The different representational frameworks underpinning abstract and concrete knowledge
现象学胡塞尔 英文
现象学胡塞尔英文English:Phenomenology, developed by Edmund Husserl, is a philosophical method that focuses on the first-person experience of consciousness and the structures of experience. Husserl believed that knowledge begins with our direct experience of the world, and that by suspending judgment and focusing on the phenomena themselves, we can uncover the essential structures that underlie our perception and understanding of the world. Through the process of epoché, or bracketing, Husserl suggests that we can temporarily set aside our preconceived ideas and biases in order to grasp the pure experience as it presents itself to us. This method allows us to closely examine the different layers of experience, including sensory perceptions, emotions, and thoughts, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental structures of consciousness. Husserl's phenomenology has had a significant influence on various fields, including philosophy, psychology, sociology, and cognitive science, as it offers a unique approach to understanding the nature of reality and human experience.中文翻译:现象学，由埃德蒙德·胡塞尔发展，是一种专注于意识第一人称体验和经验结构的哲学方法。
差异绽放艺术之花的英语作文
Differences are the seeds from which the flower of art blossoms.In the realm of art, diversity is not just a concept but a vital element that fuels creativity and innovation.It is through the recognition and celebration of these differences that we can truly appreciate the beauty and richness of artistic expression.The first way in which differences contribute to the flourishing of art is through the unique perspectives that each artist brings to their work.Every individual has their own set of experiences,beliefs,and emotions that shape their worldview.When these perspectives are translated into art,they create a tapestry of diverse ideas and interpretations that enrich the cultural landscape.For example,the Impressionist movement in the late19th century was characterized by artists like Claude Monet and PierreAuguste Renoir,who used their unique approaches to capture the fleeting moments of light and color in their paintings.Another way differences enhance art is through the various mediums and techniques employed by artists.The use of different materials,such as oil paints,watercolors,or digital tools,allows for a wide range of artistic styles and expressions.Additionally, techniques like pointillism,cubism,or abstract expressionism each offer distinct ways of representing reality and inviting viewers to engage with the artwork on a deeper level. Cultural differences also play a significant role in the development of art.Art is often a reflection of the society and culture from which it originates.By exploring the artistic traditions and styles of different cultures,we gain a greater understanding of the values, beliefs,and history of those societies.For instance,the intricate patterns and motifs found in Islamic art,the bold colors and shapes of African textiles,and the delicate brushwork of Chinese calligraphy all provide insights into the unique cultural identities of these regions.Moreover,the inclusion of diverse themes and subjects in art broadens the scope of artistic exploration.By addressing topics such as social issues,environmental concerns, or personal narratives,artists can provoke thought,inspire change,and foster empathy among viewers.For example,the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo often dealt with themes of pain,identity,and feminism,offering a powerful commentary on the human experience.Furthermore,the interaction between different artistic styles and movements can lead to the emergence of new and innovative forms of expression.The blending of traditional and contemporary techniques,or the fusion of Eastern and Western artistic influences, can result in unique and captivating works of art.For instance,the Harlem Renaissance of the1920s saw African American artists like Aaron Douglas and Romare Beardencombining African art forms with Western styles,creating a vibrant and influential artistic movement.In conclusion,it is the celebration of differences in art that allows for the creation of a rich and diverse artistic landscape.By embracing the unique perspectives,techniques, cultural influences,and themes that each artist brings to their work,we can appreciate the true depth and beauty of artistic expression.As such,differences are not barriers but rather the very essence that enables the art to flourish and captivate the hearts and minds of those who encounter it.。
陈新仁英语语言学实用教程第2版练习题库及答案
第一部分考研真题精选一、填空题1.Chomsky proposes that the course of language acquisition is determined by a(n)____language faculty.【中山大学2018研】【答案】innate【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。
2.____refers to the role language plays in communication(e.g. to express ideas,attitudes)or in particular social situations (e.g.religious,legal).【北二外2016研】【答案】Function【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。
功能指的是语言在沟通中(例如表达观点、态度)或在特定社交场合(如宗教、法律)中所起的作用。
3.Human language is arbitrary.This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the____it is associated with.【人大2007研】【答案】meaning【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
4.Some sentences do not describe things.They cannot be said to be true or false.The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action.They are called____.【大连外国语学院2008研】【答案】performative【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
An_Analysis_of_the_Phenomenon_of_Creative_Treason_
Journal of Literature and Art Studies, July 2023, Vol. 13, No. 7, 492-498doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2023.07.003An Analysis of the Phenomenon of Creative Treason inGoldblatt’s Translation of FrogTANG Zhi-yuCollege of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, ChinaLiterary transl ation should not solely focus on “what to translate”, but also on “how to translate”, exte nding theperspective to the target audience and environment. It is crucial to recognize that translation involves more thanrendering words; it entails navigating cultural differences and facilitating literary communication during theprocess of language conversion. By comparing and contrasting Mo Yan’s work of “蛙” with Howard Goldblatt’sEnglish translation Frog from both the two aspects of language and culture and the four perspectives of alienationand naturalization, deletion and addition, processing of address and dialogues, symbols of animal cultural, thisstudy explores the phenomenon of creative treason in literary translation, and provides a specific and in-depthanalysis to offer valuable insights for the translation of Chinese literature.Keywords: creative treason, Frog, translation, cultural differencesLiterary translation is not only to convert one text into another, but also to make an accurate grasp of the cultural characteristics and ideological connotations of the original text, and make appropriate changes on the basis of faithfulness to the original text. The success of literary translation should not only focus on “what to translate”, but also on “how to translate”, expand the perspective to the receiving group and the receiving environment, and realize that the translation of words is only an appearance, but the essence is the cultural difference and literary exchange in the process of language conversion. It can be said that the translator gives a second life to the literary work, which profoundly affects the popularity of the work abroad. The English translation of The Frogs helped author Mo Yan take the Nobel Prize for Literature in one go, which is undoubtedly a great success, and its dissemination and acceptance overseas cannot be separated from the translator Howard Goldblatt’s second creation. This paper compares Mo Yan’s work Frogs and Goldblatt’s English translation, and specifically explains and analyzes the phenomenon of creative rebellion, so as to provide a reference for the translation of Chinese literature.Introduction to FrogFrog is a full-length magical realism novel written by contemporary Chinese author Mo Yan, first published in 2009. Spanning the 1950s to the beginning of the 21st century, the story is set against the backdrop of the ups and downs of rural fertility in New China over the past 60 years, and uses the experience of Wan Xin,TANG Zhi-yu, Bachelor’s degree, College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University.a female doctor’s aunt, who has been practicing obstetrics and gynecology for more than 50 years, to paint a picture of the arduous and complex implementation of family planning policies, revealing sensitive social issues while portraying a group of characters of different shapes and sizes. The novel was awarded the 8th Mao Dun Literary Award in 2011. Subsequently, in 2012, Mo Yan achieved a historic milestone as the first Chinese author to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature because of Frog. The English version of Frog was skillfully translated by renowned American sinologist and translator, Howard Goldblatt. Initially published in Australia in 2014, it later made its way to the UK and the US in 2015. Its publication coincided with its inclusion in the Washington Post’s prestigious “2015 Novels to Watch” list. This successful publication and distribution of the English translation significantly amplified the global appeal and popularity of Frog.Analysis of Creative Treason in the English Translation of Frog Creative treason was first proposed by French literary sociologist Robert Escarpit, who who explains in his book Sociology of Literature that “it is always an act of creative treason, but it is still treason because it puts the work into a system of references (linguistic, in this example) for which it was not originally conceived-creative, because it gives new reality to the work in providing it with the possibility of a new literary interchange with a larger public and because it assures not only mere survival but a second existence” (Escarpit, 1971, p. 85). From this perspective, creative treason in translation involves more than superficial changes to the language’s form; it also allows the translator to make decisions on whether to creatively adapt the text based on the cultural characteristics and ideological connotations of the target country, while remaining faithful to the original ideas and expressions.Howard Goldblatt, the English translator of Frog, possesses a nuanced understanding of Chinese culture, owing to his prior study experience in China. During the process of translating Mo Yan’s work, Goldblatt adeptly navigated the differences in cultural concepts, historical development, and ideological connotations between China and the United States. His flexible approach to translation garnered the approval and support of the original author, Mo Yan. The translation exhibits a noticeable creative treason, primarily evident in two levels: linguistic and cultural adaptations, including alienation and naturalization, deletion and addition, processing of address and dialogues, symbols of animal cultural. This scholarly and culturally sensitive translation not only showcases Goldblatt’s expertise but also contributes to an enriched cross-cultural literary exchange, further enhancing the global appreciation and recognition of Mo Yan’s masterpiece Frog.Creative Treason at the Level of LanguageAlienation and NaturalizationAlienation and naturalization, initially introduced by American translator Lawrence Venuti, are key characteristics of personalized translation. “Alienation” entails the translator adhering closely to the author’s expressions in the source language to convey the original content effectively. These two concepts are essentially opposite yet complementary. On the other hand, “naturalization”involves adopting expressions familiar to the target language readers to effectively convey the original content.(ST) 那些曾以人体器官或身体部位命名的孩子，也大都改成雅名，当然也有没改的，譬如陈耳，譬如陈眉。
高考英语听力理解主旨大意归纳单选题30题
高考英语听力理解主旨大意归纳单选题30题1.What are the speakers mainly talking about?A.Going on a trip.B.Buying a gift.C.Visiting a friend.D.Planning a party.答案：B。
本题主要考查对对话主旨大意的理解。
通过听力内容可知，两人在讨论买什么礼物合适，所以正确答案是B。
A 选项“去旅行”在对话中未提及；C 选项“拜访朋友”不是对话的主要内容；D 选项“计划一个派对”在对话中也没有体现。
2.What is the conversation mainly about?A.Ordering food.B.Cooking a meal.C.Cleaning the kitchen.D.Decorating the house.答案：A。
对话围绕着两人讨论点什么食物展开，所以正确答案是A。
B 选项“做饭”、C 选项“打扫厨房”和D 选项“装饰房子”在对话中均未涉及。
3.What are the speakers discussing?A.Watching a movie.B.Reading a book.C.Playing a game.D.Doing homework.答案：A。
听力内容中两人在谈论看哪部电影，故正确答案是A。
B 选项“读书”、C 选项“玩游戏”和D 选项“做作业”与对话主旨不符。
4.What is the main topic of the conversation?A.Taking a bus.B.Riding a bike.C.Driving a car.D.Walking to school.答案：B。
对话主要围绕着骑自行车出行展开，所以答案是B。
A 选项“坐公交车”、C 选项“开车”和D 选项“步行去学校”在对话中未被提及。
5.What are the speakers talking about?A.Planting flowers.B.Watering the garden.C.Painting the house.D.Fixing the fence.答案：C。
语言学期末笔记
⑦Although a speaker possesses an internalized set of rules and applies them in actual use, he can not tell exactly what these rules are. ⑧So the task of the linguist is to discover and specify the rules.
②Chomsky defines competence as the ideal language user’s underlying knowledge of the rules of his language, and defines performance as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
③According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language, this enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences [that are ungrammatical and ambiguous].
新闻英语智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下中南大学
新闻英语智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下中南大学中南大学绪论单元测试1.News is something that we come across every day in our life.答案:对2.Learning English through news is a bad way to improve your language ability.答案:错3.By dictating daily updated news, you can improve your listening skills,grammar, and vocabulary.答案:对4.Many English newspapers and news websites have ( ). These make iteasy to read English news anytime, anywhere.答案:Apps5.The course consists of （） chapters.答案:8第一章测试1.Dictating English news can help you improve your listening skills.答案:对2.News is information about current events.答案:对3.Which one of these is not British Newspaper?答案:The New York Times 《纽约时报》4.Which one of these is not newspaper?答案:The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》5.Which one of these is not a commonly recognized news value?答案:Fraud（欺诈）第二章测试1.What can "Downing Street" and "White House" refer to?答案:British government and American government.2.In what kinds of news are passive sentences frequently used?答案:All of the above.3.In the sentence "...Hosack embodies the greatest impulses of the youngnation--reverence for science, compassion for his fellow citizens anddevotion to the civic life of the republic", what rhetorical devices are used?答案:Parallelism and metaphor.4.Normally, a story consists of three parts: introduction or background, factsand climax.答案:对5.What are the disadvantages of the inverted pyramid form?答案:Readers cannot find suspense and loose interest for the climax comesfirst.;The standardized structure of makes the news lack of variety;The repetition of the important information makes the news boring andtedious.第三章测试1.We can find _______ in the Washington Post and the Guardian, but not in ChinaDaily.答案:both Obituaries and Crosswords.2.The hyphen in the headline, “Little Anti-US Feeling——Diplomat" , stands for_______.答案:said by3.Delayed lead includes _________.答案:suspense lead ;direct address lead ;descriptive lead ;question lead4.In the section of _______ in China Daily there is a subsection of cartoons.答案:Opinion5.When do skim reading, we ______.答案:read the first and last sentences of every paragraph;search for thevisual and verbal signs;raise questions while reading;think activelywhile reading第四章测试1.What are the main methods to understand the long sentence?答案:Identify the subject and predicate. ; Distinguish other modifiers. ; Make clear which modifies the predicate.2.The person whose voice is quoted is an important source.答案:对3.The comment from a reader online “I don't know how much more a rationalperson watching and listening to this fool can take. If anything - ever - called for application of the 25 Amendment, this meeting today was it.” gives a(n) ______ attitude toward Trump’s inauguration at a cabinet meeting.答案:negative4.What are the questions to ask to find the opinion of the news journalist?答案:Who does the article hurt?;What are not mentioned among 5W1H?;Who does the article help?;What if the missing part was mentioned?5.Finding what is omitted but worth of mentioning is a way to find the opinionof the reporter.对第五章测试1.The falling tone in the news broadcast can show that the report is real,objective and serious.答案:对2.What elements might appear in disaster news?（多选）答案:The rescue.;The casualties.;The damages.3.Which is NOT the nick name for New York?答案:The Big City4.Backgrounds in news appear in different forms, they can be phrases, clauses,sentences, or even paragraphs.对5.In the inverted pyramid structure, the most important information is put atthe very beginning.答案:对第六章测试1.What are the three kinds of quotations? (多选)答案:Indirect quotation.;Direct quotation.;Partial quotation.2.Which of the following shows the right number for the word?答案:fortnight: 143.What can the approximate equality sign (≈) mean in note-taking?答案:about4.What can the sign of a star mean in note-taking?答案:important5."A powerful cyclone has hit eastern India, downing trees and power lines andcausing widespread damage in coastal areas. " What predictions can youmake from the lead? （多选答案:The casualties.;The rescue and relief efforts.;The intensity of thecyclone.;The damage caused by the cyclone.第七章测试1.In a straight news report, the most important information in the story isalways put___答案:up to the top2. A Commentary is usually a piece of___ writing.答案:argumentative3.The specific source is some kind_______ to well proof your viewpoint.答案:silent opinion4. The goal of creating social media messages is not only to reach youraudience, to share contents and emotions with others, but also to achieve an intended effect and to reflect the _________ of their author.答案:unique voice5. In 1979, the Pulitzer Prize Board established a category for a distinguishedexample for feature writing, that is “giving prime consideration to highliterary quality and originality.”答案:对第八章测试1.Which one of the following is not true?答案:Ask sensitive questions at the last minute of an interview.2.Which one of the following about retelling is not true?答案:Add your own opinion while retelling.3.The best evaluations are a combination of praise, areas for improvement, andspecific suggestions.答案:对4.Which of the following is not true about open question?答案:Television and radio interviews usually end with an open question.5.The focus of a profile interview is a person rather than an event or situation.答案:对。
基于认知框架理论的谚语英译研究
第30卷第2期2021年4月淮阴工学院学报Jonmat of Huaiyin Institute of Tech/obpyVoU33No.2Apo2021基于认知框架理论的谚语英译研究颜蓉(苏州大学外国语学院，江苏苏州215006)摘要：框架理论为人们认识世界提供了一种思路。
近年来，不少学者以框架理论为基础对文本进行解读和分析。
不同文化中的认知框架存在差异，这在翻译中有所体现。
从认知语言学的框架理论来看，翻译的过程可以理解为译者将原文中的框架转化为相应的译入语文化框架的过程，这一过程并非简单的框架对应,而需要进行一定的框架操作以使目标读者更准确地理解原文传递的信息。
以认知框架理论为基础，试图探讨谚语英译中的框架操作问题，以期丰富对翻译的认识,并为谚语英译提供借鉴和思考。
关键词：框架理论;谚语;英译中图分类号：H05文献标志码：A文章编号:1009-7761(2021)02-0044-07A Research on English Translation of Proverbs Basedon Cognitive Frame TheoryYANRogy(School of Foreign Languayos,Soochow Unmps/y,Suzhou Jiangsu215796,China)ASstroch:Frame Theo,,on which provi/os a perspective fhr people to perceive the woOU.In recent years,a nnmber of scholars have analyzef and intemotef texts basef on the0,,.Diberent calturos have different cognitive frameworfs,which are mflecUO in translation2From the perspective of Frame Theos m cognitive lin-yuistics,the process of translation can bo understooh as the process in which the translator transforms the frame of the source text into the covesponding caltural frame of the target lpgupo.The process is not a simple transformation of the frame,but repuiros ceOain opemtions on the iamo to enaPle the target reapers to understand the information conveyef by the source text more accnmtUy.Basef on Cognitive Frame Theos ,this paper attempts to explcue the ogerations on the frame in English translation of proverbs in order to enrich the understanding of translation and provi/o reference and thinking for the English translation of pmOs.Key worbt:Frame Theos；proverfs:English translation1774年,Minsky［在《表征知识的框架》一文中将框架定义为“一种特定情境的数据结构，例如身处某种类型的客厅,或者参加孩子的生日派对”。
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Age of acquisition
4
Procedure
Manually timed version
The first 10 participants were shown one word array at a time. The arrays were presented with the six words in a horizontal format across thepage in lower case. Participants were asked topoint to the word they believed to be the “odd-one-out”. Answers and response latencies were recorded, and an arbitrary 10-s cut-off time for responses was imposed to prevent participants dwelling on responses of which they were unsure and to encourage concentration and rapid responding.
Experimental Design
1
Pariticipants
20 healthy volunteers (8 males and 12 females) ranging from 52 to 83 years of age. 10 participants completed a manually timed version of the odd-one-out task.
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Research Background
Commonalities: word frequency of both concrete and abstract words has influence upon processing speed or accuracy, and the ability becomes partially degraded following neurodegenerative disease (Crutch & Warrington, 2006). Semantic properties
Reasons for Differences
A
Differences are fundamentally quantitative
Concrete words has more sensory referents, more contexual information and more semantic features. (Paivio, 1986; Schwanenflugel& Shoben, 1983)
2
Overall experimental design
The odd-one-out task comprised 74 word arrays. Each array consisted of 6 words: one target word and five semantically related words. The semantically related word sets contained either abstract or concrete words, which were either semantically associated orsemantically similar to one another. The target words were of the same concreteness type (i.e., abstract or concrete) as the corresponding word set, but did not share the association or similarity common to the other five words.
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A semantic “odd-one-out” task is described, which examines the influence upon judgement speed of not only the type of word (abstract or concrete) but also the type of semantic context (semantic association or semantic similarity). It is argued that the time taken to identify the odd one out reflects the time required to establish a mental model of the context that links the remaining words.
Abstract similarity
03
An abstract target amongst items, concepts, and ideas that are not directly tangible but have the same or similarmeanings, which could be interchanged in some, but not all, linguistic contexts (e.g.,attack, raid, strike, notice, invasion, assault).
10 completed a computer-timed version.
Four tests of cognitive functioning were administered:
The National Adult Reading Test and the Advanced Matrices, Set A The Graded Naming Test , A timed letter cancellation task
The different representational frameworks underpinning abstract and concrete knowledge: Evidence from odd-one-out judgements
Reporters: 吴柳音 潘李瑶 方圆圆
Research background
3
Concreteness
Stimulus selection and lexical variables
Strength and type of semantic relationship between related word sets
Strength of relationship between targets and relatedword sets.
The research question
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Concrete similarity
01
Concrete association
02
A concrete target amongst tangible, directly perceived items that could be grouped under a common taxonomic category (e.g., yacht, dinghy, bracelet, canoe, ferry, barge).
The Research Question
Whether the finding that the different representational frameworks underpin abstract and concrete knowledge can be generalized to normal healthy people.
Differences:
Concrete-word advantages: Healthy individuals typically process word length concrete words faster on tasks such as recall, recognition, and lexical decision (e.g., James, morphological and phonological structure 1975; Paivio, 1971). Neurological patients to show poorer etymoloty processing of abstract items (e.g., Barry & Gerhand, 2003) age of acquisition
B
The qualitative distinction—semantic association and semantic similarity
The abstract concepts are organized primarily (but not exclusively) according to their association to other concepts, whereas concrete concepts are organized primarily (but not exclusively) according to their similarity to other concepts (Crutch & Warrington, 2005).