经典职称英语补全对话

前言职称英语等级考试介绍全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人力资源和社会保障部专业技术人员管理司组织实施的一项外语考试，它根据英语在不同专业领域活动的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和应用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别职称的专业技术人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。

考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类、卫生类。

每个专业类别的考试各分A、B、C三个等级。

A、B、C三个等级考试的总分各为100分，考试时间均为2小时。

每个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难易程度不同。

考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。

3.职称英语考试词典的要求：职称英语考试是闭卷考，但允许考生携带词典进入考场。

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其它的词典国家没有明确的规定。

因此建议尽量选择具备同义词、收词量相对较大的词典。

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讲义使用说明强化班讲义的编写主要依据职称英语考试国家指定教材。

授课老师会针对不同类别的文章内容进行全面系统的精讲，授课同时融合了老师对每个题型自己多年总结和积累的解题技巧和方法等，帮助学员在对教材中的重点文章有一个全面而深入了解的同时，提高综合分析和解题能力。

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目录第四部分补全短文 (293)What We Take from And Give to the Sea (293)Teamwork in Tourism (293)“Happy Birthday to You” (294)The First Four Minutes (295)Financial Risks (296)Mobile Phones (297)The World’s Longest Bridge (297)Obesity Causes Global Warming (298)The Value of Motherhood (299)Ludwig Van Beethoven (300)Einstein Named “Person of Century” (300)Reinventing the Table (301)Don’t Rely on Plankton to Save the Planet (302)Dung to Death (302)Robotic Highway Cones (303)The Arctic Ice is Thawing (304)Bedwetting (305)What Makes Me the Weight I Am? (305)How One Simple Movement Can Let Slip the Secrets of the Mind (306)Why Do Peoples Shrink? (307)Leukemia (307)What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes? (308)Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim Women (309)Death Control (310)Public Relations (310)The Dollar in World Markets (311)Research Shows Walking Can Lift Depression (312)Tuberculosis Kills 1, 000 People a Day in Asia (313)Uncooperative Patients Need Psychological Therapy (313)Looking to the Future (314)Tests Show Women Suited for Space Travel (315)Agitated Sunspot Cause Trouble (315)Watching Microcurrents Flow (316)Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change (317)Stonehenge (318)Sleeping Giant (319)High Dive (319)Crop Circle Mysteries (320)Chest Compressions: Most Important of CPR (321)U.S., European Drug Officials Approve Inhaled Insulin (322)More Efforts Urged to Empower Women at AIDS Conference (322)The Magic of Sound (323)Time in the Animal World (324)Virtual Driver (325)补全短文参考答案 (325)第四部分补全短文阅读下面的短文，每一篇中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。

What We Take from And Give to the SeaAs long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it.We take fishes from the ocean - millions of kilograms, of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. _____(1)_____ We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. ____ (2)_____ Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not' give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. ___(3)___ Seaweed becomes food of many kinds - even candy, and ice cream - as well as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water. ___ (4)___ But ocean water becomes fresh water. when the salts are removed. In the future, we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea.The Sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. ___ (5)____ Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever.We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas, we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late.A. Natural sponges become cleaning aids.B. We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.C. The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller.D. Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation.E. We even use their bones for fertilizer.F. Some of its contents may cause illness.Teamwork in TourismGrowing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers._ (1) __. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. ___ (2) __.Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. __ (3) __Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. __ (4) ______ (5) ___. Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.A. The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers, including car-rental and sigh-seeing services.B. They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-handknowledge of the tours.C. Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs.D. As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.E. Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill theircontracts and to send them clients.F. In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations oftravel—planes, ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases.“Happy B irthday to You”The main pro blem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won‘t stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it‘s soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal.One theory is that it has been ―advertised‖ and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. ____(1)____They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries.Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called ―the spirit of America.‖ ____(2)____The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it.Regardless of why it spread, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. ____(3)____ ―Happy Birthday to You,‖ for instance, is such an everyday song t hat its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered. Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own.Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bring colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun of in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. ____(4)____The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was stillclearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while stills blowing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock ‗n‘ roll and its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being ―low-class,‖ and then as ―a danger to our nation‘s youth.‖ ____(5)____And then the music became accepted and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S.A As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten.B But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular inthemselves.C American in origin, informal clothing has become the world‘s first truly universal style.D The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962.E American food has become popular around the world too.F This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal anddisrespectful.The First Four MinutesWhen do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, ―Contact: The first four minutes‖, he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: ―___ (1) ___. A lot of people‘s whole lives woul d change if they did just that. ‖You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. ___ (2) ___. If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, ―People like people who like themselves.‖On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes.Hearing such advice, one might say, ―But I‘m not a friendly, self-confident person. That‘s not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to that way. ‖___ (3) ___. We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. ―It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one.‖But isn‘t it dishonest to give the appearan ce of friendly self-confidence when we don‘t actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, ―total honesty‖ is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one‘s health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one‘s opin ions and impressions.___ (4) ___. For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treatedwith care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. ___ (5) ___. That is at least as important as how much we know.A. In reply. Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing oursocial habitsB. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members andfriends.C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.E. He keeps looking over the other person‘s shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting inanother part of the room.F. He is eager to make friends with everyone.Financial RisksSeveral types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.___ (1) ___. They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. ___ (2) ___. Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. ___ (3) ___. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. ___ (4) ___. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in particular market.Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. ___ (5) ___. International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21. 6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.A. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.B. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.C. Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.D. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.E. Floating exchange rates of the world‘s major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially awareof exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.F. Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.Mobile PhonesMobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be build until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit is scientifically evaluated, he said. ―Nobody‘s going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information, ‖Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. ___ (1) ___A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2, 000 a day. ___ (2) ___As well, there are 2, 000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. ___ (3) ___The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children._____ (4) _____ He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates._____ (5) _____ According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide ranging inquiry into possible health effects.A. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three timesthat of adults.B. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones:. nearly one for every twopeopleC. ―If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can bedevised,‖ he said.D. Then who finances the research?E. For example, Telstra, Optus and V odaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to themand disregard the need of the community.F.The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.The World’s Longest BridgeRumor has it that a legendary six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrhenian Sea between Italy and the island of Sicily. ____(1)____ When completed in 2010. the world‘s longest bridge will weight nearly 300,000 tons—equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic—and stretch 5 kilmeters long. ―That‘snearly 50 percent longer than any other b ridge ever built,‖ says structural engineer Shane Rixon.____(2)_ ___ They‘re suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges.A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure‘s mammoth weight, thanks to hefty supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54,100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge‘s load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1.2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built.When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers, ____(3)____ Getting these cables up will be something. It‘s not just their length—totally 5.3 kilometers—but their weight. ____(4)____After lowering vertical ―suspender‖ cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60 meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck—wide enough to accommo date 12 lanes of traffic. The deck‘s weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139,000 tons—equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. ___(5)____A Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds.B What do the world‘s longest bridges have in common?C If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼啸而过) across the Messina Strait Bridge.D They‘re what will keep the bridge from going anywhere.E The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352individual steel wires.F They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons—more than half the bridge‘s total mass.Obesity Causes Global WarmingThe list of ills attributable to obesity keeps growing: Last week, obese people were accused of causing global warming.This conclusion comes from Sheldon Jacobson of the University of Illinois, US, and a doctoral student, Laura McLay. Their study calculates how much extra gasoline is needed to haul fat Americans around. The answer, they say, is a billion gallons of gas per year. ______(1)______There has been calls for taxes on junk food2 in recent years. _____(2)______ "We tax cigarettes partly because of their health cost," Schmidt said. "'Similarly, leading a lazy lifestyle will end up costing taxpayers more."US political scientist Erie Oliver said his first instinct was to laugh at these gas and fast food arguments. But such claims are getting attention.At the US Obesity Society's annual meeting, one person correlated obesity with car accident deaths, and another correlated obesity with suicides.____ (3)_____ "The funny thing was that everyone took it seriously," Oliver said.In a 1960s study, children were shown drawings of children with disabilities and without them, and adrawing of an obese child. They were asked which they would want for a friend?____(4)_______ Three researchers recently repeated the study using college students. Once again, almost no one, not even obese people, liked the obese person. "Obesity was stigmatized," the researchers said.But, researchers say, getting thin is not like quitting smoking. People struggle to stop smoking, and, in the end, many succeed. Obesity is different. But, not because obese people don't care. ___(5)____ Genes also play a part.A A meager diet may keep you thin.B It means an extra 11 million tons of carbon dioxide1.C The obese child was picked last.D US economist Martin Schmidt suggests a tax on fast food delivered to people's cars.E Science has shown that they have limited personal control over their weight.F No one asked whether there was really a cause-and-effect relationship3.The Value of MotherhoodIn shopping malls, the assistants try to push you into buying " a gift to thank her for her unselfish love". When you log onto1 a Website, a small pop-up2 invites you to book a bouquet for her. Commercial warmth and gratitude are the atmosphere being spread around for this special Sunday in May.__(1)___ The popularity of Mother's Day around the world suggests that Jarvis got all she wanted. In fact, she got more - enough to make her horrified._(2)__ _ They buy, among other things, 132 million cards. Mother's Day is the No 1 holiday for flower purchases. Then there are the various commodities, ranging from jewelry and clothes to cosmetics and washing powder, that take advantage of the promotion opportunities. Because of this, Jarvis spent the last 40 years of her life trying to stop Mother‘s Day. One protest against the commercialization of Mother's Day even got her arrested - for disturbing the peace, interestingly.__(3) __As Ralph Fevre, a reporter at the UK newspaper The Guardian, observe, traditionally "motherhood is something that we do because we think it's fight." But in the logic of commercialism, people need something in exchange for their time and energy. A career serves this purpose better.__(4)___ So they work hard and play hard. Becoming a mother, however, inevitably handicaps career anticipation.___(5)___ According to The Guardian, there are twice as many child-free young women as there were a generation ago. Or, they put off the responsibility of parenting until later in their lives.So, Fevre writes that the meaning of celebrating Mother's Day needs to be updated: "It is to persuade people that parenting is a good idea and to honor people for their attempt to be good people."A The American version of Mother's Day was thought up as early as 1905, by Anna Jarvis, as a way ofrecognizing the real value of motherhood.B But what's more, commercialism changes young people's attitude towards motherhood.C Obviously, the best gift will be a phone call or a visit.D According to a research by the US card company Hallmark, 96 percent of American consumerscelebrate the holiday.E As a result, motherhood has suffered a huge drop in status since the 1950s.F In addition, women are being encouraged to pursue any career they desire.Ludwig Van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness.Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. ___ (1) ___. Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn.Beethoven remained unmarried. __ (2) ___. Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819.__ (3) __. He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. ___ (4) ___.Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, ―I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality.‖___ (5) ___.A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music.B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubledby financial worries throughout his adult life.C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence.D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers.E. Although Beethoven‘s personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control,and this is how we remember him best.F. Today his music is still being played all over the world.Einstein Named “Person of Century”Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as ―Person of the Century‖ by Time magazine on Sunday.A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific though that set the stage for the age of technology.“The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological—technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science,‖wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein‘s significance. ___ (1) ____.Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.“What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom‘s f ight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that help ed expand the growth of freedom, ‖said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. ____ (2) ____. He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. ___ (3) ___. Everything else—mass, weight, space, even time itself—is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared—E=mc.___ (4) ___. ―There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality. ‖Einstein‘s famous equation was also the seed that led to the de velopment of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. __ (5) __. Einstein did not work on the project.Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.A. ―Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,‖ Isaacson wrote inan essay explaining Time‘s ch oices.B. How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public's view about Albert Einstein.C. ―Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.‖D. Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the ―Manhattan Project‖ that secretly developed the first atomicweapon.E. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become.F. In his ―Special Theory of Relativity,‖ Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is thespeed of light.Reinventing the TableAn earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students.___(1)___ But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the elements themselves.―I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students,‖ he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. ____(2)____ But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which.―Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what‘s going on with the elements,‖ says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge ___(3)________(4)___ He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots one—for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea slat, for instance.He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water.。