02 General Principles of Translation
General Principles2
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1. 自然界有各种不同的元素。 Nature has different elements. 2. 必须注意汽车的保养。 Must pay attention to the cars’ maintenance. 3不久，她提着篮子回来了。 Soon, she held a basket to came back. 4.只要看一眼这封信，你就会明白你上当了。 If only you look at this letter, you will understand that you were deceived. 5.当时，友谊商店只对外宾开放，不对中宾开放。 At that time, the friendship store was only open to foreign guests, and not to Chinese guest. 6.我要有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！ If I have three long and two short, you send a message to Yu Shan. 7. 我属蛇。I am a snake. 8. 航空公司在最后一刻取消航班，旅行团被迫取消了行程。 The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, and the travel group was forced to change its schedule. 9.没有汽车、自行车或家畜，空气如此纯净清新。 No motorcars, bicycles or domestic animals, the air is exactly clean and fresh.
02 General Principles of Translation共90页文档
1.1 Semantic Analysis
• sophisticated:老练的，世故的，谈吐得体的， 高雅时髦的，有鉴赏力的，复杂的，精密 的，高级的，尖端的
• sophisticated columnist • sophisticated weapon • sophisticated electronic equipment • sophisticated woman • She is too sophisticated to believe your lie. • The fashion magazines show what the
事，事件，事情
Matter, event, affairs, job, duty, case, instance, incident……
我们对这件事当然有发言权。 真是想不到的事。 这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。 各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。 这绝不是轻而易举的事。 从政治思想上关心学生是教师分内的事。 我已把事情讲清楚了。 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 这不是开玩笑的事。 那是件普通小事。
It’s the teacher’s duty to be concerned about the students’ life and study.
我已把事情讲清楚了。 I’ve already put the case clear. 我可以举出好几件事来证明。
I can cite quite a few instances to illustrate it.
这不是开玩笑的事。
This is no joke. 那是件普通小事。
Principles for Translation 英语翻译原则
增补法
The oak is a symbol of strength, the lion courage, the lamb weakness. Afraid of being cut off, they lose no time in turning back. A new type of plane—small, cheap, plane— pilotless— pilotless—is attracting increasing attention. A full moon hung high in the sky.
重复法 （1）为了明确
Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 参考译文 强国有强国的策略，小国有小国 的路线。 He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life，risen above it，despised it in life， it， others. 参考译文 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失 败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
We (you) should be cautious under that circumstance. She sat down, crossed her legs, and drew her skirt down over her knees.
减词法（省略法） （3）连词的省略
He looked gloomy and troubled. 参考译文 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 If winter comes，can spring be far behind? comes， 参考译文 冬天来了，春天还会远吗? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗?
基础笔译 Chapter 2 好的翻译
（《实用翻译教程》（1994）p37）
——范仲英
基础笔译
如何达到大致相同的感受？
思想内容 表现手法 文体风格 语言文字 传神达意
基础笔译
翻译的最高标准和最低标准
最高标准是翻译的理想境界，是翻译工 作的努力方向。最低标准是指译文起码应 该达到的水平， 低于这个水平就是不合 格的翻译， 失败的翻译。
（4）、表达失误
He is physically weak but mentally sound. 原译： 他身体虽弱，但思想健康。 改译： 他身体虽弱， 但精神尚佳。
（5）、词不搭配
And the body lay white and still beneath the pines…
绝对标准和具体标准
不合格的翻译
译文中若出现下列情况，译文读者得不 到与原文读者大致相同的感受，即属于不 合格的翻译。
（1）、错译
The clerk had to break off the conversation in order to wait on a customer.
原译：为了给顾客服务， 职员门得擅长 交谈。
present there are complex elements. 改译： The situations are very complicated with the
students. And we have a lot of work to do.
（3）、马虎翻译
Try to be modest and prudent, guard against complacency.
Assignment: E-C Translation
《英语翻译基础》讲义及《样题和答案》
英语翻译基础讲义第一章翻译的基本原则1.Nature of Translation(翻译的性质)Translation is a science.Translation is an art.Translation is a craft.Translation is a skill.Translation is an operation.Translation is a language activity.Translation is communication2.Principles of Translation(翻译的原则)Three characters “信，达，雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance）———严复《天演论》Three characters “信，达，切”(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness) ———刘重德《翻译十讲》Summary:忠实与通顺(1) Faithfulness of Translation (翻译的忠实)Strictly speaking, faithfulness is the generalization of the principles of translation. That’s to say, true translation demands that the translator be faithful to the content, language and style of the original at the same time.Eg. 1.War, pestilence and famine consumed one million people.战争，瘟疫和饥馑毁掉了一百万人。
该句译文从三个方面与原文都是一致的。
内容上，措辞完全对应；形式上，中英文都是陈述句，且语序相同。
第二章 翻译标准
第二章翻译标准翻译标准就是指翻译实践时译者所遵循的原则，也是翻译批评家批评译文时必须遵循的原则。
翻译是一种社会活动，翻译标准则是从中产生的。
由于社会活动受制于社会条件及译者个人等等因素，因此翻译标准也就打上了深深的社会和译者的烙印。
总的说来，翻译标准大体可分为以下四种：任何翻译实践总要遵循一定的翻译标准或原则，衡量一篇译文的好坏同样也离不开一定的翻译标准，因此翻译标准的确立对于指导翻译实践有着重要的意义。
然而由于人们看待翻译的角度不同，自然有了不同的翻译标准。
概括起来，它们大体可分为以下四类：一、以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则（the source-language-oriented or the target-language-oriented translation principle）以译出语为取向的翻译原则唯原文的形式是举，惟恐译文失真，有违原文作者的原意，因此翻译时完全采取词对词、句对句（word for word and line for line）的死译方法，而且常多用音译法。
例如把the Milky Way（银河）直译为"牛奶路"，把the apple of my eye(珍爱物；珍爱之人，宝贝)直译成"我眼的苹果"；把"Every dog has its day."译为"每只狗都有它的日子"（正确的译法应为"人人皆有得意之日"）。
持这种原则的翻译家为数不少，如中国西晋时期的佛经翻译家竺法护（约230-309）、15世纪德国翻译家尼古拉斯·封·维尔(Nicolas von Wyle,生卒年不祥)、近代的美国作家赛珍珠(Pearl Buck, 1892-1973)；而以译入语为取向的原则则是一味以译文读者的口味为准绳，完全采用归化的译法。
或是完全为了适合读者的口味而让译文归化，有时甚至不惜曲解原作，如把"When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war."译作"张飞杀岳飞，杀得满天飞"（正确译法应为"两雄相遇，其斗必烈"），把Solomon(所罗门，古以色列国国王大卫之子，以智慧著称)意译成"诸葛亮"，把Spring, the sweet spring, is the year's pleasant king意译为"春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜"。
英语翻译常识
在做翻译时，芯芷总是记不清那些翻译常识，有10分的题型呢, 边做边找一些资料，分享给大家一。
莱特勒的“翻译三原则”Three Principles of Translation by Alexander Fraser Tytler十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814)。
他在《论翻译的原则》(Essay on the Principles of Translation)一书中提出了着名的翻译三原则：（1）译文应完全复写出原作的思想（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.）（2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.)（3）译文应和原作同样流畅(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）二。
严复清代的翻译家天演论的作者EEO Evolution and Ethics and Other essays提出翻译要信,达,雅这个原则（最看中的是雅，最不看中的是信。
）1912年严复被任命为北大校长，体现了严复在当时思想界和学术界的令人信服的显赫地位三。
林纾林纾自幼嗜书如命，五岁时在私塾当一名旁听生，受孰师薛则柯的影响，深爱中国传统文学，从此与文学结下不解之缘。
但由于家境贫寒、且遇乱世，他不得不为生计终日奔波。
闲时他也不忘苦读诗书，13岁至20岁期间校阅残烂古籍不下两千余卷。
1882年对于林纾来说是关键而又具转折性意义的一年-----从一个穷秀才一跃成为江南赫赫有名的举人。
02 General Principles of Translation
事，事件，事情 Matter, event, affairs, job, duty, case, instance, incident……
我们对这件事当然有发言权。 真是想不到的事。 这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。 各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。 这绝不是轻而易举的事。 从政治思想上关心学生是教师分内的事。 我已把事情讲清楚了。 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 这不是开玩笑的事。 那是件普通小事。
1.3 Style Analysis
My dear parent has joined the heavenly choir. My dear father has passed away. My father has died. My old man has just kicked the bucket.
各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事 。 Representatives from different nationalities gather in the same hall to discuss affairs of the state. 这绝不是轻而易举的事。 It’s certainly no easy job. 关心学生的学习和生活是教师分内的事。 It’s the teacher’s duty to be concerned about the students’ life and study.
我已把事情讲清楚了。 I’ve already put the case clear. 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 I can cite quite a few instances to illustrate it. 这不是开玩笑的事。 This is no joke. 那是件普通小事。 That is an ordinary incident.
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analysis
proofread
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restructure
Ⅰ Comprehension/understanding
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Semantic analysis (语义分析) Grammatical analysis (语法分析) Style analysis (语体分析) Discourse analysis (语篇分析) Analysis of literary quotation, jargon, etc ( 对典故,术语等的分析)
我已把事情讲清楚了。 I‟ve already put the case clear. 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 I can cite quite a few instances to illustrate it. 这不是开玩笑的事。 This is no joke. 那是件普通小事。 That is an ordinary incident.
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Drivers‟ license is good for six year now. She has brought me good news. Is this a good dress for the ball? The milk is still good. I‟m moving to Hong Kong for good. Be good when we are not in. (a mother to her children) I‟m telling you this for your own good.
那年10月19日，正好也是星期五。那是 个秋日的下午，天色朦胧，埃德加 斯诺 骨灰的一部分运回到了北京大学校园并 永远地安放在这里；他年轻时曾在这里 的新闻系任教，当时北京大学还叫“燕 京大学”。
1.5 Analysis of Literary Quotation, Jargon, etc
John can be relied on; he eats no fish and plays the game. Thereafter Grandpa was in the doghouse for days, and I was not allowed to be alone with him at all. I‟ve got enough! Stop pulling my leg!
1.4 Discourse Analysis
• Analysis of speech units larger than the sentence and of their relationship to the contexts in which they are used.
example
On Friday, October 19 of this year, when the afternoon sun was misty in an autumn sky, a part of Edgar Snow returned forever to the campus of Beijing University; as a young man, he had taught in the department of journalism on these same grounds, at what was then called Yenching.
事，事件，事情 Matter, event, affairs, job, duty, case, instance, incident……
我们对这件事当然有发言权。 真是想不到的事。 这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。 各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。 这绝不是轻而易举的事。 从政治思想上关心学生是教师分内的事。 我已把事情讲清楚了。 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 这不是开玩笑的事。 那是件普通小事。
• Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. 王：读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此 不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不 常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 • 廖：读书使人渊博，辩论使人机敏，写作使人精细。如果 一个人很少写作，他就需要有很强的记忆力；如果他很少 辩论，就需要有急智；如果他很少读书，就需要很狡猾， 对自己不懂的事情，假装知道。
我们对这件事当然有发言权。 Of course we have a say in this matter. 真是想不到的事。 What a surprise! 这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。 The publication of the new book was a cultural event of the year.
1.2 Grammatical Analysis
Having discovered an unknown island, they wintered upon it.
他们发现了一个无名小岛后，便住了下来，在那 里过冬。 John is now with his parents in New York City; it is 3 years since he was a bandmaster. 约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已 经三年了。
1.3 Style Analysis
My dear parent has joined the heavenly choir. My dear father has passed away. My father has died. My old man has just kicked the bucket.
• Three Stages of Translation Comprehension（理解） Representation/Reproduction（表达） Proofreading/Revision/polishing（审校）
Source language text
Target language text
• Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. • 王：读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周 密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞 之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。 • 廖：历史使人明智，诗歌使人富于想象， 数学使 人精确，自然哲学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重， 逻辑学和修辞学使人善辩。
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He is a good man. He is a good student. This is a good book. You have good teeth. She is a good friend of mine. Dogs are often regarded as man‟s good friends. good looks a good dollar bill It is a good mile from here.
• OF STUDIES Francis Bacon Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. • 王佐良：读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。 其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最 见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事 之际。 • 廖运范： 读书能给人乐趣、文雅和能力。人们独 居或隐退的时候，最能体会到读书的乐趣；谈话 的时候，最能表现出读书的文雅；判断和处理事 务的时候，最能发挥由读书而获得的能力。