国际贸易Chapter9 Non-tariff Trade Policy

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国际贸易13条条款

国际贸易13条条款1. 无歧视原则（Most-Favored Nation Principle）根据无歧视原则，世贸组织成员国在国际贸易中应当给予所有其他成员国最惠国待遇。

这意味着对于一项特定的待遇或优惠，成员国不得对某个国家或者一组国家给予更优惠的待遇。

2. 国内优先原则（National Treatment Principle）根据国内优先原则，世贸组织成员国在对外国和本国产品、服务和知识产权的有关措施方面，一般应按与本国产品、服务和知识产权相等的标准对待外国产品、服务和知识产权。

3. 禁止进出口限制（Prohibition of Quantitative Restrictions）世贸组织成员国应尽量避免采取任何种类的进出口限制措施，如进口配额、出口禁令等限制措施。

这种限制措施通常会阻碍国际商品和服务的自由流通。

4. 出口补贴限制（Limitation of Export Subsidies）世贸组织成员国对出口进行补贴时，应遵守相关规定，补贴的使用应符合国际贸易规则并不应对其他成员国造成不公平的竞争。

5. 贸易便利化（Trade Facilitation）贸易便利化旨在简化贸易程序并降低非关税壁垒，以促进国际贸易的顺利流通。

世贸组织成员国应通过改善通关程序、加强信息透明度等方式来实现贸易便利化。

6. 知识产权保护（Protection of Intellectual Property Rights）世贸组织成员国应采取措施保护知识产权，并确保在国际贸易中知识产权不受侵犯。

这包括对商标、专利、版权等知识产权进行保护和执法。

7. 反倾销措施（Anti-Dumping Measures）世贸组织成员国可以采取反倾销措施来应对不公平贸易行为，如其他国家以低价倾销产品。

这些措施应符合国际贸易规则，以确保公平竞争。

8. 争端解决（Dispute Settlement）世贸组织提供了有效的争端解决机制，成员国可以通过争端解决程序解决贸易争端。

WTO九大基本原则中英对照

ＷＴＯ九大基本原则中英对照与义务的平衡原则）。

WTO管理的协议是以权利与义务的综合平衡为原则，这种平衡是通过成员互惠互利地开放市场的承诺而获得的，也就是你给我多少利益，我也测算给你多少实惠。

以相互提供优惠待遇的方式来保持贸易的平衡，谋求贸易自由化的实现。

互惠包括双边互惠和多边互惠。

The management of the WTO agreement is based on the overall balance of the rights and obligations for the principle, this balance is through the members mutually beneficial open market promises and get, you gave me is how many interests, I also calculate how much benefit to you. To provide each other preferential treatment way of keeping the balance of trade, and seek for the realization of the trade liberalization. Mutual including bilateral mutually beneficial and multilateral mutual.（4）扩大市场准入原则。

Expand the market access of principle. WTO倡导成员在权利与义务平衡的基础上，依其自身的经济状况，通过谈判不断降低关税和取消非关税壁垒，逐步开放市场，实行贸易自由化。

The WTO members in advocating the rights and obligations on the basis of a balance, according to its own economic situation through negotiations, continuously reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers, gradually cancel market opening, implement the trade liberalization.（5）促进公平竞争与贸易原则To promote fair competition and trade principle。

曼昆经济学原理-第九章-应用：国际贸易

A
Price with tariff
Price without tariff
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Tariff
Imports with tariff
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World price
Quantity of Steel
The Effects of a Tariff...
进口配额的效应
由于配额使国内价格上升到世界价格之上，因此国内买者的状况变坏，生产者的状况变好。. 进口许可证持有者的状况变好，因为他们可以按世界价格买进商品，再以国内高价卖出，并从中获利。
进口配额的效应 ...
Price of Steel
Domestic supply
Domestic
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Price of Steel
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Domestic supply
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Price without tariff
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Domestic demand
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Price of Steel
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征税后的生产者剩余
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托马斯.A.普格尔_国际贸易_英语chap009

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Chapter9
The import quota进口配额

Why protectionists and government officials may favor using quota instead of a tariff?
1.Your initial recognition
2.External effect It costs a particular amount of money
3.This the reality : one dollar, one vote metric
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
2.The import quota进口配额
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Chapter9
The import quota进口配额
Import
(maximum) total quantity of imports of a product allowed into a country during a period of time
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin

(NEW)薛荣久《国际贸易》(第6版)课后习题详解

目　录第1章　导　论第2章　国际贸易的作用第3章　国际分工第4章　世界市场第5章　世界市场价格第6章　国际贸易政策第7章　国际贸易促进、救济与管制第8章　区域经济一体化第9章　世界贸易组织第10章　关　税第11章　非关税壁垒第12章　国际服务贸易第13章　与贸易有关的知识产权保护第14章　国际投资与国际贸易第15章　世界贸易中的中国第1章　导　论1什么是国际贸易？答：国际贸易（International Trade）是指世界各国各地区之间货物、服务和生产要素变换的活动。

国际贸易是各国各地区之间分工的表现形式，反映了世界各国、各地区在经济上的相互依存。

从国家角度可称为对外贸易，从国际角度可称为国际贸易。

2对外贸易的产生需要什么条件？答：对外贸易的产生必须具备以下两个条件：（1）有可供交换的剩余产品。

（2）出现了政治实体。

对外贸易属于历史范畴，是人类社会发展到一定历史阶段的产物，是社会生产发展的必然结果。

3国际贸易如何分类？答：按照不同的分类标准，可对国际贸易进行不同的分类。

（1）按交易内容划分，对外贸易可分为货物贸易、服务贸易和国际技术贸易。

（2）按商品的移动方向划分，对外贸易可分为出口贸易、进口贸易、过境贸易、复出口与复进口、净出口与净进口。

（3）按交易对象划分，对外贸易可分为直接贸易、间接贸易和转口贸易。

（4）按运输方式划分，对外货物贸易可分为海运贸易、陆运贸易、空运贸易、多式联运贸易和邮购贸易等。

其中，海运贸易是国际贸易最主要的运输方式。

4如何区分狭义与广义的对外贸易结构？答：（1）狭义的对外贸易结构狭义的对外贸易结构是指货物贸易或服务贸易本身的结构比较，可分为对外货物贸易结构与对外服务贸易结构。

其中，对外货物贸易结构是指一定时期内一国或世界进出口货物贸易中以百分比表示的各类货物的构成；对外服务贸易结构是指一定时期内一国或世界进出口服务贸易中以百分比表示的各类项目的构成。

（2）广义的对外贸易结构广义的对外贸易结构是指货物、服务在一国总进出口贸易或国际贸易中所占的比重。

国际贸易非关税措施

国际贸易非关税措施国际贸易非关税措施1.简介国际贸易中的非关税措施（Non.Tariff Measures，简称NTMs）是指除了关税以外的各种措施，用于限制或者影响进出口商品的国际交易。

这些措施包括但不限于配额、进口许可证、卫生和安全标准、技术要求、反倾销措施、补贴和计量等。

本文将会介绍非关税措施的分类以及对国际贸易的影响。

2.非关税措施的分类2.1 配额2.1.1 简介配额是指进出口商品数量的限制。

可以分为数量配额和价值配额两种类型。

2.1.2 数量配额数量配额是指对某种商品的进口或出口数量设置了限制。

通常是商定一个固定的数量，超过这个数量的进口或出口将会被限制。

2.1.3 价值配额价值配额是指对某种商品进口或出口的总价值设置了限制。

通常是商定一个固定的金额，超过这个金额的进口或出口将会被限制。

2.2 进口许可证进口许可证是指在进口商品之前，需要获得相关机构或部门的许可证才能进行进口。

进口许可证可以对某种或某类商品进行限制，也可以对进口国家或地区进行限制。

2.3 卫生和安全标准卫生和安全标准是指对商品的质量、卫生和安全性能等方面设置的标准。

这些标准可以用于保护消费者、环境和公共安全等。

2.4 技术要求技术要求是指对商品的技术性能、质量、包装、测试等方面的要求。

技术要求的目的是确保商品的质量和安全性能，并且防止低质量或不合格的商品进入市场。

2.5 反倾销措施反倾销措施是指对进口商品进行的反倾销调查和限制措施。

当某种进口商品被认定为倾销品，进口国家可以对其实施反倾销措施，以保护国内产业。

2.6 补贴补贴是指对国内生产者或出口商提供的财政援助或其他种类的支持。

补贴可以影响国际贸易的竞争力，并产生负面影响。

2.7 计量计量是指对商品的计量单位和方法进行规定。

通过统一的计量标准，可以减少贸易中的技术壁垒和不必要的成本。

3.非关税措施对国际贸易的影响3.1 贸易壁垒非关税措施可以作为贸易壁垒，限制或者阻碍进出口商品的流动。

国际贸易英文版教材

作者、书名、出版社、出版年份、目录Thomas A．Pugel. International Economics(15th). Renmin University of China p ress. 2012-12CONTENTSChapter 1 International Economics Is DifferentFour ControversiesEconomics and the Nation-StateThe Scheme of This BookPART ONE THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEChapter 2 The Basic Theory Using Demand and SupplyFour Questions about TradeA Look AheadDemand and SupplyCase Study Trade Is ImportantGlobal Crisis The Trade Mini-Collapse of 2009Two National Markets and the Opening of TradeChapter 3 Why Everybody Trades: Comparative Advantage 33Adam Smith’s Theory of Absolute AdvantageCase Study Mercantilism: Older Than Smith—and Alive TodayRicardo’s Theory of Comparative AdvantageRicardo’s Constant Costs and the Producti on-Possibility CurveFocus on Labor Absolute Advantage Does MatterExtension What If Trade Doesn’t Balance?Chapter 4 Trade: Factor Availability and Factor Proportions Are KeyProduction with Increasing Marginal CostsCommunity Indifference CurvesProduction and Consumption TogetherFocus on China The Opening of Trade and China’s Shift Out of AgricultureThe Gains from TradeTrade Affects Production and ConsumptionWhat Determines the Trade Pattern?The Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) TheoryChapter 5 Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade?Who Gains and Who Loses within a CountryThree Implications of the H–O TheoryExtension A Factor-Ratio ParadoxDoes Heckscher–Ohlin Explain Actual Trade Patterns?Case Study The Leontief ParadoxWhat Are the Export-Oriented and Import-Competing Factors?Focus on China China’s Exports and ImportsDo Factor Prices Equalize Internationally?Focus on Labor U.S. Jobs and Foreign Trade 86Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and TradeScale EconomiesIntra-Industry TradeMonopolistic Competition and TradeExtension The Individual Firm in MonopolisticOligopoly and TradeExtension The Gravity Model of TradeChapter 7 Growth and TradeBalanced versus Biased GrowthGrowth in Only One FactorChanges in the Country’s Willingness to TradeCase Study The Dutch Disease and DeindustrializationEffects on the Country’s Terms of TradeTechnology and TradeFocus on Labor Trade, Technology, and U.S. WagesPART TWO TRADE POLICYChapter 8 Analysis of a TariffGlobal Governance WTO and GATT: Tariff SuccessA Preview of ConclusionsThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ProducersThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ConsumersThe Tariff as Government RevenueThe Net National Loss from a TariffExtension The Effective Rate of ProtectionCase Study They Tax Exports, TooThe Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal TariffChapter 9 Nontariff Barriers to ImportsTypes of Nontariff Barriers to ImportsThe Import QuotaGlobal Governance The WTO: Beyond TariffsGlobal Crisis Dodging ProtectionismExtension A Domestic Monopoly Prefers a QuotaVoluntary Export Restraints (VERs)Other Nontariff BarriersCase Study VERs: Two ExamplesCase Study Carrots Are Fruit, Snails Are Fish, and X-Men Are Not HumansHow Big Are the Costs of Protection?International Trade DisputesFocus on China China’s First Decade in the WTOChapter 10 Arguments for and against ProtectionThe Ideal World of First BestThe Realistic World of Second BestPromoting Domestic Production or EmploymentThe Infant Industry ArgumentFocus on Labor How Much Does It Cost to Protect a Job?The Dying Industry Argument and Adjustment AssistanceThe Developing Government (Public Revenue) ArgumentOther Arguments for Protection: Non=economic ObjectivesThe Politics of Protection The Basic Elements of the Political-Economic Analysis Case Study How Sweet It Is (or Isn’t)Chapter 11 Pushing ExportsDumpingReacting to Dumping: What Should a Dumpee Think?Actual Antidumping Policies: What Is Unfair?Case Study Antidumping in ActionProposals for ReformExport SubsidiesWTO Rules on SubsidiesShould the Importing Country Impose Countervailing Duties?Case Study Agriculture Is AmazingStrategic Export Subsidies Could Be GoodGlobal Governance Dogfight at the WTOChapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade BlocksTypes of Economic BlocsIs Trade Discrimination Good or Bad?The Basic Theory of Trade Blocs: Trade Creation and Trade DiversionOther Possible Gains from a Trade BlocThe EU ExperienceCase Study Postwar Trade Integration in EuropeNorth America Becomes a BlocTrade Blocs among Developing CountriesTrade EmbargoesChapter 13 Trade and the EnvironmentIs Free Trade Anti-Environment?Is the WTO Anti-Environment?Global Governance Dolphins, Turtles, and the WTOThe Specificity Rule AgainA Preview of Policy PrescriptionsTrade and Domestic PollutionTrans-border PollutionGlobal Environmental ChallengesChapter 14 Trade Policies for Developing CountriesWhich Trade Policy for Developing Countries?Are the Long-Run Price Trends against Primary Producers?Case Study Special Challenges of TransitionInternational Cartels to Raise Primary-Product PricesImport-Substituting Industrialization (ISI)Exports of Manufactures to Industrial CountriesChapter 15 Multinationals and Migration: International Factor MovementsForeign Direct InvestmentMultinational EnterprisesFDI: History and Current PatternsWhy Do Multinational Enterprises Exist?Taxation of Mul tinational Enterprises’ProfitsCase Study CEMEX: A Model Multinational from an Unusual PlaceMNEs and International TradeShould the Home Country Restrict FDI Outflows?Should the Host Country Restrict FDI Inflows?Focus on China China as a Host CountryMigrationHow Migration Affects Labor MarketsShould the Sending Country Restrict Emigration?Should the Receiving Country Restrict Immigration?Case Study Are Immigrants a Fiscal Burden?APPENDIXESA The Web and the Library: International Numbers and Other InformationB Deriving Production-Possibility CurvesC Offer CurvesD The Nationally Optimal Tariff周瑞琪. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2011.9CONTENTSChapter One General Introduction（第一章导论）1.1 Reasons for International Trade （国际间贸易的起因）1.2 Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade （国际贸易与国内贸易的差异）1.3 Classification of International Trade（国际贸易的分类）1.4 Export and Import Procedures（进出口贸易的程序）1.5 Overview of This Book （本书的基本内容）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Two International Trade Terms（第二章国际贸易术语）2.1 Three Sets of Rules （三种贸易术语的解释规则）2.2 Basics of Incoterms 2010 （2010年国际贸易术语解释通则基本概念）2.3 Application Issues（贸易术语在使用中应注意的问题）2.4 Determinants of Choice of Trade Terms （贸易术语选用的决定因素）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Three Export Price（第三章出口商品的价格）3.1 Expression of Export Price（出口价格的表达）3.2 Pricing Considerations（影响定价的因素）3.3 Calculation of Price（价格的计算）3.4 Understanding the Price（价格的评估）3.5 Communication of Price（价格的沟通）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Four Terms of Commodity（第四章商品条款）4.1 Name of Commodity （商品的名称）4.2 Specifying Quality（商品的品质）4.3 Measuring Quantity（商品的数量）4.4 Packing and Marking（商品的包装及标志）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Five Cargo Transportation（第五章国际货物运输）5.1 Ocean Transportation （海洋运输）5.2 Other Modes of Transportation （其他运输方式）5.3 Transportation Documents（运输单据）5.4 Shipment Clause in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的装运条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Six Cargo Transportation Insurance（第六章货物运输保险）6.1 Fundamental Principles of Cargo Insurance（货物保险的基本原则）6.2 Marine Risks and Losses（海上风险和损失）6.3 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of CIC（我国海上货物保险范围）6.4 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of ICC（协会货物保险范围）6.5 Other Types of Cargo Insurance（其他货物保险的种类）6.6 Procedures of Cargo Insurance（货物保险程序）6.7 Insurance Terms in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的保险条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Seven International Payments（第七章国际货款支付）7.1 Issues in Concern（影响支付条件的因素）7.2 Paying Instruments（支付工具）7.3 Remittance（汇付）7.4 Collection（托收）7.5 Basics of Letter of Credit（信用证基础知识）7.6 Types of Documentary Credit（跟单信用证的种类）7.7 Letter of Guarantee（L/G）（保函）7.8 Export Financing（出口融资）7.9 Payment Problems（支付中出现的问题）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Eight Export Documentation（第八章出口单证）8.1 Significance of Documentation（单证的重要性）8.2 Basic Requirements for Documentation（单证的基本要求）8.3 Prerequisites of Documentation（制单的依据）8.4 Export Documents（出口单证的种类）8.5 Clause Concerning Documents in the Sales Contract（销售合同中有关单证的条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Nine Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure and Arbitration（第九章商检、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁）9.1 Commodity Inspection（商品检验）9.2 Disputes and Claims（争议和索赔）9.3 Force Majeure（不可抗力）9.4 Arbitration（仲裁）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Key to Exercises（练习答案）Glossary（词汇表）Appendix 1INCOTERMS 2010 （FOB, CFR, CIF）（附录12010年国际贸易术语解释通则（FOB，CFR，CIF））Appendix 2CISG 1980 （Part II）（附录2联合国国际货物销售合同公约1980（第二部分）) References （参考书目）帅建林. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2007.9CONTENTSPart 1 OverviewChapter 1 Introduction to International TradeChapter 2 International Trade PolicyChapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade BlockChapter 4 WTO :A Navigation GuidePart 2 Terms of International TradeChapter 5 International Trade TermsChapter Terms of CommodityChapter International Cargo TransportChapter 8 Cargo InsuranceChapter 9 Terms of PriceChapter 10 International Payment and SettlementChapter 11 Claims, Force Majeure and ArbitrationPart 3 International Trade ProcedureChapter 12 Launching a Profitable TransactionChapter 13 Business Negotiation and Establishment of ContractChapter 14 Exporting ElementsChapter 15 Importing ElementsChapter 16 DocumentationPart 4 Trade FormsChapter 17 Agency, Distribution and ConsignmentChapter 18 TendersChapter 19 Counter TradeChapter 20 Futures TradingChapter 21 E-CommerceAppendix Glossary of International Trade Terms with English-Chinese InterpretationsBibliographyPaul R.Krugman & Maurice Obstfeld. International Economics:Theory andPolicy,8E. Tsinghua University press. 2011-11Contents前言第1章绪论第1部分国际贸易理论第2章世界贸易：概览第3章劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型第4章资源、比较优势和收入分配第5章标准贸易模型第6章规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易第7章国际要素流动第2部分国际贸易政策第8章贸易政策工具第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学第10章发展中国家的贸易政策第11章贸易政策中的争论数学附录第4章附录要素比例模型第5章附录贸易下的世界经济第6章附录垄断竞争模模型张素芳，International trade: theory and practice. University of International Business & Economics Press, Beijing, 2010contentsSection I. International Trade Theory and PolicyCHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE1.The Reasons for International Trade1.1. Resources reasons1.2. Economic reasons1.3. Other reasons2. The Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade'.'2.1. More plex context2.2. More difficult and risky2.3. Higher skills required3.Basic Concepts Relating to International Trade3.1. Visible trade and invisible trade3.2. Favorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance oft rade3.3. General trade system and special trade system3.4. Volume of international trade and quantum of international trade3.5. Commodity position of international trade3.6. Geographical position of international trade3.7. Degree of dependence on foreign tradeCHAPTER 2.CLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES1.Mercantilism1.1. The development of mercantilist thought1.2. The mercantilist economic system1.3. Economic policies pursued by the mercantilists1.4. Discussions2.David Hume's Challenge to Mercantilism2.1. Assumptions of price-specie=flow mechanism2.2. The price-specie-flow mechanism3.Adam Smith's Theory of Absolute Advantage3.1. Assumptions of Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage3.2. Challenge to Mercantilism3.3. Example4.David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage4.1. The concept of parative advantage4.2. Example4.3. Analysis of the theory of parative advantage by using modemtools. CHAPTER 3.NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES.1.Gains from Trade in Neoclassical Trade Theory1.1. Increasing opportunity costs on the PPF1.2. General equilibrium and gains in autarky1.3. General equilibrium and gains after the introduction of international trade ...2.Reciprocal Demand Theory2.1. A country's offer curve2.2. Trading equilibrium2.3. Measurement of terms of trade3.Factor Endowment Theory3.1. Factor intensity in production3.2. Factor endowments, factor prices, and parative advantage3.3. Assumptions of the factor proportions theory.,3.4. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem.:3.5. An example to illustrate H-O theorem.3.6. The factor price equalization theorem:3.7. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem4.The Leontief Paradox——An Empirical Test of the Factor Proportions Theory 4.1. The Leontief paradox.-4.2. Suggested explanations for the Leontief Paradox and related theories CHAPTER 4.POST-HECKSHER-OHLIN THEORIES OF TRADE1.The Product Cycle Theory1.1. The imitation lag hypothesis1.2. The product cycle theory2.The Linder Theory2.1. Assumptions of the Linder theory2.2. Trade es in the overlapping ranges of products ophistication.:3.Intra-Industry Trade Theory3.1. Explanations of intra-industry trade3.2. Measurement of intra-industry tradeCHAPTER 5.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: TARIFFS1.Types of Import Tariffs1.1. In terms of the means of collection1.2. In terms of the different tariff rates applied1.3. In terms of special purposes for collection2.The Effects of Import Tariffs2.1. Concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus2.2. The welfare effects of import tariffs3.Measurement of Import Tariffs3.1. The 'height' of import tariffs3.2. Nominal versus effective tariff ratesCHAPTER 6.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: NON-TARIFF BARRIERS''1.Forms of Non-tariff Barriers.1.1. Quantity control measures1.2. Price control measures1.3. Para-tariff measures1.4. Finance measures1.5. Anti-petitive measures.,.1.6. Miscellaneous measures2.Effects of Non-tariff Barriers2.1. The effects of an import quota2.2. The effects of a subsidy to an import-peting industryCHAPTER 7.EXPORT PROMOTION AND OTHER POLICIES1.Export Subsidy and Production Subsidy1.1. Export subsidy and its effects1.2. Production subsidy and its effects.2.Other Export Promotion Policies2.1. Devaluation of home currency.2.2. Commodity dumping2.3. Bonded warehouse2.4. Special trade zone2.5. Export promotion programs3.Export Restrictions and Import Promotion Policies3.1. Export restrictions policies3.2. Import promotion policies4.Trade Sanctions4.1. Introduction to trade sanctions4.2. Effectiveness of trade sanctionsCHAPTER 8.ARGUMENTS AGAINST FREE TRADE1.Traditional Arguments against Free Trade1.1. Infant industry argument.1.2. Terms of trade argument1.3. Balance of trade argument1.4. Tariff to reduce aggregate unemployment argument1.5. Fair petition argument1.6. National security argument2.New Protectionism2.1. Tariff to extract foreign monopoly profit2.2. Export subsidy in duopoly3.The Political Economy of Trade Policy3.1. Median voter model3.2. Collective action theory.3.3. Contribution in political campaignsCHAPTER 9.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONof Regional Economic Integration1.1. Preferential tariff arrangement1.2. Free trade area1.3. Customs union1.4. Common market.1.5. Economic union2.The Static and Dynamic Effects of Regional Economic Integration2.1. Static effects of regional economic integration2.2. Dynamic effects of regional economic integration3.Economic Integration in Europe, North America and Asia3.1. Economic integration in Europe……………………………………Chapter 10 International Cargo Transportation InsuranceChapter 11 International Trade PaymentChapter 12 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and ArbitrationChapter 13 Trade Negotiation and Formation of the ContractChapter 14 Implementation of the Contract丹尼斯·R·阿普尔亚德 & 小艾尔弗雷德·J·菲尔德 & 史蒂文·L·科布.国际贸易.中国人民大学出版社. 2012-7第1章国际经济学的世界第一部分古典贸易理论第2章早期的国际贸易理论：由重商主义向大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论的演进第3章大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论和比较优势第4章对古典贸易模型的扩充及验证第二部分新贸易理论第5章新古典贸易理论——基本分析工具的介绍第6章新古典贸易理论中的贸易利得第7章贸易提供曲线和贸易条件第8章贸易的基础：要素禀赋理论和赫克歇尔俄林模型第9章要素禀赋理论的实证分析第三部分贸易理论的扩展第10章后赫克歇尔俄林贸易理论与产业内贸易第11章经济增长与国际贸易第12章国际要素流动第四部分贸易政策第13章贸易政策工具第14章贸易政策的影响第15章对干涉主义贸易政策的争论第16章经济的政治因素与美国的对外贸易政策第17章经济一体化第18章国际贸易与发展中国家参考文献当我被上帝造出来时，上帝问我想在人间当一个怎样的人，我不假思索的说，我要做一个伟大的世人皆知的人。

国际贸易双语课程习题集

《国际贸易》双语课程习题集Chapter 1 Introduction1. Important Concepts:SpecializationExchange rateImport quotaExport industriesGlobalizationRelatively closed economyImport-competing industries2. Choices:(1) International transactions constitute an extension of domestic transactions. In both cases, trade offers the benefits of .a. specializationb.industrializationc.globaliz ationd.tariff(2) There are a few of the differences between domestic and foreign trade. Which one is NOT included?a.Exchange Ratesmercial Policiesc.Marketing Considerationsd.Aggregate Measures(3) Commodity trade is not the only component of international transactions that has expanded rapidly. So dointernationaltransactions.a.industrial productsb.agriculturalproducts c.service d.raw materials3. Review Questions(1) Distinguish between (a) export industries,(b) import-competing industries, and (c) nontraded goods. Give examples of each.(2) Japanese labor productivity is roughly the sameas that of the United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others), while the United States is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are nontraded. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United States, because our comparative advantage lies in things we cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument?(3) Evaluate the statement, "The United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is of no consequence to it."Chapter 2 International trade theories1. Important ConceptsComparative advantageAbsolute advantageFactor proportions (or endowment) theoryProduct cycleInter-industry tradeIntra-industry tradeCapital-intensive productsCapital-abundant countryMonopolistic competitionFactor price equalizationLeontief scarce-factor paradox2. Choices(1) The principle of comparative advantage was enunciated early in the nineteenth century by the Englisheconomist .a. David Ricardo b. David Hume c. Adam Smith d. Mordechai E. Kreinin(2) While comparative advantage determines the direction of trade, absoluteadvantage determines and therefore the relative living standards of the two countries.a. allocation of resourcesb. inflationc. the country 's(3) Country A has an absolute advantage over country B in commodity X if it can produce the commodity cheaper is the concept of .a. comparative advantage advantageb. absolutec. relativeadvantage petitive advantageChapter 3 International trade policies1. Important ConceptsDemand considerationDynamic gains from tradeCountry "in isolation"Anti-inflationary trade2. Choices(1) Japan primarily exports manufactured goods, while importing raw materials such as food and oil.Find out the negative impactions on Japan's terms of trade of the following events .a. A war in the Middle East disrupts oil supply.b. Korea develops the ability to produce automobiles that it can sell in Canada and the United States.c. U.S. engineers develop a fusion reactor that replaces fossil fuel electricity plants.d. A harvest failure in Russia.e. A reduction in Japan's tariffs on imported beef and citrus fruit.(2) A national government can introduce a variety of restrictions upon international transactions that cannot be imposed on domestic transactions. These could include .a. different domestic policiesb.voluntary export restraintc.statistical datad.relative immobility of productive factors3. Review QuestionsWhat is meant by strategic trade policy? What are its limitations? How can export subsidies bring about an increase in the share of global profitsms? obtained by “our ” firChapter 4 Tariffs1. Important ConceptsTariff protectionAd valorem tariffSpecific tariffEffective tariff2. Choices(1) Which one is NOT the type of tariff?a. ad valorem tariffb. specific tariffc. export tariffd. compound duty(2) The rule, which guards against discrimination in international trade, is known as .a. WTOb. MFNc. GATTd. IMF(3) The elimination of tariff in a customs union will cause the effect of .a. trade improvementb. tradediversionc. trade creationd. trade competationhigh enough to keep out all imports of the (4) A tariff rate isproduct which we calla. revenue tariffb. prohibitive tariffc. protective tariffd. specific tariffChapter 5 Non-tariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism1. Important ConceptsImport quotasQuota rentsQuality upgradingAntidumping duty2. Choices(1) sets an absolute limit on the quantity of a productthat may enter the country.a. An export quotab. An import quotac.Tariff d. Voluntary export restraints(2) International trade in certain primary commodities ( namely raw materials or agricultural products ) is governed by .a. WTOb. EUc. OECDd. ICAs(3) It is customary to distinguish amongthree types of dumping.Which one does NOT belong to those?a. anti-dumpingb. sporadic dumpingc. predatory dumpingd. persistent dumping(4) A country sets an absolute limit on the quantity of a product that may enter it is the concept of ___________________ .a. quota rentsb. indirect taxesc. auctioning import license import quotasd.3. Review Questions(1) Evaluate the following statements:a. As instruments of protection go, a tariff is less harmfulto a country than an quota, and a quota is less harmful thanb. Protection is an expensive and inefficient way to create jobs.c. International commodity agreements constitute the best way of helping LDCscombat the effect of violent price fluctuations on their economies.d. The Multifibre Agrement represents an excellent way to organize international trade. We should apply it to steel and other industries. (2) "Import quotas on capital-intensive industrial goods and subsidies for the import of capital equipment were meant to create manufacturing jobs in many developing countries. Unfortunately, they have probably helped create the urbanChapter 6 Economic Integration and WTO1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2. What are the conflicts between the WTOand the environmentalmovement?3. Choices(1) International and regional forums for trade and financial negotiation include some organizations except .a. WTOb. EUc. World Bankd. OECD(2) What is unique about inrernational economics _________________a. exchange ratesb. relative immobility of productive factorsc. marketing considerationsd. commercial policies(3) Which of the following actions would be legal under GATT .a. A U.S. tariff of 20 percent against any country that exports more than twice as much to the United States as it imports in return.b. A subsidy to U.S. wheat exports, aimed at recapturing some of the markets lost to the European Union.c. A U.S. tariff on Canadian lumber exports, not matched by equivalent reductions on other tariffs.d. A Canadian tax on lumber exports, agreed to at the demand of the United States to placate U.S. lumber producers.e. A program of subsidized research and development in areasrelated to hightechnology goods such as electronics and semiconductors.f. Special government assistance for workers who lose theirjobs because of import competition.Chapter 7 International Trade and E-Commerce1. What is the process of e-commerce ？2. Briefly review the key innovations that culminated in thedigital revolution. What is the basic technological process that made the revolution possible?3. What is convergence? How is convergence affecting Sony? Kodak?Nokia?4. What is the innovator's dilemma? What is the difference betweensustaining technology and disruptive technology? Briefly review Christensen's five principles of disruptive innovation.5. What key issues must be addressed by global companies thatengage in e-commerce?6. What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that inducecompanies to invest abroad.Chapter8 procedure of international trade1. Please list at least three essential constituents of adefinite offer.2. According to the text, what characteristics does an indefinite offer have?3. Please briefly describe the export process.4. Why is it of great importance for the exporter to check theL/C against the sales contracts very carefully after receiving the L/C? 5. What documents should usually be submitted when negotiating through the bank?6. Please briefly describe the import process.7. Why is the shipping advice so important on CFR?8. What information should be included in a packing list?9. Please list at least six kinds of documents used in international trade?10. What are the major functions of an B/L11. What are the contents and functions of commercial invoice?12. What is the function of documentation in export and import practices?Chapter9 International Trade Terms oceanic transportation?1. What's trade terms?2. Please briefly describe the thirteen trade terms inIncoterms 2000.3. What are the obligations of the buyer under the termsof CIF, FOB and CFR?4. What are the obligations of the seller under the termsof FCA, CPT and CIP?5. Which trade term is suitable to inland waterway and6. Please briefly describe three international trade practices.7. Please describe the formation domestic expenses andforeign expenses.8. Please list at least four derived forms of CFR.9. What's the meaning of main freight?10. What's difference between symbolic delivery andphysical delivery?11. What's the relationship among FOB, CFR and CIF?12. What's Commission ?13. Please describe the formula about conversion among FOB,CFR and CIF.Chapter10 terms of commodity1. How to name goods exported ?2. What's quality of commo dity?3. Please describe types of quality.4. How to weight different commodities?5. What's more or less clause?6. Please describe functions of sales packing and shipping packing.7. Why is shipping mark important in international transportation?8. Please describe the standardized format of shipping mark suggested by ISO.9. When choosing appropriate cargo packing, what factors should one take into consideration?Chapter11 international cargo transportation1. List at least 4 major type of transportation.2. What are the characteristics of Liner shipping?3. How to compute freight of Liner shipping?4. Who will undertake the loading and unloading charges in chartering a vessel?5. What's International Multimodal transportation.6. What are the Features of containerization?7. What's demurrage and dispatch?8. what 's the function of bill of lading?9. Please explain the clean bill of lading.10. What 's the difference between Hague Rules and Hamburg Rules?Chapter12 international cargo transportation insurance1. Please describe the scope of cargo transportation insurance.2. What's the difference between Perils of sea and extraneous risks?3. Please list at least 6 major type of fortuitousaccidents.4. Which risk did TITANIC encounter? Can this kindof risk be avoided?5. Did all the cargoes sunk with the ship? What type of loss they belonged to ?(actual loss, constructive loss, particular loss or general loss).6. What measures were taken after TITANICWhat was the nature of the Expense caused encountered the risk?by the measures? Did the insurance compensate for it?7. Who relieve the survivor on TITANIC ? what wasthe nature of this kind of expense? Who must undertake it?8. What's actual total loss and what is thedifference between Constructive total loss and actual total loss?9. What's General Average and what is thedifference between Particular Average and General Average?10. Please explain sue and labor expense and salvage charge11. What's coverage of CIC ?12. What's the relationship between CIC and ICC?13. How to compute the insurance value of the goodsand it 's insurance premium ?14. Please describe the content of insurance policy.Chapter13 international payments1. What payment instruments are used in international trade? Please list at least 5 of them.2. What's the difference between a commercial d raft and a banker 's draft?3. What is the advantage and disadvantage of transferring money through DD compared with TT?4. How many stages are there in handling a draft?5. What's the difference between draft and Promissory note?6. What are the Characteristics of remittance?7. when will you release documents if you are the exporter under collection?8. Please describe the difference amongD/P at sight , D/P after sight and D/A.9. What's D/P ? T/R?10. What are the characteristics of letter of credit?11. Will the issuing bank undertake payment if the applicant goes bankrupt?12. Will the bank deal with the transaction according tocontract or L/C if they aren 't in accordance with each other?13. What will happen if the documents are not inconsistent with theL/C?14. Please describe the chief contents of L/C.。

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8-2
Import Quota(进口配额)
• An import quota is a restriction on the quantity of a good that may be imported.
• This restriction is usually enforced by issuing licenses to domestic firms that import, or in some cases to foreign governments of exporting countries.
• However, these restraints are usually requested by the importing country.
8-7
Effects of the U.S. Import Quota on Sugar
• The welfare effects of the import quota are indicated by the areas a, b, c, and d.
• Consumers lose the surplus a+b+c+d.
• the sugar import quota holds imports to about half the level that would occur under free trade.
8-6
Effects of the U.S. Import Quota on Sugar
• The result is that the price of sugar is $418 per ton, versus the $210 price on world markets.
• A binding import quota will push up the price of the import because the quantity demanded will exceed the quantity supplied by domestic producers and from imports.
8-3
Import Quota (cont.)
• When a quota instead of a tariff is used to restrict imports, the government receives no revenue.
Instead, the revenue from selling imports at high prices goes to quota license holders: either domestic firms or foreign governments.
These extra revenues are called quota rents(配额带来的经济租).
8-4
Fig. 9-1: Effects of the U.S. Import Quota on Sugar
8-5
Effects of the U.S. Import Quota on Sugar
Chapter 9
Non-tariff Trade Policy
Slides prepared by Thomas Bishop
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Preview
• Import quotas • Export subsidies • Voluntary export restraints • Local content requirements
• This produces a gain for U.S. sugar producers, but a much larger loss for U.S. consumers.
• There is no revenue gain for the U.S. government, because the quota rents are collected by foreign government.
• The quota restricted imports to 1.7 million tons, as a result, the price of sugar in the United States was more than twice the price in the outside world.
• Figure 9-1 shows an estimate of the effects of the sugar in 2005. The figure is drawn on the assumption that the United States is “small” in the world sugar market.
The area c represents the loss comes from quota rents, because foreigners get the import rights.
8-8
Voluntary Export Restraint
• A voluntary export restraint(自愿出口限制) works like an import quota, except that the quota is imposed by the exporting country rather than the importing country.
• Producers increases surplus a.
• Quota rents is c.
• The net loss to the United பைடு நூலகம்tates is b+d+c.
The triangles b and d represent the efficiency loss (效率损失).