高考英语语法复习专题巧突破第一部分专项专讲：名词(含2013试题)[ 高考]

板块一词法集释

2011～2013课标区高考考点统计考情解读

年

数

量份考

点 2013 2012

2011

合计

名词、形容词和副词、介词(短语)、动词(短语)的考查重点以词义辨析为主，要特别注意名词的固定搭配、抽象名词具体化以及一词多义与熟词新义；冠词主要考查基本用法及固定搭配；代词主要考查替代词和不定代词。

名词 7 9 8 24 冠词 8 9 8 25 代词 10 12 13 35 形容词和副词 17 18 18 53 介词(短语) 11 12 14 37 动词(短语)

24 62

名词

名词词义辨析，包括同缀、形近、意近和无关联词

1．(2013·浙江高考)As the world's population continues to grow, the ________ of food becomes more and more of a concern.

A ．worth

B ．supply

C ．package

D ．list

解析：选B 考查名词辨析。句意：随着世界人口的不断增加，食品供应问题越来越受到人们的关注。the supply of food 表示“食品供应”。worth “价值”；package “包装好的东西”；list “名单”。

2．(2013·辽宁高考)The accident caused some ________ to my car, but it's nothing serious. A ．harm B ．injury

解析：选D考查名词辨析。根据后面的it's nothing serious可知，造成的破坏不严重，所以不能选择ruin“毁灭，废墟”；damage意为“破坏，损坏”，意思是说破坏的程度不是很严重，往往修理之后仍然可以使用。harm意为“伤害，损害”；injury意为“受伤害”，主要指躯体和情感上的伤害。

3．(2012·山东高考)My first ________ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.

A．expression B．attention

C．satisfaction D．impression

解析：选D考查名词词义辨析。句意：他给我的第一印象是他是个善良而且有思想的年轻人。first impression“第一印象”。expression“表达；表情”；attention“注意”；satisfaction“满意”。

名词词义辨析是高考的热点，主要考查考生结合语境区分词义的能力，因而在记忆单词时，一定要结合语境体会其意义。近几年考查的名词词义辨析主要有以下几种形式：1．“同缀”词的词义辨析，即相同词缀的名词辨析。近几年高考中常出现的还有：

①expectation (期望); reputation (声誉); contribution (贡献); civilization (文明)

②accommodation (住宿); occupation (职业); adaptation (适应，改编); appreciation (欣赏)

③equipment (设备); arrangement (安排); assessment (评估，估算); entertainment (娱乐)

④consequence (后果); independence (独立); competence (能力，权限); intelligence (智力)

2．“形近”词的词义辨析，近几年高考中常出现的形近词还有：

①sympathy (同情); symbol (象征，符号); symptom (症状); systematic (有系统的)

②commitment (承诺，奉献); competition (竞争); ambition (野心); accompany (陪伴)

3．“意近”词的词义辨析，近几年高考中常出现的意近词还有：

①advice; question; offer; idea

②anger; rudeness; regret; panic(惊慌)

4．“无关联”词的词义辨析，近几年高考中出现的还有：

①difference; comparison (比较); connection; barrier (屏障，障碍)

②luck; value; time; fact

名词构成的固定搭配，尤其是高频的“动词＋名词”与“介词＋

名词”的短语搭配

1．(2013·江苏高考)With inspiration from other food cultures, American food culture can take a ________ for the better.

C．turn D．lead

解析：选C考查名词辨析。根据句中的for the better可知，美国的食品文化将向更好的方面转变，因此选turn。share“份额”；chance“机会”；lead“榜样”。

2．(2013·江西高考)Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with ________.

A．curiosity B．satisfaction

C．envy D．patience

解析：选D考查名词辨析。句意：无论什么时候我犯了错误，老师总是耐心地把它们指出来。patience“耐心”，符合句意。curiosity“好奇心”；satisfaction“满意，满足”；envy“忌妒”。

高考考查名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词＋名词”和“介词＋名词”。近几年考查的还有：

keep a balance保持平衡

out of one's reach 在某人够不到的地方

make room for 为……腾地方

beyond recognition 无法辨认

常见的名词固定搭配还有：

have/gain access to可以获得

take ...into account 考虑……

gain/have an advantage over 胜过，优于

make fun of 取笑，嘲弄

take advantage of 利用，趁……之机

make the best of 充分利用，妥善处理

play a part/role in 起作用

catch sight of 发现，突然看见

have a good reputation 有个好的名声

have an idea of 了解

have a sense of 有……意识

have a feeling of 有……感觉

get relief 得到缓解

名词的一词多义与熟词新义

1．(2012·福建高考)—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?

—Well, you know, English is my ________. So it is my best choice.

A．strength B．talent

C．ability D．skill

解析：选A考查名词词义辨析。句意：“你为什么选择在国际旅行社工作？”“噢，你知道，英语是我的强项。因此这是我的最佳选择。”strength“强项；长处”；talent“天资；才能”；ability“能力；力量”；skill“技能；擅长”。

2．(2011·江西高考) What's the________，in your opinion, of helping him if he doesn't make an effort to help himself?

A．sympathy B．theme

C．object D．point

解析：选D考查名词词义辨析。句意：依你看，如果他都不努力帮他自己，那我们帮他还有什么意义呢？what's the point of ...表示“……的意义是什么？”。sympathy“同情”，theme“主题”，object“物体”，均与句意不符。

名词的一词多义与熟词新义是考查的重点和难点(名词的熟词新义请参见本书附录)，如[高考感悟]第1题中strength的常见词义为“力气”，但此处表示“长处，优势”；[高考感悟]第2题中的point常见词义为“要点”，但此处表示“意义”。又如：

Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine.(2010·山东高考)

患头疼的人会发现通过使用这种药，他们的头疼会得到缓解。

relief的常见含义为“安慰，宽慰”，此处表示“缓解”。

抽象名词具体化，此时实际上考查名词，但形式上考查冠词

(2010·福建高考)It's ________ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them ________ pleasure.

A．/; a B．a; /

C．the; a D．a; the

解析：选B考查冠词。句意：对人们来说，欣赏能带给他们乐趣的世博会的感觉非常棒。feeling为可数名词，pleasure为不可数名词，均表示泛指，故B项正确。

抽象名词具体化是考查的重点和难点，常见的表达有：

抽象名词抽象名词具体化

drink 饮料 a drink 一杯饮料

comfort安慰；慰藉 a comfort 一件令人感到安慰的事

feeling感觉；感情 a good feeling 一种愉快的感情

success 成功 a success 一位成功的人或一件成功的事

failure 失败 a failure 一个失败的人或一件失败的事

surprise 惊奇 a surprise 一件令人惊奇的事

experience 经验an experience 一次经历

difficulty 困难 a difficulty 一件难事

coffee 咖啡two coffees 两杯咖啡

1．(2013·泰安市一模)His ________ to become a pilot was held back by his poor eyesight.

A．destination B．inspiration

C．ambition D．promotion

解析：选C考查名词辨析。句意：他想当飞行员的梦想由于视力差而受阻。destination“目的地”；inspiration“激励”；ambition“雄心；梦想”；promotion“提升；促进”。

2．(2013·西北工业大学附中模拟)—Which ________ did you participate in, Mike?

—The high jump and the long jump, but I didn't win either of them.

A．affairs B．incidents

C．matters D．events

解析：选D考查名词辨析。句意：“麦克，你参加了什么项目？”“跳高和跳远，但是我一项也没赢。”affair“事务”；incident“小事；事件”；matter“事情”；event“重大事件；比赛项目”。

3．(2013·吉林市模拟)According to our headmaster's principle, all children should be encouraged to realize their full ________.

A．consequence B．entertainment

C．presentation D．potential

解析：选D考查名词辨析。句意：按照我们校长的观点，应该鼓励所有的儿童充分发挥他们的潜能。consequence“结果；后果”；entertainment“娱乐；消遣”；presentation“提供；展示”；potential“潜力”。

4. (2013·福州三中模拟)After the 8.0-magnitude(八级) earthquake, a lot of people lost ________ with their relatives.

A．content B．context

C．contact D．contest

解析：选C考查名词辨析。句意：8级地震后，很多人和亲属失去了联系。lose contact with“与……失去联系”，符合句意。content“内容”；context“语境”；contest“抗议”。

5．(2013·兰州一中模拟)The purpose of the campaign is to raise the public's ________ of the dangers of passive smoking.

A．existence B．connection

C．awareness D．consciousness

解析：选C考查名词辨析。句意：这次活动的目的是为了提高大众对于被动吸烟的危害的意识。existence“存在”；connection“联系”；awareness“意识”；consciousness“知觉”。

6．(2013·青岛二模)—The hero bus driver in Hangzhou died yesterday.

—Yes, news came as ________ to me.

A．shock B．a shock

C．the shock D．shocks

解析：选B 考查抽象名词具体化。shock意为“震惊”；a shock意为“一个令人震惊的事情”。

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