R初学者[手册]

R for Beginners

Chinese Edition0.1

Emmanuel Paradis

Institut des Sciences de l’′Evolution

Universit′e Montpellier II

F-34095Montpellier c′e dex05

France

E-mail:paradis@isem.univ-montp2.fr

Co-translated by:XF Wang,YH Xie,JT Li and GH Ding

“R for beginners”R

20022005

Emmanuel Paradis L A T E X

Chap1–2:Chap3:Chap4: Chap5–7:

pwxf@https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,

20063

c 2002,2005,Emmanuel Paradis

Permission is granted to make and distribute copies,either in part or in full and in any language,of this document on any support provided the above copyright notice is included in all copies.Permission is granted to translate this document,either in part or in full,in any language provided the above copyright notice is included.

11

23

2.1 (3)

2.2 (5)

2.3 (7)

3R9

3.1 (9)

3.2 (11)

3.3 (14)

3.4 (15)

3.4.1 (15)

3.4.2 (18)

3.5 (19)

3.5.1 (19)

3.5.2 (24)

3.5.3 (26)

3.5.4 (27)

3.5.5 (30)

3.5.6 (32)

3.5.7 (32)

3.5.8 (34)

4R37

4.1 (37)

4.1.1 (37)

4.1.2 (38)

4.2 (41)

4.3 (42)

4.4 (44)

4.5 (45)

4.6grid lattice (49)

5R56

5.1 (56)

5.2 (57)

5.3 (59)

5.4 (62)

6R65

6.1 (65)

6.2R (67)

6.3 (68)

7R71

1

R.

R R

R Ross Ihaka Robert Gentleman1R AT&T

S1R

S Insightful2S-PLUS R S

Ihaka& Gentleman(1996)R-FAQ3R

R GNU General Public Licence4

R R Development Core Team

R Unix Linux

(C Fortran)Windows,Linux Macintosh

Comprehensive R Archive Network(CRAN)5Linux

Linux CRAN

R

(jpg,png,bmp,ps, pdf,emf,pictex,x?g;)

(P-)

R

R

S6,R

R R

R

“object”

1Ihaka R.&Gentleman R.1996.R:a language for data analysis and graphics.Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics5:299–314.

2https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,/products/splus/default.asp

3https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,/doc/F AQ/R-F AQ.html

4For more information:https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,/

5https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,/

6For example:https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,/S/

1

20 R

20

R

2

2

R

R‘>’Windows Rgui.exe(

...)

R

R

(“assign”)(object)

.R

2.1

R

R

(C Fortan,Pascal,...)

R lm(y~x)“x y”R

(,ls())

R

(object) R(objects)

()functions()

(p.26). R

arguments?→options?→

function

↑

default arguments

=?result

(argument)(...) R

3

R

R

(p.68)

R

,

(Fig.1)

(

)

functions and operators ?

“data”objects

?

6 )X X

X X X

X X

z “results”objects

.../library/base/

/stast//graphics/

...

library of functions

data

?les

-

internet

PS

JPEG

...

keyboard mouse

-commands

screen

Active memory Hard disk

Figure 1:R

.

R

(library)

,

R HOME/library

(R HOME R

)

(packages )

base

R

R

R

(

base

R HOME/library/base/R/base)R

n

10

>n [1]10

1

n

4

print,print(n)(

print)

(A–Z a–z),

(0–9)(.)().R x X

(Windows)

2.2

R(“assign”)

:

>n<-15

>n

[1]15

>5->n

>n

[1]5

>x<-1

>X<-10

>x

[1]1

>X

[1]10

(

)R

>n<-10+2

>n

[1]12

>n<-3+rnorm(1)

>n

[1]2.208807

rnorm(1)01

(p.18)

:

5

>(10+2)*5

[1]60

ls:

>name<-"Carmen";n1<-10;n2<-100;m<-0.5

>ls()

[1]"m""n1""n2""name"

R

pattern( pat)):

>ls(pat="m")

[1]"m""name"

:

>ls(pat="^m")

[1]"m"

ls.str():

>ls.str()

m:num0.5n1:num10n2:num100name:chr"Carmen"

pattern ls.str

max.level,

ls.str

max.level=-1

>M<-data.frame(n1,n2,m)

>ls.str(pat="M")

M:‘data.frame’:1obs.of3variables:

$n1:num10

$n2:num100

$m:num0.5

>ls.str(pat="M",max.level=-1)

M:‘data.frame’:1obs.of3variables:

rm:rm(x)x, rm(x,y)x y rm(list=ls())

.ls()rm

:rm(list=ls(pat="^m"))

6

2.3

R

>?lm

lm()()help(lm)help("lm")

>?*

Error:syntax error

>help("*")

Arithmetic package:base R Documentation Arithmetic Operators...

()

(package)

Description:brief description.

Usage:for a function,gives the name with all its arguments and the possible options(with the corresponding default values);for an operator gives

the typical use.

Arguments:for a function,details each of its arguments.

Details:detailed description.

Value:if applicable,the type of object returned by the function or the oper-ator.

See Also:other help pages close or similar to the present one.

Examples:some examples which can generally be executed without opening the help with the function example.

Examples

Arguments

Note,References Author(s)

help try.all.package FALSE,TRUE

7

>help("bs")

No documentation for’bs’in specified packages and libraries: you could try’help.search("bs")’

>help("bs",try.all.packages=TRUE)

Help for topic’bs’is not in any loaded package

but can be found in the following packages:

Package Library

splines/usr/lib/R/library

bs

package

:

>help("bs",package="splines")

bs package:splines R Documentation B-Spline Basis for Polynomial Splines

Description:

Generate the B-spline basis matrix for a polynomial spline. ...

Html

>help.start()

html See Also

R help.search

help.search("tree")

“tree”

help.search rebuild(e.g., help.search("tree",rebuild=TRUE))

apropos

>apropos(help)

[1]"help"".helpForCall""help.search"

[4]"help.start"

8

3R

3.1

R

{1,2,3}

R

7(FALSE TRUE)

mode length

>x<-1

>mode(x)

[1]"numeric"

>length(x)

[1]1

>A<-"Gomphotherium";compar<-TRUE;z<-1i

>mode(A);mode(compar);mode(z)

[1]"character"

[1]"logical"

[1]"complex"

NA()

>N<-2.1e23

>N

[1]2.1e+23

R Inf-Inf±∞NaN( )

7

9

>x<-5/0

>x

[1]Inf

>exp(x)

[1]Inf

>exp(-x)

[1]0

>x-x

[1]NaN

"

\\"cat write.table(p.14,qmethod)

>x<-"Double quotes\"delimitate R’s strings."

>x

[1]"Double quotes\"delimitate R’s strings."

>cat(x)

Double quotes"delimitate R’s strings.

(’)

>x<-’Double quotes"delimitate R\’s strings.’

>x

[1]"Double quotes\"delimitate R’s strings."

(ts)

...

10

k k=2 ts

dim22dim [2,2]4

3.2

R

getwd()()setwd("C:/data") setwd("/home/-paradis/R")

8

R ASCII read.table ()scan read.fwf R

(Excel,SAS,SPSS,...)SQL

R

ASCII

read.table

data.dat

>mydata<-read.table("data.dat")

mydata

V1,V2,...mydata$V1, mydata$V2,...,mydata["V1"],mydata["V2"],...,

mydata[,1],mydata[,2],...9(

R)

read.table(file,header=FALSE,sep="",quote="\"’",dec=".", https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s,https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s,as.is=FALSE,na.strings="NA",

colClasses=NA,nrows=-1,

skip=0,https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s=TRUE,fill=!blank.lines.skip, 8Windows Rgui.exe

R

9mydata$V1mydata[,1]

mydata["V1"](p.19)

11

strip.white=FALSE,blank.lines.skip=TRUE,

comment.char="#")

file""

Windows\

URL http://...URL

header(FALSE or TRUE)

sep sep="\t"

quote

dec

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s

(1,2,3,...)

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s(V1,V2,V3,...)

as.is(FALSE)

TRUE as.is

na.strings(NA)

colClasses

nrows()

skip

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s TRUE R

fill TRUE

strip.white sep TRUE

blank.lines.skip TRUE

comment.char

comment.char=""

read.table

read.csv(file,header=TRUE,sep=",",quote="\"",dec=".", fill=TRUE,...)

read.csv2(file,header=TRUE,sep=";",quote="\"",dec=",", fill=TRUE,...)

read.delim(file,header=TRUE,sep="\t",quote="\"",dec=".", fill=TRUE,...)

read.delim2(file,header=TRUE,sep="\t",quote="\"",dec=",", fill=TRUE,...)

scan read.table

12

>mydata<-scan("data.dat",what=list("",0,0))

data.dat

scan()

...mydata

what scan()

scan(file="",what=double(0),nmax=-1,n=-1,sep="", quote=if(sep=="\n")""else"’\"",dec=".",

skip=0,nlines=0,na.strings="NA",

flush=FALSE,fill=FALSE,strip.white=FALSE,quiet=FALSE, blank.lines.skip=TRUE,multi.line=TRUE,comment.char="")

file(""),\

/,Windows URL

http://...?le=””

what

nmax what nmax

scan

n()

sep

quote

dec

skip

nlines

na.string NA

flush TRUE scan

fill TRUE

strip.white sep TRUE

quiet TRUE scan

blank.lines.skip TRUE

multi.line what FALSE

comment.char character

read.fwf

13

read.fwf(file,widths,sep="\t",as.is=FALSE,

skip=0,https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s,https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s,n=-1,...)

widths read.table() data.txt A1.501.2 A1.551.3 B1.601.4 B1.651.5 C1.701.6 C1.751.7

>mydata<-read.fwf("data.txt",widths=c(1,4,3))

>mydata

V1V2V3

1A1.501.2

2A1.551.3

3B1.601.4

4B1.651.5

5C1.701.6

6C1.751.7

3.3

write.table

...

write.table(x,file="",append=FALSE,quote=TRUE,sep="", eol="\n",na="NA",dec=".",https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s=TRUE,

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s=TRUE,qmethod=c("escape","double"))

14

x

file

append TRUE

quote TRUE

""quote""(

""quote=FALSE)

sep

eol("\n")

na

dec

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c16413357.html,s

qmethod quote=TRUE"

"escape"("e")"\""d"

"""

write(x,

file="data.txt"),x

nc(ncol)

x nc=1nc=5 append TRUE

FALSE

save(x,y,z,

file="xyz.RData")ASCII TRUE

R load("xyz. RData")save.image()save(list=ls(all=TRUE), file=".RData")

3.4

3.4.1

130

>x<-1:30

x30‘:’

>1:10-1

[1]0123456789

>1:(10-1)

[1]123456789

15

seq

>seq(1,5,0.5)

[1]1.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0

>seq(length=9,from=1,to=5)

[1]1.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0

c

>c(1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4,4.5,5)

[1]1.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0

scan

>z<-scan()

1:1.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0

10:

Read9items

>z

[1]1.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0

rep

>rep(1,30)

[1]111111111111111111111111111111

sequence

>sequence(4:5)

[1]123412345

>sequence(c(10,5))

[1]1234567891012345

gl(/)

gl(k,n)k n

length

labels

16