2015年职称英语理工类新增文章
2015职称外语-理工类新增文章及译文.
2015年职称英语考试理工类教材对比2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类阅读理解第二十二篇Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless,box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.【词汇】envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线incline v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的【注释】1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路……2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。
2015职称英语阅读翻译理工7-9
7、Sugar Power for Cell PhonesUsing enzymes commonly found in living cells，a new type of fuel cell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar.If the technology is able to succeed in mass production，you may some day share your sweet drinks with your cell phone.In fuel cells，chemical reactions generate electrical currents.The process usually relies on precious metals，such as platinum.In living cells，enzymes perform a similar job，breaking down sugars to obtain electrons and produce energy.When researchers previously used enzymes in fuel cells，they had trouble keeping them active，says Shelley D.Minteer of St Louis University1.Whereas biological cells continually produce fresh enzymes，there’s no mechanism in fuel cells to replace enzymes as they quickly degrade.Minteer and Tamara Klotzbach，also of St Louis University，have now developed polymers that wrap around an enzyme and preserve it in a microscopic pocket.“We tailor these pocke ts to provide the ideal microenvironment” for the enzyme，Minteer says.The polymers keep the enzyme active for months instead of days.In the new fuel Cell，tiny polymer bags of enzyme are embedded in a membrane that coats one of the electrodes.When glucose from a sugary liquid gets into a pocket，the enzyme oxidizes it，releasing electrons and protons.The electrons cross the membrane and enter a wire through which they travel to the other electrode，where they react with.oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water.The flow of electrons through the wire constitutes an electrical current that can generate power.So far，the new fuel cells don’t produce much power，but the fact that they work at all is exciting，says Paul Kenis，a chemical engineer at the University of Illinois2 at Urhana-Champaign3.“Just getting it to work.” Kenis says，“is a major accomplishment.”Sugar-eating fuel cells could be an efficient way to make electricity.Sugar is easy to find. And the new fuel cells that run on it are biodegradable，so the technology wouldn’t hurt the environment.The scientists are now trying to use different enzymes that will get more power from sugar.They predict that popular products may be using the new technology in as little as 3 years.词汇：enzyme/5enzaIm/n.酶 electrode/I5lektrEJd/n.电极platinum/5plAtinEm/n.铂，白金 membrane/5membrein/n.膜，薄膜electron/I5lektrRn/n.电子 oxidize/5Cksi7daiz/v.氧化degrade/di5reid/v.降解glucose/5lu:kEus/n.葡萄糖polymer/5pClimE/n.聚合物 biodegradable/7baiEudi5reidEbl/adj.能进行生物降解的microenvironment n.微环境 embed/im5bed/v.埋置，插入proton/5prEutCn/n.质子试题1. According to the first paragraph，when can we share our sweet drinks with our cell phones?A When enzymes can be commonly found in living ceils.B When the technology of producing a new type of fuel cell appears.C When the technology of a new type of fuel cell is suitable for mass production.D When the technology of mass producing cell phones appears.2. What trouble did Minteer and Klotzhach have in their research?A They had trouble keeping enzymes in fuel cells active.B They had trouble keeping biological cells active.C They had trouble producing fresh enzymes.D They had trouble finding mechanism for producing enzymes.3. According to Paragraph 5，electrons are releasedA when bags of enzyme are embedded in the new fuel cell.B when glucose from a sugary liquid goes through the enzyme.C when the enzyme oxidizes the glucose from a sugary liquid that goes througha pocket.D when the enzyme oxidizes the sugary liquid that goes through a pocket.4. What is exciting about the new fuel cells?A Their limitless power generation capacity is amazing.B Their limited power generation capacity is a good beginning.C Their limited power generation capacity is the result of great efforts.D Their limitless power generation capacity is a major accomplishment,5. According to the last paragraph，what is NOT true of the new fuel cells?A The new fuel cells run on sugar that is easy to find.B The new fuel cells are environment friendly.C The new fuel cells are biologically degradable,D It will take some time before the new fuel cells can be used in popular products.答案与题解：1. C A和D明显不是正确答案。
13-15年职称英语理工ABC出自教材文章汇总
2016年职称英语理工A考生必看——2013年到2015年职称英语理工A出自教材文章汇总职称英语考试在2014年之前，都会从职称英语教材中选取两篇文章作为真题，一篇阅读理解，一篇完形填空，而且阅读理解就是从教材的阅读理解里面出题，完形填空也是从教材中的完形填空出题。
2014年职称英语考试开始改革，跨级别跨类别跨题型出题。
2015年职称英语出题，依然延续2014年职称英语出题风格。
2016年职称英语出题，应该依然延续跨题型出题风格。
在此为2016年职称理工A类考生总结一下从2014年到2015年职称英语理工A 从教材出题情况，分析一下这几年职称英语理工A出题难易程度。
预测一下2016年职称英语理工A出题情况。
职称英语理工A自2013年到2015年从教材选取文章汇总一篇完形填空。
有原题。
没有跨题型出题。
难度级别低。
2014年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了2篇文章。
阅读理解从教材中选了理工A 阅读判断。
完形填空选取的是补全短文的文章。
属于跨题型出题。
2014年是职称英语第一年改革，跨题型出题，考生没有复习到，也没有心理准备，所以难度级别高。
2015年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了3篇文章，2篇阅读理解，1篇完形填空。
两篇阅读理解一篇选自理工A的完形填空，一篇选自理工A的概括大意与完成句子。
两篇文章都是属于理工A的文章。
完形填空选自理工A的补全短文，属于跨题型出题。
2015年考生已经知道职称英语出题风格变化，有心理准备，而且三篇文章都是A级别的文章，所以2015年理工A的难度中等。
值得大家注意的是，Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light这篇文章，在2013年理工A完形填空中考过，2015年又作为阅读理解来出题。
所以教材上考过的文章并不是百分之百不会再考了。
预测2016年职称英语理工A会延续2014年和2015年的出题风格，依然是跨题型出题，会从教材选取2到3篇左右的文章。
职称英语理工类新增文章篇目实务知识资料
词汇：
threshold/‘θre?h?uld/ｎ 起点,开端；
门槛neutral/'nju：tml/aｄj.中性的；中立的
strive/stralv/v.努力,力求；斗争
disposal/dｉs’paool/ｎ.处理,处置；配置
motive/mzotlv/ｎ．动机,目的
注释：
1．Our senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of…in our heads：这个句子的大概意思是：我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界；五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响.
B. An experiment with hungry and non—hungry participants is not reliable.
C. Our thinking processes are independent of our senses.
D. Humans call perceive what high—level thinking processes
+第四十八篇：Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright
职称英语理工类C级新增文章(终审稿)
职称英语理工类C级新增文章文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年职称英语理工类C级新增文章完形填空（2篇）第三篇 Germs on Banknotes第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food FightsLoneliness阅读理解（2篇）第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1第三篇 Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .。
职称英语 理工A 阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章 内部讲义 冲刺点睛资料【点睛】
2015年职称英语理工类A级点睛资料内部讲义2015职称英语理工A 阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章冲刺资料王霞目录阅读理解+第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses+第三十五篇Putting Plants to Work （2013理工B真题）+第三十六篇Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning+第三十七篇"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning+第三十八篇"Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan（2012真题）+第三十九篇Clone Farm+第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（2012新增文章）+ 第四十一篇Too Little for Global Warming+ 第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources+ 第四十三篇Forecasting Methods（2013理工A真题）+ 第四十四篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+ 第四十五篇Small But Wise （2012年真题）+ 第四十六篇Ants have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"（2012新增文章）+ 第四十七篇Listening to Birdsong+ 第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright （2013教材新增）+ 第四十九篇U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars+ 第五十篇Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities完型填空：+第十五篇（2012新增）"Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage+第十二篇（2012新增）Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk*第十篇（2012新增）Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters2015年教材新增文章2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。
2015职称英语理工A阅读理解
Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。
病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。
难怪大部分人一提到病毒,首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。
然而,并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。
在马萨诸塞州剑桥市,科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。
他们使病毒开始工作,使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。
病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见,但这对于工程师安吉拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。
安吉拉·贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。
在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院,她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。
在由病毒构成的电池里,科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。
贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉·哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。
哈蒙德说,“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。
”许多电池已经很小了。
A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。
硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。
然而,个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。
这些设备变小了,普通电池就无法安装进去了。
理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。
,贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘,看起来就像普通手表电池。
但里面的部件却非常小——小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。
这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发,把它放到白纸上,看看头发的宽度——是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同,每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。
这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。
1.According to the first paragraph,people try to C.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.2.What is Belcher's team doing at present？C.It is making batteries with viruses.3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word"shrink"appearing in paragraph 5 ？D.Expand.4.Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6？D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.5.How tiny is one battery part？A.Its width is one tonth of a hair.Putting Plants to Work太阳能的使用已经不足为奇。
2015年职称英语考试理工类阅读理解文章精选
Passage one（The only way to travel is on foot）The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists.Descriptions like‘Palaeolithic Man’,‘Neolithic Man’,etc.,neatly sum up whole periods.When the time comes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the twentieth century,they will surely choose the label‘Legless Man’.Histories of the time will go something like this:‘in the twentieth century,people forgot how to use their legs.Men and women moved about in cars,buses and trains from a very early age.There were lifts and escalators in all large buildings to prevent people from walking.This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of miles each day.But the surprising thing is that they didn’t use their legs even when they went on holiday.They built cable railways,ski-lifts and roads to the top of every huge mountain.All the beauty spots on earth were marred by the presence of large car parks.’The future history books might also record that we were deprived of the use of our eyes.In our hurry to get from one place to another,we failed to see anything on the way.Air travel gives you a bird’s-eye view of the world–or even less if the wing of the aircraft happens to get in your way.When you travel by car or train a blurred image of the countrysideconstantly smears the windows.Car drivers,in particular,are forever obsessed with the urge to go on and on:they never want to stop.Is it the lure of the great motorways,or what?And as for sea travel,it hardly deserves mention.It is perfectly summed up in the words of the old song:‘I joined the navy to see the world,and what did I see?I saw the sea.’The typical twentieth-century traveler is the man who always says‘I’ve been there.’You mention the remotest,most evocative place-names in the world like El Dorado,Kabul,Irkutsk and someone is bound to say‘I’ve been there’–meaning,‘I drove through it at100miles an hour on the way to somewhere else.’When you travel at high speeds,the present means nothing: you live mainly in the future because you spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other place.But actual arrival,when it is achieved,is meaningless.You want to move on again.By traveling like this,you suspend all experience; the present ceases to be a reality:you might just as well be dead.The traveler on foot,on the other hand,lives constantly in the present.For him traveling and arriving are one and the same thing:he arrives somewhere with every step he makes.He experiences the present moment with his eyes,his ears and thewhole of his body.At the end of his journey he feels a delicious physical weariness.He knows that sound.Satisfying sleep will be his:the just reward of all true travellers.1、Anthorpologists label nowaday’s men‘Legless’becauseA people forget how to use his legs.B people prefer cars,buses and trains.C lifts and escalators prevent people from walking.D there are a lot of transportation devices.2、Travelling at high speed meansA people’s focus on the future.B a pleasure.C satisfying drivers’great thrill.D a necessity of life.3、Why does the author say‘we are deprived of the use of our eyes’?A People won’t use their eyes.B In traveling at high speed,eyes become useless.C People can’t see anything on his way of travel.D People want to sleep during travelling.4、What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?A Legs become weaker.B Modern means of transportation make the world a small place.C There is no need to use eyes.D The best way to travel is on foot.5.What does‘a bird’s-eye view’mean?A See view with bird’s eyes.B A bird looks at a beautiful view.C It is a general view from a high position looking down.D A scenic place.答案详解1.A人们忘了用脚。
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2015年职称英语理工类新增文章2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。
完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：2015年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. Theytake in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’satmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1. Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。
练习：1. In the first paragraph，the word “excess”meansA. heavy.B. extra.C. green.D. liquid.2. Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata?A. Carbon dioxide.B. Water vapor.C. Oxygen.D. Food.3. In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers toA. photosynthesis.B. the formation of glucose.C. global warming.D. water getting to the roots of plants.4. This passage is primarily developed byA. explaining a process.B. telling a story.C. comparing and contrasting.D. convincing the reader of plants’importance.5. Another good title for this passage would beA. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.B. Plants and Their Roots.C. How Photosynthesis Works.D. Why Our Earth Needs Water.答案与题解：1.B前文讲到，植物产生的氧气一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，因此可以推测这句话的意思应该是剩余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。
excess在句中的意思是“超额的”，与extra “额外的”意思相近。
2.D从第三段的第一、二句得知，二氧化碳、氧气和水蒸气都能从气孔中通过，唯一一个没有提到的是food“养分、食物”，因此该题选D项。
3.A文章通篇都在讲Photosynthesis，即光合作頌钠作用和重要性，文章结尾又重申了Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet，因此选A项。
B 项是光合作用的一个部分，C、D项则毫不相干。
4.A文章先是介绍了进行光合作用所需的原料和组织，又介绍了光合作用的过程，因此整个逻辑应该是解释过程，而不是讲故事或比较对比。
D项是“向读者说明植物的重要性”，这确实是文章的一个目的，但不是文章的组织方式。
5.C文章的主题是光合作用的基本原理，因此选项C。
A、B项在文中有提及，但不是主旨，D项与本文无关。
第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. ____1____On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, thegolf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,”says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.____2____“But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”OPPORTUNITYThe solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. ____3____ Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. ____4____MARATHON ROVERThe rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. ____5____Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuingtravels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.词汇：Mars rover n.火星车panoramic adj.全景的odometer n.里程计rack up v.积累microscopic adj.微观的注释：1.could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment：含有与火星早期环境有关的线索。