Auditory and Visual Feedback During Eye Typing
关于游戏给出建议英语小作文
关于游戏给出建议英语小作文Games have become an integral part of our daily lives, providing entertainment, relaxation, and even educational benefits. As technology continues to advance, the gaming industry has evolved rapidly, offering a vast array of games catering to different preferences and age groups. However, with the increasing popularity of games, it is crucial to consider the potential impact they can have on individuals and society. In this essay, I will provide suggestions to enhance the gaming experience and address the concerns surrounding the use of games.Firstly, it is essential to promote a balanced approach to gaming. While games can be a source of enjoyment and stress relief, excessive or unhealthy gaming habits can lead to negative consequences, such as social isolation, addiction, and neglect of other important aspects of life. To address this, game developers and publishers should incorporate features that encourage moderation and self-regulation. This could include built-in time management tools, parental controls, and notifications to remind players to take breaks.Furthermore, game designers should prioritize the development of games that foster positive social interactions and encourage collaboration. Multiplayer games that require teamwork and communication can help players develop essential social skills, such as problem-solving, empathy, and conflict resolution. By creating games that promote healthy social connections, individuals can enjoy the gaming experience while also building meaningful relationships with others.Another important consideration is the content and themes within games. While some games may contain violence, explicit content, or harmful stereotypes, game developers should strive to create more diverse and inclusive gaming experiences. This can be achieved by incorporating narratives that challenge biases, feature underrepresented characters, and promote positive values such as kindness, resilience, and environmental stewardship. By doing so, games can become a powerful medium for promoting social awareness and personal growth.Additionally, game developers should prioritize the accessibility of their products. Individuals with disabilities or special needs should be able to fully engage with and enjoy the gaming experience. This can be accomplished by incorporating features such as customizable controls, text-to-speech options, and visual and auditory cues thatcater to a wide range of abilities. By ensuring that games are accessible to all, the gaming industry can foster a more inclusive and diverse community.Furthermore, the educational potential of games should be further explored and utilized. Many games, particularly those focused on problem-solving, strategy, and critical thinking, can be valuable learning tools. Game developers can collaborate with educators to create games that align with academic curricula and promote the development of essential skills, such as critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving. By integrating games into the educational system, students can engage in interactive and immersive learning experiences that complement traditional teaching methods.Another important aspect to consider is the environmental impact of the gaming industry. As the demand for gaming hardware and software continues to grow, it is crucial for game developers and manufacturers to adopt sustainable practices. This can include the use of energy-efficient hardware, the implementation of recycling programs for electronic waste, and the promotion of digital distribution over physical media to reduce the carbon footprint of the industry.Finally, the gaming community itself plays a crucial role in shaping the future of the industry. Gamers should be encouraged to provideconstructive feedback and engage in discussions about the direction of the gaming landscape. This feedback can help game developers and publishers make informed decisions that address the needs and concerns of the gaming community. Additionally, gamers should be encouraged to foster a positive and inclusive gaming culture, where toxicity, harassment, and discrimination are not tolerated.In conclusion, the gaming industry has immense potential to enrich our lives and contribute to personal and societal growth. By implementing the suggestions outlined in this essay, game developers, publishers, and the gaming community can work together to create a more balanced, inclusive, and sustainable gaming ecosystem. Through the development of games that promote positive social interactions, educational value, and environmental responsibility, the gaming industry can become a powerful force for good, shaping the way we engage with and experience the digital world.。
声音与画面英语作文
声音与画面英语作文Title: The Synchronization of Sound and Image。
In the realm of audiovisual media, the harmony between sound and image is paramount. The marriage of these two elements not only enhances the viewing experience but also profoundly impacts our emotions, perceptions, and understanding of the content. This essay delves into the significance of synchronizing sound and image in various forms of media, exploring how they complement and elevate each other to create a more immersive and compelling narrative.Firstly, let us consider the realm of cinema. In theart of filmmaking, sound and image work hand in hand to convey the director's vision and evoke specific emotional responses from the audience. Imagine a suspenseful scene in a thriller movie: the tension builds as the protagonist cautiously navigates a dimly lit corridor. The eerie soundtrack, comprising of ominous tones and suspensefulmelodies, amplifies the feeling of unease, heightening the audience's anticipation for what might unfold. Without synchronized sound, the scene would lose much of its impact, leaving viewers with a less immersive and engaging experience.Moreover, sound serves as a powerful tool for character development and world-building in visual storytelling. Take, for instance, the distinctive sound effects associated with iconic movie characters like Darth Vader's ominousbreathing in "Star Wars" or the revving engines of the Batmobile in "Batman." These auditory cues not only help to distinguish characters but also contribute to the overall atmosphere of the fictional universe, enriching theaudience's connection to the narrative.Beyond the realm of cinema, the synchronization ofsound and image plays a crucial role in other forms ofvisual media, such as video games and advertising. In video games, immersive sound design enhances gameplay byproviding auditory feedback that informs players of their surroundings, alerts them to potential dangers, andheightens the excitement of key moments. For example, in a survival horror game, the sound of footsteps echoing in an abandoned hallway can instill a sense of dread and urgency, prompting players to proceed with caution.Similarly, in the realm of advertising, the strategic use of sound can significantly impact consumer perceptions and purchasing behavior. Research has shown that auditory cues, such as jingles or catchy sound effects, can enhance brand recall and influence consumer preferences. For instance, the iconic "Intel Inside" jingle has become synonymous with quality and innovation in the realm of computer technology, thanks to its effective synchronization with visual branding efforts.In conclusion, the synchronization of sound and image is a fundamental aspect of audiovisual media that significantly enhances the viewer's experience across various platforms. Whether in cinema, video games, or advertising, the harmonious integration of sound and image elevates storytelling, evokes emotional responses, and fosters deeper engagement with the content. As technologycontinues to advance, the potential for creativeexploration in this field is boundless, promising new and exciting possibilities for immersive multimedia experiences.。
英语二2018text3难度 -回复
英语二2018text3难度-回复Main topic: The Impact of Technology on EducationIntroduction (100-150 words):Technology has transformed various aspects of our lives, including education. In recent years, the integration of technology into classrooms has become a pivotal topic. While some argue that technology detracts from the traditional learning experience, others contend that it enhances students' abilities to learn and engage with complex subjects. This article aims to explore the impact of technology on education, examining its benefits, challenges, and potential future developments.Paragraph 1 (200-250 words):One of the primary advantages of technology in education is the ability to access a vast range of information. With the advent of the internet, students can now search and retrieve information on any subject within seconds. This significantly expands the educational landscape and provides students with opportunities to explore subjects beyond what is covered in their textbooks. Additionally, technology helps to bridge the gap between different learning styles. Traditional classrooms often cater to auditory and visuallearners, neglecting the needs of kinesthetic and tactile learners. However, with the assistance of technology, students can engage in interactive learning experiences through virtual simulations or hands-on activities. These personalized learning experiences improve retention and comprehension for students with diverse learning preferences.Paragraph 2 (200-250 words):Furthermore, technology has also revolutionized the way students collaborate and communicate with each other and their teachers. Online platforms such as discussion forums or video conferencing tools allow students to connect and exchange ideas beyond the confines of the physical classroom. This opens up new avenues for cooperation, enabling students to work together on projects, share resources, and seek support from their peers. Moreover, teachers can provide instant feedback to students using online assessment tools, promoting a continuous learning process. This integration of technology encourages student-centered approaches to education, where students take ownership of their learning and develop valuable skills such as critical thinking and problem-solving.Paragraph 3 (200-250 words):Despite its numerous benefits, the integration of technology in education also poses challenges. One major concern is the digital divide. While technology has become increasingly accessible, there are still disparities in access to reliable internet connections and devices in certain communities or developing countries. This inequity can jeopardize equal opportunities for education and hinder the progress of students who lack necessary resources. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential distractions technology may present in the classroom. Students may be tempted to browse unrelated websites or engage innon-educational activities, reducing their focus and impeding their learning progress. Striking a balance between utilizing technology as an educational tool and managing potential distractions is crucial for effective teaching.Conclusion (150-200 words):In conclusion, the impact of technology on education is undeniable. It has transformed the way students learn, collaborate, and communicate. The access to vast amounts of information, personalized learning experiences, and enhanced communication channels have all contributed to improved educational outcomes.However, it is important to recognize and address the challenges posed by the digital divide and potential distractions. As technology continues to advance rapidly, it is imperative for educators and policymakers to carefully navigate its integration into educational settings. By doing so, we can harness the full potential of technology to empower students and create a more inclusive and engaging learning environment for all.。
智能芯片到脑子里去,英语作文
智能芯片到脑子里去,英语作文The Next Frontier: Neurobionics and the Integration of Intelligent Chips in the Human Brain.The human brain, a marvel of biological complexity, has captivated the imaginations of scientists, philosophers, and dreamers throughout history. Its intricate network of neurons, billions upon billions in number, orchestrates the symphony of our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. For centuries, we have sought to understand the secrets thatlie within its unfathomable depths.In recent decades, technological advancements have propelled us to the cusp of a remarkable era in neuroscience. The advent of neurobionics, a field that seamlessly blends neurology with cutting-edge engineering, has opened up unprecedented possibilities for enhancing human capabilities and alleviating neurological ailments. A particularly captivating prospect within this realm is the integration of intelligent chips directly into the humanbrain.Envision a scenario where a minuscule, yet potent, microchip is implanted into the brain. This chip, equipped with sophisticated algorithms and advanced connectivity, would possess the remarkable ability to monitor neural activity in real-time, analyze patterns, and respond with targeted interventions. Such a device could revolutionize our approaches to a wide spectrum of neurological conditions.One such condition, epilepsy, characterized by recurrent seizures, affects millions worldwide. Current treatment modalities, often involving anticonvulsant medications, can be challenging to manage and may come with undesirable side effects. The integration of intelligent chips could provide a more effective and personalized approach. By monitoring brain activity continuously, the chip could detect the onset of seizures and deliver precisely timed electrical impulses or pharmacological interventions to prevent or mitigate them.Similarly, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's could potentially benefit from this technology. These debilitating conditions arise from the progressive loss of neurons, leading to cognitive impairment, movement disorders, and a decline in overall quality of life. Intelligent chips could be employed to compensate for neuronal loss by stimulating specific brain areas or intervening to slow down disease progression.The potential applications of intelligent chips in the human brain extend far beyond the realm of clinical medicine. As our understanding of neural circuits continues to expand, the possibility of augmenting human cognition and sensory perception becomes tantalizingly close. By enhancing neural processing and providing real-time feedback, chips could facilitate accelerated learning, improved memory function, and heightened sensory acuity.For instance, individuals with visual impairments could benefit from chips that amplify neural signals in thevisual cortex, enhancing their ability to perceive objects and navigate their surroundings. Similarly, chips implantedin the auditory cortex could restore hearing in those with hearing loss.The integration of intelligent chips into the human brain also presents a path towards a deeper understanding of ourselves. By providing a window into the intricate workings of the mind, chips could facilitate real-time analysis of neural activity, shedding light on the neural underpinnings of consciousness, decision-making, and emotional experiences.However, it is crucial to acknowledge that the pursuit of neurobionics comes with a myriad of ethical, social, and safety considerations that must be carefully weighed. The implantation of foreign devices into the human body raises concerns about potential risks and long-term complications. Ethical guidelines must be established to ensure that neurobionics is employed for the benefit of humanity, not to the detriment of individuals or society.As we navigate the uncharted waters of neurobionics, international collaboration and interdisciplinary researchwill be paramount. Scientists, engineers, ethicists, and policymakers must work hand-in-hand to establish clear frameworks for the responsible development and clinical application of intelligent chips in the human brain.The integration of intelligent chips into the human brain holds the promise of transformative advancements in healthcare, human enhancement, and our understanding of the human condition. By embracing a thoughtful and inclusive approach, we can harness the power of neurobionics to elevate human potential and pave the way for a brighter, more fulfilling future for all.。
口语星球课程英文字幕
口语星球课程英文字幕The Importance of English Subtitles in Oral English Courses: A Comprehensive Guide.In the realm of language learning, subtitles play a pivotal role, especially when it comes to mastering spoken English. Oral English courses, such as those offered by "Speech Planet," often incorporate subtitles to enhance the learning experience and make the content more accessible. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the various reasons why English subtitles are essential for effective language learning.1. Enhancing Comprehension.Subtitles are an excellent tool for improving comprehension. They provide instant feedback to learners by displaying the spoken words on the screen, thus helping them to grasp the meaning of the conversation or lecture more quickly. This is especially beneficial for beginnerswho may still be struggling with the pronunciation and speed of native speakers.2. Bridging the Gap between Listening and Reading.Subtitles bridge the gap between listening and reading, two crucial skills in language learning. By combining auditory and visual input, subtitles allow learners to process information more efficiently. This multimodal approach is highly effective in helping learners improve their listening skills while also expanding their vocabulary and grammar knowledge.3. Improving Pronunciation and Accent Recognition.Subtitles can also aid in the improvement of pronunciation and accent recognition. By comparing the spoken words with the subtitles, learners can identify and correct any pronunciation errors they may make. Additionally, exposure to different accents and dialects through subtitles helps learners to become more attuned to the nuances of spoken English.4. Increasing Vocabulary and Grammar Mastery.Subtitles are a great way to expand vocabulary and grammar knowledge. They introduce learners to new words and expressions, as well as different grammatical structures. By regularly encountering these words and structures in context, learners can gradually internalize them and use them naturally in their own speaking.5. Boosting Confidence in Speaking.Subtitles can also boost learners' confidence in speaking English. By providing a visual reference for the spoken words, subtitles give learners the reassurance that they are pronouncing words correctly and using the right grammar. This added confidence can鼓励 learners to speak more freely and confidently, without fear of making mistakes.6. Personalized Learning Experience.Lastly, subtitles provide a personalized learning experience. Learners can adjust the speed of the subtitles to match their own reading speed, allowing them to proceed at a pace that is comfortable for them. This flexibility ensures that each learner can maximize their learning potential and progress at their own rate.In conclusion, English subtitles are an invaluable tool in oral English courses. They enhance comprehension, bridge the gap between listening and reading, improve pronunciation and accent recognition, increase vocabulary and grammar mastery, and boost confidence in speaking. By leveraging the power of subtitles, learners can achieve a more comprehensive and effective language learning experience. As they progress through their journey with "Speech Planet" or any other oral English course, subtitles will serve as a constant companion, guiding them towards fluency and proficiency in the language.。
如何提高娱乐效果英语作文
如何提高娱乐效果英语作文Improving the Entertainment Value。
Enhancing the entertainment value of any activity or event is crucial for ensuring engagement and enjoyment among participants or audiences. Whether it's writing, hosting an event, or simply engaging in recreational activities, there are several strategies one can employ to elevate the entertainment factor. Here are some effective methods:1. Engaging Content Creation: The cornerstone of entertainment lies in the content. Whether it's writing a story, creating a presentation, or organizing an event, the content should be engaging, informative, and tailored to the interests of the target audience. Utilize storytelling techniques, humor, and interactive elements to captivate the audience's attention from the outset.2. Incorporate Multimedia Elements: Adding multimediaelements such as images, videos, and audio clips can significantly enhance the entertainment value of any presentation or event. Visual and auditory stimuli not only break the monotony but also appeal to different learning styles and preferences, making the experience more immersive and enjoyable.3. Interactive Participation: Foster active participation among the audience or participants by incorporating interactive elements into the activity. This could include Q&A sessions, polls, quizzes, group discussions, or hands-on activities that encourage engagement and collaboration. Interactive participation not only keeps the audience invested but also creates a sense of involvement and ownership.4. Surprise and Variety: Injecting elements of surprise and variety can add excitement and anticipation to any entertainment experience. Introduce unexpected twists, guest speakers, performances, or activities that break the routine and keep the audience guessing. Variety ensuresthat the entertainment remains fresh and dynamic,preventing boredom or disengagement.5. Personalization and Customization: Tailor the entertainment experience to the preferences and interests of the audience whenever possible. Personalization could involve incorporating references or themes that resonate with the audience, acknowledging individual contributions or achievements, or allowing for customization options that empower participants to shape their experience.6. Quality Production Values: Pay attention to the production values of the entertainment content or event. This includes factors such as sound quality, lighting, set design, and overall presentation. Investing in high-quality production values not only enhances the aesthetic appeal but also contributes to the overall professionalism and credibility of the entertainment experience.7. Feedback and Iteration: Solicit feedback from the audience or participants following the entertainment experience and use it to iterate and improve future iterations. Pay attention to what worked well and whatcould be enhanced, and incorporate constructive feedback into the planning and execution process. Continuous improvement ensures that the entertainment remains relevant and engaging over time.In conclusion, elevating the entertainment value of any activity or event requires a combination of engaging content, interactive participation, surprise elements, personalization, quality production values, and continuous improvement based on feedback. By implementing these strategies, one can create memorable and enjoyable entertainment experiences that leave a lasting impression on the audience.。
我想玩一个游戏作文英语
In the realm of entertainment and leisure,games have always held a special place,offering an escape from the mundane and a chance to immerse oneself in a world of fantasy,strategy,or competition.The desire to play a game can stem from various motivations,such as the pursuit of relaxation,the thrill of challenge,or the joy of social interaction.This narrative will delve into the personal experience of playing a game, highlighting the emotional and cognitive aspects that make it an enriching activity.One fateful afternoon,the protagonist,a university student with a penchant for intellectual pursuits,stumbled upon a game that piqued his interest.It was not just any game,but one that promised to test his strategic acumen and quick thinking.The game was a blend of chess and a puzzle,requiring players to maneuver pieces across a board while solving riddles that would unlock the path to victory.As he sat down to play,the room around him seemed to fade away, replaced by the grid of the game board that demanded his full attention. The pieces,each with unique abilities and restrictions,were like characters in a story,each with a role to play in the unfolding drama.The first move was made with a mix of anticipation and trepidation,as he weighed the potential outcomes of his decision.The game unfolded like a narrative,each turn revealing new challenges and opportunities.The protagonist found himself engrossed in the intricacies of the game,the strategic depth of which was both exhilarating and daunting.The riddles,woven into the fabric of the game,added alayer of complexity that required lateral thinking and creativity.He felt a surge of satisfaction with each correct solution,a testament to his problemsolving skills.As the game progressed,the protagonist began to notice patterns and develop strategies.He learned to anticipate the moves of his opponent,a virtual entity within the game that challenged his every decision.The tension between offense and defense,between risk and reward,was palpable.Each victory felt earned,each defeat a lesson learned.The sensory experience of the game was also noteworthy.The tactile sensation of moving the pieces across the board,the visual cues of the changing game state,and the auditory feedback from the games interface all contributed to an immersive experience.The protagonist could almost hear the gears turning in his mind,feel the adrenaline rush as he made a daring move,and taste the sweet victory when he finally outmaneuvered his opponent.The social aspect of the game was another dimension that added to its appeal.The protagonist was not alone in his quest for victory he was part of a community of players,each with their unique strategies and insights. Online forums and discussion boards were abuzz with tips,tricks,and friendly banter.The camaraderie among players,united by their shared passion for the game,was a source of enjoyment in itself.In conclusion,the experience of playing a game transcends the mere act of moving pieces on a board or pressing buttons on a controller.It is amultifaceted activity that engages the mind,stimulates the senses,and fosters social connections.For the protagonist,the game was not just a pastime it was a journey of discovery,a test of intellect,and a celebration of the human spirits capacity for creativity and resilience.The game,in its complexity and depth,mirrored the richness of life itself,offering a microcosm of the challenges and triumphs that define the human experience.。
学习语文方法的英语作文
学习语文方法的英语作文Effective Methods for Learning Language ArtsMastering Language Arts, also known as the study of language and literature, is a key component of education that fosters communication skills and critical thinking. To excel in this subject, students must employ effective strategies that enhance their understanding and proficiency. Here are some valuable methods for learning Language Arts.1. Active Reading:Active reading is fundamental to mastering Language Arts. This technique involves engaging with the text through annotations, asking questions, and summarizing paragraphs. By actively interacting with the material, students develop a deeper comprehension of literary elements such as theme, character development, and plot structure. Highlighting key passages and taking notes can also aid in retaining important information.2. Vocabulary Expansion:A robust vocabulary is crucial for effective communication and literary analysis. To build a strong vocabulary, students should read a variety of genres and contexts. Keeping a vocabulary journal where new words are recorded along with their meanings and usage helps reinforce learning. Additionally, using these new words in writing and conversation solidifies their understanding.3. Writing Practice:Regular writing practice is essential for improving language skills. Students should write essays, creative pieces, and journal entries to refine their writing techniques. Seeking feedback from teachers or peers provides valuable insights into areas of improvement. Revising and editing drafts help in understanding grammar, style, and coherence.4. Analyzing Literature:Analyzing different genres of literature, from poetry to prose, enhances critical thinking and interpretiveskills. Students should explore various literary devices such as metaphor, symbolism, and irony to appreciate the richness of texts. Participating in book discussions or literary circles can provide diverse perspectives and deepen one’s analytical abilities.5. Grammar and Syntax Practice:A solid grasp of grammar and syntax is vital for clear and effective writing. Students should review grammar rules regularly and practice exercises that focus on sentence structure, punctuation, and word usage. Understanding the mechanics of language aids in producing well-organized and error-free writing.6. Engaging with Multimedia:Incorporating multimedia resources such as audiobooks, educational videos, and interactive apps can make learning Language Arts more dynamic and engaging. These tools provide different perspectives on texts and enhance comprehension through auditory and visual means.7. Consistent Reading Habits:Developing a consistent reading habit broadens exposure to different writing styles and cultural contexts. Students should read a diverse range of materials, including classic literature, contemporary works, and non-fiction. This habit not only improves reading skills but also fosters a lifelong appreciation for literature.8. Seeking Assistance:When struggling with complex concepts or assignments, students should seek help from teachers, tutors, or online resources. Collaborating with others can provide additional explanations and alternative approaches to understanding challenging topics.In conclusion, mastering Language Arts requires a combination of active engagement, consistent practice, and diverse learning methods. By employing strategies such as active reading, vocabulary building, and writing practice, students can enhance their language skills and foster a greater appreciation for literature.Embracing these methods will not only improve academic performance but also enrich one’s ability to communicate effectively and think critically.！。
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Auditory and Visual Feedback During Eye TypingPäivi Majaranta, I. Scott MacKenzie, Anne Aula, and Kari-Jouko Räihä Unit for Computer-Human Interaction (TAUCHI) Department of Computer and Information Sciences FIN-33014 University of Tampere, Finland {curly, scott, aula, kjr}@cs.uta.fiABSTRACT We describe a study on how auditory and visual feedback affects eye typing. Results show that the feedback method influences both text entry speed and error rate. In addition, a proper feedback mode facilitates eye typing by reducing the user’s need to switch her gaze between the on-screen keyboard and the typed text field.Keywords Eye typing, text entry, feedback modalities, disabled users INTRODUCTION For people with severe disabilities their eyes may be the only means for communication. Even though eye typinghas been studied for many years, there is little research ondesign issues [2]. Our goal was to study how feedbackcould facilitate the tedious [1] eye typing task and makegaze-based computer-aided communication more practical for those who need it. Feedback Modes During eye typing the user first focuses on the desired letter. To select the focused letter she continues to fixate on it thus using dwell time as an activation command. Feedback is given for focus and selection. The following four feedback modes were tested. Visual only. In the Visual only mode, the key is highlighted on focus (the 2nd key on left in Figure 1) and its symbol shrinks as dwell time elapses. The shrinking draws the attention in, helping the user focus on the center of the key. On selection the letter turns read and the key goesdown. Figure 1. Animation for Visual only feedback mode Speech only. The Speech only mode did not use visual feedback. The symbol on the key was spoken on selection. Click plus visual. The Click plus visual mode uses two modalities; it has the same visual feedback seen in Figure 1 and, in addition, a short “click” is heard on selection. Speech plus visual. The Speech plus visual mode again uses the same visual feedback plus the symbol on the key is spoken on selection. The dwell time was the same for all modes: 400 ms before the start of the focus and 900 ms before selection. A summary of the modes follows. METHOD Our study used 13 participants (5 females, 8 males, mean age 23 years). All were able-bodied with normal or corrected-to-normal vision. None had previous experiencewith eye tracking or eye typing but all were familiar with desktop computers. The setup combined two computers and an eye tracking device (SensoMotoric Instruments iView X RED-III, 50 Hzsampling, 1-degree gaze position accuracy, see Figure 2). Figure 2. SMI eye tracker and experimental softwareThe software had an on-screen keyboard, a typed text field above, and a source text field below. The user first read the source text and then eye typed it letter by letter by gazing at a letter for the predefined dwell time. The typed text appeared in the upper field. The qwerty layout was chosen over alternatives based on pilot users’ comments. For theCopyright is held by the author/owner(s).CHI 2003, April 5–10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA. ACM 1-58113-630-7/03/0004.Feedback mode While focused When selected Visual only shrinking letter red letter, key down Speech only none letter spoken Click + visual shrinking letter red letter, key down, click Speech + visual shrinking letter red letter, key down, letter spoken 766766Copyright is held by the author/owner(s). CHI 2003, April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA. ACM 1-58113-637-4/03/0004experiment, a special “ready” key was added. Activating this key cleared the typed text field and loaded a new source sentence.We collected three types of data: fixation data, raw eye data, and event data logged by the experimental software. We also videotaped all trials.The experiment was a 4 x 4 repeated measures design with 4 feedback modes and 4 blocks of sentences. The order of administering the feedback modes was randomized across blocks and participants to minimize asymmetric learning effects. Each block involved the entry of the same five short phrases of text. The user was instructed to memorize the source sentence and then eye type it as fast and accurately as possible. There was a short pause after each block. Each participant came to the test four times. In the last visit we interviewed the user and gave a questionnaire. The total number of phrases was 1040 (13 participants x 4 feedback modes x 4 blocks x 5 sentences).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe grand mean for entry speed was 6.97 words per minute. This is typical for eye typing [1, 2], but it is still too low for fluent text entry. As evident in Figure 3, participants improved with practice, as a significant main effect for block was found (F 3,36 = 10.92, p < .0001).The main effect for feedback mode was also significant(F 3,36 = 8.77, p< .0005). Overall, the combined use of Click plus visual feedback yielded the fastest entry rate, with participants achieving a fourth block mean of 7.55 wpm. The other fourth-block means were 7.14 wpm (Speech plus visual), 7.12 wpm (Visual only), and 7.00 wpm (Speech only). The dwell time was constant for all feedback modes. The entry rate will naturally speed up with a shorter dwell duration. This may be possible as a user develops proficiency with the apparatus.Participants’ accuracy also improved significantly with practice (F 3,36 = .09, p = .005), as seen in Figure 4. Character-level error rates were quite low overall with a grand mean of 0.54%. Participants proceeded quite cautiously to avoid a loss of calibration, which occurred occasionally and necessitated re-typing a phrase. There were significant main effects for feedback mode (F 3.36 = 5.01, p = .005). Eye typing with Speech only feedback was the most accurate technique throughout the experimentwith error rates under 0.8% on all four blocks.Our experimental software logged various events of interest. One such event was “read text”, referring to a participant switching their point of gaze to the typed text field to review the text typed so far. The values analyzed were the mean number of such events per phrase of text entered.The overall mean was 1.63 read text events per phrase. By feedback mode, the means were 1.17 (Speech only), 1.28 (Click plus visual), 1.24 (Speed plus visual), and 2.77 (Visual only). The mean for Visual only feedback mode was significantly higher than for the other modes (F 3,36 = 30.06, p < .0001). The users’ gaze behavior shows (Figure 5) that auditory feedback (click or spoken) significantlymode and blockCONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKOur results show that the feedback mode affects typing speed, error rate, and the user’s gaze behavior during eye typing. In particular, proper feedback may dramatically reduce the need to switch gaze between the soft keyboard and the typed text field thus reducing the entry time. The results also suggest that auditory feedback (click or spoken) is a more effective indication of selection than visual feedback alone.The data analysis is ongoing; there are other interactions to analyze, such as gaze path, the types of errors, and the results of the questionnaire.REFERENCES1. Frey, L.A, White, K.P. Jr., and Hutchinson, T.E. Eye-gaze word processing, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 20 (4), 1990, 944-950.2. Majaranta, P., and Räihä, K.-J. Twenty years of eye typing: Systems and design issues, Proceedings of ETRA’02, New Orleans, LA, ACM Press, 2002, 15-22.767767。