1001-5632(207))01-0049-05doi：16.3969/E issu.401-5639.407).01.04Comparison of Gabapentin and Carbamazepine in treetmenS of sciaticoWU Yu,FAN Guag-ning5(1.Department of pharmacy,Fuzhou nebnpsychiatPc hospital,Fuzhou City,Fujian Province ,e54008, China；.Department of internal medicine,Songpi County Hospim/Nanping Citp,Fujian Province,353500,China)[Abstroct]Objective To observe and compare the clinical efficacy of Gahapextik and CarUamazepinc in the treatment of sciatica.Methods80paLexts with sciatica who came to our hospitai fnm Januara274to Januara2027were selected and randomly Oivideb into observaLon gnup and control gnup with44cases in each gnup.The observaLon gnup was treated with Gahapextik and the control gnup was treated with CarUamazepinc.After4weeds of treatment, visual analogue scale(VAS)was used to evaluate the pain deprec of the too gnups before and after treatment.The improvement of quality of life and the incidence of ahverse reactions were compared between the two groups before and after treatment with quality of life scale(QOL):Resulte The total effective rate of the oPsenaPon gnup was87.3%,which was higher than60.3%of the control gnup((5=6.667,P<0.25)；the visual analogue scale(VAS)scon of the observaLon gnup was lower than that of the conWoi gnup(£=2.229,P<0.25)；the QOL of the oPsenaPon gnup was higher than that of the conWoi gnup(a4.446,P<0.25)；the incidence of ahverse reacWons in the observaLon gnup was significantly lower than that in the contnd gnup((5二4.434,P<0.25).Conclusion Gahapextik is eWective in the treatment of sciatica,end the Pegrec of pain is significantly reduced after treatment,which can improve the quality of life of paLexts:with fewer ahverse reactions and higher safety than CarUamazepinc.[Key wordt i sciatica；oaUayenUn；CarUamazepinc；clinical efficacy坐骨神经痛是由于坐骨神经通路及其分支区受损而导致的一组疼痛综合征，表现为自臀部沿大腿后侧、小腿后外侧向远端放射的一种神经性疼痛。
2024年牛津译林版高考英语试题及解答参考
2024年牛津译林版英语高考复习试题及解答参考一、听力第一节（本大题有5小题，每小题1.5分，共7.5分）1、Listen to the conversation between two students discussing a school project.Question: What is the main topic of their discussion?A. The due date for the project.B. The resources needed for the project.C. The difficulty level of the project.D. The evaluation criteria for the project.Answer: B. The resources needed for the project.Explanation: In the conversation, the students discuss the different resources they need to complete the project, such as books, online articles, and research materials.2、Listen to a short interview with a famous author.Question: What is the author’s advice for young writers?A. To focus on making money rather than artistic expression.B. To read widely and learn from other authors.C. To avoid writing in their native language.D. To only write when they are inspired.Answer: B. To read widely and learn from other authors.Explanation: During the interview, the author emphasizes the importance ofreading extensively and being inspired by the works of other writers to improve one’s own writing skills.3.You hear a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob, discussing their weekend plans.Student A: “Hey, Bob, are you planning to d o anything interesting this weekend?”Student B: “Yeah, I’m thinking of going hiking. How about you, Alice?”Student A: “That sounds fun! I was actually planning to visit the local museum.”Question: What activity does Alice plan to do this weekend?A. Go hikingB. Visit the local museumC. Go hiking and visit the museumD. Stay at home and relaxAnswer: BExplanation: In the conversation, Alice responds to Bob’s question about his weekend plans by saying, “I was actually planning to visit the local museum,” indicating that her plan is to go to the museum.4.You hear a dialogue between a teacher and a student, discussing a school project.Teacher: “Hi, Sarah. How are you coming along with your science project?”Student: “Hi, Mr.Smith. I’m almost done. I’ve completed the researchand collected all the data. Now, I’m just writing the conclusion.”Question: What is the student currently working on for the science project?A. Collecting dataB. Writing the introductionC. Writing the conclusionD. Presenting the projectAnswer: CExplanation: The student, Sarah, mentions to the teacher that she has “completed the research and collected all the data” and is now “just writing the conclusion,” which means she is in the process o f writing the conclusion for her science project.5、What is the main topic of the conversation between the two speakers?A. The importance of exercise.B. The benefits of healthy eating.C. The best way to stay fit.D. The latest trends in sports.Answer: C. The best way to stay fit.Explanation: In the conversation, the two speakers discuss various ways to stay fit, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and maintaining a balanced lifestyle. The main focus is on finding the best way to stay fit, making option C the correct answer. Options A, B, and D are mentioned in the conversation but are not the main topic.二、听力第二节（本大题有15小题，每小题1.5分，共22.5分）1、Question: How old was the speaker when they first visited the museum?Options:A. 12 years oldB. 15 years oldC. 10 years oldD. 8 years oldAnswer: B. 15 years oldExplanation: The speaker mentions in the dialogue that they visited the museum for the first time when they were 15 years old.2、Question: What did the speaker do before they started their new job?Options:A. Studied for a degreeB. Worked in a different fieldC. Travelled around the worldD. Had a part-time jobAnswer: A. Studied for a degreeExplanation: In the conversation, the speaker talks about how they spent the last four years studying for their degree before taking up their current job.3、Question: What does the speaker say about the importance of teamwork in the workplace?A)Teamwork is only necessary when working on a large project.B)Teamwork is not always beneficial due to conflicts.C)Teamwork is crucial for success and productivity in the workplace.D)Teamwork is less important than individual contributions.Answer: C) Teamwork is crucial for success and productivity in the workplace.Explanation: The speaker emphasizes the importance of teamwork in achieving success and productivity in the workplace. They mention that teamwork fosters better communication, encourages diverse perspectives, and leads to more effective problem-solving.4、Question: According to the speaker, what is one of the main reasons for the rise in remote work?A)The advancement of technology.B)The preference of employees for flexible work schedules.C)The need for cost savings by companies.D)The desire to reduce commuting time.Answer: A) The advancement of technology.Explanation: The speaker attributes the rise in remote work to the advancement of technology, which has made it easier for employees to work from home or any location with internet access. They mention the use of video conferencing, online collaboration tools, and cloud computing as key factors in this trend.5.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing their summer plans. Listen to the conversation and answer the following question.Question: What does the student say about their summer job?A. They will work at a local library.B. They will be a camp counselor.C. They will work part-time at a restaurant.D. They will be traveling around Europe.Answer: CExplanation: In the conversation, one of the students mentions, “I’m going to work part-time at a restaurant this summer,” which indicates the correct answer.6.You will hear a lecture about the impact of technology on education. Listen to the lecture and answer the following question.Question: According to the speaker, what is one of the major advantages of technology in education?A. It reduces the need for physical textbooks.B. It allows for more personalized learning experiences.C. It makes the learning process more expensive.D. It leads to a decrease in student engagement.Answer: BExplanation: The speaker in the lecture emphasizes, “One of the greatest benefits of technology in education is the ability to tailor learningexper iences to individual students’ needs,” which supports answer choice B.7.You will hear a conversation between two friends discussing their summerplans. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: What does Sarah plan to do for her summer vacation?A. Travel to Italy.B. Take a summer job.C. Stay home and study.D. Go on a road trip.Answer: CExplanation: In the conversation, Sarah mentions that she has a lot of work to do over the summer, so she plans to stay home and study instead of going on a trip or taking a job. Therefore, the correct answer is C.8.You will hear a lecture about the effects of climate change on global agriculture. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: According to the lecture, which of the following is a consequence of climate change on agricultural yields?A. Increased yields due to more heat.B. Decreased yields due to extreme weather events.C. Improved yields due to better soil quality.D. No significant change in yields.Answer: BExplanation: The lecturer discusses how climate change has led to more frequent and severe extreme weather events, which can have a negative impact on agricultural yields. The correct answer is B, as the lecture specificallymentions the decrease in yields due to these events.9.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans. Listen to the conversation and answer the following question.Question: What is the woman planning to do this weekend?A. Go to a movie.B. Visit her parents.C. Travel to another city.D. Study for the upcoming exam.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the woman mentions that she will visit her parents this weekend. Therefore, the correct answer is B.10.You will hear a short lecture about the importance of exercise. Listen to the lecture and answer the following question.Question: What is the main idea of the lecture?A. Exercise is not important for health.B. Regular exercise can improve mental health.C. People should avoid exercise to stay healthy.D. Only professional athletes should exercise.Answer: BExplanation: The lecture emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise, particularly in improving mental health. Thus, the correct answer is B.11.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing their studyplan for the upcoming exam. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the following question:What subject does the girl prefer to study first according to the conversation?A)MathematicsB)EnglishC)PhysicsD)ChemistryAnswer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the girl says, “I think I should start with English because it’s my weakest subject.” This indicates that she prefers to study English first.12.You will hear a short interview with a teacher who gives advice on exam preparation. Listen carefully and answer the following question: What does the teacher suggest students do to manage their time effectively during the exam?A)Skip difficult questions firstB)Read all questions carefully before startingC)Answer questions in the order they appear on the paperD)Spend more time on questions they are confident aboutAnswer: BExplanation: The teacher says, “The most important thing is to read all the questions carefully before starting. This will help you understand what isbeing asked and avoid making mistakes.” This indicates that the teacher suggests students read all questions carefully before starting.13.You will hear a conversation between two students, Tom and Lucy, discussing their study plan for the upcoming exam. Listen to the conversation and answer the following question.Question: What subject are they discussing for their study plan?A) MathB) EnglishC) ScienceD) HistoryAnswer: B) EnglishExplanation: The conversation clearly mentions that they are making a study plan for the English exam, so the correct answer is English.14.You will hear a short interview with a famous author, Jane Smith, who is discussing her new book. Listen to the interview and answer the following question.Question: What is the main theme of Jane Smith’s new book?A) Love and relationshipsB) Adventure and explorationC) Science and technologyD) War and conflictAnswer: C) Science and technologyExplanation: During the interview, the author explicitly states that her new book focuses on the future of science and technology, making Science and technology the correct answer.15、What time does the last train leave for London according to the announcement?A. 9:45 PMB. 10:15 PMC. 10:45 PMD. 11:15 PMAnswer: DExplanation: In the recording, the station announcer mentions that due to maintenance work on the tracks, the last train bound for London will depart at 11:15 PM instead of its usual scheduled time.三、阅读第一节（第1题7.5分，其余每题10分，总37.5分）第一题Passage:In the small town of Windermere, nestled between the Lake District hills, there stands a quaint old bookshop known as “The Reading Nook.” This charming establishment has been a staple in the community for over a century, attracting both locals and tourists alike with its vast collection of books and cozy atmosphere. The owner, Mr. Thompson, is an avid reader himself and has a wealthof knowledge about literature and history.One rainy afternoon, a young woman named Emily walks into The Reading Nook. She is looking for a book that will transport her to another world. Mr. Thompson greets her warmly and suggests a few titles that he believes she will enjoy. After some deliberation, Emily chooses a classic novel that has been on his recommendation list for years.As Emily sits down to read, she is captivated by the story. The novel takes her on a journey through the English countryside in the 19th century, where she meets a cast of intriguing characters. The book’s vivid descriptions and rich narrative make her forget about the world outside the shop for hours on end.The next day, Emily returns to The Reading Nook, eager to discuss the novel with Mr. Thompson. They spend the afternoon talking about the story, the author, and the historical context in which it was set. Emily is amazed at how much she has learned from the conversation and decides to explore more books in the store.Over time, Emily becomes a regular at The Reading Nook. She often finds herself lost in a book, transported to different worlds and times. Mr. Thompson, noticing her passion, begins to recommend more challenging andthought-provoking titles. Emily embraces these challenges and finds herself growing as a reader and a person.One evening, as Emily is leaving the store, Mr. Thompson calls her over. He hands her a small, leather-bound book that he says is a gift for her. The book is filled with notes and underlined passages from many of the books shehas read over the years. Emily is overjoyed and grateful for the gift, knowing that it is a testament to her growth as a reader.Questions:1、What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To describe the charming town of Windermere.B. To introduce the concept of “The Reading Nook” and its owner.C. To highlight the importance of reading and its impact on Emily’s life.D. To provide a detailed historical account of the Lake District.Answer: C2、Who is the owner of “The Reading Nook”?A. EmilyB. Mr. ThompsonC. The authorD. A touristAnswer: B3、What does Emily find captivating about the novel recommended byMr. Thompson?A. The author’s writing style.B. The historical context.C. The vivid descriptions.D. The intriguing characters.Answer: C4、How does Mr. Thompson’s gift to Emily reflect her growth as a reader?A. It shows that he knows her well.B. It is a testament to her passion for reading.C. It proves that she has read many books.D. It indicates that she has become a regular customer.Answer: B第二题Passage:In the small coastal town of Porthcurno, located on the rugged Cornish coast of England, lies an extraordinary site known as the Porthcurno Telegraph Museum. This museum is dedicated to the history of telegraphy and the undersea cables that have connected the world for over a century. The museum was established in 2001, following the decommissioning of the Porthcurno cable station, which was one of the world’s first submarine telegraph cable stations.The cable station was built in the 19th century to facilitate communication between Europe and the United States. At its peak, the station employed over 200 workers and was a bustling hub of activity. Today, the museum offers visitors a glimpse into the past, with exhibits that include reconstructed cable rooms, a model of the cable laying ship, and artifacts from the telegraph era.One of the most significant exhibits at the museum is the cable that was laid in 1866 by the Great Eastern, a steamship that laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable. The cable, which was made of copper and insulated withgutta-percha, was a marvel of engineering at the time. It took 12 years to lay the 3,700 miles of cable, and the achievement was celebrated as a triumph of human ingenuity.The museum also explores the role of the Porthcurno cable station in World War II. During the war, the station was crucial for sending and receiving encrypted messages, which played a vital role in the Allied victory. The station’s employees worked tirelessly, often in dire conditions, to ensure that communication lines remained open.Questions:1、What is the main purpose of the Porthcurno Telegraph Museum?A. To promote tourism in the Cornish coast.B. To showcase the history of telegraphy and submarine cables.C. To provide educational programs on maritime history.D. To preserve the site of the Porthcurno cable station.2、When was the Porthcurno cable station decommissioned, and when was the museum established?A. 19th century, 2001B. 20th century, 2001C. 2001, 19th centuryD. 2001, 20th century3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an exhibit at the Porthcurno Telegraph Museum?A. A reconstructed cable roomB. A model of the cable laying shipC. A collection of 19th-century telegraphsD. Artifacts from the telegraph era4、What was the significance of the cable laid in 1866 by the Great Eastern?A. It was the longest cable ever laid.B. It was the first transatlantic telegraph cable.C. It was made of silk and gutta-percha.D. It was used exclusively for military communication during World War II.Answers:1、B2、D3、C4、BThird QuestionDirections: Read the following passage carefully and choose the best answer for questions that follow. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.PassageIn today’s rapidly evolving world, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives. From smartphones to artificial intelligence, technological advancements have transformed the way we communicate, learn, and conduct business. However, with these advancements come both benefits and challenges.While technology can bring people closer together and facilitate access to information, it also poses questions about privacy, security, and the very nature of human interaction. This essay explores the impact of technology on society, focusing on its effects on education, employment, and social relationships.…Third QuestionThe use of technology in modern society is discussed in this passage. Carefully read the passage and answer the questions below.1、What is the main focus of the passage?A. The development of smartphones and AIB. The transformation of communication methodsC. The benefits and challenges of technology in societyD. The importance of privacy and security in the digital ageAnswer: C2、According to the passage, how does technology affect education?A. By limiting access to educational resourcesB. By facilitating more accessible learning opportunitiesC. By making traditional teaching methods obsoleteD. By increasing the cost of educationAnswer: B3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an area impacted by technologyaccording to the passage?A. EducationB. EmploymentC. Social relationshipsD. HealthcareAnswer: D4、How does the author introduce the discussion on technology?A. By providing detailed statistics on technology usageB. By offering a broad overview followed by specific areas affectedC. By criticizing the overuse of technology in daily lifeD. By focusing solely on the negative impacts of technologyAnswer: B第四题Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The ancient city of Petra, located in southern Jordan, is one of the world’s most famous archaeological sites. Discovered by the Bedouin people in the 19th century, Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1985. The city is renowned for its rock-cut architecture, which includes temples, tombs, and forts, carved directly into the pink sandstone cliffs.Petra’s most iconic structure is Al-Khazneh, also known as the Treasury. This magnificent facade, with its intricate carvings and towering columns, is believed to have been built for a Nabataean king. The city also features theSiq, a narrow passage leading to Petra’s heart, where visitors can marvel at the stunning rock formations.The Nabataeans, who settled in Petra around the 4th century BC, were skilled engineers and architects. They developed an intricate water system that provided the city with a reliable water supply. This water management system, along with their advanced agricultural techniques, allowed Petra to thrive in an otherwise arid landscape.Today, Petra attracts millions of tourists each year, drawn by its breathtaking beauty and rich history. The site has been featured in numerous films and is a popular destination for hikers and adventure seekers.1、What is the main reason Petra is considered one of the world’s most famous archaeological sites?A. Its location in southern JordanB. The rock-cut architectureC. The Nabataean water systemD. Its historical significanceAnswer: B2、Which structure is known as Al-Khazneh and is believed to have been built for a Nabataean king?A. The SiqB. The TreasuryC. The rock-cut tombsD. The fortsAnswer: B3、What skill did the Nabataeans possess that contributed to the success of their city?A. TradeB. Military prowessC. Engineering and architectureD. AgricultureAnswer: C4、Which of the following best describes the purpose of the water system in Petra?A. To support the city’s military defensesB. To provide water for agricultural useC. To attract touristsD. To enhance the city’s beautyAnswer: B四、阅读第二节（12.5分）Reading Section IIPassage:In the small coastal town of Horseshoe Bay, the local community has always been close-knit and supportive. The town is known for its beautiful beaches,friendly residents, and a rich history. Every year, the town hosts the Horseshoe Bay Festival, which brings together locals and visitors alike to celebrate the community’s spirit.The festival, which began in 1950, has grown over the years and now includes various events such as a parade, live music, food vendors, and craft workshops. One of the highlights of the festival is the traditional boat race, where local boat clubs compete for the coveted Horseshoe Cup. The event is not only a display of athletici sm and teamwork but also a testament to the town’s deep connection with the sea.This year’s festival is particularly special as it marks the 70th anniversary of the festival. The organizing committee has planned a series of additional activities to commemorate the occasion. They have invited a group of local historians to give talks on the town’s history, and have also organized a charity auction to raise funds for a new community center.Questions:1.What is the main purpose of the Horseshoe Bay Festival?A. To promote tourism in the town.B. To celebrate the community’s spirit and history.C. To raise funds for local charities.D. To showcase the town’s cultural heritage.2.Which event is considered a highlight of the festival?A. The charity auction.B. The talks by local historians.C. The traditional boat race.D. The live music performances.3.How many years has the Horseshoe Bay Festival been running?A. 50 yearsB. 70 yearsC. 60 yearsD. 65 years4.What is the purpose of the charity auction mentioned in the passage?A. To celebrate the festival’s anniversary.B. To raise funds for a new community center.C. To invite local historians to speak.D. To showcase the town’s cultural heritage.5.What does the passage suggest about the relationship between the people of Horseshoe Bay and the sea?A. They are indifferent to it.B. They are competitors with it.C. They have a deep connection with it.D. They are trying to preserve it.Answers:1.B. To celebrate the community’s spirit and history.2.C. The traditional boat race.3.B. 70 years4.B. To raise funds for a new community center.5.C. They have a deep connection with it.五、语言运用第一节 _ 完形填空（15分）Section V: Language Use - Part A: Cloze TestRead the following passage and choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D for each blank. Then mark the corresponding letter on your answer sheet with a single line through the center.The Power of KindnessOne day, while I was walking in the park, I noticed a group of kids playing around a bench. As I got closer, I saw that they were making fun of another boy who sat there alone. He seemed to be very 1 , as he just looked down, not even trying to 2 back. It broke my heart to see this, so I decided to do something.I walked up to them and asked if they would like to play a game. They agreed, and I 3 that we play a game where everyone had to say something nice about the person next to them. At first, the kids were 4 , but then they started to 5 into it. When it was the turn of the boy who had been 6 , he said something truly 7 about the kid who had been the meanest to him. Everyone was 8 .After the game, the atmosphere changed completely. The children who had been 9 the boy now played with him, and it was 10 how one simple act of kindness could make such a 11 difference. From that day on, I 12 to always look for opportunitiesto spread 13 wherever I went. Sometimes, all it takes is a 14 word or gesture to 15 someone’s day.Questions:1.A) happyB) lonelyC) angryD) excited2.A) fightB) smileC) shoutD) talk3.A) suggestedB) orderedC) commandedD) begged4.A) enthusiasticB) hesitantC) eagerD) confident5.A) fallB) getC) runD) jump6.A) praisedB) teasedC) ignoredD) supported7.A) meanB) rudeC) kindD) funny8.A) shockedB) annoyedC) amusedD) bored9.A) helpingB) teasingC) encouragingD) praising10.A) surprisingB) disappointingC) confusingD) upsetting11.A) smallB) negativeC) bigD) invisible12.A) refusedB) promisedC) forgotD) hesitated13.A) joyB) angerC) sadnessD) fear14.A) harshB) coldC) warmD) sharp15.A) ruinB) brightenC) darkenD) shortenAnswers:1.B) lonely2.A) fight3.A) suggested4.B) hesitant5.B) get6.B) teased7.C) kind8.A) shocked9.B) teasing10.A) surprising11.C) big12.B) promised13.A) joy14.C) warm15.B) brightenThis passage is designed to test the students’ comprehension and their ability to use context clues to determine the most appropriate words to complete the text.六、语言运用第二节 _ 语法填空（15分）Grammar FillingRead the following passage and fill in each blank with the appropriate grammar item. Choose the best option (A, B, C, or D) for each blank from the options given after the passage.Passage:In the small town of Greenfield, there is a long-standing tradition of holding a yearly festival in honor of the town’s founder, Sir Alfred Green. The festival, which takes place every autumn, attracts visitors from all over the country. The highlight of the festival is the parade, where local businesses and community groups showcase their creativity and spirit.The festival begins with a grand opening ceremony, followed by various activities throughout the day. One of the most anticipated events is the traditional bake sale, where residents contribute homemade baked goods to be sold to the public. The proceeds from the sale go towards funding local charities and community projects.Sir Alfred Green was a visionary leader who dedicated his life to improving the quality of life for the people of Greenfield. He was known for his kindness, his innovative ideas, and his unwavering commitment to the town’s progress. To this day, his legacy lives on through the annual festival and the countless lives he touched.Grammar Filling Questions:1.The festival,___________every autumn, attracts visitors from all over the country.A. being heldB. holdsC. heldD. to be heldOptions:。
外国教育史讲义17——现代欧美教育思潮
外国教育史课程讲义17——现代欧美教育思潮19世纪和20世纪初，在欧美国家教育理论中，占据统治地位的是以德国教育家赫尔巴特为代表的教育理论。
1899年，实用主义教育的创始人，美国教育家杜威在《学校与社会》一书中，第一次使用“传统教育”一词来表示以赫尔巴特为代表的教育理论，并对其进行了批判，同时把他自己所主张的教育理论称为“现代教育”。
此后，在现代欧美教育理论中，开始出现了“传统教育”和“现代教育”的概念，并引起了“现代教育”理论和“传统教育”理论的反复论争。
随着20世纪社会政治、经济和科学文化的发展，特别是在第二次世界大战后，由于科学技术的突飞猛进，许多新兴学科的兴起，以及教育改革和发展的新要求，在欧美国家中先后出现了一些新的教育思想流派。
它们是西方现代工业文明中社会发展的产物。
它们力图从不同角度对教育的理论或实际问题作出各自的阐述，从而形成了空前活跃的教育思潮。
第一节改造主义教育改造主义教育是在20世纪30年代从实用主义教育和进步教育中逐渐分化出来，到50年代形成的一种独立的教育思想。
改造主义教育家自称是进步教育的真正继承者和亲密的盟友。
改造主义教育也以实用主义教育的一个分支而著称。
在1929年资本主义世界经济危机之后，美国经济萧条，社会动荡。
当时在美国教育界占据主导地位并产生广泛影响的实用主义教育和进步教育，首当其冲地因其强调以学生的直接经验为中心的教育而未能妥善处理社会改造问题受到了严厉的批评。
因此，一些原来坚持“儿童中心”理论的教育家在美国总统罗斯福推行的“新政”政策下，要求学校更加注意它的社会责任。
在1932年的进步教育协会全国代表大会上，康茨(G．S．Counts)作了题为《学校敢于建立一个新的社会秩序吗?》的著名演说，对当时的美国学校教育提出了挑战。
1934年10月，康茨又和拉格(H．O．Rugg)’等人组成一个称为“拓荒思想家”的团体并创办教育刊物——《社会拓荒者》。
他们在实用主义哲学的基础上，对实用主义教育和“进步教育”理论的具体论述作了修正，主张教育要少强调“儿童中心”，多强调“社会中心”，少关心“个人生长”，多关心“社会改造”。
TheNewcastle-OttawaScale（NOS）forAssessingthe…
Development: Identifying Items
• Identify ‘high’ quality choices with a ‘star’
• A maximum of one ‘star’ for each item within the ‘Selection’ and ‘Exposure/Outcome’ categories; maximum of two ‘stars’ for ‘Comparability’
2. Representativeness of the cases a) consecutive or obviously representative series of cases ♦ b) potential for selection biases or not stated
3. Selection of Controls a) community controls ♦ b) hospital controls c) no description
Selection
1. Is the case definition adequate? a) yes, with independent validation ♦ b) yes, eg record linkage or based on self reports c) no description
Bias and Confounding
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important additional findings like common iliac vein or inferior vena cava thrombosis (Fig.4).In two further cases,unknown contralateral thrombosis was seen with True-FISP MR-venog-Fig.1True-FISP MR-venography (TR 5.0ms,TE 2.5ms,860 860 m in-plane resolution)in a 42year old patient without thrombosis.Veins and arteries are displayed with a bright signal.A black rim surrounding the vessel lumen is readily apparent (magnification).True-FISP sequence for MR-venography,which may allow for a high-contrast MR-venography without costly contrast agent.Technical considerations of MR-venography using high resolution True-FISPTrue-FISP sequences demonstrate a T1/T2contrast due to data acquisition in a steady state condition of the transverse magnetization [9].Therefore,the long T2of blood allows for Fig.2True-FISP MR-venography (TR 5.0ms,TE 2.5ms,860 860 m in-plane resolution)in a 31year old pregnant plete left femoral (a )and iliac (b )vein thrombosis is diagnosed because of the dark signal,whereas open superficial and deep right veins show a bright signal.The inferior vena cava is highly compressed due to pregnancy (arrow in c ).in the inferior vena cava(Fig.4),a highly important finding for therapy.In two other patients,tumor masses causing venous compression were diagnosed on the MR-images.This shows the Recently,new MR-approaches for fast detection ofwith fast MR-venography。
Image Guided Therapy Coronary Vascular Excimer las
Image Guided TherapyCoronary VascularExcimer laser atherectomy for a long, diffusely diseased, moderately calcified right coronary artery Operator and facilityAntonis Pratsos, MDBryn Mawr Hospital,Main Line Health SystemBryn Mawr, PennsylvaniaCase history• 75-year-old male• Dyslipidemia, insulin dependentdiabetes, hypertension with ahistory of CAD positivestress test.Angiography• Subtotal occlusion• RCA: Long diffuse disease,moderately calicifed• LAD: Patent with minorluminal irregularities• Circumflex: 50% stenosis in themid portion“The 0.9 mm X80 helped modify the calcium and improved vessel compliance allowing for easy delivery of balloons and stent.”– Antonis Pratsos, MD Results and conclusion • TIMI 3 Flow • As demonstrated in this case, laser ablation was performed to treat a moderately calcified long lesion in the RCA • 0.014 x 135 cm Quick-Cross was used to facilitate the wire crossing the calcified lesion • The 0.9 mm X80 ELCA was used to treat the underlying calcium resulting in easy delivery of balloons & full apposition of the stent Dr. Pratsos has been compensated by Philips for his/her services in preparing this material for Philips’ further use and distribution. The opinions and clinical experiences presented herein are for informational purposes only. Individual results may vary depending on a variety of patient-specificattributes and related factors. Results from this case study are not predictive of future results.Images courtesy of Dr. Pratsos Intervention • RCA was engaged with a 6F FR4 guide • 0.014˝ Asahi guidewire was inserted into the RCA along with a .014 x 135 Quick-Cross support catheter to help cross the lesion • 0.9 mm X80 ELCA catheter was used at 50 fluence/40Hz • PTCA was then performed with a 2.5 mm Maverick at 14 ATMs • Xience 3.0 x 28 stent was placed in the RCA deployed at 18 ATMS • PTCA post stent deployment was performed with a 2.50 x 12 mm Quantum Maverick Devices Guide 6F FR4 guide catheter (Boston Scientific)Wire(s)0.014˝ Grandslam Wire (Asahi)Support catheter 0.014˝ x 135 cm Quick-Cross (Philips)Atherectomy 0.9 mm X80 ELCA (Philips)Balloon 2.5 x 20 mm Maverick (Boston Scientific)2.5 x 12 mm Quantum Maverick (Boston Scientific)Stent 3.0 x 2.8 mm Xience (Abbott Vascular)Anticoagulation Angiomax (The Medicines Company)Featured Philips products ELCA coronary laser atherectomy catheter Quick-Cross support catheter©2019 Koninklijke Philips N.V. All rights reserved. Some or all products manufactured by Spectranetics, a Philips company. Approved for external distribution. D008980-03 052019Philips3721 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 500 San Diego, CA 92130 USA/IGTdevicesELCA important safety informationIndications:The laser catheters are intended for use either as a stand-alone modality or in conjunction with percutaneous transluminal coronary balloon angioplasty (PTCA) in patients who are acceptable candidates for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The following indications for use, contraindications and warnings have been established through multicenter clinical trials. The Philips CVX-300 Excimer laser system and the multi-fiber laser catheter models are safe and effective for the following indications: occluded saphenous vein bypass grafts, ostial lesions, long lesions (greater than 20mm in length), moderately calcified stenosis, total occlusions traversable by a guidewire, lesions which previously failed balloon angioplasty, restenosis in 316L stainless steel stents, prior to the administration of intravascular brachytherapy. These lesions must be traversable by a guidewire and composed of atherosclerotic plaque and/or calcified material. The lesions should be well defined by angiography.Contraindications:Lesion is in an unprotected left main artery. Lesion is beyond acute bends or is in a location within the coronary anatomy where the catheter cannot traverse. Guidewire cannot be passed through the lesion. Lesion is located within a bifurcation. Patient is not an acceptable candidate for bypass graft surgery.Potential adverse events: Use of the Philips CVX-300 Excimer laser system may contribute to the following complications: dissection of the arterial wall, perforation, acute reclosure, embolization, aneurysm formation, spasm, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, thrombus, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, filling defects, death. No long term adverse effects of ELCA are known at this time.Risks:The primary endpoint defined in the laser angioplasty of restenosis stents (LARS) randomized trial was the absence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at6 months: Death; myocardial infarction; coronary artery bypass surgery. Procedural complications include: any dissection, acute thrombus, haziness, no reflow, arrhythmia, acute vessel closure, occlusion of side branch, occlusion non-target, coronary spasm, coronary embolism, coronary perforation, laser/stent damage, balloon/stent damage, and other serious complications.Caution:Federal law restricts this device to sale by or on the order of a physician.。
前列腺癌靶向超声造影剂的研究进展
前列腺癌（PCa ）是男性泌尿生殖系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，在西方国家发病率极高，在美国和欧洲的癌症死因中位居第2［1］。
据美国癌症协会统计，2020年新诊断的PCa 患者超过190000人，因PCa 死亡的人数高达3万人以上［2］。
近年来PCa 的发病率在大多数亚洲国家呈上升趋势［3］。
随着我国居民生活习惯的改变，检查技术的提高以及人口进入老龄化，PCa 的发病率也逐年升高，故对于高危群体进行及时干预具有非常重要的意义。
超声分子成像技术使用特定抗体或配体标记成像化合物，生成能够结合特定组织或病变的靶向超声造影剂，静脉给药后，这些分子探针通过血液循环在靶组织中特异性聚集，经超声检查可在分子或细胞水平上对病变区域进行特异性成像。
本文就靶向超声造影技术在PCa 的诊断与治疗方面的研究进展进行综述。
1靶向超声造影剂在PCa 诊断方面的研究进展靶向超声造影剂是将靶向生物标记物添加到分子显像剂中的一种技术，配体被设计成黏附在外壳上的内皮生物标志物［4］。
靶向造影剂将通过配体-受体黏附到靶组织，在微血管中积累。
给药几分钟后进行影像学检查，大部分游离造影剂通过呼吸道排出，靶区的造影剂将会显影，信号强度与生物标志物的表达程度成正比［5］。
目前在超声造影剂中常用的PCa 靶向配体有以下几种。
1.1前列腺素1（STEAP-1）STEAP-1是一种细胞表面蛋白，具有组织特异性，在原发性PCa 细胞中高表达，与细胞之间的通讯有关［6］。
该抗原有339个氨基酸残基，并以蛇形方式折叠成2个Advances in targeted ultrasound contrast agents for prostate cancerWANG Huijie 1,2,HONG Hua 2,LIANG Danyan 21Inner Mongolia Clinical College,Inner Mongolia Medical University,Hohhot 010110,China;2Department of Ultrasound Medicine,People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Hohhot 010017,China摘要：前列腺癌是泌尿系统常见的恶性肿瘤之一，在我国前列腺癌的发病率逐年升高。
英语人教版高中必修一(新课标)教案Unit 3 Reading and Thinking 教案
Unit 3 Sports and FitnessPeriod 2 Reading and Thinking教材分析本课时的活动主题是“选择你最喜欢的运动员”(Choose your favourite athlete)。
该文本属于杂志文章,有明显的标题特征、结构特征和语言特征。
文章创设的情境,即某杂志社请读者来信选举自己心目中的“体育界的活传奇”( Living Legends of Sports)，在此基础上，使学生能够使用所学知识来评选自己心中的体育传奇明星，并且能够表达自己对“体育精神”的理解，目的是培养学生理性思考和客观评判的思维品质。
另外还应该从这些传奇人物身上领会和感悟做人和做事的道理。
教学目标1. 快速阅读获取有关郎平和乔丹的基本信息；深入阅读了解他们被称为体育传奇的原因。
2. 通过提问引导学生理解某些语言在文本中的含义，如“time seems to stand still, graceful…”等等。
3. 阅读并理解课文各部分的上下文，学习如何说和写sports legend。
4. 通过对比分析，形成判断传奇人物的标准，学会选择自己喜欢的传奇体育明星。
教学重难点【教学重点】1.深入了解郎平和乔丹的基本情况。
2.理解他们被称为sports legends的原因。
【教学难点】理解某些语言在文本中的含义，例如“time seems to stand still, graceful…”等等。
教学过程Step 1 Warming-upLook at some famous sports stars’ pictures and have a discussion about them.设计意图：引导学生欣赏著名运动明星的图片及讨论知名运动员及运动的功能，引出本单元话题，并对本课将要学习的两位运动员郎平和乔丹做好铺垫。
Step 2 Pre-reading1.Work on Activity 1. Look at the titles and pictures, and predict what the text is about.2.Brainstorm: What aspects will be involved when we talk about “living legends of sports”？设计意图：通过浏览图片、标题、小标题以及板式预测文本内容。
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CHAPTER 27
Real-time devices for the screening and diagnosis of cervical neoplasia
Karen Canfell and Carl Chow
INTRODUCTION
logy and vascular structure, which can be used to distinguish between various types of normal and abnormal cervical epithelium. Secondary (or derived) effects of these primary characteristics, which can be measured directly, include tissue reflectance and absorbance, tissue autofluorescence, the intensity and direction of backscattered light and the electrical properties of the tissue. Two major applications have been proposed for real-time devices. The first is in cervical cancer screening, where the device is used by the health practitioner for routine screening. In this situation, real-time technology is likely to be introduced initially as an adjunct to cervical cytology although, in the longer term, the technology has the potential to operate as an autonomous screening test. The second major application is as a tool for the colposcopist, with the device used as an aid to identifying and classifying abnormal tissue locations on the cervix. Depending on the clinical setting, this information can potentially be used either to guide the choice of biopsy site or to facilitate see-and-treat protocols. One of the major benefits associated with real-time devices is the automation, and consequent standardisation, of the test process. In effect, these devices have the potential to bring the expertise of the specialist gynaecologist to a wider group of practitioners. The second major advantage is in the provision of instantaneous feedback to the clinician or screener. For screening applications, realtime feedback allows immediate counselling, management and referral. In situations where loss-to-recall is a concern, the technology could potentially allow the screening, diagnosis and treatment of cervical disease to take place within a single clinical session. The accuracy of real-time devices for classifying cervical disease is device dependent, and is intrinsically dependent on two major factors. The first is the specific choice of biosensor, or combination of biosensors, used for assessing cervical tissue. In general terms, the chosen biosensor must have several key characteristics. It must be capable of reliable and reproducible measurement, and it must discriminate between the various types of normal and abnormal cervical tissue. The second major factor in real-time device accuracy is the processing software used to convert the information obtained f:48 AM Page 387