考研英语86-90真题基础版解析

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考研英语基础词汇

考研英语基础词汇

考研英语基础词汇A1a art.一(个);每一(个);(同类事物中)任一个2able a.有(能力、时间、知识等)做某事,有本事的3about ad.在周围;大约prep.关于;在周围a.准备4accept vt.接受,领受;认可,同意vi.同意,认可5acre n.英亩;田地;地产6across prep.横过,越过;在的对面ad.横过,穿过7act v.表演;举动;起作用n.行为,法令;一幕8action n.行动,动作;作用;运转;行为;战斗9actor n.男演员;演员,行动者10actress n.女演员11add vt.加;增加(进);进一步说/写vi.(to)增添12adult n.成年人a.成年的,充分长成的,成熟的13afraid adj.害怕的,恐惧的;犯愁的,不乐意的14after prep.在...以后;在...后面adv.以后,后来15afternoon n.下午,午后16afterward ad.(afterwards)以后,后来17again ad.再次,另一次;重新;除此,再,更,还18against prep.对着,逆;反对;违反;紧靠着;对比19age n.年龄;时代;老年;长时间v.(使)变老20ago ad.(常和一般过去时的动词连用)以前,…前21agree vi.答应,赞同;适合,一致;商定,约定22ahead ad.在前面(头);向(朝)前;提前23air n.空气;(复数)神气vt.(使)通风;晾干24airline n.(飞机)航线 a.(飞机)航线的25airport n.机场,航空站,航空港26alike a.同样的,相像的ad.一样地;同程度地27alive a.活着的;存在的;活跃的;(to)敏感的28all a.全部的;非常的ad.完全地,很pron.全部29allow vt.允许,准许;承认;给予;(for)考虑到30almost adv.几乎,差不多31alone a.单独的,孤独的ad.单独地,独自地;仅仅32aloud adv.出声地,大声地33already ad.已,已经,早已34also ad.而且(也),此外(还);同样地35although conj.尽管,虽然...但是36always ad.总是,无例外地;永远,始终37among prep.在…之中;在一群(组)之中;于…之间38and conj.和,与,而且;那么;接连,又39angel n.天使,安琪儿40anger n.愤怒,气愤vt.使发怒,激怒vi.发怒41angle n.角,角度v.钓鱼;(采用各种方法)取得42angry a.生气的,愤怒的;(天气)风雨交加的43animal n.动物,野兽,牲畜a.动物的,野兽的44annoy vt.使恼怒,使生气;打扰vi.招人讨厌45another a.另一个,又,再pron.另一个,类似的一个46answer vt.回答,答复,答案v.回答,答复,响应47ant n.蚁;蚂蚁48any a.(用于否定句、疑问句等)什么,一些;任何的49anybody pron.(否定句)任何人;(肯定句)随便哪个人50anyhow ad.不管怎么说,无论如何;不论用何种方法51anyone pron.(用于疑问句,否定式)任何人52anything pron.任何东西(事物);无论什么东西(事物)53anyway ad.不管怎么说,无论如何;不论以何种方式54anywhere ad.无论哪里;(用于否定、疑问等)任何地方55apart ad.分离,离开,隔开a.分离的,分隔的56apologise v.(to,for)道歉,认错57apology n.道歉,认错,辩解,辩护58appear vi.出现;出场;问世;仿佛;出版,发表59appearance n.出现,露面;外表;(在会议等)作短暂露面60apple n.苹果,苹果树61April (名)四月62arch n.拱门,桥拱洞v.拱起,(使)变成弓形63argue vi.辩论,争论vt.辩论,论证;说服,劝说64argument n.争论(吵),辩论;理由;论证65arm n.手臂,扶手,臂状物v.武装;配备n.武器66army n.军队,陆军,军;大群,大批67arrow n.箭,矢,箭状物;箭头符号68art n.艺术,美术;技术,技艺;文科,人文科学69article n.文章,论文;条款,条文;物件;冠词70artist n.艺术家,美术家;(某方面的)能手71artistic a.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的72as ad.同样地conj.由于;像...一样prep.作为73ash n.灰,灰末;(pl.)骨灰;(pl.)废墟74aside ad.在旁边,到一边n.旁白;离题的话75ask vt.问,询问;请求,要求;邀请,约请76asleep a.睡觉,睡着(用作表语)77assurance n.保证,担保;确信,断言;信心,信念78assure vt.使确信,使放心(of);向…保证79astonish vt.使惊讶,使吃惊80at prep.[表示价格、速度等]以,达;在..方面81atom n.原子;微粒,微量82audio n./a.音频(响)(的);声音(的),听觉(的)83August n.8月84aunt n.姨母,姑母,伯母,婶母,舅母,阿姨85auto n.(automobile)(口语)汽车86await vt.等候,期待;(事情等)降临于B87baby n.婴儿;年龄最小的人;小动物a.婴儿似的88back a.后面的ad.向后v.倒退;支持n.背;后面89background n.背景,经历;幕后90backward a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的ad.向后,朝反方向91bad a.坏的;低劣的;不舒服的;腐败的;严重的92badly ad.非常,严重地;坏地,差地,拙劣地93badminton n.羽毛球94bag n.袋,提包v.把…装入袋中;猎杀;占有95balance v.称,(使)平衡n.天平;平衡,均衡;差额,余款96balcony n.阳台;(电影院等的)楼厅,楼座97ball n.球(状物);(正式的)舞会vt.把…捏成球状98ballet n.芭蕾舞,芭蕾舞剧;芭蕾舞团99balloon n.气球,飞船;a.气球状的v.乘坐气球;膨胀100banana n.香蕉101bandage n.绷带v.用绷带扎缚102bang n.砰砰的声音;猛击v.砰地关上,猛撞,猛击103bank n.银行;岸,堤;vi.存入(经营)银行;信赖104bar n.条,杆,闩;酒吧;栅,障碍(物) v.闩上,阻拦105barbecue n.烤肉;烤肉用的台架vt.炙烤(肉等) 106bargain n.廉价货;交易,契约,合同v.议价,成交107bark vi.(狗等)吠,叫n.吠声,叫声;树皮108baseball n.棒球109basement n.建筑物的底部,地下室,地窖110Basket n.筐,篮,篓111basketball n.篮球,篮球运动112bat n.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠113bath n.沐浴,洗澡;浴室(池,盆) v.(给…)洗澡114bathe v.游泳,洗澡,浸,弄湿115bathroom n.浴室;盥洗室,卫生间116be v.(就)是,等于;(存)在;到达,来到,发生117beach n.海滩,湖滩,河滩118bear n.熊v.忍受,容忍;负担;结果实,生子女119beat n.敲打;(心脏等)跳动v.打败;(心脏等)跳动120beautiful a.美的,美丽的;出色的,完美的121beauty n.美,美丽;美人,美丽的事物122because conj.因为,由于123become v i.变成,开始变得vt.适合,同…相称124bed n.床,床位;(苗)床,坛;河床,(湖、海的)底125bee n.蜂,蜜蜂;忙碌的人126beef n.牛肉127beer n.啤酒128before prep.(指时间)在…以前,在..前面,在..之前129beforehand ad.预先,事先130beg vt.请求,乞求vi.恳请,行乞131begin v.(began,begun)开始,着手132beginning n.开始,开端;起源,早期阶段133behind prep.在...的背后,(遗留)在..后面;落后于134being n.生物,生命,存在;135belief n.信任,相信,信念;信仰,信条136believe vt.相信,认为vi.相信,信任,信奉137bell n.钟,铃138belong v.(to)属于,附属,隶属;应归入(类别,范畴等) 139beloved a./n.受爱戴的,敬爱的;爱人,被心爱的人140below prep.在…下面,在…以下ad.在下面,向下141bench n.长凳,条凳;(工作)台,座142beside prep.在...旁边,在...附近;和...相比143besides ad.此外;并且prep.于…之外;除…以外144best a.最好的(good和well最高级) ad.最好地;最145bet v.赌,打赌n.打赌,赌注146better a.较好的ad.更好(地) v.改良n.较佳者147between p rep.在…之间,在(两者)之间ad.在中间148beyond prep.在(或向)...的那边,远于;超出;149Bible n.圣经150bicycle n.(bike)自行车vi.骑自行车151big a.大的;重要的;宽宏大量的;大受欢迎的152bill n.账单;招贴,广告;(人员,职称等的)表;钞票153billion num./n.(美)十亿,(英)万亿154biology n.生物学155bird n.鸟,雀;女人;嘘声156birth n.出生,诞生;出身,血统;起源;出现157birthday n.生日;(成方)纪念日158bite v./n.咬,叮n.一口159black a.黑(色)的;黑暗的n.黑(色);黑暗;黑人160blackboard n.黑板161blackmail n.讹诈,敲诈,勒索;胁迫,恫吓162bleed v.出血,流血163bless v.祝福,保佑164blind a.盲的,瞎的;盲目的vt.使失明n.百叶窗165blood n.血液,血;血统,血亲;血气166bloody a.流血的,血腥的167blow vi.吹,吹气,打气;吹奏;爆炸;n.打,打击168blue a.蓝色的;青灰色的;沮丧的,阴郁的n.蓝色169board n.板,木板;全体委员;伙食v.上船(车,飞机)170boat n.小船,艇171body n.身体,本体;主体;尸体;物体;(一)群,批,堆172bomb n.炸弹v.投弹于,轰炸173bone n.骨(骼)174book n.书,书籍vt.订(票,座位,房间等),预定175boot n.靴;(汽车后部的)行李箱;[the-]解雇176born a.出生的,产生的;天生的,十足的177borrow vt.借,借入;(思想、文字等)采用,抄袭178boss n.老板,上司vt.指挥,控制,发号施令179both prep.两者(都),双方(都)adj.两个..(都)180bottle n.瓶(子) v.装瓶181bow v./n.鞠躬,点头n.弓(形);蝴蝶结182bowl n.碗(状物),钵183bowling n.保龄球运动184box n.盒,箱;包厢v.把…装箱;拳击,打耳光185boy n.男孩子,儿子;男性服务员186brain n.(大)脑,骨髓;(pl.)脑力,智能187branch n.(树)条,分支;分店;(学科)分科,部门;支流188brandy n.白兰地酒189brave a.勇敢的v.勇敢地面对(危险等)190bread n.面包191breadth n.宽度,幅192break vt.打破;中止;违反vi.破(裂) n.休息时间193breakdown n.崩溃;衰竭;(关系、计划或讨论等的)中断194breakfast n.早餐v.(给某人)吃早餐195breast n.胸膛,乳房196breath n.呼吸,气息197breathe v.呼吸,吸入198brick n.砖块,砖;v.用砖围砌,用砖填补199bridge n.桥;桥牌;鼻梁vt.架桥;渡过200brief a.简短的,简洁的v.简短介绍,简要汇报201bright a.明亮的,辉煌的;聪明的;欢快的,美好的202bring v.拿来,带来;产生,引起;使处于某种状态203broad a.宽的,广阔的;广大的;宽宏的,豁达的204broadcast v./n.广播(节目)205brother n.兄弟;同胞;教友206brow n.眉(毛);额207brush n.刷(子),毛刷;画笔v.刷,擦,掸,拂;掠过208bubble n.泡,水泡,气泡v.冒泡,起泡,沸腾209build vt.建造,建筑;建设,建立vi.增大,增强210building n.建筑(物),房屋,大楼[同]structure211bulb n.灯泡,球状物212bull n.公牛213bullet n.子弹,枪弹214bump v.(against,into)碰;颠簸着前进n.碰撞215burden n.担子,重担,负担vt.给予负担或麻烦216burn v.燃烧,烧着;烧毁;灼伤n.烧伤,灼伤217bus n.公共汽车,总线,信息通路218bush n.灌木(丛)219business n.商业,生意;事务,业务,职责220busy a.忙,忙碌的;热闹的,繁忙的;(电话)占线221but conj.但是prep.除...以外ad.只,才,仅仅222butterfly n.蝴蝶223button n.纽扣,按钮(开关) v.扣紧;扣上纽扣224buy vt.买,买得;向…行贿,收买vi.购买东西225by prep.被;凭借;经由;由于ad.在近旁;经过226bypass n.(by-pass)旁道;vt.绕过C227cafe n.咖啡馆,(小)餐馆228cake n.饼,糕,蛋糕;扁平的块状物229calculate v.计算,推算;计划,打算230call vt.叫,喊;打电话vi.叫;访问n.叫;号召231calm a.(天气,海洋等)静的n.平静v.(使)平静232calorie n.卡路里(食物所产生的热量或能量单位) 233camel n.骆驼234camera n.照相机,摄影机235campus n.(大学)校园236can a ux.v.能;可以n.罐头;容器vt.把…装罐237cancel v.取消,把…作废;删去,划掉238candle n.蜡烛239candy n.糖果240Cap n.便帽,军帽;盖,罩,套v.覆盖于…顶端241capital n.首都;大写字母;资本a.主要的,大写字母的242captain n.首领,队长;船长;上尉v.做…的首领,指挥243car n.汽车,车辆,车;(火车)车厢244card n.卡片,名片;纸牌;纸片245care n.小心;关怀,照料v.(about)关心,介意,计较246careful a.小心的,仔细的;细致的,精心的247carry v.运送,搬运;传送,传播;领,带248cartoon n.漫画,幽默画;动画片249carve v.(雕)刻250cash n.现金,现款v.兑现,付(或收)现款251cashier n.收银员,出纳员252cat n.猫;猫科;253catch v.捕捉,捕获;赶上;感染;理解,听到254cause n.原因;事业,事件,奋斗目标v.使产生,引起255cave n.洞,穴256celebrate vt.庆祝;颂扬,赞美vi.庆祝,过节257cell n.细胞;小房间;蜂房;电池258cent n.分(币);百per cent百分之259centre n.中心,中央,中间vt.集中vi.以..为中心260century n.世纪,(一)百年261certain a.某,某一,某些;(of)一定的,确信的,可靠的262certainly ad.一定,必定,无疑;当然,行263certainty n.必然,肯定;必然的事264chair n.椅子;(会议的)主席vt.当…的主席,主持265chairman n.主席,议长,会长,董事长266chalk n.粉笔,白垩267challenge n.挑战(书);艰巨任务,难题v.向…挑战268chance n.机会;可能性;偶然性,运气v.碰巧,偶然发生269change n.改变,变化;零钱v.更换,调换,交换;改变270chapter n. 章;回,篇271charm n.吸引力,魅力v.迷人,(使)陶醉;施魔法于272chat v./n.闲谈,聊天273cheap a.便宜的;低劣的,不值钱的274cheat v.欺骗;作弊n.骗子;欺诈,欺骗行为275cheer v.(使)振奋,(使)高兴v./n.喝彩,欢呼276cheese n.干酪,乳酪277chemical a.化学的n.(pl.)化学制品,化学药品278chemist n.化学家;药剂师279chemistry n.化学280cheque n.(check)支票,空白支票;总收入281chess n.棋,国际象棋282chicken n.鸡肉;鸡,小鸡,小鸟283chief a.主要的,首要的n.首领,领袖284child n.( [pl.] children)小孩,儿童,儿女285childhood n.幼年,童年286chill n.寒冷,寒气,寒战v.使寒冷287china n.瓷器288chocolate n.巧克力(糖),赭色289choice n.选择(机会),抉择,选择项;入选者a.精选的290choose v.选择,挑选;甘愿291Christ n.基督,救世主,耶稣292Christian n.基督教徒a.基督教徒的293Christmas n.圣诞节294cigar n.雪茄烟295cigaret n.(cigarette)香烟,纸烟,卷烟296cinema n.电影院;电影,影片297circle n.圆,圆周;集团;周期,循环v.环绕,旋转298citizen n.公民;市民,居民299city n.城市;都市;市300clap v.拍手,拍,轻拍n.拍(手),掌声,霹雳声301class n.班级,年级;种类,等级,阶级;(一节)课302classic n.(pl.)杰作,名著a.第一流的,不朽的303classical a.经典的,古典(文学)的304classmate (名)同班同学305classroom n.教室,课堂306clean a.清洁的,干净的v.除去..污垢,把...弄干净307clear a./ad.清晰的(地)vt.清除;使清楚vi.变清澈308clever a.聪明的,伶俐的,机敏的,精巧的309click n.滴答声;vi.发出滴答声310climate n.气候;风气,社会思潮311climb v./n.攀登,爬312clock n.钟vt.记录(时间、速度等),为…计时313clockwise a.顺时针方向314clone n.无性繁殖,克隆;复制品v.克隆315close v./n.关;结束a./ad.近的(地);紧密的(地)316closet n.(壁)橱a.私下的vt.把…引进密室会谈317cloth n.(一块)布,织物,衣料318clothe v.(给…)穿衣,供给…衣服319clothes n.衣服(虽为复数,亦不可数)320clothing n.服装,被褥321cloud n.云(状物);遮暗物,阴影;一大群322cloudy a.多云的,阴(天)的;混浊的,模糊的323club n.俱乐部,夜总会;社团;棍棒,球棒324coal n.煤,煤块325coat n.上衣,外套;表皮;层,覆盖物v.涂(盖)上326cocaine n.可卡因,古柯碱(用作局部麻醉剂)327cock n.公鸡,雄鸡;龙头,开关328code n.代码,代号,密码;法典,法规,规划329coffee n.咖啡(色)330coin n.硬币,货币v.铸造(硬币),创造(新词)331coke n.焦炭;可口可乐(COCA-COLA)的缩写332cold a.冷的,寒冷的;冷淡的n.冷,寒冷;伤风333collect v.收集,搜集;领取,接走;收(税等);聚集,堆积334collection n.收藏(品),收集(物)335collective n.集体a.集体的,共同的336college n.学院,高等专科学校,大学337color n.(=colour)颜色;颜料;肤色v.给…着色338come v.来;出现于,产生;是,成为;开始,终于339comfort n.舒适,安逸;安慰,慰问v.安慰,使舒适340comfortable a.舒适的,舒服的;感到舒适的,安逸的341common a.普通的;共同的;一般的;n.公有地342communism n.共产主义343company n.公司;陪伴;宾客;连(队),(一)群,队,伙344compete vi.比赛;竞争;对抗345competent a.有能力的,能胜任的;足够的346competition n.竞争,比赛;角逐,较量;[总称]竞争者347competitive a.竞争的;好竞争的;(价格等的)有竞争力的348complain v.(about,of)抱怨;申诉349complete a.完全的,圆满的v.完成,结束,使完满350ompose v.组成,构成;(of)由…组成;创作(诗歌等)351compute v./n.计算,估计352computer n.计算机,电脑;计算者353comrade n.同志,同事,同伴,朋友354concert n.音乐会,演奏会;一齐,一致355conclusion n.结论,推论;结尾;缔结,议定356confidence n.(in)信任;信心,自信;秘密,机密357Confident n.(of,in)确信的,自信的358confidential a.秘(机)密的;表示信任的;担任机密工作的359confuse v.使混乱,混淆360connect vt.连接;与…联系,接通(电话) vi.连接361connection n.(connexion)联系,连接;亲戚,社会关系362conquer v.征服,战胜,占领;克服,破除(坏习惯等)363conquest n.征服,征服地,掠取物364consequence n.结果,后果,影响;重要性365consequently ad.结果,因此,所以366consider v.考虑,细想;体谅,顾及;认为,把…看作367consult v.请教,向...咨询,找...商量;查阅,查看368consultant n.会诊医师,顾问医生;顾问369contain v.包含,容纳;容忍,抑制;可被...除尽370container n.容器;集装箱371contest n.竞争,竞赛,比赛v.竞争,比赛,争论372context n.(文章等)前后关系;(事件等发生的)背景373continent n.大陆,洲374continual a.不断的,连续的,频繁的375continue v.继续,连续,延伸376continuous a.连续的,持续的377control n.(over)控制,支配v.控制,支配378convenience n.便利,方便;(pl.)便利设备379convenient a.(to)便利的,方便的380conversation n.会话,谈话381cook n.厨师v.烹调,烧煮;纂改(账目),捏造382cool a.凉的;冷静的n.凉快ad.冷静地v.使变凉383cope v.(with)竞争,对抗;(with)对付,妥善处理384copper n.铜;铜币,铜制器385copy n.抄本,摹本;(一)本vt.抄写;考试中抄袭386copyright n./a.版权(的)387core n.果核;中心,核心388corn n.谷物,庄稼,玉米389corner n.角,街角;偏僻处;vt.将…逼入困境;390correct a.正确的,恰当的,端正的v.改正,纠正,矫正391cost n.成本,费用,代价v.价值为,花费392costly a.昂贵的,价值高的,豪华的393cotton n.棉花;棉线,棉纱;棉制品394couch n.长沙发;(病人躺的)长榻vt.表达395cough v./n.咳嗽396could v.aux.(口语)(表示许可或请求)可以...,行397count v.数,计算;算入;看作,认为n.计数,总数398country n.国家;农村,乡下399countryside n.乡下,农村400county n.(英国)郡,(美国)县401couple n.(一)对,双;夫妇; v.连接,结合402courage n.勇气,胆量403course n.课程,教程;过程,进程;路程,路线;一道菜404cover v.覆盖,包括,涉及n.盖子,套子;(书的)封面405cow n.母牛,奶牛406crab n.螃蟹,蟹肉407crazy a.疯狂的,古怪的,蠢的;(about)狂热的408cream n.乳脂,(鲜)奶油;奶油色409create v.创造,创作;引起,造成,建立410creative a.有创造力的,创造性的411credit v./n.信用,信任n.信用贷款,赊欠;名誉,名望412creep v.爬,爬行;(植物)蔓延413crime n.罪行,犯罪414crisis n.(pl.crises)危机,紧要关头415critic n.批评家,评论家416criticize v.(criticise)批评,评论417crop n.作物,庄稼;(谷类等的)一熟收成;一批,大量418cross n.十字(架);苦难a.交叉的;发怒的v.穿过419cry n.&v.叫,喊,哭;(鸟兽)叫,啼,鸣,嗥420culture n.文化,文明;修养;耕种;栽培,培育;421cup n.杯子;奖杯,优胜杯;(一)杯,一杯的容量422cupboard n.碗柜,小橱423curious a.好奇的, 求知的, 古怪的, 爱挑剔的424curtain n.窗帘,门帘;幕(布);结束;vt遮掩425custom n.习惯,风俗,惯例;(pl.)海关,关税426customary a.习惯的,惯例的427cut n./v.切,割,削;削减,删节n.切口,伤口428cycle n.自行车;周期,循环v.骑自行车;循环D429daily a.每日的ad.每日,天天n.日报430dam n.水坝,水闸431dance n.舞(蹈);舞曲,舞会v.跳舞;跳动432danger n.危险;威胁;危险事物433dangerous a.危险的,不安全的434dare v.敢,胆敢435dark a.黑暗的,深(色)的;隐秘的;n.无光,黑暗436darling n.心爱的人,亲爱的437data n.(datum的复数)资料,数据438date n.日期,年代v.注明…的日期n./v.约会439daughter n.女儿440day n.天,一昼夜;白昼,白天;时期,时代441daylight n.日光,白昼,黎明442daytime n.白天,日间443dead a.死的;无生命的;死气沉沉的ad.完全地444deadline n.最后期限445deadly a.致命的;势不两立的; 极度的;必定的446deaf a.聋的;不愿听的447dear a.昂贵的;亲爱的;珍贵的int.呵!哎呀!448death n.死,死亡;灭亡,毁灭,死因449debt n.债,债务450December n.十二月451decrease n.减少,减小;减少量v.减少,变少,降低452deed n.行为,行动;功绩,事迹;证书;契据453deep a.深的,深长的;深奥的;强烈的ad.深入的,迟454deer n.鹿455delete vt.删除456delicious a.美味的;美妙的;使人愉快的457depart vi.离开,起程 a.过去的,逝世的458department n.部,局,处,科,部门;系,学部459depend v.(on)取决于,依靠,信赖,相信460dependent a.依靠的,依赖的,从属的;随…而定的461depth n.深,深度,深奥,深刻462describe v.描述,形容463deserve v.应受,值得464design v.设计;构思;绘制;图案;企图n.设计,图样465desk n.书桌,办公桌,服务台466destroy v.破坏,摧毁,消灭467detect v.察觉,发觉,侦察,探测468determine v.决心,决定;确定,限定469develop v.发展,开发,研制;显现,显影;发育,生长470dew n.露水471diagnose vt.诊断(疾病);判断(问题)472dialog n.(dialogue)对话,对白473diary n.日记,日记簿474dictionary n.词典,字典475die vi.死,死亡;(草木)枯萎,凋谢;渴望476differ v.(from)与…不同;(with)与…意见不同477difference n.差别,差异,分歧478differenta.差异的,差异的,不同的479difficult a.困难的,艰难的480difficulty n.困难,困境,难题481dig v.挖,掘482dine v.吃饭,进餐483dinner n.正餐,宴会484dip v./n.浸,蘸485direct a./ad.径直的(地) v.管理,指导;(at,to)指向486direction n.方向,方位;指令,说明487directly ad.直接地,径直地;马上,立即488director n.指导者,主任,导演489dirt n.污物,污垢490dirty a.弄脏的;下流的v.弄脏,玷污491disable vt.使残废;使失去能力;丧失能力492disappear v.不见,消失493disappoint vt.失望;(希望等)破灭,挫败(计划等) 494discard vt.丢弃,抛弃,遗弃495discount n.折扣;贴现(率) vt.打折扣;不重视496discourage v.使泄气,使失去信心497discover v.发现,显示498discovery n.发现;被发现的事物499discuss v t.讨论,商议500disgust n.厌恶,恶心v.使厌恶501dish n.碟子,盘子,菜肴502dislike n./v.不喜欢,厌恶503display v./n.陈列,展览,显示(器)504distance n.距离,间隔,远方,路程505distant a.远的;遥远的;疏远的;不亲近的506divide v.分,划分,分开;分配;(by)除507division n.分,分割;部门,科,处;除法;分界线508do aux.v. vt.做,干,办,从事;引起vi.行动509doctor n.医生;博士vt.授以博士学位;诊断;修改510document n.公文,文献511documentary a.文献的n.记录片512dog n.狗,雄兽vt.尾随,跟踪513dollar n.(美国,加拿大等国货币单位)美元,加元514donkey n.驴子;蠢人;顽固的人515door n.门;门口,出入口;门状物;家;通道516doorway n.门口517dot n.点,圆点v.在…上打点518doubt n./v.怀疑,疑虑519dove n.鸽子520down ad.下;由大到小prep.沿着…而下a.向下的521downstairs ad.在楼下,往楼下522downtown ad.在城市的商业区n./a.城市商业区(的) 523downward a.向下的ad.(also downwards)向下,往下524drag v.拖,拖曳525dragon n.龙526drama n.剧本,戏剧;戏剧性事件或场面527dramatic a.戏剧的,戏剧性的;剧烈的528draw v.拉;画;汲取;引出;(to)挨近n.平局;拖曳529drawback n.欠缺,缺点;退还的关税530drawer n.抽屉531drawing n.绘图,图样532dream n./v.梦,梦想,幻想533dress n.服装,童装,女装v.穿衣,打扮534drink v.(drank,drunk)喝,饮n.饮料;喝酒535drip v.滴下,漏水n.滴,水滴,点滴536drive v.开(车);驱;驱动,把(钉,桩)打入n.驾驶537driver n.驾驶员538drop n.滴;落下;微量v.落下;下降;失落539drought n.旱灾,干旱540drug n.药物;麻醉品;毒品;滞销货v.下麻药;吸毒541drum n.鼓;圆桶542drunk a.醉酒的;(喻)陶醉的n.酗酒者,醉汉543dry a.干(旱)的;干渴的;枯燥vt.使干燥,晒干544duck n.鸭,鸭肉v.迅速俯身;快速低头;躲避545dumb a.哑的,无言的546during prep.在…期间547dust n.灰尘,尘土v.拂,掸548duty n.义务,责任;职务;税549dynasty n.王朝,朝代E550each a./pron.各,各自的,每551eager a.(for)渴望的,热切的552eagle n.鹰553ear n.耳,耳朵;听力,听觉;穗554early a.早的,早期的,及早的ad.早,在初期555earth n.地球;陆地;泥土,土壤;尘世,人间556earthquake n.地震557ease v.减轻;使舒适,使安心n.容易;舒适,悠闲558east n.东,东方,东部a.东方的,东部的559Easter n.复活节560eastern a.东方的,东部的561easy a.容易的,不费力的,安逸的,宽裕的562eat vt.吃,喝vi.吃饭,吃东西563economic a.经济(上)的,经济学的564economy n.节约;经济565educate v.教育,培养,训练566education n.教育,培养,训练567egg n.蛋; 卵; 卵形物568eight num.八pron.八(个,只...)569eighteen num.十八,十八个570eighty num./a.八十pron.八十(个,只...)571either ad.也(不) pron.两者之一a.(两者中)任一的572elder a.年长的,资格老的n.长辈573elderly a.较老的,年长的n.[the~]到了晚年的人574elect v.选举,推选;选择,作出选择575elephant n.(动物)象576eleven num.十一pron./a.十一(个,只...)577else ad.其它,另外,别的;[与or连用]否则578elsewhere ad.在别处,向别处579e-mail n.(electronic mail)电子信函,电子邮件580employ n./v.雇用;用,使用581employee n.雇工,雇员582employer n.雇主583employment n.雇用;使用;工作,职业584empty a.空的;空洞的v.倒空,使成为空的585enable v.使能够,使成为可能;授予权利或方法586end n.末端,端,梢;目标,目的v.终止,结束587ending n.结尾,结局588enemy n.敌人,仇敌,反对者;敌人,敌军,敌国589energetica.精力旺盛的;积极的;有力的590energy n.活力,精力;能,能量591engine n.发动机,引擎;火车头592engineer n.工程师593enjoy vt.享受…的乐趣;欣赏;喜爱594enlarge vt.扩大,放大,增大595enough a.(for)足够的n.足够,充分ad.足够地596ensure v.确保,保证;使安全597enter vt.进入;参加,加入;写入vi.进去,进来598entrance n.入口,门口;进入;入学,入会599entry n.进入,入口;通道;记载,条目600envelope n.信封,信皮;封套601environment n.环境,外界602equal a.相等的;胜任的n.相等的事务;对手v.等于603equality n.同等;平等;相等;等式;等同性604error n.错误,过失605especially ad.特别,尤其,格外;专门地,主要地606establish v.建立,设立;安置,使定居607eve n.(节日等的)前夜,前夕608even ad.甚至(更) a.均匀的;平的;相等的;偶数的609evening n.傍晚,黄昏,晚上610ever ad.曾经;永远;在任何时候;究竟611every a.每一个的,每个的;每隔…的;全部的612everybody pron.(everyone)每人,人人613everyday adj.每日的,日常的614everyone pron.(everybody)每人,人人,各人615everything pron.每件事,一切;最重要的东西616everywhere ad.到处,各处,无论何处617exam n.(examination)考试,测验618examine v.检查,调查;对…进行考试619example n.例子,实例;模范,榜样620excel vi.胜过其他;擅长vt.胜过,优于621excellent a.卓越的,极好的622except prep.除…之外v.除外;反对623exception n.例外,除外;反对;异议624exchange v./n.(for)交换,兑换;交流,交易;交换台625excite v.刺激,使激动;激发,激励626excitement n.刺激,激动,兴奋627exciting a.令人兴奋的,使人激动的628excuse v.原谅,宽恕,免除n.借口,辩解629exist v.存在;生存;生活630existence n.存在,实在;生存,生活(方式)631exit n.出口,通道632expand v.(使)膨胀,(使)扩张;张开,展开633expansion n.扩张,膨胀;张开,伸展634expend v.消费,花费635expense n.花费,消费,消耗636expensive a.花费的,昂贵的637experience n./vt.经验;经历;体验;阅历638experiment n.实验;试验v.(on)进行实验;做试验639experimental a.实验(性)的,试验(性)的640expert n.专家,能手a.熟练的,有经验的;专门的641explain v.解释,说明642explanation n.解释,说明643export v./n.输出,出口n.出口商品644expose v.(to)使暴露,受到;使曝光645exposure n.暴露,揭露;方向;陈列;遗弃;照射量646extend v.延长,延伸;扩充;给予;提供;估价647extra a.额外的,附加的n.附加物,额外的东西648extreme a.末端的,尽头的;极度的n.极端;最大程度649eye n.眼(睛);视力;眼力;监督vt.看,审视650eyebrow n.眉毛651eyesight n.视力F652face n.脸,面貌;表情;正面v.面对着;朝,面向653fact n.事实,实际654factory n.工厂655fail v.失败,不及格;衰退,减弱656failure n.失败,不及格;失败者;故障,失灵;未能657fair a.公平的,合理的;相当的n.集市,交易会658fairly ad.公正地,正当地;相当,还算659fall v.跌倒;下降;减弱;坠落;变成,陷于n.秋季660false a.谬误的,虚伪的,伪造的,假的661familiar a.熟悉的;通晓的;亲近的n.熟客;密友662family n.家,家庭成员;氏族,家庭;族,科663famous a.著名的664fan n.扇子,风扇;(影,球等)迷v.扇,扇动,激起665fantasy n.幻想,空想;空想的产物,幻想作品666far a./ad.远,久远,遥远ad.到…程度,…得多667farewell int.再会,别了n.告别668farm n.农场,饲养场v.种田,经营农牧业669farmer n.农民,农场主670farther ad.更远地,再往前地a.更远的671fashion n.流行式样(或货品),风尚,风气;样子,方式672fashionable a.流行的,时髦的673fast a.快的,迅速的;坚固的ad.紧紧地;迅速地674fasten v.扎牢,使固定675fat a.多脂肪的,肥胖的;丰厚的n.脂肪,肥肉676father n.父亲;创始人,发明者;(Father)神父677favorite n.(favourite)最喜欢的人或物a.喜爱的678fax n./v.传真(机)679fear n.害怕,恐惧;危险vt.畏惧,害怕,担心680fearful a.可怕的,吓人的;害怕,担心,惊恐681feather n.羽毛682February n.二月683fee n.费(会费,学费等);酬金684feed v.(on,with)喂养,饲养;(with)向…供给685feedback n.反馈;反应;回授686feel v.触;认为vi.摸上去有…感觉;摸索;觉得687feeling n.感情;心情;知觉;同情688fell v.击倒;打倒(疾病等);砍伐a.凶猛的;可怕的689fellow n.人,家伙;伙伴,同事a.同样的,同事的690fellowship n.伙伴关系;联谊会,团体691female n.女性;女人;雌兽a.女性的;雌的;柔弱的692fever n.发热,狂热693few a.[表肯定]有些,几个;[表否定]几乎没有的694field n.田野;运动场;(电或磁)场;领域,范围695fifteen num.十五pron./a.十五(个,只...)696fifty num.五十,五十个697fight v./n.打(仗),搏斗,斗争,战斗698file n.锉刀;文件,档案v.锉699fill v.(with)填满,充满700film n.电影;胶片;薄膜,薄层vt.把..拍成电影701final a.最终的,决定性的n.结局;决赛;期末考试702finally ad.最后,最终;决定性地703find v.(found,found)找到;发现;发觉;感到704finding n.发现,发现物;(常pl.)调查/研究结果705fine a.晴朗的,美好的,细致的v./n.罚金,罚款706finger n.手指;指状物;指针707finish n.完成;结束;磨光v.完成;结束;用完;毁掉708finite a.有限的;[数]有穷的,限定的709fire n.火;火灾,失火;炉火vi.开火vt.放(枪)710fireman n.消防队员711Fireplace n.壁炉712firm a.坚固的;坚决的,坚定的n.公司,商号713first a./ad.第一;最初;首次n.开始pron.第一名714fish n.(pl.fish(es))鱼;鱼肉v.捕鱼;钓鱼715fisherman n.渔夫,捕鱼人716fist n.拳头vt.用拳头打;紧握717fit a.(病的)发作,痉挛v./a.n.合适,试穿,安装718five num.五pron./a.五(个,只...)719fix v.(使)固定;修理;安装;决定;注视n.困境720flag n.旗721flash n./a.闪光(的) v.发闪光,闪亮;闪现722flat a.平坦的,扁平的,平淡的n.一套房间;平面723flight n.飞翔,飞行;航班;航程;逃跑;楼梯的一段724flood n.洪水,水灾v.淹没,发大水,泛滥725floor n.地板,(楼房)的层726flow v.流,流动n.流量,流速727flower n.花;精华,精粹,精英;盛时vi.开花728flu n.(influenza)流行性感冒729fly n.飞行;苍蝇v飞行;飘杨a.机敏的730focus n.焦点,(活动,兴趣等的)中心v.(on)使聚集731fold v.折叠;合拢;抱住n.褶,褶痕;羊栏;信徒732follow v.跟随,接着;领会;沿着…前进,遵循;结果是733following a.下列的,下述的,其次的,接着的734food n.食物,粮食,养料735fool n.傻子,笨蛋vt.欺骗,愚弄vi.干蠢事736foolish a.愚笨的,愚蠢的737foot n.(pl.feet)脚,足;英尺;底部738football n.足球739footstep n.脚步(声),足迹740for prep.为了;给;代替;向;支持conj.因为? 741force n.力量,力;势力;(pl.)(总称)军队v.强迫742fore ad.在前面a.先前的;在前部的n.前部743forecast v./n.预测,预报744forehead n.前额;(任何事物的)前部745foreign a.外国的,(to)无关的;外来的;异质的746foreigner n.外国人747foremost a.最先的;最初的; 主要的ad.首要地748foresee v.预见,预知749forest n.森林750forever adv.(for ever)永远;总是751forget v.忘记,遗忘752forth ad.向前;向外,往外753forthcoming a.即将到来的;准备好的;乐意帮助的;n.来临754fortnight n.两星期755forty num./a.四十pron.四十(个,只...)756forward ad.(also forwards)向前a.向前的v.转交757found vt.建立;创立;创办;使有根据;铸造;熔制758four num.四pron./a.四(个,只...)759fourteen num.十四,十四个760fox n.狐狸761frank a.坦白的,直率的762free a.自由的;免费的;免税的;空闲的vt.释放763freedom n.自由,自主,免除,特权764freeze v.使结冰,使凝固765frequency n.频率,周率766frequent a.时常发生的,频繁的767fresh a.新鲜的,无经验的768Friday n.星期五769fridge n.(refrigerator的略语)冰箱770friend n.朋友771friendly a.友好的,友谊的772friendship n.友谊,友好773frog n.蛙774from prep.从,自从;由于;离;根据,按;去除775front a.前面的,前部的n.正面;前线,战线v.面对776frontier n.国境,边境;尖端,新领域777fruit n.水果,果实;成果,效果778fruitful a.多产的;果实累累的,富有成效的779full a.(of)满的,充满的a./ad.完全,充分780Fun n.玩笑,娱乐;有趣的人(或事物)781function n.功能,作用;(pl.)职务;函数v.起作用782funny a.滑稽的,可笑的783fur n.毛,毛皮784further ad./a.更远,更往前;进一步v.促进,增进785furthermore ad.而且,此外786future n.将来,未来;前途,前景a.将来的,未来的G787gain v.获得;增加;表等走快n.增进,增加;收益788gallon n.加仑789game n.游戏,娱乐;比赛;(pl.)运动会vi.赌博790garbage n.垃圾791garden n.(菜,花)园;公园792garlic n.蒜,大蒜粉793gas n.气体;煤气;汽油;毒气vt.毒(死);加油794gate n.大门;入口;观众人数,门票收入795gay a.快乐的,愉快的,色彩鲜艳的n.同性恋796gear n.齿轮,传动装置v.(to)调整,使适合797gene n.基因798gentleman n.绅士,先生799gently ad.文雅地,有礼貌地;轻轻地800geography n.地理(学)801geology n.地质(学)802geometry n.几何(学)803get v.获得,得到;使,使得;变得,成为;到达804ghost n.鬼魂,幽灵805gift n.礼品,赠品;天赋,才能806girl n.少女,姑娘,女孩;女职员807give v.给,授予;供给;献出,让步;捐赠;发表808glad a.高兴的,快活的;乐意的,情愿的809glass n.玻璃;玻璃杯;镜子;(pl.)眼镜810go v.去,离开;走;放置;变成;运转n.围棋。

1986—1990年英语真题翻译与长难句

1986—1990年英语真题翻译与长难句

一、文章结构分析(1986)本文强调了要为大学生提供更多课程方面的信息,从而使他们在对各门不同学科进行钻研之后,选择符合自己兴趣和能力的学科。

二、试题具体解析21. 本题考核的知识点是:主从复合句、形式主语。

【句子结构】该句为主从复合句。

句首为if引导的条件从句,主句为it is not hard to see …,可以采用顺译法,保留句子原来的顺序。

主句中it为形式主语,不定式结构to see …为真正的主语。

how difficult it is … abilities为see的宾语从句。

从句的主干结构为how difficult it is for a student to …,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式结构to select the course,过去分词短语most suited to his interests and abilities做后置定语,修饰先行词the course。

翻译该从句时应将真正的主语内容译出。

【词义确定】variety (of sth)意为“不同种类,多种式样”;suited to sth意为“合适,适当”。

【翻译】如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程,我们就不难发现,对一个学生来说,要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。

22. 本题考核的知识点是:主从复合句、不定式结构。

【句子结构】该句为主从复合句。

句首为if引导的条件从句,主句为he will undoubtedly benefit。

条件句的主干为If a student goes to university,三个并列的不定式结构做目的状语:to acquire … to enlarge … and to learn …。

【词义确定】acquire意为“获得,取得,学到”;perspective意为“看法,观点”。

【翻译】如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识,为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考,那么毫无疑问,进大学对他是有好处的。

考研英语 教你一眼认出单词的意思

考研英语  教你一眼认出单词的意思

考研英语教你一眼认出单词的意思请大家想一想,英语是谁发明的?英国人呗!英国人认不认识汉语?不认识!那么英国人在学英语单词的时候需不需要记住单词的汉语意思?不需要,英国人的英语课本里根本就没有汉字,何谈记住单词的汉语意思?那么既然英国人学英语不需要记住(甚至根本就见不到)单词的汉语意思,那么中国人学英语为什么要去记住单词的汉语意思呢?这种做法大家不觉得奇怪吗?然而由于中国人学英语时都在背单词的汉语意思,因此大家反而觉不出“背汉字”有什么奇怪的了。

其实仔细想一想,这个行为真的很奇怪,奇怪的根源不在于行为本身,而在于中国人普遍不会直接识别英语单词的意思,因而只好靠汉语符号来机械地帮助记忆英语单词的意思,这样去学英语不仅多此一举,而且必然会陷入苦海无边的符号记忆灾难中。

其实英语单词和汉字一样,存在着很多的“偏旁部首”,知道了偏旁部首你就可以根据它们直接来猜测单词的意思,虽不说百分之百猜准,但起码可以猜测个大概,至少在别人告诉过你单词的意思后你可以恍然大悟地领会它,这样就可以大大增强你对英语单词“见字识意”的能力,做到真正认识一个单词,而把它的汉语意思仅做为一般参考。

举几个例子来说吧:比如单词representative,请别急着告诉我你认识这个单词,其实你不见得“认识”这个单词,你仅是凭着你的记忆力记住了这串英语字母和两个汉字符号“代表”之间的对应关系,这样去学英语你会多费劲?下面我来告诉你这个单词为什么是“代表”的意思。

re在英语里是一个偏旁部首,它是“回来”的意思;pre也是一个偏旁部首,是“向前”的意思;sent 也是一个偏旁部首,是“发出去、派出去”的意思;a仅是偏旁部首之间的一个“连接件”,没了它两个辅音字母t就要连在一起了,发音会分不开,会费劲,因此用一个元音字母a隔开一下;tive也是一个偏旁部首,是“人”的意思。

那么这几个偏旁部首连在一起是什么意思呢?re-pre-sent-a-tive,就是“回来-向前-派出去-的人”,即“回来征求大家的意见后又被派出去替大家讲话的人”,这不就是“代表”的意思吗!这么去认识一个单词才是真正“认识”了这个单词,把它认识到了骨子里。

英语考研参考书目推荐和复习方法

英语考研参考书目推荐和复习方法

2018英语考研参考书目推荐和复习方法2018英语考研参考书目单词1.新东方考研英语词汇词根+联想记忆法(乱序版)这本书的主打就是乱序版,适合中后期背顺序版背烦了自测用,一开始不要拿这本背。

2.考研词汇速记指南3.红宝书考研英语词汇(必考词+基础词+超纲词)4.考研英语必考词汇突破全书5.星火英语:考研英语词汇必背二战的时候拿这本背的,小册子除了有点厚之外很方便,价格也不贵,随身带推荐,不过可别只拿这本背!6.星火英语考研英语词汇星火式巧记速记精练(全新版)7.考研英语核心词汇说文解词(词根乱序版)长难句1.考研英语长难句解密2.考研英语长难句与词汇突破这本书里面还涉及不少语法阅读1.新编考研英语阅读理解150篇(基础版+提高版)2.考研英语阅读理解220篇(基础篇全新版)(2015总第15版)3.考研英语阅读思路解析4.考研英语阅读题源2:经济学家《经济学人》杂志是出题重点,里面的*都很不错。

5.考研英语:英美外刊超精读这本书也很好,没有题,只能精读和分析,不能做到练习的目的,但是可以让你更好地理解考研阅读*,更好地进行语篇分析。

另外,这本书内容一直都没改版,看旧版的也没问题。

翻译考研英语拆分与组合翻译法翻译方法就是一句话翻译3-4遍,竖着并排写,在翻译中不断完善,最后在对照其给的答案寻找差距。

适合前期时间充裕时候这样做,既提高翻译,又能分析透阅读。

完型和新题型考研英语完形填空与填空式阅读(新题型)这本书内容不错,分析的也很细。

其实完型就是有选择的蒙,新题型还是有做题技巧的。

这本书可以拿过来仔细看看解释,其他所有书都不如这本解释详细。

作文1.考研英语冲刺热点作文50篇(狂背版)2.星火英语:考研英语作文万能组合3.考研英语写作高分攻略4.考研英语写作高分突破(热点话题80篇)5.新东方考研英语培训教材:考研英语高分写作这本书我认为是考研作文里面最有诚意的书,书籍内容就是课堂讲义和补充为主,里面最重要的就是对历年真题高分作文的分析和仿写。

1986—1990年考研英语真题及解析

1986—1990年考研英语真题及解析

1986—1990年考研英语真题及解析1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C]and[D. Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage. Read the whole passage before making your choices. (10 points)①On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market. ②For an hour or 1 she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and 2 a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had. ③And then, with all the things she needed 3 she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour 4 she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows.④One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look 5 without feeling they had to buy something. ⑤Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped 6 before a green armchair. ⑥There was a card on the chair which said: “This fine chair is yours 7 less than a pound a week,”and very small at the bottom, “Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.”⑦A pound a week... 8 , she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it! ⑧A voice at her shoulder made her 9 . “Can I help you, Madam?” ⑨She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her 10 .⑩“Oh, well, no,”she said. “I was just looking.”○11“We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom. If you’ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.”○12Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need, left the shop hurriedly. [276 words]1. [A]so [B]more [C]else [D]another2. [A]taking [B]making [C]fixing [D]keeping3. [A]buy [B]bought [C]buying [D]to have bought4. [A]in a way [B]by the way [C]in the way [D]on the way5. [A]behind [B]round [C]back [D]on6. [A]doubted [B]wondered [C]puzzled [D]delighted7. [A]at [B]for [C]with [D]in8. [A]Why [B]When [C]How [D]What9. [A]jump [B]leap [C]laugh [D]wonder10.[A]place [B]back [C]side [D]front一、文章结构分析本文记叙了一位女士一次购物的经历。

1986-1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题。

1986-1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题。

1986-1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题。

1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)法学考研选凯程,凯程2014年考取人大法学院8人,再创新高,其中1人是跨专业,凯程有全面的法学集训营保录班,对学生进行高三式全封闭全日制培训,加上凯程对法学考研成功三级法的运用,创造了法学考研必然成功的路径。

在14押题中,凯程人大法学押题直接命中40%考点,其他考点间接全部命中。

EXAMPLE:I was caught ________ the rain yesterday.[A] in[B] by[C] with[D] atANSWER: [A]1. Those two families have been quarrelling ________ each other for many years.[A] to[B] between[C] against(D)[D] with2. There are many things whose misuse is dangerous, bur it is hard to think of anything that can be compared ________ tobacco products.[A] in[B] with[C] among(B)[D] by3. “How often have you seen cases like this?” one surgeon asked another. “Oh, ________ times, I guess,” was the reply.[A] hundred of[B] hundreds[C] hundreds of(C)[D] hundred4. Give me your telephone number ________ I need your help.[A] whether[B] unless[C] so that(D)[D] in case5. You sang well last night. We hope you’ll sing ________.[A] more better[B] still better[C] nicely(B)[D] best6. Those people ________ a general understanding of the present situation.[A] lack of[B] are lacking of[C] lack(C)[D] are in lack7. Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt ________ lonely.[A] nothing but[B] anything but[C] all but(B)[D] everything but8. Grace ________ tears when she heard the sad news.[A] broke in[B] broke into[C] broke off(B)[D] broke through9. She refused to ________ the car keys to her husband until he had promised to wear his safety belt.[A] hand in[B] hand out[C] hand down(D)[D] hand over10. Michael found it difficult to get his British jokes ________ to American audiences.[A] around[B] over[C] across(C)[D] down11. The book contained a large ________ of information.[A] deal[B] amount[C] number(B)[D] sum12. Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable ________ to the total cost of the product.[A] proportion[B] correlation[C] connection(A)[D] correspondence13. When she saw the clouds she went back to the house to ________ her umbrella.[A] carry[B] fetch[C] bring(B)[D] reach14. We must ________ that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.[A] assure[B] secure[C] ensure(C)[D] issue15. He was knocked down by a car and badly ________.[A] injured[B] damaged[C] harmed(A)[D] ruinedSection II Reading ComprehensionEach of the three passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)Text 1In May 1989, space shuttle “Atlantis” released in outer space the space probe “Megallan,” which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus.A new phase in space exploration has begun.The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth; it is the only other object in the solar system, in fact, that even comes close to earth’s size. Venus has a similar density, so it is probably made of approximately the same stuff, and it has an atmosphere, complete with clouds. It is also the closest planet to earth, and thus the most similar in distance from the sun. In short, Venus seems to justify its long-held nickname of “earth’s twin.”The surface temperature of Venus reaches some 900F. Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about 90 times Earth’s: High overhead in the carbon dioxide (CO2) that passes for air is a layer of clouds, perhaps 10 to 20 miles thick, whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Water is all but nonexistent.Born with so many fundamental similarities to earth, how did Venus get to be so radically different: It is not just an academic matter. For all its extremes, Venus is a valuable laboratory for researchers studying the weather and climate of earth. It has no earth’s oceans, so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified. In addition, the planet Venus takes 243 earth-days to turn once on its axis, so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely, observable pace.16. Venus is similar to Earth in ________.[A] size and density[B] distance from the sun[C] having atmosphere(D)[D] all of the above17. The greatest value in studying Venus should be to ________.[A] allow us to visit there[B] understand Earth better[C] find a new source of energy(B)[D] promote a new space program18. The main idea of this passage is about ________.[A] problems of space travel[B] scientific methods in space exploration[C] the importance of Venus to Earth(C)[D] conditions on VenusText 2Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one ofRome’s main avenues.Italy’s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been even more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through centralRome.Shouting slogans, waving flags and dancing to drumbeats, the women had come to the capital from all overItalyto demonstrate for “a job for each of us, a different type of job, and a society without violence.” So far, action to improve women’s opportunities in employment has been the province of collective industrial bargaining. “But there is a growing awareness that this is not enough,” says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for the Development of Professional Training for Workers.Women, who constitute 52 per cent ofItaly’s population, today represent only 35 per cent ofItaly’s total workforce and 33 per cent of the total number of Italians with jobs. However, their presence in the workplace is growing. The employment of women is expanding considerably in services, next to the public administration and commerce as their principal workplace. Official statistics also show that women have also made significant strides in self-employment. More and more women are going into business for themselves. Many young women are turning to business because of thegrowing overall in employment. It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared, so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman.Such changes are occurring in the professions too. The number of women doctors, dentists, lawyers, engineers and university professors increased two to three fold. Some of the changes are immediately visible. For example, women have appeared on the scene for the first time as state police, railway workers and street cleaners.However, the present situation is far from satisfactory though some progress has been made. A breakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demanded.19. The expression “snake through centralRome” probably means “to move ________[A] quietly through centralRome.”[B] violently through centralRome.”[C] in a long winding line through centralRome.”(C)[D] at a leisurely pace through centralRome.”20. Which of the following statements is NOT true?[A] There are more women than men inItaly.[B] InItaly, women are chiefly employed in services.[C] InItaly, women are still at a disadvantage in employment.(B)[D] InItaly, about two-thirds of the jobs are held by men.21. About 200,000 women inRomedemonstrated for ________.[A] more job opportunities[B] a greater variety of jobs[C] “equal job, equal pay”(D)[D] both A and B22. The best title for this passage would be ________.[A] The Role of Women is Society[B] Women Demonstrate for Equality in Employment[C] Women as Self-employed Professionals(B)[D] Women and the Jobs MarketText 3The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years, and, therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness is unfounded. As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults.To find this out, l, 500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results:On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally. 84 per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives.About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors. A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate. Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations.The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents.In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth.In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality.23. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years is ________.[A] true in all senses[B] refuted by the author[C] medically proven(B)[D] a belief of the author24. The survey of bright children was made to ________.[A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults[B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years[C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted(A)[D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out25. Intelligence tests showed that ________.[A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy[B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence[C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults(C)[D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scoresSection III Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the whole passage before making your choice. (10 points)No one knows for sure what the world would be like in the year 2001. Many books have been written the future. But the 19th-century French novelist Jules Verne may be called a futurologist in the fullest of the word. In his fantastic novels “A Trip to the Moon” and “80 Days Around the World,” he described with detail the aeroplane and even the helicopter. These novels still have a great attraction young readers of today because of their bold imagination and scientific accuracy.Below is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a writer.In 2001, in the home, cookers will be set so that you can cook a complete meal at the touch of a switch.Television will provide information on prices at the shops as well as news and entertainment. Videophones will bring pictures as well as to telephone conversations.Machines will control temperature, lighting, entertainment, security alarms, laundry and gardening.Lighting will provide decoration as well as wallpaper.At work, robots will take most jobs in the manufacturing industries. Working hours will fall to under 30 hours a week. Holidays will get longer; six weeks will be the normal annual holiday. Men and women will retire at the same age.Our leisure will be different too. The home will become the center of entertainment through television and electronic games. More people will eat out in restaurants they do today; also they will have a much wider variety of food available. There will be a change of taste towards a more savoury-flavored menu. New synthetic foods will form a part of people’s diets.Foreign travel will ; winter holidays will become more popular than summer ones.Also non-stop flights fromBritaintoAustraliaandNew Zealandwill be easily available and much cheaper. Education will become increasingly more important than ever before.26. [A] in[B] of[C] about(C)[D] for27. [A] sense[B] meaning[C] detail(A)[D] implication28. [A] for[B] of[C] on(A)[D] towards29. [A] today[B] nowadays[C] present-day(C)[D] present30. [A] near[B] nearby[C] nearly(B)[D] nearer31. [A] noise[B] sound[C] tone(B)[D] tune32. [A] to[B] away[C] off(D)[D] over33. [A] than[B] as[C] when(A)[D] while34. [A] usual[B] popular[C] daily(D)[D] regular35. [A] add[B] increase[C] raise(B)[D] ariseSection IV Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:You have to hurry up if you want to buy something hardly .ANSWER: [C] anything36. Alicewas trouble the children because there so of them.([B] controlling)37. We were very much that village was long way the road.([C] such a)38. John’s chance of the committee is greater than .([D] Dick’s)39. “We great victory our ,” the captain said.([C] over)40. There are which the public are willing , but which a return to the community.([C] do not bring)41. The law I am requires that who a car accident insurance.([A] referring to)42. “I considered to be invited to the meeting of scientists,” said Professor Leacock.([B] an honor)43. He somebody into the house the window last night.([A] saw)44. The reason all changes to us yet.([D] has not been explained)45. the children pretended , the nurses were not they came into the room.([B] to be asleep)Section V Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the brackets. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new president ________ (appointed) for this college.ANSWER: (should) be appointed46. Buying clothes ________ (be) very time-consuming as you rarely find things that fit you nicely.(is)47. They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative ________ (send) to the conference on schedule.((should) be sent)48. I must call your attention to the directions. Read them carefully and act as ________ (instruct).(instructed)49. Emma said in her letter that she would appreciate ________ (hear) from you soon.(hearing)50. I ________ (call) to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.(should have called)51. If Greg had tried harder to reach the opposite shore, we ________ (not have) to pick him up in the boat.(would not have had)52. After twenty years abroad, William came back only ________ (find) his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake.(to find)53. The lecture ________ (begin), he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.(having begun)54. The children were surprised when the teacher had them ________ (close) their books unexpectedly.(close)55. A new road will be built here, and therefore a number of existing houses ________ (have to destroy).(will have to be destroyed)Section VI Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English (15 points)56. 你应该仔细核对全部资料,以避免严重错误。

15分钟之内搞定考研英语阅读B

15分钟之内搞定考研英语阅读B

15分钟之内搞定阅读B首先要弄清楚阅读B和阅读A的不同之处:阅读A的重点在于准确理解,相比之下B部分更侧重的是对文章的结构的把握。

弄清楚这一点是至关重要的,因为这种本质性的差异使得作A、B两部分的方法大相径庭!步骤一:速读文章(4-5分钟之内),找出中心论点和各段主旨,重点注意blank出的上下文并简单猜测一下此处大概内容。

这一步看似简单,其实其中有很多技巧。

读和读不一样,比如你看我这篇帖子和看报纸上的新闻时候都在读,但侧重点不一样。

现在你是在精读,看报纸是浏览罢了。

但要注意的是,读阅B的时候不能用看报纸一样的那种浏览来速读,而应该始终记得自己的目的:观察文章结构!比如:第一段提出现象,第二段提出相关评论和作者论点,第三段给正例,第四段给反例,最后一个结论。

当然,我举这个例子太俗,也没什么代表性,我只是为了说明一种文章内部一定有某种结构。

限于时间和条件我就不举具体的例子来说明了。

各位可以多练习一下,每次读都要在头脑中替作者构思该怎样写,怎样衔接,怎样才能更有说服力,渐渐的你就可以在很短的时间里迅速掌握文章的结构了。

这里有一点要特别注意:千万别被作者把你的思路带进文章里面。

举个简单的例子,比如某篇文章讲如何才能获取女孩子的芳心(我假设的),至今仍然没有女朋友的你(当然也是假设的)可能对这个话题就很感兴趣,对其中的细节若有所悟,文章所要传达的内容基本都被你吸收了。

如果这是阅读A的文章,你就赚到了,回答问题可能也很轻松;可若是阅读B的文章,你就倒霉了,津津有味的读了半天,结果结构上的特点一点没领会。

明白我的意思了没?步骤二:从A到G仔细的看每一个选项,看一个确定一个,并对不能确定的选项作简单标记(4-5分钟)。

有了步骤一的基础,你可能很容易便能确定某选项的位置了,甚至没看到这个选项的时候你大概已经想到这个选项应该是这个样子的(这种几率很小),也可能对某几个还有些犹豫。

不要紧,还有时间,继续下一步。

步骤三:仔细观察文章blank处的上下文的每一个细节(连词、特定名词etc),回到选项群按细节排查(4-5分钟)。

考研英语试题及答案解析(1986年-2012年)

考研英语试题及答案解析(1986年-2012年)

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Ev erybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psycho logy.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread throughnetworks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engine ered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate vo ted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. Thelegal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits o f states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s repu tation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, nowbecomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex socialstructure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a disco very claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were i n their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s bud get is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem forAmerica.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s a ttitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encouragethoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. N ewton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A fewgenerative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)2011年考研英语一试题及参考答案SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher viewed laughter as “a bolidy eercise preicious to heath.”But 1 some claims to the contrary ,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consummption ,But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the ,say,walking ot jogging does6 ,instead of straining muscles to bulid them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies downSuch bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway, the act og laughing probably does 11 one classical theory of emtion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of 19th centry that humens do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begins to flowAlthiugh sadness also 14 tears ,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experimemt published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wiirzburg in Germany。

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1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C]and[D. Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage. Read the whole passage before making your choices. (10 points)①On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market. ②For an hour or 1 she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and 2 a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had. ③And then, with all the things she needed 3 she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour 4 she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows.④One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look 5 without feeling they had to buy something. ⑤Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped 6 before a green armchair. ⑥There was a card on the chair which said: “This fine chair is yours 7 less than a pound a week,”and very small at the bottom, “Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.”⑦A pound a week... 8 , she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it! ⑧A voice at her shoulder made her 9 . “Can I help you, Madam?”⑨She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her 10 .⑩“Oh, well, no,”she said. “I was just looking.”○11“We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom. If you’ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.”12Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need, left ○the shop hurriedly. [276 words]1. [A]so [B]more [C]else [D]another2. [A]taking [B]making [C]fixing [D]keeping3. [A]buy [B]bought [C]buying [D]to have bought4. [A]in a way [B]by the way [C]in the way [D]on the way5. [A]behind [B]round [C]back [D]on6. [A]doubted [B]wondered [C]puzzled [D]delighted7. [A]at [B]for [C]with [D]in8. [A]Why [B]When [C]How [D]What9. [A]jump [B]leap [C]laugh [D]wonder10.[A]place [B]back [C]side [D]front一、文章结构分析本文记叙了一位女士一次购物的经历。

第一段总述文中主人公Annie每周三下午都进城购物。

二至四段具体讲述了她某一次的购物经历。

二、试题具体分析1. [A]so这么,那么[B]more更多[C]else其他的,别的[D]another另外一个本题考核的知识点是:固定搭配+副词用法。

[快速解题]空格所在部分For an hour or 1 是句子的时间状语,考生要判断选项中哪个副词代入能符合这一结构并使文意通顺。

…or so是固定搭配,用在数字之后,表示“…左右,…上下”,for an hour or so指“一个小时左右”,说明了时间,符合文意。

因此选[A]so。

[篇章分析]文章第①句总说,交待人物(Annie)、时间(每周三下午)、地点(城镇)、活动内容(购物)。

②③具体讲述活动内容:首先购买所需物品(②句),然后到家具店“橱窗购物”(③句)。

句间通过On Wednesday afternoons—For an hour or so—And then—another hour时间链条,in the market—up and down between the stalls—(leave the market)for the streets —furniture shop地点链条实现衔接。

[空格设置]此处考查so用作副词的一个惯用语…or so,表示约指,例句:There were 20 people or so there.那儿差不多有20个人。

[干扰项设置]其他项都是常用的副词。

else用于疑问句或nothing,something,everybody 等之后,如:What else did he say?他还说了些什么?or else意为“要不然,否则”,是连词词组,引导句子,如:Hurry up or else you‟ll be late.快点,否则你就要迟到了。

2. [A]taking [B]making [C]fixing [D]keeping本题考核的知识点是:固定搭配。

[快速解题]空格处填入的现在分词其宾语为a sharp lookout for,与上文两个分词短语looking at…, buying…并列,都是句子谓语动词的伴随状语,共同描述人物的购物行为。

lookout来自动词短语look out(留心寻觅;当心,提防),指“观察所,瞭望台(人员)”,keep a lookout (for sb/sth)为固定短语,意为“注意,留心”,它代入文中,指“敏锐地留意有时会出售的便宜货”,符合文意,因此选[D]keeping。

[篇章分析]②句较长,主干为she would walk,副词短语up and down(来回地)与介词短语between the stalls(穿梭于售货摊之间)都是walk的状语,分别表示方式与地点;looking…,buying…and keeping…三个并列的分词短语是walk…stalls的伴随动作。

其中在keeping…分词短语中又含有一个that引导的定语从句修饰bargains。

[空格设置]本题考查动词短语,其中中心动词keep与宾语lookout都可设空。

例句:The public should keep a lookout for symptoms of the disease.公众应当留心这种疾病的症状。

[干扰项设置]其他项都是常用的简单动词,但不符合搭配。

3. [A]buy [B]bought [C]buying [D]to have bought本题考核的知识点是:独立结构。

[快速解题]空格所在部分是“with+逻辑主语(all the things she needed)+__3__”独立结构,在句中做状语,其中she needed是省略了关系代词that的定语从句,后置修饰things,即“她需要的所有东西”。

[A]buy是原形动词,不用于独立结构中。

[D]to have bought 是不定式的完成式,用在这里不符合文意。

[B]bought和[C]buying分别为过去分词和现在分词,由于things与buy是被动的逻辑关系,因此选[B],即“她需要的所有东西都(被)买好之后”。

[篇章分析]③句主干是she would leave the market for the streets of the town,句首with…独立结构表示时间,to spend…不定式短语做目的状语。

leave…for…表示“离开(某地)去……”。

[空格设置]本题考查由介词with引导的独立结构。

其中逻辑主语all the things和过去分词bought之间为一个省略了关系代词的定语从句she needed,构成解答本题的最大障碍。

[干扰项设置]其他项都设置为动词buy的不同形式,需要考生理清句子结构作出判断。

4. [A]in a way在某种程度上,不完全地[B]by the way顺便提一下,问一句[C]in the way(…)以……的方式[D]on the way即将去(或来);在路途中本题考核的知识点是:固定搭配辨析。

[快速解题]由选项可知,空格处填入一个以way为中心名词的介词短语。

根据文意,只有in the way代入文中文意通顺,即“以她最喜欢的方式再度过一小时”,因此选[C]。

[篇章分析]空格部分in a way…是to spend的方式状语,其中she liked best是省略关系代词that的定语从句,后置修饰way。

冒号后的现在分词短语looking in…为the way的同位语,解释说明她再度过一小时的方式。

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