英语四级试题
英语四级试题参考答案
英语四级试题参考答案一、听力部分1. A) 根据对话内容，男士询问女士是否需要帮助，女士回答她正在寻找图书馆，但不确定如何到达。
男士提出可以带她去，女士表示感谢。
因此，正确答案是A。
2. B) 对话中提到女士正在考虑是否要参加一个会议，男士建议她应该去，因为这是一个学习新事物和扩展视野的好机会。
女士最终决定参加。
所以，正确答案是B。
3. C) 男士询问女士关于她所学专业的问题，女士回答她主修经济学，并且对国际贸易特别感兴趣。
因此，正确答案是C。
4. D) 女士提到她正在为即将到来的考试做准备，男士询问她是否需要帮助。
女士表示她已经复习了大部分内容，但还有一小部分需要加强。
所以，正确答案是D。
5. E) 对话中男士提到他最近很忙，因为他正在准备一个项目报告。
女士询问他是否需要帮助，但男士表示他可以自己完成。
因此，正确答案是E。
二、阅读部分1. 根据文章内容，作者讨论了现代科技对教育的影响，包括在线课程的普及和个人学习设备的使用。
正确答案是B，文章主要讨论了科技对教育的积极影响。
2. 文章中提到了城市化进程中出现的问题，如交通拥堵和环境污染。
正确答案是C，作者强调了城市规划的重要性。
3. 根据文章，研究表明某些食物可以帮助改善记忆力和学习能力。
正确答案是A，文章主要讨论了食物与认知功能之间的关系。
4. 文章讨论了全球变暖对生态系统的影响，包括物种灭绝和栖息地破坏。
正确答案是D，文章强调了全球变暖的严重后果。
5. 文章中提到了不同文化背景下人们对于时间观念的差异。
正确答案是E，文章探讨了文化差异对时间管理的影响。
三、写作部分1. 作文题目：The Importance of Learning English参考答案：Learning English has become an essential skill in today's globalized world. It is not only the language ofinternational business and diplomacy but also a key to accessing a wealth of knowledge and information. English allows us to communicate with people from diverse cultures and backgrounds, fostering understanding and cooperation.First and foremost, English is the most widely spoken language in the world, making it a bridge to connectdifferent nations and communities. By mastering English, individuals can engage in international trade, participate in global conferences, and collaborate with international partners.Additionally, English is the language of science and technology. Many of the latest research papers, technical manuals, and academic journals are published in English. Learning English enables students and professionals to stayupdated with the latest advancements in their fields.Furthermore, English is the gateway to a vast array of literature, films, and media from around the world. It enriches our cultural experiences and broadens our perspectives.In conclusion, the importance of learning English cannot be overstated. It is a tool for communication, a gateway to knowledge, and a means to cultural exchange. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the ability to speak English will continue to be invaluable.四、翻译部分1. 原文：随着科技的发展，人们的生活方式发生了巨大的变化。
大学英语四级历年考试题及答案解析
大学英语四级历年考试题及答案解析本文档收集了大学英语四级考试历年的题目及答案分析，旨在帮助考生更好地备考。
第一部分：听力部分2019年12月题目：听力材料主题是关于旅行的。
供选择的答案有A、B、C三个选项。
答案解析：正确答案是B。
在听力材料中，讲述了旅行的目的地是一个海滨城市，可以观赏到美丽的海景。
2020年6月题目：听力材料中提到了一个新的博物馆正在建设当中。
供选择的答案有A、B、C三个选项。
答案解析：正确答案是C。
在听力材料中，提及了新博物馆正在建设，选择C选项表明新博物馆会提供更多的展览和文化活动。
第二部分：阅读理解部分2019年12月题目：阅读材料中提到了一种新型的环保材料。
问题是这种材料的主要特点是什么？答案解析：正确答案是可降解。
在阅读材料中，指出了这种新型材料能够在一定条件下自我降解，从而减少对环境的污染。
2020年6月题目：阅读材料中提到了一位重要的科学家。
问题是他的主要贡献是什么？答案解析：正确答案是发现了一种新的药物。
在阅读材料中，介绍了该科学家发现了一种新的药物，可以治疗多种疾病。
第三部分：写作部分2019年12月题目：写作要求根据提供的图表，描述并比较两种不同的交通方式的优缺点。
答案解析：根据图表，可以发现公共交通拥有更多的优点，如环保、经济、舒适等；而私家车的优点则包括灵活性和便利性。
但是私家车使用过多会导致交通拥堵和环境污染。
2020年6月题目：写作要求根据提供的材料，阐述大学生是否应该研究金融知识。
答案解析：根据提供的材料，可以得出结论大学生应该研究金融知识。
研究金融知识能够帮助大学生提高理财技能，增加金融意识，并为未来的职业发展打下基础。
以上是大学英语四级历年考试题及答案解析的部分内容，希望对考生备考有所帮助。
大学英语四级考试历年真题
大学英语四级考试历年真题2020年12月大学英语四级题库【历年真题（部分视频讲解）＋章节题库】目录•第一部分历年真题[部分视频讲解＋听力音频]•2019年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第一套）[视频讲解＋听力音频]•2019年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第二套）[听力音频]•2019年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第三套）•2019年6月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第一套）[视频讲解＋听力音频]•2019年6月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第二套）[听力音频]•2019年6月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第三套）•2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第一套）[听力音频]•2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第二套）[听力音频]•2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第三套）•2018年6月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第一套）[听力音频]•2018年6月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第二套）[听力音频]•2018年6月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第三套）•2017年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第一套）[听力音频]•2017年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第二套）[听力音频]•2017年12月大学英语四级考试真题及详解（第三套）•第二部分章节题库[听力音频]•第1章写作•第2章听力理解[听力音频]•第3章篇章词汇阅读•第4章长篇匹配阅读•第5章篇章仔细阅读•第6章翻译•内容简介本题库是2020年大学英语四级题库，包括历年真题、章节题库两部分：第一部分为历年真题。
收录2017年12月～2019年12月考试真题，每套试题均进行了详细解析，并且部分真题还附有视频讲解。
既可以体验真实考试，也可以测试自己的水平。
通过该部分学习，学员可充分了解出题风格，熟知解题思路，从而能够有针对性地备考。
第二部分为章节题库。
遵循2020年考试大纲要求，按照最新的考试题型的章目编排，共分为写作、听力、篇章词汇阅读等六大考试题型。
历年英语四级真题及答案(完整版)
大学英语四级真题Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Online Shopping. You should write at least 120 wordsfollowing the outline given below:1．现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2．网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3．我的建议Online Shopping注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choosethe best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Forquestions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given inthe passage.British Cuisine: the Best of Old and NewBritish cuisine (烹饪) has come of age in r ecent years as chefs (厨师) combine the best of old and new.Why does British food have a reputation for being so bad? Because it is bad! Those are not the most encouraging words to hear just before eating lunch at one of Hong Kong's smartest British restaurants, Alfie's by KEE, but head chef Neil Tomes has more to say."The past 15 years or so have been a noticeable period of improvement for food in England," the English chef says, citing the trend in British cuisine for better ingredients, preparation and cooking methods, and more appealing presentation. Chefs such as Delia Smith, Nigel Slater, Jamie Oliver and Gordon Ramsay made the public realise that cooking - and eating - didn't have to be a boring thing. And now, most of the British public is familiar even with the extremes of Heston BlumenthaPs molecular gastronomy, a form of cooking that employs scientific methods to create the perfect dish."It's no longer the case that the common man in England is embarrassed to show he knows about food," Tomes says.There was plenty of room for improvement. The problems with the nation's cuisine can be traced back to the Second W orld W ar. Before the W ar, much of Britain's food was imported and when German U-boats began attacking ships bringing food to the country, Britain went on rations (配给)."As rationing came to an end in the 1950s, technology picked up and was used to mass-produce food," T omes says. "And by then people were just happy to have a decent quantity of food in their kitchens."They weren't looking for cured meats, organic produce or beautiful presentation; they were looking for whatever they could get their hands on, and this prioritisation of quantity over quality prevailed for decades, meaning a generation was brought up with food that couldn't compete with neighbouring France, Italy, Belgium or Spain.Before star chefs such as Oliver began making cooking fashionable, it was hard to find a restaurant in London that was open after 9pm. But in recent years the capital's culinary (烹饪的) scene has developed to the point that it is now confident of its ability to please the tastes of any international visitor.With the opening of Alfie's in April, and others such as The Pawn, two years ago, modern British food has made its way to Hong Kong. "With British food, I think that Hong Kong restaurants are keeping up," says David T amlyn, the W elsh executive chef at The Pawn in W an Chai. "Hong Kong diners are extremely responsive to new ideas or presentations, which is good news for new dishes."Chefs agree that diners in Hong Kong are embracing the modern British trend. Some restaurants are modifying the recipes (菜谱) of British dishes to breathe new life1into the classics, while others are using better quality ingredients but remaining true to British traditions and tastes.T amlyn is in the second camp. "W e select our food very particularly. W e use US beef, New Zealand lamb and for our custards (牛奶蛋糊)we use Bird's Custard Powder," Tamlyn says. "Some restaurants go for custard made fresh with eggs, sugar and cream, but British custard is different, and we stay true to that."Matthew Hill, senior manager at the two-year-old SoHo restaurant Y orkshire Pudding, also uses better ingredients as a means of improving dishes. "There are a lot of existing perceptions about British food and so we can't alter these too much. W e're a traditional British restaurant so there are some staples (主菜) that will remain essentially unchanged."These traditional dishes include fish and chips, steak and kidney pie and large pieces of roasted meats. At Alfie's, the newest of the British restaurants in town and perhaps the most gentlemen's club-like in design, Neil T omes explains his passion for provenance (原产地)."Britain has started to become really proud of the food it's producing. It has excellent organic farms, beautifully crafted cheeses, high-quality meats."However, the British don't have a history of exporting their foodstuffs, which makes it difficult for restaurants in Hong Kong to source authentic ingredients."W e can get a lot of our ingredients once a week from the UK," T amlyn explains. "But there is also pressure to buy local and save on food miles, which means we take our vegetables from the local markets, and there are a lot that work well with British staples."The Phoenix, in Mid-Levels, offers the widest interpretation of "British cuisine", while still trying to maintain its soul. The gastro-pub has existed in various locations in Hong Kong since 2002. Singaporean head chef T ommy T eh Kum Chai offers daily specials on a blackboard, rather than sticking to a menu. This enables him to reinterpret British cuisine depending on what is available in the local markets."We use a lot of ingredients that people wouldn't perhaps associate as British, but are presented in a British way. Bell peppers stuffed with couscous, alongside ratatouille, is a very popular dish."Although the ingredients may not strike diners as being traditional, they can be found in dishes across Britain.Even the traditional chefs are aware of the need to adapt to local tastes and customs, while maintaining the Britishness of their cuisine.At Y orkshire Pudding, Hill says that his staff asks diners whether they would like to share their meals. Small dishes, shared meals and "mixing it up" is not something commonly done in Britain, but Y orkshire Pudding will bring full dishes to the table and offer individual plates for each diner. "That way, people still get the presentation of the dishes as they were designed, but can carve them up however they like," Hill says.This practice is also popular at The Pawn, although largely for rotisseries (烤肉馆),T amlyn says. "Some tables will arrive on a Sunday, order a whole chicken and a shoulder of lamb or a baby pig, and just stay for hours enjoying everything we bring out for them."Some British traditions are too sacred (神圣的)to mess with, however, T omes says. "I'd never change a full English breakfast."注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
英语四级试题及答案
英语四级试题及答案一、听力理解（共25分）1. A) What does the man suggest doing?a) Going to the beach.b) Watching a movie.c) Having a picnic.d) Visiting a museum.Answer: b) Watching a movie.2. B) What is the woman's opinion about the new policy?a) She is not sure about its effectiveness.b) She thinks it is too strict.c) She is in favor of it.d) She is against it.Answer: c) She is in favor of it.3. C) Why is the man late for the meeting?a) He got stuck in traffic.b) He forgot about the meeting.c) He had a flat tire.d) He was at the wrong location.Answer: a) He got stuck in traffic.4-25. [听力理解题目继续，每个问题包含四个选项，答案为其中一个选项]二、阅读理解（共20分）Passage 1Questions 26-30 are based on the following passage.The rise of technology has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate and interact with each other. With the advent of smartphones, social media, and instant messaging, people are more connected than ever before. However, this connectivity has also raised concerns about privacy and the impact of technology on our social lives.26. What is the main topic of the passage?a) The history of technology.b) The impact of technology on communication.c) The benefits of social media.d) The privacy concerns of technology.Answer: b) The impact of technology on communication.27-30. [阅读理解题目继续，每个问题包含四个选项，答案为其中一个选项]Passage 2Questions 31-35 are based on the following passage.[Passage内容]31-35. [阅读理解题目继续]三、完形填空（共15分）[完形填空文章及问题]四、翻译（共10分）Translate the following sentences from English to Chinese:1. The new policy aims to reduce traffic congestion in thecity center.2. She is an expert in the field of environmental science.3. The company has recently launched a new product line.五、写作（共30分）Write an essay of 120-150 words on the topic "The Importanceof Learning a Foreign Language". Your essay should includethe following points:1. The benefits of learning a foreign language.2. The challenges faced by language learners.3. Your personal experience with language learning.结束语：本套英语四级试题及答案旨在帮助考生熟悉考试的题型和难度，以便更好地准备考试。
外语类《大学英语》大学英语四级《大学英语四级》考试试题及答案解析
外语类《大学英语》大学英语四级《大学英语四级》考试试题及答案解析姓名:_____________ 年级:____________ 学号:______________1、Part IV TranslationCulture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losingall familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. (Passage Four)正确答案：文化震撼是由于社会交往过程中失去了所有本来熟悉的标记和符号引起焦虑而产生的。
答案解析：暂无解析2、Part IV TranslationNot many of the children offer their fathers some presents. But the American fathers still think they are much better fated than the fathers of many other countries, who have not even a day for their sake in name only. (Passage Three)正确答案：不是很多孩子送给父亲礼物。
但美国的父亲们仍然认为他们比在别的国家的父亲们幸运得多;因为在别的国家连一个名誉上的父亲节都没有。
答案解析：暂无解析3、Part IV TranslationAs the source of aluminum is almost inexhaustible, we can expect that more and more uses will be found for this versatile metal. (Passage Two)正确答案：由于铝的资源几乎是无止境的，我们可预计对这种多用途的金属将会发挥越来越多的用途。
大学英语四级考试试题及答案
大学英语四级考试Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a news report to your campus newspaper on a volunteer activity organized by your Student Uni on to assist elderly people in the neighborhood. You should write at least I20 words but no more than I80 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear three news reports At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Questions l and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A) He set a record by swimming to and from an island. B) He celebrated the ninth birthday on a small island.C) He visited a prison located on a faraway island. D) He swam around an island near San Francisco.2. A) He doubled the reward. C) He set him an example.B) He cheered him on all the way. D) He had the event covered on TVQuestions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A)To end the one-child policy. C) To increase working efficiency.B) To encourage late marriage. D) To give people more time to travel.4.A) They will not be welcomed by young people. C) They will boost China's economic growth.B) They will help to popularize early marriage D) They will not come into immediate effect.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A) Cleaning service in great demand all over the worldB)Two ladies giving up well-paid jobs to do cleaning.C) A new company to clean up the mess after parties.D) Cleaners gainfully employed at nights and weekends.6.A)It takes a lot of time to prepare.B)It leaves the house in a mess.C)It makes party goers exhausted.D)It creates noise and misconduct.7. A)Hire an Australian lawyer.B) Visit the US and CanadaC) Settle a legal dispute.D) Expand their business.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B). C and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to ll are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A)He had a driving lesson. C) He took the driver's theory exam.B) He got his driver' license. D) He passed the driver's road test.9. A) He was not well prepared. C) He was not used to the test format.B) He did not get to the exam in time. D) He did not follow the test procedure.10.A) They are tough. C) They are helpful.B) They are costly. D) They are too short.11.A) Pass his road test the first time C) Find an experienced driving instructor.B) Test-drive a few times on highways. D) Earn enough money for driving lessons.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A) Where the woman studies. C) Leeds' tuition for international students.B) The acceptance rate at Leeds. D) How to apply for studies at a university.13. A)Apply to an American university. C) Perform in a famous musical. B) Do research on higher education.D) Pursue postgraduate studies.14. A) His favorable recommendations. C) His academic excellence.B) His outstanding musical talent. D) His unique experience.15. A) Do a master's degree. C) Travel widely.B) Settle down in England. D) Teach overseas.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A) They help farmers keep diseases in check. C) Only a few species cause trouble to humans.B) Many species remain unknown to scientists D) They live in incredibly well-organized colonies.17. A) They are larger than many other species. C) They can survive a long time without water.B) They can cause damage to people's homes D) They like to form colonies in electrical units.18. A) Deny them access to any food. C) Destroy their colonies close by.B) Keep doors and windows shut. D) Refrain from eating sugary food.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A) The function of the human immune system.B) The cause of various auto-immune diseases.C) The viruses that may infect the human immune system.D) The change in people's immune system as they get older.20.A) Report their illnesses. C) Act as research assistants.B) Offer blood samples. D) Help to interview patients.21.A) Strengthening people's immunity to infection. C) Helping improve old people's health conditions.B) Better understanding patients’ immune system. D) Further reducing old patients' medical expenses. Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) His students had trouble getting on with each other. C) His students were struggling to follow hislessons. B)A lot of kids stayed at school to do their homework. D) A group of kids were playing chess after school23. A) Visit a chess team in Nashville. C) Participate in a national chess competition.B)Join the school's chess team. D) Receive training for a chess competition.24. A) Most of them come from low-income families. C) A couple of them have got involved in crimes.B)Many have become national chess champions. D) Many became chess coaches after graduation.25. A) Actions speak louder than words. C) Translate their words into action.B) Think twice before taking action. D) Take action before it gets too late.Part Ill Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage throughcorresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved 2,000 miles away. It has 26 from Detroit to Silicon Valley, where self-driving vehicles are coming to life.In a 27 to take production back to Detroit, Michigan lawmakers have introduced 28 that could make their state the best place in the country, if not the world, to develop self-driving vehicles and put them on the road."Michigan's 29 in auto research and development is under attack from several states and countries which desire to 3o our leadership in transportation. We can't let that happen," says Senator Mike Kowall, the lead 31 of four bills recently introduced.If all four bills pass as written, they would 32 a substantial update of Michigan's 2013 law that allowed the testing of self-driving vehicles in limited conditions. Manufacturers would have nearly total freedom to test their self-driving technology on public roads. They would be allowed to send groups of self-driving cars on cross- state road trips, and even set up on-demand 33 of self-driving cars, like the one General Motors and Lyft are building.Lawmakers in Michigan clearly want to make the state ready for the commercial application of self-driving technology. In 34 , California, home of Silicon Valley, recently proposed far more 35 rules that would require human drivers be ready to take the wheel, and ban commercial use of self-driving technology.A)bid I) replaceB)contrast J) representC)deputy K) restrictiveD)dominance L) rewardE)fleets M) significantF)knots N) sponsorG)legislation O) transmittedH) migratedSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter: Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How Work Will Change When Most of Us Live to 100A)Today in the United States there are 72,000 centenarians(百岁老人).,Worldwide, probably 450.000.11 current trends continue, then by 2050 there will be more than a million in the US aloneAccording to the work of Professor James Vaupel and his co-researchers. 50% of babies born the US in 2007 have a life expectancy of 104 or more. Broadly the same holds for the UK. Germany, France, Italy and Canada, and for Japan 50% of 2007 babies can expect to live to 107.B)Understandably. there are concerns about what this means for public finances given the associatedhealth and pension challenges. These challenges real and society urgently needs to address them But it is also important to look at the wider picture of what happens when so many people live for l00 years It isa mistake to simply equate longevity (长寿)with issues of old age. Longer lives have implications for allof life,not just the end of it.C)Our view is that if many people are living for longer and are healthier for longer, then this willresult in an inevitable redesign of work and life. When people live longer, they are not only older for longer, but also younger for longer., There is some truth in the saying that "7o is the new 60" or"40 the new 3o." If you age more slowly over a longer time period, then you are in some sense younger for longer D)But the changes go further than that. Take, for instance, the age at which people make commitments such as buying a house, getting married, having children, or starting a carer. These are all fundamental commitments that are now occurring later in life. In 1962, 50% of Americans were married by age 21. ByE)While there are numerous factors behind these shifts, one factor is surely a growing realization forthe young that they are going to live longer. Options are more valuable the longer they can be held. Soif you believe you will live longer, then options become more valuable, and early commitment becomes less attractive. The result is that the commitments that previously characterized the beginning of adulthood are now being delayed, and new patters of behavior and anew stage of life are emerging for those in their twenties.F)Longevity also pushes back the age of retirement,and not only for financial reasons. Yes, unless people are prepared to save a lot more, our calculations suggest that if you are now in your mid-40s then you are likely to work until your early 70s;and if you are in your early 20s, there is areal chance you will need to work until your late 70s or possibly even into your 80s But even if people are able to economically support a retirement at 65, over thirty years of potential inactivity is harmful tocognitive(认知的)and emotional vitality. Many people may simply not want to do it.G)And yet that does not mean that simply extending our careers is appealing Just lengthening that second stage of full-time work may secure the financial assets needed for a lo-year life, but such persistent work will inevitably exhaust precious intangible assets such as productive skills, vitality, happiness, and friendshipH)The same is true for education. It is impossible that a single shot of education, administered in childhood and early adulthood. will be able to support a sustained. 60-year career. If you factor in the projected rates of technological change, either your skills will become necessary, or your industry outdated. That means that everyone will at some point in their life, have to make a number of major reinvestments in their skillsI)It seems likely. then. that the traditional three-stage life will evolve into multiple stagescontaining two.three or even more different careers. Each of these stages could potentially be different. In one the focus could be on building financial success and personal achievement, in another on creating a better work life balance. still another on exploring and understanding options more fully, or becoming an independent producer. vet another on making a social contribution. These stages will span sectors, take people to different cities. and provide afoundation for building a wide variety of skills.J)Transitions between stages could be marked with sabbaticals(体假)as people find time to rest and rechargefoundation for building a wide variety of skills.their health. re-invest in their relationships, or improve their skills. At times. these breaks and transitions will he self determined at others they will be forced as existing roles, firms. or industries cease to exist.K)A multi-stage life will have profound changes not just in how you manage your career, but also in your approach to life. An increasingly important skill will be your ability to deal with change and even welcome it. A three-stage life has few transitions, while a multi-stage life has many. That is why being self-aware, investing in broader networks of friends, and being open to new ideas will become even more crucial skills.L)These multi-stage lives will create extraordinary variety across groups of people simply because there are so many ways of sequencing the stages. More stages mean more possible sequences.M)With this variety will come the end of the close association of age and stage. In a three-stagelife,people leave university at the same time and the same age, they tend to start their careers and family at the same age, they proceed through middle management all roughly the same time, and then move into retirement within a few years of each other. In a multi-stage life, you could be an undergraduate at 20,40,or 60;a manager at 30,50, or 70;and become an independent producer at any age.N)Current life structures, career paths, educational choices, and social norms are out of tune with the emerging reality of longer lifespans. The three-stage life of full-time education, followed by continuous work, and then complete retirement may have worked for our parents or even grandparents, but it is not relevant today. We believe that to focus on longevity as primarily an issue of aging is to miss its full implications. Longevity is not necessarily about being older for longer. It is about living longer, being older later, and being younger longer.36.An extended lifespan in the future will allow people to have more careers than now.37.Just extending one's career may have both positive and negative effects.38.Nowadays, many Americans have on average delayed their marriage by some eight years39.Because of their longer lifespan, young people today no longer follow the pattern of life of their parents or grandparents.40.Many more people will be expected to live over 100 by the mid-2lst century.41.A longer life will cause radical changes in people's approach to life.43.Many people may not want to retire early because it would do harm to their mental and emotional well-being.44.The close link between age and stage may cease to exist in a multi-stage life45.People living a longer and healthier life will have to rearrange their work and lifeSection CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.In the classic marriage vow(誓约), couples promise to stay together in sickness and in health. But a new study finds that the risk of divorce among older couples rises when the wife -not the husband--becomes seriously ill.“Married women diagnosed with a serious health condition may find themselves struggling with the impact of their disease while also experiencing the stress of divorce," said researcher Amelia Karraker.Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham analyzed 20 years of data on 2,7l7 marriages from a study conducted by Indiana University since 1992.At the time of the first interview, at least one of the partners was over the age of 50.The researchers examined how the onset(发生)of four serious physical illnesses affected marriages. They found that, overall. 31% of marriages ended in divorce over the period studied. The incidence of new chronic (慢性的)illness onset increased over time as well with more husbands than wives developing serious health problems.“We found that women are doubly vulnerable to marital break-up in the face of illness." Karraker said “They're more likely to be widowed, and if they're the ones who become ill they're more likely together divorced."While the study didn't assess why divorce is more likely when wives but not husbands become seriously ill, Karraker offers a few possible reasons. "'Gender norms and social expectations about care giving may make it more difficult for men to provide care to sick spouses,"Karraker said. "And because of the imbalance in marriage markets, especially in older ages, divorced men have more choices among prospective partners than divorced women."Given the increasing concern about health care costs for the aging population, Karraker believes policymakers should be aware of the relationship between disease and risk of divorce.“Offering support services to spouses caring for their other halves may reduce marital stress and prevent divorce at older ages," she said. "But it's also important to recognize that the pressure to divorce may be health- related and that sick ex-wives may need additional care and services to prevent worsening health and increased health costs.'46.What can we learn about marriage vows from the passage?A)They may not guarantee a lasting marriage. C) They are not taken seriously any more.B) They are as binding as they used to be. D) They may help couples tide over hard times.47.What did Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham find about elderly husbands?A)They are generally not good at taking care of themselves.B)They can become increasingly vulnerable to serious illnesses.C)They can develop different kinds of illnesses just like their wives.D) They are more likely to contract serious illnesses than their wives.48.What does Karraker say about women who fall ill?A)They are more likely to be widowed. C) They are less likely to receive good care.B) They are more likely to get divorced. D) They are less likely to bother their spouses.49.Why is it more difficult for men to take care of their sick spouses according to Karraker?A)They are more accustomed to receiving care.C)They think it more urgent to fulfill their social obligations.D) They expect society to do more of the job.50.What does Karraker think is also important?A)Reducing marital stress on wives. C) Providing extra care for divorced women.B)Stabilizing old couples' relations. D) Making men pay for their wives’ health costs.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.If you were like most children, you probably got upset when your mother called you by a siblings(兄弟姐妹的)name. How could she not know you? Did it mean she loved you less?Probably not. According to the first research to tackle this topic head-on, misnaming the most familiar people in our life is a common cognitive(认知的)error that has to do with how our memories classify and store familiar names.The study, published online in April in the journal Memory and Cognition, found that the "wrong" name is not random but is invariably fished out from the same relationship pond: children,siblings, friends. The study did not examine the possibility of deep psychological significance to the mistake, says psychologist David Rubin, " but it does tell us who's in and who's out of the group."The study also found that within that group, misnaming occurred where the names shared initial or internal sounds, like Jimmy and Joanie or John and Bob. Physical resemblance between people was not a factor. Nor was gender.The researchers conducted five separate surveys of more than 1,700 people. Some of the surveys included only college students; others were done with a mixed-age population. Some asked subjects about incidents where someone close to them--family or friend-had called them by another person's name. The other surveys asked about times when subjects had themselves called someone close to them by the wrong name. All the surveys found that people mixed up names within relationship groups such as grandchildren, friends and siblings but hardly ever crossed these boundariesIn general, the study found that undergraduates were almost as likely as old people to make this mistake and men as likely as women. Older people and women made the mistake slightly more often, but that may be because grandparents have more grandchildren to mix up than parents have children. Also, mothers may call on their children more often than fathers, given traditional gender norms. There was no evidence that errors occurred more when the misname was frustrated, tired or angry.51.How might people often feel when they were misnamed?A)Unwanted. C) Confused.B) Unhappy. D) Indifferent.52.What did David Rubin's research find about misnaming?A)It is related to the way our memories work. C) It occurs mostly between kids and their friends.B) It is a possible indicator of a faulty memory. D)It often causes misunderstandings among people.53.What is most likely the cause of misnaming?A)Similar personality traits. C) Similar physical appearance.B) Similar spellings of names. D) Similar pronunciation of names.54.What did the surveys of more than l,700 subjects find about misnaming?A)It more often than not hurts relationships. C) It is most frequently found in extended families,B)It hardly occurs across gender boundaries. D) It most often occurs within a relationship group.55.Why do mothers misname their children more often than fathers?A)They suffer more frustrations. C) They communicate more with their children.B)They become worn out more often. D) They generally take on more work at home.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2灯笼起源于东汉，最初主要用于照明。
英语四级试题及答案
英语四级试题及答案一、听力理解1.A. 5:00 p.m.B. 6:00 p.m.C. 7:00 p.m.D. 8:00 p.m.答案：B2.A. The man is a teacher.B. The man is a student.C. The man is a doctor.D. The man is a lawyer.答案：A二、阅读理解Passage 136.What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of sleep.B. The benefits of exercise.C. The role of diet in health.D. The impact of stress on health.答案：A37.According to the passage, which of the following is true?A. Lack of sleep can cause obesity.B. Sleep is not important for health.C. Exercise can replace sleep.D. A healthy diet can compensate for lack of sleep.答案：APassage 238.What does the author suggest about the role of parents in children's education?A. Parents should be more involved.B. Parents should be less involved.C. Parents should not be involved at all.D. Parents should only be involved in certain areas.答案：A39.What is the author's opinion on the current education system?A. It is outdated.B. It is effective.C. It is too strict.D. It is too lenient.答案：A三、完形填空40.A. AlthoughB. BecauseC. IfD. Unless答案：A41.A. surprisedB. frightenedC. excitedD. annoyed答案：C四、翻译42.The government has taken measures to ensure the safety of the public.答案：政府已采取措施确保公众的安全。
大学英语四级试题和答案
大学英语四级试卷Part I Writing 30 minutesDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic “Education:Examination-Oriented or Quality-Oriented”. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 应试教育现状及其原因;2. 素质教育的优点;3. 你的观点;Part II Reading Comprehension Skimming and Scanning 15 minutesDirections: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Selling Expertise on the Internet for Extra CashTeresa Estes, a licensed mental-health counselor, watched as business at her private practice decreased last year. Then the single mother turned to her keyboard to boost her income.Ms. Estes applied to become an “expert” on LivePerson Inc., a Web site where clients pay for online chat time with professionals and advisers of all fields. For $1.89 a minute — a rate she set — the 39-year-old from Marianna, Fla., dispenses advice to clients around the globe. She spends about four hours a day online, often at night, when her daughter has gone to bed.“It was the economy,” she says of her move to take her skills online. “Live Person is more profitable than my private practice.” Ms. Estes had charged her private clients up to $75 an hour.As the recession deepens, a small but growing number of people are taking their skills online, offering expertise or performing specified tasks for a fee. Labor-at-the-keyboard sites are gaining popularity as people increasingly turn to the Web in search of work. Internet job-search sites saw a 51% rise in traffic from January 2008 to January 2009, according to comScore Media Metrix, to 26.7 million unique visitors.Among the many fee-for-service Web sites out there, at least three are attracting a significant number of users — though consumers should exercise a healthy degree of skepticism when consulting any of these sites. Live Person seeks out experts on a slew of topics, including mental health, financial services, shopping and fashion, as well as psychics and spiritual advisers. Mechanical Turk, a Web service run by Amazon Inc., pays workers to perform tasks, such as cataloging products online. Associated Content pays contributors to write articles on a wide range of subjects, from organic flower gardening to how to apply for financial aid.Live Person went public in 2001, and the current version of the site was launched in late 2007. Today, the site has 30,000 registered experts, attracting an average of 100,000 people a year who pay for the offered services, says Chief Executive Officer Robert LoCascio. Roughly 3,500 people have made contributing to the site their full-time job, he says.Live Person says it vets contributors’ qualifications, such as medical licenses or financial certification, through a third party, and relies heavily on its community reviews. Some 200 people a day apply to be Live Person experts, up from 120 a year ago, says Mr. LoCascio. Once cleared, advisers work with clients on a cost-per-minute basis set by the adviser. The site takes a commission of between 30% and 35%.Associated Content, by contrast, reviews submissions in house and then decides how much to pay for them. The site, which specializes in how-to pieces and feature stories on news topics, had 237,000 registered contributors and more than one million content pieces as of February, both about double from the same month a year ago.After posting the content, the site sells advertisements against it and distributes it to other companies, such as online shoe retailer Zappos, which use the content on their own Web sites. If Associated Content accepts a submission it says it rejects about 25% of them, the author gets between $5 and $30, plus $1.50 for each 1,000 page views. An ability to write “search-engine-optimized” content, an industry term for generating good Google results, helps, says site founder Luke Beatty.People are not only looki ng for payment but also establishing their credentials “as somebody with experience”, he says. Writing about a specific profession, such as law or real estate, helps raise a person’s profile online, enhancing his job searches, says Mr. Beatty.Sabah Karimi, a 26-year-old from Orlando, Fla., left a career in marketing to become a full-time freelance writer and now spends between 8 and 10 hours a week writing for Associated Content. She has been at it for about three years and says she earns roughly $1,000 a month from her past and current submissions.Ms. Karimi cautions newcomers to Associated Content that it takes time to build up earnings. She says she learned how to write articles that would bring traffic and often looks for newsy ideas that will attract readers.Mechanical Turk, by contrast, is based on “crowd sourcing”, or breaking a task into lots of tiny pieces and giving it to a bi g group of people to complete quickly. Most of these jobs — which the site calls HITs, for human intelligence tasks — pay just a few cents. Efficient MTurkers, as they call themselves, can make more than $100 a week doing things such as finding someone’s email address or labeling images of a particular animal in a photograph.Amazon says that MTurk now has 200,000 w orkers from 100 different countries, but it doesn’t keep track of past figures.The site — named for an 18th-century stunt involving a turbaned chess-playing “machine” with an actual chess master hidden within — began as a way to help Amazon manage its product database, says Sharon Chiarella, vice president of Amazon Mechanical Turk. Amazon uses the site to help sort images and content, paying people a few cents a task. Mechanical Turk also serves a variety of companies who need Web tasks performed, especially those that require a human element. Test-prep startup Knewton Inc., for example, uses it extensively for focus-group-type tasks, as well as enlisting people to take its practice tests.Keri Knutson, a mother of five from Independence, La.Part III Listening Comprehension 35 minutes■Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B,C and D, and decide which is the best answer.11. A It will be better to say nothing to Paul.B Paul himself will come to talk to them.C The man should be the one to speak to Paul.D The man should replace the radio before she talks to Paul.12. A Not give any suggestions to Jack.B Not see Jack any more.C Not listen to Jack’s words.D Not save his words on Jack.13. A They should give up talking.B They should both make a compromise.C They can meet next time.D They are both halfway.14. A He likes rings very much.B He often burns holes in his new coats.C He’s very extravagant with money.D He is very poor.15. A She missed the bus.B She caught the bus.C She got up five minutes earlier than usual.D She likes getting up early in the morning.16. A In the library.B In the college bookstore.C At a news-stand.D At a department store.17. A Teacher and student.B Doctor and patient.C Manager and office worker.D Travel agent and customer.18. A Move the washing machine to the basement.B Turn the basement into a workshop.C Repair the washing machine.D Finish her assignment.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A She will go to see her brother.B She will go to Hawaii with her family.C She will stay at home with her family.D She will find a part-time job.20. A Very exciting. B Too bad.C Very boring.D Not too bad.21. A A new bicycle. B A new dictionary.C A new computer.D A new cellphone.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A She has a good chance to study abroad but she doesn’t have enough money.B Her parents don’t want her to go too far away from them.C She won’t have as many vacations as she has as a student.D She wants to study abroad but she has been offered a good job.23. A It is not as good as studying abroad.B He thinks being a teacher is boring.C It is a good opportunity.D He thinks the salary for the job is too low.24. A Asking her friends for advice.B Making the choice by herself.C Asking her parents for advice.D Asking her teachers for advice.25. A Choose to be an English teacher.B Give up both opportunities.C Study overseas.D Teach English for a few years before going abroad.■S ection BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A About 40%. B About 46%. C About 80%. D About 54%.27. A People in South Korea are no longer interested in Hollywood movies.B It is much cheaper to see a local movie than a Hollywood one.C Hollywood’s films are not as good as before.D South Korea’s film industry has developed a lot.28. A They are releasing the movies first in America and then in other countries.B They are releasing the movies in America and other countries at the same time.C They send people who sell illegally copied movies to court.D They encourage people to buy legal DVDs by giving a high discount.29. A Many people believe that DVDs are not of good quality.B People are more likely to get movies from the Internet.C Some people think that DVDs are very expensive.D People like watching TV better than watching DVDs.Passage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.30. A Once. B Twice.C Three times.D Four times.31. A He was the president with the longest presidency.B He led the American people through the Great Depression.C He led the American people through the First World War.D He was the most influential president in American history.32. A On April 12, 1944. B On April 12, 1945.C On July 12, 1944.D On July 12, 1945.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33. A Cooking food. B Boiling water.C Killing bacteria.D Generating electricity.34. A The parabolic cooker. B The panel cooker.C The box cooker.D It’s not mentioned.35. A Solar CookersB How to Use Solar OvensC How to Cook MealsD How to Choose Solar Ovens■Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanksnumbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Some people’s ears produce wax like busy little bees. This can be a problem even though earwax appears to s erve an important purpose. Experts say it protects and cleans the ear. It 36_______ dirt and other matter and keeps 37_______ out. Doctors think it might also help protect against 38_______. And the waxy oil keeps ears from getting too dry. So earwax is good. It even has a medical name: cerumen. There are two kinds of cerumen. Most people of 39_______ or African ancestry have the “wet” kind: thick and 40_______. East Asians commonly have “dry” earwax.But you can have too much of a good thing. The glands in the ear canal that produce the wax make too much in some people. Earwax is normally 41_______; it falls out of the ear or gets washed away. But extra wax can 42_______ and form a blockage that 43_______ with sound waves and reduces hearing. 44____________________________________________. Earwax removal is sometimes necessary. But you have to use a safe method or you could do a lot of damage.Experts suggest some ways to treat excessive earwax yourself. 45_________________________. Another way to remove wax is known as irrigation. With the head upright, take hold of the outer part of the ear. Gently pull upward to straighten the ear canal. 46______________________________________________. Then turn the head to the side to let the water out.Part IV Reading Comprehension Reading in Depth 25 minutes■ Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its 47 lie mainly in blues, rhythm and blues, country, folk, gospel, and jazz. The style subsequently spread to the rest of the world and developed further, leading ultimately to 48 rock music.The term “rock and roll” now covers at least two different meanings, both in common usage. The American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both 49 rock and roll as synonymous with rock music.50 , Allwords defines the term as referring specifically to the music of the 1950s.Classic rock and roll is 51 played with one or two electric guitars, a string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. In the 52 rock and roll styles of the late 1940s, either the piano or saxophone was often the lead instrument, but these were generally 53 or supplemented by the guitar in the middle to late 1950s.The massive popularity and eventual worldwide view of rock and roll gave it a 54 social impact. Far beyond simply a musical style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and in the new medium of television, 55 lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language. It went on to spawn various sub-genres, often without the initially 56 backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply “rock music” or “rock”.A define I followedB characteristic J modernC unique K explanationD roots L ConverselyE usually M replacedF Basically N prepareG earliest O seldomH influenced■Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.According to a report, around 30,000 pupils started secondary school last year with the math skills of a seven-year-old. MPs 国会议员warned that many young people would need “expensive” remedial lessons in later life to get a job —posing major problems for the economy. The findings came just months after Ofsted教育标准办公室claimed almost half of math lessons in English schools were not good enough. It said many teachers relied on textbooks and mundane exercises to make sure pupils passed exams at the expense of a proper understanding of the subject. MPs backed the conclusions, saying too many pupils found lessons “boring”. They insisted improvements had been made under Labor but achievement had “leveled off” in recent years.In 2008, 79 percent of pupils met the Government’s expected standard at the end of primary school, well short of the 85 percent target set for 2006. Around five percent moved to secondary school with the math skills of a seven- year-old, said the committee. In 2006, ￡2.3 billion was spent teaching the subject. It equates to around a quarter of the ￡10 billion total budget for primary teaching and support staff.The report said the Department for Children, Schools and Families DCSF needed to “radically rethink its strategy for improving pupil attainment; otherwise we seriously doubt that the department will meet its 2011 target”. The target demands that 84.5 percent of pupils will make the necessary progress between 7 and 11.Last year, the DCSF published a major review of math education in England to boost standards. It called for a math specialist in every primary school within 10 years and more emphasis on mathematical “play” in nursery schools. Mr. Leigh said, “The department’s 10-year program to train 13,000 specialist math teachers will not benefit some primary schools for another decade. That’s far too long; the department needs to look for ways to accelerate the program.” Sarah McCarthy Fry, the Schools Minister, said, “We have already accepted the main recommendati on from a recent independent review of primary math that every school should have a specialist math teacher and have pledged ￡24 million over the next three years for a training program for teachers.”Nick Gibb, the Tory shadow schools secretary, said, “The Government is not getting value for the money they have piled into education and the country is falling behind in international league tables as a result. The Government has failed to replace methods of teaching which have failed with tried and tested methods used in countries that have much higher levels of math achievement.”57. What do we learn from the first paragraphA 30,000 pupils started secondary school with poor math skills.B MPs insist more improvements should be made under Labor.C Young people need medical lessons to get a job.D Half of English schools were not good enough.58. According to the passage, what happened in 2006A 21% of pupils didn’t meet the Government’s expected standard.B The target set for 2006 was 87 percent.C ￡2.3 billion was spent on math teaching.D The total budget for primary teaching and support staff was ￡5 billion in 2006.59. What will people probably do to improve math education in EnglandA Spend money on training specialist math teachers.B Hire a math specialist for every primary school.C Allow pupils to have more mathematical “play”.D Spend more time on math education.60. What do Nick Gibb’s words meanA The British government should put more money into math education.B Britain is falling behind in the international knowledge competition.C The British government should learn from other countries’ failures.D The British government should change their teaching methods every few years.61. What’s the passage mainly talking aboutA There aren’t enough math teachers in British primary schools.B The British government didn’t spend enough money on math education.C British pupils are not good at math.D Math lessons in British primary schools need to be improved.Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.Bananas, always the fashion victims of the produce section, are wearing another new label this spring. Bananas with “Fair Trade Certified” stickers have been available in the United States since October. They represent the new front of an international effort to help first-world consumers improve the living standards of the third-world farmers who grow much of their food.By expanding its reach to the produce section, Fair Trade is now trying to reach the American supermarket shopper. Fair Trade deals directly with farmer cooperatives. It helps organize, avoiding brokers 代理人and middlemen. It guarantees higher prices for the farmers’ goods and help s them set up schools and health clinics.The Fair Trade movement took root in Europe in the 1990’s as a way of bolstering coffee farmers as prices were collapsing. Since Fair Trade began, more than a million coffee growers and other farmers have joined cooperatives that sell their products through Fair Trade channels instead of directly to a commercial producer.Not everyone is greeting the Fair Trade label with open arms. Several American coffee importers recently pulled out of Fair Trade, citing Tr ansFair’s “corporate friendly” policies that allow large companies to use the Fair Trade logo in their marketing even if only a small amount of the company’s overall purchases are Fair Trade certified.Edmund LaMacchia, the national produce coordinator for Whole Foods, said Fair Trade is only one of many consumer choices. “Whole Foods has its own team of inspectors and has no plans to carry Fair Trade products”, Mr. LaMacchia said. “Our standards are higher than Fair Trade’s, actually.” Fair Trade is onl y one of several labels your bananas might be wearing this year. Another is that of the Rainforest Alliance, which certifies the use of sustainable agriculture methods.So far, though, Fair Trade is the biggest. A Fair Trade label by itself does not guarantee an organic product, but most Fair Trade bananas are also organic, Ms. Bourque said, because pesticides are usually too costly for the small farmers who grow them. If the bananas are organic, they will be labeled as such, and will probably be wearing a sticker to prove it.62. Why are bananas wearing “Fair Trade Certified” stickersA It means bananas are the fashion victims of the produce section.B It means bananas have got a new label.C It means bananas with these stickers are available in the United States.D It represents an international effort to help the third-world farmers.63. What does Fair Trade doA It helps farmers sell their products for a higher profit.B It appoints brokers and middlemen to deal with farmer cooperatives.C It brings down the price of farmers’ goods.D It sets up schools and health clinics for American farmers.64. What was the original purpose of the Fair Trade movementA To cooperate with coffee growers and other farmers.B To help coffee farmers as prices were collapsing.C To prevent farmers from selling their products to commercial producers.D To sell products through coffee growers and other farmers.65. What can we infer from this passageA American coffee importers will never buy their products through Fair Trade channels.B Fair Trade is the only label that bananas might be wearing this year.C Not every consumer considers Fair Trade products the only choice.D Whole Foods and the Rainforest Alliance are more influential than Fair Trade.66. What is the best title for this passageA Helping the Third World: One Banana at a TimeB Consumers Face More ChoicesC Fair Trade — the Best StickerD The Fair Trade MovementPart V Cloze 15 minutesDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Everyone knows hand washing is important. But a new study shows how washing your hands 67 , and at the right time, can have a big impact on your family’s risk of getting sick.Most studies on hand washing focus on 68 and food service workers. But this month’s American Journal of Infection Control focuses on washing hands at 69 as a way to stop infections from 70 . Several studies show hands are the single most important 71 route for all types of infections.Even though most people know to wash their hands after using the toilet or handling a diaper 尿布, studies 72 many people are still ending up with germs on their hands.One study looked in homes of 73 recently vaccinated against polio 脊髓灰质炎. After vaccination, the virus is74 to be shed in the baby’s feces 粪便. Researchers found the virus on 13 percent of bathroom, living room and kitchen surfaces. 75 the virus from the vaccine didn’t pose a health risk, feces-borne viruses can 76 through the home.Doorknobs and toilet flush handles are key 77 of germ transmission in the home. That’s why people should focus on cleaning such surfaces 78 and always wash their hands after touching them. In one study, a 79 touched a door handle contaminated with a virus. He then shook hands 80 other volunteers, and spread the virus to six people.The study authors note that the timing of hand washing is key. It’s 81 to wash hands after using the toilet, before eating or handling food. Other crucial times for hand washing are after 82 a diaper or cleaning up after a pet, or after touching garbage cans, dish rags and utensils that may have come 83 contact with raw food.While it may be hard to 84 that something as simple as regular hand washing can make a difference in your family’s health, consider what happened during the 2003 outbreak of SARS. The outbreak 85 extensive public and community health measures, including regular hand washing. Not only was the SARS outbreak contained, 86 other cases of illnesses dropped sharply.67. A occasionally B often C sometimes D repeatedly68. A chemical B physical C medical D mental69. A home B clinics C hospitals D school70. A living B spreading C surviving D going71. A transmit B transfer C transferring D transmission72. A claim B agree C suggest D object73. A parents B teachers C adults D infants74. A known B said C moved D added75. A When B While C Why D Which76. A travel B go C fly D float77. A questions B opportunities C ideas D sources78. A always B frequently C regularly D actually79. A volunteer B baby C worker D person80. A in B on C with D through81. A useless B obvious C interesting D thankful82. A taking B using C changing D bringing83. A of B for C from D into84. A dream B know C figure D believe85. A triggered B started C helped D saved86. A yet B while C but D sincePart VI Translation 5 minutesDirections: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.87. It was after the failure of this attempt that he _____________诉诸武力.88. A lot of people nowadays have muscular problems in the neck, the shoulders and the back __________________主要是由于工作中的压力和紧张造成的.89. This occupation ____________________关注于计划和监督the arrangement of exhibitions of collections.90. ____________________ 令学生失望的是, the books they needed were sold out at the bookstore.91. A number of women interviewed found ___________________________获得提升很难.参考答案Part I WritingOne possible version:Education: Examination-Oriented or Quality-OrientedFrom primary school to college, students, teachers and parents all are struggling for high scores. This is because the current education system is not aimed at quality, but only at developing students’ ability to perform well on tests. As a res ult, many students, even those with high scores, often do poorly when it comes to the practical application of what they’ve learned.Therefore, China is challenging examination-oriented education by advocating quality-oriented education. The alternative will focus on the students’ ability as a whole. The exam result s will no longer play a key role in evaluating a student.Personally, I firmly believe in the effectiveness of this new policy. I have seen in my mind’s eye the more dedicated study, the looser environment, yet the more creative minds of the future students. Our education, so to speak, will bring up a new generation.Part III Listening Comprehension11-15 CABCA 16-20 BCDBD21-25 CDCCA 26-30 BDBBD31-35 BBDCA 36. traps37. insects 38. infections 39. European 40. sticky41. expelled 42. harden43. interferes44. People can also cause a blockage when they try to clean out their ears — but only push the wax deeper inside。
2023年四级英语试题试卷及答案
英语四级试题Part I Writing(30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Smoking Be Completely Banned.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1.有人赞同完全严禁吸烟, 理由是……2.有人不赞同完全严禁吸烟, 理由是……3.我的见解。
Should Smoking Be Completely BannedPart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO)if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.SpaceOur Future in Space: It Has Already Begun!We are all space travelers.But we’ve stayed close to home until now.One day, we may leave our “mother ship” Earth to make our home among the stars.A giant, spherical “spaceship”, about 8,000 miles in diameter, is speeding through the solar system right now.It is cruising at an incredible 66,600 miles per hour.It’s not a giant, Star Wars mother-ship.It’s spaceship Earth, the homeof over four billion people.This water coated spaceship has been traveling through the universe for about five billion years.Only within the past 25 years, however, have some of its passengers broken free of Earth’s gravity.But 25 years from now, many people, including you, might live in anorbiting space station 200 miles above the Earth.Space CitiesScientists have already designed special space factories.These factorieswill take advantage of the absence of gravity (zero gravity) to produce everything from life-saving drugs to perfect ball bearings.Other scientists have designed space colonies, complete with farms, schools, and artificial day and night.Hundreds, or even thousands, of peoplewill live, work, play—even go to school, far above the Earth.Our conquest of space, of course, has already begun.We have explored partof the Moon, sent robot spaceships onto the surface of Venus and Mars, and aimed space probes past the planets of Jupiter and Saturn.Last June, one robot ship, Pioneer 10, left our solar system forever.And astronauts from both the Soviet Union and the United States have lived inspace stations.The conquest of space, without question, is one of the greatest adventures human beings have ever set out on.But it may be more than a greatadventure.Some scientists think the conquest of space may be a necessity for survival of the human species.We are tearing up more and more of the Earth to get raw materials for industry.And we are polluting the air and water as we manufacture productsthat we need or want.Almost everything that seems to make our lives more comfortable, and from electricity to pesticides, uses up or alters a piece of our planet’s natural environment.Why Go into Space?Yet our solar system is full of resources.The moon is chockfull of valuable metals.So are the asteroids, the small, rocky, planet-like bodies orbiting the sun most of them between Mars and Jupiter.These metals, if we can get them, could be used to build factories and space stations.Also, in space, there is no atmosphere to filter out the sun’senergy.There is plenty of solar energy to be turned into electricity for manufacturing, for creating comfortable living conditions.Getting away from Earth has other advantages, too.Modern industry uses many kinds of metal alloys (mixtures of metal that are better for certain purposes than pure metals).Yet some metal alloys either can’t be made or are very expensive to make on Earth because of gravity.For instance, certain metals don’t mix well on Earth.But in zero gravity, molten (hot, liquid) metals mix more evenly.This is because there is no gravity to pull the heavier metals down, while the lighter ones float on top.From space, too, we can look down on the Earth and study the atmosphere, its weather, and the effects of air pollution.And because there is no strong gravity to break free from, our future homes away from Earth will be convenient starting points for travel to distantplanets.But, while going into space might solve some problems, outer space can also be a dangerous place.For example, in outer space, we have to protect ourselves from the dangers of ultraviolet light and cosmic rays.Ultraviolet light from the sun can give us bad sunburns right here on Earth.Yet, Earth’s atmosphere screens out most of that harmful radiation.Cosmic rays are tiny high energy particles from outer space.Again, the Earth shields us from most of them.At Home in Space?But in space, without special protection, we would be exposed to much stronger radiation from ultraviolet light and cosmic rays.Also, in the zero gravity of outer space, our bones will lose calcium and become weaker.Thiswill be more of a problem the longer people stay out in space.Doctors are looking for a way to keep our bones from losing calcium in outer space.And a small spaceship just might “drive you batty” after a while.But even on a short trip in outer space, you might not feel as well as you’d like to.Space travel could make you seasick!Yet, these risks won’t keep people from going into space.Eventually, an Earth-like environment will be built in space.And they will be populated by people with many different interests: medicine, construction, farming, teaching, mining, and so on.The next hundred years will be filled with other worldly adventures, exciting scientific discoveries, and danger, as humans leave Earth—perhaps forever.Aging in SpaceSuppose a space traveler is moving at a velocity of 186,200 miles persecond.For every hour that passes for him, 30 hours pass on Earth.If hetravels for a year in this fashion (having accelerated instantaneously) and then turns around and comes back at this speed (having turned around instantaneously), he will find that while he has seemed to himself to have traveled two years, the men on Earth would claim he had been absent for 30 years.Suppose the space traveler had left at the age of 30, leaving behind a twin brother also aged 30.When he returned he would be 32, but his stay-at-home twin brother would be 60.That is why the “clock paradox”, is sometimes called the “twin paradox”.Of course it takes quite a long while to accelerate to a high speed, and a long while to make a turn and head back again, so conditions aren’t quite as clear-cut as just described.1.The giant, spherical spaceship mentioned in the passage is virtually the planet Earth.2.According to the author, some persons have left the Earth and traveled into outer space within the past 25 years.3.Scientists have already designed special space factories, which manufacture special products and tools for space use, such as medicine and perfect ball bearings.4.According to the information of the passage, we can infer that if the Earth becomes too crowded or no longer suitable for men to dwell on someday, they’ll have to move into space.5.The moon and the asteroids are alike with respect to their rich, valuable metals.6.Ultraviolet light in space places scorches our skin as seriously as itdoes on Earth.7.Even a short trip in outer space may do some damage to one’s brain.1.[Y][N][NG]2.[Y][N][NG]3.[Y][N][NG]4.[Y][N][NG]5.[Y][N][NG]6.[Y][N][NG]7.[Y][N][NG]8.The reason some metal alloys can’t be made on Earth is that the heavier metalstogether with the lighter ones.9.In space, there is no atmosphere to filter out the sun’s energy.Thereis plenty of solar energy to be turned into , for creating comfortable living conditions.10.According to the author, will be caused to a man in gravity free space.Part III Listening Comprehension(35 minutes)SectionADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations.At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D], and decide whichis the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11.[A]Tennis equipment.[B]Volleyball equipment.[C]Football equipment.[D]Basketball equipment.12.[A]He must meet his teacher.[B]He must attend a class.[C]He must go out with his girlfriend.[D]He must stay at school to finish his homework.13.[A]It’s not as good as it was.[B]It’s better than it used to be.[C]It’s better than people say.[D]It’s even worse than people say.14.[A]Because he doesn’t like football.[B]Because Maria fell ill.[C]Because he didn’t have the time.[D]Because Maria can’t stand football.15.[A]A temporary job.[B]A permanent job.[C]Some money for the vacation.[D]Some money for the university fees.16.[A]The woman did most of the talking.[B]The man did most of the talking.[C]The woman was wearing a black sweater.[D]The man and the woman had dark hair.17.[A]A sunny day.[B]A raincoat.[C]An attractive hut.[D]A lovely hat.18.[A]Librarian and student.[B]Operator and caller.[C]Boss and secretary.[D]Customer and repairman.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19.[A]The benefits of strong business competition.[B]A proposal to lower the cost of production.[C]Complaints about the expense of modernization.[D]Suggestions concerning new business strategies.20.[A]It costs much more than its worth.[B]It should be brought up to date.[C]It calls for immediate repairs.[D]It can still be used for a long time.21.[A]The personnel manager should be fired for inefficiency.[B]A few engineers should be employed to modernize the factory.[C]The entire staff should be retrained.[D]Better-educated employees should be promoted.22.[A]Their competitors have long been advertising on TV.[B]TV commercials are less expensive.[C]Advertising in newspapers alone is not sufficient.[D]TV commercials attract more investments.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23.[A]Searching for reference material.[B]Watching a film of the 1930s’.[C]Writing a course book.[D]Looking for a job in a movie studio.24.[A]It’s too broad to cope with.[B]It’s a bit outdated.[C]It’s controversial.[D]It’s of little practical value.25.[A]At the end of the online catalogue.[B]At the Reference Desk.[C]In the New York Times.[D]In the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages.At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D].Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26.[A]The liberation movement of British women.[B]Rapid economic development in Britain.[C]Changing attitudes to family life.[D]Reasons for changes in family life in Britain.27.[A]Because millions of men died in the war.[B]Because women had proved their worth.[C]Because women were more skillful than men.[D]Because factories preferred to employ women.28.[A]The concept of “the family” as a social unit.[B]The attitudes to birth control.[C]The attitudes to religion.[D]The ideas of authority and tradition.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29.[A]Synthetic fuel.[B]Solar energy.[C]Alcohol.[D]Electricity.30.[A]Air traffic conditions.[B]Traffic jams on highways.[C]Road conditions.[D]New traffic rules.31.[A]Go through a health check.[B]Take little luggage with them.[C]Arrive early for boarding.[D]Undergo security checks.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32.[A]Washing plates.[B]Clearing tables.[C]Shining shoes.[D]Sweeping the floor.33.[A]He must work six days a week.[B]He should never be late for work.[C]He must study hard in his spare time.[D]He should not bring his friends to the restaurant.34.[A]To pay him for his work.[B]To let him have 3 meals a day in the restaurant.[C]To give his friends free drinks.[D]To allow him to have more free time.35.[A]Because the boy was not a full time worker.[B]Because the boy had made some mistakes.[C]Because he thought the boy had failed to meet his requirements.[D]Because he thought it was his son who should pay him.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times.When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for itsgeneral idea.When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard.For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in themissing information.For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in you own words.Finally, whenthe passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Americans are proud of the (36) achievements made in this country.Medical scientists have found cures and (37) for such diseases as polio and tuberculosis.They have learned a great deal about (38) and heart disease.Many lives have been saved.American hospitals are the most modern and best (39) medical facilities in the world.But this degree of excellence has been expensive.Medical costs in the United States are very high.There is a (40) healthplan for Americans.But there are many programs (41) for this purpose.Many people have health plans at the companies where they work.Under these plans,the company pays a fixed (42) of money regularly into a fund.Then when the (43)needs medical help, he can use money from the fund to pay for it.Other people have health insurance.(44) .In some medical plans, the insurance company is also the medical institution.(45) .Then when they need medical treatment, they go to the hospital without paying more money.(46) .These programs make medical care available to those without their own health insurance.Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)SectionADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.There’s no question that the Earth is getting hotter.The real questions are: How much of the warming is our fault, and are we 47 to slow the devastation by controlling our insatiable 48 for fossil fuels?Global warming can seem too 49 to worry about, or too uncertainsomething projected by the same computer 50 that often can’t get next week’s weather right.On a raw winter day you might think that a few degrees of warming wouldn’t be such a bad thing anyway.And no doubt about it: Warnings about 51 change can sound like an environmentalist scare tactic, meant to force us out of our cars and restrict our lifestyles.Comforting thoughts, perhaps.Unfortunately, however, the Earth has some discomforting news.From Alaska to the snowy peaks of the Andes the world is heating up right now, and fast.Globally, the 52 is up 1°F over the past century, but some of the coldest, most remote spots have warmed much more.The results aren’t pretty.Ice is 53, rivers are running dry, and coasts are 54, threatening communities.The 55 are happening largely out of sight.But they shouldn’t be out of mind, because they are omens of what’s in store for the 56 of the planet.[A]remote[B]techniques[C]consisting[D]rest[E]willing[F]climate[G]skill[H]appetite[I]melting[J]vanishing[K]eroding[L]temperature[M]curiosity[N]changes[O]skillfulSectionBDirections: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D].You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.There are many ways of defining success.It is accurate to say that each of us has our own concept of success to the extent that each of us is responsible for setting our own goals and determining whether we have met these goals satisfactorily.Because each of us possesses unique differences in genetic ability and favorable environments in which to express these abilities, it is necessarily true that we must define success broadly.For some people, simply being able to live their life with a minimum ofmisery and suffering is considered a success.Think of the peace of mind of the poor shepherd who tends his sheep, enjoys his frugal life with his family in the beauty of nature, and who is respected because he does a good job of achieving the goals expected of and accepted by him and his society.On the other hand, it seems that even though some people appear to be rich in material possessions, many of them seem to be miserable and consider themselves unsuccessful when judged by their own goals of success.Because not all ventures can be successful, one should not set unrealistic goals for achieving success, but if one has self-confidence it would be unfortunate to set one’s goals at too low a level of achievement.A wise counselor once said to a young man who was experiencing frustration with his own professional success: “You do not have to set your goal to reach the moon in order to have success in traveling.Sometimes one can be very successful merely by taking a walk in the park, or riding the subway downtown,” The counselor added, “You have not really failed and spoiled your chances for success until you have been unsuccessful at something you really like, and to which you have given your best effort.”57.In the first paragraph, the author implies that are essential in achieving success .[A]ability and goals[B]goals and determination[C]ability and environment[D]goals and environment58.The word “frugal”(Line.2, Para 2.) means .[A]wealthy[B]wasteful[C]thrifty[D]miserable59.Some rich people consider themselves unsuccessful because .[A]their life is miserable [B]they do not live in peace[C]their goals are too low[D]they are not rich enough by their own standards60.The last paragraph implies that .[A]we should have high goals[B]success means achieving great goals[C]success means taking a walk in the park[D]success means trying one’s best at what one really likes61.This passage mainly talks about .[A]the definition of success[B]how to achieve success[C]how to set goals[D]the importance of goals64.One major difference between the look say method of learning reading and the phonics method is .[A]look-say is simpler[B]phonics takes longer to learn[C]look-say is easier to teach[D]phonics gives readers access to far more words65.The phrase “touch off” (Para 3, Line 1) most probably means .[A]talk about shortly[B]start or cause[C]compare with[D]oppose66.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?[A]Phonics approach regards whole word method as unimportant.[B]The whole word approach emphasizes decoding.[C]In phonics approach, it is necessary and logical to employ decoding.[D]Phonics is superior because it stresses the meaning of words thus the vast majority of most common words can be learned.Part ⅤCloze(15 minutes)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D]on the right side of the paper.You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Methods of studying vary; what works 67 for some students doesn’t work at all for others.The only thing you can do is experiment 68 you find a system that does work for you.But two things are sure: 69 else can do your studying for you, and unless you do find a system that works, you won’t although college.Meantime, there are a few rules that 70 for everybody.The hint is “don’t get 71 ”.The problem of studying, 72 enough to start with, becomes almost 73 when you are trying to do three 74 in one weekend.75 the fastest readers have trouble 76 that.And if you are behind in written work that must be 77, the teacher who accepts it 78 late will probably not give you good credit.Perhaps he may not accept it 79 .Getting behind in one class because you are spending so much time on another is really no 80 .Feeling pretty virtuous about the seven hours you spend on chemistry won’t 81 one bit if thehistory teacher pops a quiz.And many freshmen do get into trouble by spending too much time on one class at the 82 of the others, either because they like one class much better or because they find it so much harder that they think, they should 83 all their time to it.84 the reason, going the whole work for one class and neglecting the rest of them is a mistake, if you face this 85 , begin with the shortest and easiest 86 .Get them out of the way and then go to the more difficult, time consuming work.67.[A]good[B]easily[C]sufficiently[D]well68.[A]until[B]after[C]while[D]so69.[A]somebody[B]nobody[C]everybody[D]anybody70.[A]follow[B]go[C]operate[D]work71.[A]behind[B]after[C]slow[D]later72.[A]hardly[B]unpleasant[C]hard[D]heavy73.[A]improbable[B]necessary[C]impossible[D]inevitable74.[A]week’s work[B]weeks’ works[C]weeks’ work[D]week’ s works75.[A]Even[B]Almost[C]If[D]With76.[A]to do[B]doing[C]at doing[D]with doing77.[A]turned in[B]tuned up[C]turned out[D]given in78.[A]very[B]quite[C]such[D]too79.[A]anyway[B]either[C]at all[D]that80.[A]solution[B]method[C]answer[D]excuse81.[A]help[B]encourage[C]assist[D]improve82.[A]expense[B]pay[C]debt[D]charge83.[A]devote[B]put[C]spend[D]take84.[A]Whichever[B]Whatever[C]However[D]Wherever85.[A]attraction[B]decision[C]temptation[D]dilemma86.[A]arrangements[B]way[C]assignments[D]classPart Ⅵ Translation(5 minutes)Direction: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.87.Not only (他向我收费太高), but he didn’t do a good repair job either.88.The murderer (混在人群当中)with an attempt to shoot at the Prime Minister whenever he seized a chance.89.The emergence of e-commerce and the fast growing Internet economy are(为中国的国内外贸易提供了新的增长机遇).90.That Canadian speaks Chinese (和他说英语同样流利).91.Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was(忙着准备) her examination.Key to Model Test ThreePart IWriting【写作思绪】本文规定写一篇针对吸烟问题的议论文。