【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO27-3阅读文本
托福TPO27口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
(man) How come?
(woman) Well, the cost, for one thing, they are just not being realistic.
(man)ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Even compare to the price of textbooks?
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福 TPO27 口语 Task3 阅读文本+听力文本+题 目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福 TPO27 口语 Task3 阅读文本：
Switch to Electronic Textbooks
The university will begin switching from traditional-bound textbooks to electronic textbooks early next year. University students will be able to download the content of their required textbooks to a reading device and read the material directly from the device’s screen. While the cost of the device is around $200, it is a one-time expense. Considering the rising cost of textbooks, students will save money in the long run since purchasing electronic books for their classes is much less expensive than buying regular textbooks. Furthermore, the university believes the device will be an effective study aid because it is simple to operate and offers features such as highlighting of text and note-taking.
2019年TPO27托福口语Task3原文及参考答案
2019年TPO27托福口语Task3原文及参考答案TPO27口语Task3题目：Switch to Electronic TextbooksThe university will begin switching from traditional-bound textbooks to electronic textbooks early next year. University students will be able to download the content of their required textbooks to a reading device and read the material directly from the device’sscreen. While the cost of the device is around $200, it is a one-timeexpense.Considering the rising cost of textbooks, students will save money in the long run since purchasing electronic books for their classes is much less expensive than buying regular textbooks.Furthermore, the university believes the device will be an effective study aid because it is simple to operate and offers features such as highlighting of textand note-taking.ConversationNow listen to two students discussing the article.Woman： Oh, no, did you see this?Man：Yeah, why? You don’t like the idea?Woman： Not at all!Man： How come?Woman： Well, the cost, for one thing, they are just not being realistic.Man： Even compare to the price of textbooks?Woman： We ll, sure, textbooks aren’t cheap, but do you think people are only gonna use one device the whole time they are at university? What happens if yours breaks? You have to buy a new one. Or they come out with some fancy new features. Wouldn't you want to get a new one then?Man： Yeah, I see what you mean. A lot of people would probably want to replace theirs with the latest version.Woman： Right! Maybe even every year and that can add up.Man：True, but, don’t you agree it’ll make studying and preparing for classes a lot easier?Woman：I don’t think everybody is gonna think it’s so great.Man： What do you mean?Woman：Well., it’s only helpful if it’s easy to use and, well, this thing is pretty small. It’s only about 18 or 20 centimeters tall.Man：Oh, really? So that means the screen’s pretty small.Woman： Right, and I heard that the key pad or control buttons, they are small, too. So if you have normal-sized fingers, it’s not so easy to select an item or get it to function right, you know, to do stuff like highlighting or underlining.Man：I hadn’t thought of that.Woman： So what good are all those fancy features ifit’s hard to use them? Besides, I like the old-fashioned wayof studying material： writing notes on the page and underlining or highlighting important sections of the book. I’m more comfortable with that.QuestionThe woman expresses her opinion about the university’s plan. Briefly summarize theplan then state her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Key Points1. less expensive in the long run2. more effective featuresTPO27口语Task3参考答案(范文模板)：The woman doesn’t agree with the school’s plan to switch from traditional text-books to electronic books. According to the school, even though the device is expensive, they believe that it will save students money in the long run cos the cost of electronic books is so much lower than regular text-books, but the woman says that if someone’s device breaks, they would have to buy a new one and that can get expensive. Plus, they may come out with a new model every year that people will want as well. The school also notesthat the device will be an effective study-aid cos it can help students take notes and highlight information, but the woman points out that the device isn’t really big and the buttons are small so even if it has a lot of features, itwill stil l be difficult to use and she’s more comfortable writing in a book than using a device.。
TPO27 R-3 原文翻译
TPO27 R-3 原文翻译Predator-Prey Cycles捕食者是怎样影响被捕食者的数量的呢？答案并不是想象中那么简单的。
麋鹿通过穿越冬天的冰层和到达了在苏必略路的罗亚尔岛，在那他们因为和捕食者分隔开来就更自由了。
当狼在晚一点的时候到达那座岛的时候，自然学家都认为，狼对控制麋鹿的数量起到了关键的作用。
但是，严密的研究已经说明，并不是这样的。
狼吃掉的大部分是年老的，或是已经生病的动物，他们本身就不会存活很久了。
总的来说，麋鹿的数量是由食物的可利用性，疾病，和其他的一些条件，而不是因为狼。
当实验性的数量被设置在简单的实验条件下，捕食者经常吃掉了所有的被捕食者，然后因为没有东西吃，自己灭绝了。
但是，如果能给被捕食动物提供如同在野外的安全的区域，被捕食动物的数量会降低到很低的数值，但不会灭绝。
低的被捕食动物数量造成了捕食者的食物不足，使捕食者的数量下降。
当这个情况发生的时候，被捕食动物的数量又会反弹。
这样，在一定的时候，捕食者和被捕食者的数量会持续地在这种循环中变化。
这种数量的循环是小型哺乳动物的特性，有时候这种循环的出现是由捕食者带来的。
生态学家对野兔数量的研究已经显示，北美“雪鞋野兔”一直遵守着大约以十年为一周期的循环。
在一个典型的循环中，其数量会以十倍到三十倍的减少，甚至会出现百倍的改变会出现。
有两种因素会导致这种循环：食物和捕食者。
“雪鞋野兔”比较喜欢的食物是柳木和桦树树枝。
当野兔的密度增加的时候，这些树枝的数量就会减少，迫使野兔去吃一些低质量的，高纤维食物。
随之而来的是低生育率，低成活率，低生长率，所以产生了对应的野兔数量的减少反应。
一旦野兔数量减少了，树枝的数量会需要两到三年去恢复。
雪鞋野兔的主要捕食者是加拿大山猫。
加拿大山猫呈现了平行于野兔的十年鼎盛循环。
当野兔的数量下降的时候，当山猫的食物供给减少，山猫数量也会发生同样的变化。
是什么造成了捕食者和被捕食者的振幅呢？是野兔数量的增长使得植物被过度破坏，随之导致了野兔的减少？还是山猫的增加导致了野兔被过度捕捉？在1992年，Charles Krebs 和其合作者的野外试验提供了答案。
【威学教育王鑫】托福阅读TPO2-1文本
【王鑫托福阅读】TPO2-1阅读文本TPO2TPO2-1 Desert Formation1. The word threatened in the passage is closest in meaning toA. RestrictedB. EndangeredC. PreventedD. Rejected2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?A. Increased stony contentB. Reduced water absorptionC. Increased numbers of spaces in the soilD. Reduced water runoffThe deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by windand water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.3. The word delicate in the passage is closest in meaning toA. FragileB. PredictableC. ComplexD. Valuable4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficultyA. Adjusting to stresses created by settlementB. Retaining their fertility after desertificationC. Providing water for irrigating cropsD. Attracting populations in search of food and fuel5. The word progressively in the passage is closest in meaning toA. OpenlyB. ImpressivelyC. ObjectivelyD. Increasingly6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops?A. Lack of proper irrigation techniquesB. Failure to plant crops suited to the particular areaC. Remova丨 of the original vegetationD. Excessive use of dried animal waste;mlluwmg isThere is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removalof the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.7.The phrase devoid of in the passage is closest in meaning to A Consisting of B Hidden by C Except for D Lacking inThe raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.D.Bring salts to the surfaceThe final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.9. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPTA. Soil erosionB. Global warmingC. Insufficient irrigationD. The raising of livestock10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.11. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification?A. Governments will act quickly to control further desertification.B. The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future.C. Desertification will continue to increase.D. Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world■The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.^The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion._12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors have contributed to the great increase in desertification in recent decades.A. Growing human populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth have upset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.B. As periods of severe dryness have become more common, failures of a number of different crops have increased.C. Excessive numbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses and trees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.D. Extensive irrigation with poor drainage brings salt to the surface of the soil, a process that reduces water and air absorption.E. Animal dung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.F. Grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation in semiarid lands.。
新托福TPO27阅读原文及译文(三)
新托福TPO27阅读原文(一)：Crafts in the Ancient Near EastTPO27-1：Crafts in the Ancient Near EastSome of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activitywe know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.TPO27-1译文：古代近东的工匠一些最早的人类文明是在公元前四千年前的南美索不达米亚出现的，现在这片区域处于南伊拉克。
威学教育王鑫托福阅读TPO33阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO3-3阅读文本TPO3TPO3-3 The Long Term Stability of Ecosystems1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. naturalB. finalC. specificD. complex2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communitiesA. They occur at the end of a succession.B. They last longer than any other type of community.C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pondA. Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.B. The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.C. Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.D. A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’ s propertiesPlant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year's time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystemsA. Pioneer communitiesB. Climax communitiesC. Single-crop farmlandsD. Successional plant communities5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.B. Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word“ resilience. ”C. The exact meaning of the word “ stability ” is debated by ecologists.D. There are many different answers to ecological questions.6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communitiesA. They are more resilient than pioneer communities.B. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.C. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.D. They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entirecrop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “ stability ” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forestsA. They become less stable as they mature.B. They support many species when they reach climax.C. They are found in temperate zones.D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.8. The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. increaseB. ensureC. favorD. complicateparagraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’ s tricycle”A. To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday exampleB. To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situationsC. To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversityD. To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystemsEven the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’ s tricycle.10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in me aning toA. increases proportionallyB. differsC. loses significanceD. is common11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.B. Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.C. Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.D. A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.12. The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning toEcologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world arebeing severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’ s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.B. stableC. fluidD. neighboring■Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.■ The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. ■We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’ s resistance to destruction, as well as its13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following senten ce could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fitIn fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.A. The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.B. A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.C. Disagreements over the meaning of the term "stability" make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.D. Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.E. The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.F. The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.。
【威学教育王鑫】想掌握托福阅读考点,就要多做托福真题
威学教育|专注雅思、托福等出国考试培训网址：想掌握托福阅读考点，就要多做托福真题在托福考试中流传着这样一句话：得词汇者得阅读，得阅读者得托福！在威学教育经常会遇到很多学生来上托福课，难的单词到是认识很多，但是题眼的单词是抓不到的，托福阅读出题题眼的单词并不都是高深的词汇，因为在表达中不管是中英文都是用简单明了的语言来表达思想的，而很多同学着眼于8000词汇中通常不用的词汇，而抛弃了高中词汇的3500词或大学的4500词，那么这样是不是在解题的时候容易抓不到意思呢?切忌，新托福阅读词汇是关键，但重中之重是重点词汇。
威学教育托福导师sally指出，不少学生对于该如何做题一直纠结不清，到底是先看文章再做题，还是直接跳过文章去做题目?每一种方法都有每一种方法的利与弊，比如说学生们也自己总结出一套方法，先看一段，然后做相应的题目，这样既可以读到文章心理踏实也可以及时记住文章中的内容，此种方法也不失为一种好方法。
前面的三种方法都可以用来做题，也都有各自的好处。
那么以上三种方法，大家可以课下在做练习的时候都试用一下，哪一种方法最适合自己就用哪一种方法。
巧用托福阅读真题让考点清晰(1)构成因果处是考点，两事物或者多事物间的因果顺序关系要弄清楚。
(2)两事物或对象对比、类比、比较处是考点。
当出现此类语言叙述时，必须要弄清楚两事物或几个事物间的相同点，相异点的特征分别是什么，他们之间有什么联系或者关联。
时间，空间，程度或者间接转折均能构成对比或者比较其相似或相异性。
(3)事物叙述的缺陷处所在是考点。
此时要弄清缺陷与所叙述的事物不足处是什么，如果文章提出了改进方法，还必须知道改进和或弥补的方法又是什么，在众多方法中，作者到底同意或者赞同哪一个，一般来说是最后一个观点。
)(4)特殊语言处是考点，例如：最高级和比较级处，各种长难复合句，高级词汇所在句子以及特殊易混的短语习语处。
(5)强转折是考点，引入新观点或者反驳前所叙述的主题处是考点，其中转折的方式很多，除了传统的however, but, yet外，其他方式的转折也必须注意，尤其是一个概念向另一个概念过渡的地方。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文26—3 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East
托福考试 复习TPO 26—3 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East原文：【1】The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops.【2】It is difficult to isolate the factors that led to the next development—the emergence of urban settlements. The earliest, that of Eridu, about 4500 B.C.E., and Uruk, a thousand years later, center on impressive temple complexes built of mud brick. In some way, the elite had associated themselves with the power of the gods. Uruk, for instance, had two patron gods—Anu, the god of the sky and sovereign of all other gods, and Inanna, a goddess of love and war—and there were others, patrons of different cities. Human beings were at their mercy. The biblical story ofthe Flood may originate in Sumer. In the earliest version, the gods destroy the human race because its clamor had been so disturbing to them.【3】It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times. Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.) An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to express a whole word. The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing.A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for " head” was “sag.” Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound “sag” was to be written, the sign for “sag" could be used t o express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, literature, history, and law also appeared.【4】Other innovations of the late fourth millennium include the wheel, probably developed first as a more efficient way of making pottery and then transferred to transport. A tablet engraved about 3000 B.C.E. provides the earliest known example from Sumer, a roofed boxlike sledge mounted on four solid wheels. A major development was the discovery, again about 3000 B.C.E., that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result. Although copper and stone tools continued to be used, bronze was far more successful in creating sharp edges that could be used as anything from saws and scythes to weapons. The period from 3000 to 1000 B.C.E., when the use of bronze became widespread, is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.题目：1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a disadvantage of the Mesopotamian plain?A.There was not very much rainfall for most of the year.B.Melting snow caused flooding every year.C.The silt deposited by rivers damaged crops.D.Timber, stone and metals were not readily available.2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following made it possible for anelite to emerge?A.New crops were developed that were better suited to conditions on theMesopotamian plain.B.The richest individuals managed to gain control of the most valuable cropland.C.Control over the few available natural resources made some people four to five times richer than everyone else.D.The building of canals to increase agricultural output required organization.3.The word “sustain”in the passage（paragraph 1）is closest in meaning toA.defend.B.promote.C.maintain.D.transform.4.According to paragraph 2, Eridu and Uruk are examples of urbansettlements thatcked the features usually found in other early urban settlements.B.developed around religious buildings.C.grew much more rapidly than most of the urban settlements found in Sumer.D.were mysteriously destroyed and abandoned.5.The word “sovereign"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.counselor.B.master.C.defender.D.creator.6.According to paragraph 3, which of the following led to the appearanceof writing?A.An increasingly sophisticated administrative system.B.Coordination between secular and religious leaders.C.The large volume of trade, particularly imports.D.A rapidly expanding and changing population.7.In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that the number of signs in use had dropped from 2,000 to 600 by 2300 B.C.E.?A.T o argue that the development of writing involved periods of growth followed by periods of decline.B.To demonstrate that earlier written texts used a larger vocabulary than later texts, which were aimed at a broader audience.C.To support the claim that the range of words expressed by logograms varied widely depending on time period and type of text.D.T o provide evidence for the increased efficiency of using signs to express syllables rather than whole words.8.According to paragraph 3, ancient texts most commonly dealt withA.theology.B.literature.C.economics.w.9.According to paragraph 4, the earliest wheels probablyA.were first developed in areas outside Mesopotamia.B.were used to make pottery.C.appeared on boxlike sledges.D.were used to transport goods between cities.10.The word “engraved”in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.carved.B.produced.C.dated.D.discovered.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 4 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Also around 3000B.C.E., it was discovered that mixing copper, known from about 3500 B.C.E., with tin would create a much harder metal known as bronze.B.Although copper had been known since 3500 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, the discovery of bronze did not occur until around 3000 B.C.E.C.Another major development around 3000 B.C.E. was the discovery that copper could be mixed with a much harder metal known as tin.D.The development of bronze by mixing copper and tin probably occurred around 3000 B.C.E. but may have happened as early as 3500 B.C.E.12.The word “widespread”in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.obvious.B.significant.C.necessary.mon.13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? City life was diverse, and the population was engaged in a variety of occupations.It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times. ■【A】Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials,the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs,and all metals, had to be imported.) ■【B】An increasingly sophisticated system of administrationled in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. ■【C】The earliest script was based on logograms, with asymbol being used to express a whole word. ■【D】The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach wasto use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for " head” was “sag.” Whenever a wordincluding a syllable in which the sound “sag” was to be written, the sign for“sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllablesof the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they alwayshad done; but at this point works of theology,literature, history, and lawalso appeared.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minorideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Irrigation made it possible for the civilization known as Sumer to arise on the Mesopotamian plain in the fifth millennium B.C.E.A.The scarcity of natural resources on the plain made it necessary for a powerful elite to emerge and take charge of trade and imports.B.The economy of each city was based on a craft such as pottery or metal working, and the city of Eridu was known for its saws, scythes and weapons.C.Writing appeared in the form of logograms and later developed into a system using signs to represent syllables rather than whole words.D.Priests were powerful figures in the ancient civilization and controlled the political and economic life of the cities.E.The earliest city states had one or more patron gods and were built around central temple complexes.F.The development of the wheel and the creation of bronze were important innovations in Sumer答案：1.A选项的rainfall和B的melting snow做关键词定位至第五句，都正确，不选；C的silt 确实讲过，但并没讲damaged crops，所以C错，选；D的timber, stone and metals定位至第四句，正确，不选。
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【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 全集之TPO27-3TPO 27TPO27-3 Predator Prey Cycles1. In paragraph 1, why does the author discuss the moose and wolves on Isle Royale?A To provide an example of predators moving to new habitats by following migrating preyB To show that the interactions between predator populations and prey populations are not always might be expectedC To suggest that prey populations are more influenced by predation than food availability and diseaseD To argue that studies of geographically isolated populations tend not to be useful to naturalists2. The word “rebound” in the passage is closest in meaning to A escapeB recoverC surviveD resist3. Paragraph 2 implies which of the following about experimental environments in which predators become extinct?A They may yield results that do not accurate predict changes of populations in the wild.B In these environments, the prey species is better adapted than the predator species.C These environments are appropriate only for studying small populations of predators and prey.D They are unrealistic because some predators are also the prey of other predators.4. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the small mammals that experience population cycles? A Their population cycles are not affected by predators.B Their predators' populations periodically disappear.C They typically undergo ten-year cycles.D They have access to places safe from predators.How do predators affect populations of the prey animals? The answer is not as simple as might be thought. Moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and multiplied freely there in isolation without predators. When wolves later reached the island, naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population. Careful studies have demonstrated, however, that this is not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease and other factors rather than by wolves.When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often exterminates its prey and then becomes extinct itself, having nothing left to eat. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low level but not extinction. Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can rebound. In this situation the predator and prey population may continue in this cyclical pattern for some time.Population cycles are characteristic of small mammals, and they sometimes appear to be brought about by predators. Ecologists studying hare populations have found that the North American snow shoe hare follows a roughly ten-year cycle. Its numbers fall tenfold to thirty in a typical cycle, and a hundredfold change can occur. Two factors appear to be generating the cycle: food plants and predators.5. The word “roughly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA usuallyB repeatingC approximatelyD observable6. The word “generating” in the passage is closest in meaning toA producingB changingC speeding upD smoothing out7. to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of the food of snowshoe hares EXCEPT A The preferred food fore hares consists of willow and birch twigs.B High fiber food is the most nutritious for hares.C Depletion of the supply of willow and birch twigs cause low birth and growth rates.D The food supply takes two or three years to recover8. The word “conjunction” in the passage is closest in meaning to A determinationB combinationC alternationD transformation9. According to paragraph 5, which of the following statements best characterizes the abundance cycle of the Canada lynx?A It closely follows the cycle the snowshoe hare.B When the numbers of lynx fall, the numbers of snowshoe hares soon decrease.The preferred foods of snowshoe hares are willow and birch twigs. As hare density increases, the quantity of these twigs decreases, forcing the hares to feed on low-quality high-fiber food. Lower birth rates, low juvenile survivorship, and low growth rates follow, so there is a corresponding decline in hare abundance. Once the hare population has declined, it takes two to three year for the quantity of twigs to recover.A key predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. The Canada lynx shows a ten-year cycle of abundance that parallels the abundance cycle of hares. As hare numbers fall, so do lynx numbers, as their food supply depleted.What causes the predator-prey oscillations? Do increasing number of hares lead to overharvesting of plants, which in turn results in reduced hare populations, or do increasing numbers of lynx lead to overharvesting hares? Field experiments carried out by Charles Krebs and coworkers in 1992 provide an answer. Krebs investigated experimental plots in Canada's Yukon territory that contained hare populations. When food was added to those plots (no food effect) and predators were excluded (no predator effect) from an experimental area, hare numbers increased tenfold and stayed there—the cycle was lost. However, the cycle was retained if either of the factorsC When hare numbers decrease, lynx numbers increase.D It is not clearly related to the availability of lynx food.10. According to paragraph 6, which of the following was true of the hare population cycle in Krebs's experiment?A The effects of providing food while at the same time introducing predators cancelled each other, so there was no cycle.B The cycle existed when either the food supply was limited or there were predators.C There was a cycle when there were no predators and food was supplied.D If the hares had places to hide from the lynx, the hare population increased tenfold and then remained at that level.11. According to paragraph 7, which of the following statements correctly characterizes the effect of sea stars on the ecosystem in which they are predators of bivalves?A Bivalve population are kept low, allowing species that compete with bivalves to survive.B The numbers of most species of bivalves are greatly reduced, leaving the bivalve species that is the strongest competitor to dominate among the survivors.C Biological diversity begins to decrease because many bivalve species disappear.D Sea stars dominate at first but then die off because of the depleted food supply.12. According to paragraph 7, which of the following is true of the phenomenon of competitor exclusion?A It results in more diverse communities.B It requires the presence of predators.C It affects all competitions equally.D It happens only when there is a dominant competitor.was allowed to operate alone: if predators were excluded but food was not added (food effect alone), or if food was added in the presence of predators (predator effect alone). Thus both factors can affect the cycle, which, in practice, seems to be generated by conjunction of the two factors.K作义/ 产Predators are an essential factor in maintaining communities that are rich and diverse in species. Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter, nesting sites, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes. This phenomenon is known as “competitor exclusion”. However, i f the community contains a predator of the strongest competitor species, then the population of that competitor is controlled. Thus even the less competitive species are able to survive. For example, sea stars prey on a variety of bivalve mollusks and prevent these bivalves from monopolizing habitats on the sea floor. This opens up space for many other organisms. When sea stars are removed, speciesdiversity falls sharply. Therefore, from the stand point of diversity, it is usually a mistake to eliminate a major predator from a community.Predators are an essential factor in maintaining communities that are rich and diverse in species. Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter, nesting sites, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes. (This phenomenon is known as “competitor exclusion”. (However, if the community contains a predator of the strongest competitor species, then the population of that competitor is controlled. (Thus even the less competitive species are able to survive. (For example, sea stars prey on a variety of bivalve mollusks and prevent these bivalves from monopolizing habitats on the sea floor. This opens up space for many other organisms. When sea stars are removed, species diversity falls sharply. Therefore, from the stand point of diversity, it is usually a mistake to eliminate a major predator from a community.13. Look at the four squares [(] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?As a result, there are not enough of the strong competitions to monopolize the environment’ s resources.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The relationships between predators and prey are complex.A. Studies of the interactions between wolves and moose on Isle Royale in Lake Superior reveal that wolf predation is not the primary factor controlling the moose population.B. Ecologists are interested in studying predator-prey population cycles because understanding how predators and prey interact will allow better wildlife management programs.C. Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.D. In predator-prey population cycles, predator populations increase or decrease following similar population changes in the species they prey on.E. A species’ population tends to rise and falls in a cycle pattern if the food supply for the population is limited, or if the population has a major predator.F. The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.。