英汉互译Unit 1 Introduction
Unit 1 Introduction
Nature
--if
it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable. Besides, it entails (needs) a l o t o f p r a c t i c e - - - - p a r t i c u l a r craftsmanship and skills are displayed by the touched of differeterms of materials to be translated translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works, like novels, stories, prose, poetry, drama, etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches, etc., translation of practical writing (as official documents, contracts and agreements, notices, etc.);
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翻译课程 第8讲 正说反译和反说正译
翻译课程第8讲正说反译和反说正译广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案编号: 15-8 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班《英汉互译（一）》第八讲正说反译与反说正译（Conversion Between Positive and Negative Expressions）17. He reminded me of what I should otherwise have forgotten.他提醒了我，要不然我就会把这事忘了。
7. 原文中的介词在译文里从反面表达18. The book is beyond the knowledge of a five-year-old child.这本书五岁孩子读不懂。
19. I am embarrassed to write of “God’s presence”. God is off my beat.我决不会就“上帝的存在”挥笔撰文，上帝不属于我工作的范围。
20. Child-development experts warn parents against placing unreasonable expectations on school-age children.儿童成长专家警告说，家长不要对学龄儿童寄予不合理的期望。
21. How delightful it would be, I thought, to have months of clean snow and a landscape sparkling with frost instead of innumerable gray featureless days of rain and raw winds.我想，如果我们这里经常是个冰雪积月、霜华璀璨的景色，而不是像现在这种苦雨凄风永无尽期的阴沉而乏特色的日子，那该会多么令人喜悦啊！22. His behavior is above praise.他的行为不止是值得称赞的。
英语第一部分总结
• 这个报告提供了对加 拿大劳动力中，有技 术移民的分析，和对 怎样有效地使他们与 组织融合，提供合理 的建议。
第三段
• Hiring skilled immigrant is a common ghenomenon in Canada due to the aging workpiace,but not many companies have effective programs to integrate them into the workplace. Skilled immigrants can be a potential asset,but it'sthe company's choice to utilize it utilize it or not.
• 下面的文章首先解释提供了加拿大移民 的概括。例如一些规则、条例等。然后 ，发现了在工厂中雇佣有技术的移民的 重要性，也审查了公司可能遇到的阻碍 。当使移民，，，，最后，我们将会提 供一些策略和建议使移民能更好的融入 工厂中。
重点词语
• leaf through 浏览 • labor force 劳动 力 • feasible 合理的 • integrate 使—— 结合 • overview 概括 • obstacles 障碍物 • the aging workforce 劳动力年 龄老龄化 • strategies 策略 • pay more attention to 对什么更多的注 意
总的概括
• 第一部分主要是一个总的介绍，下面的 文章主要对加拿大中有技术的移民现况 面临困难进行了解析。同时，为使他们 更好的与公司融合给出了建议和策略。
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Unit 1 Greeting and Introduction 问候与介绍 对话翻译
Unit 1 Greeting and Introduction 问候与介绍对话翻译韩丽与琳达·布罗克在同一个办公室工作。
HanLi and Lynda Brock work in the same office.韩丽：早上好，琳达。
Good morning,Lynda.琳达·布罗克：早上好，韩丽。
你好吗？Good morning,Han Li.How are you?韩丽：我很好，谢谢。
你呢？I’m fine,thank you.and you?琳达·布罗克：谢谢，我也很好。
今天又是繁忙的一天，是吧？I’m fine,too.Thank you.I t’s going to be anther busy day today,I believe?韩丽：你说对了。
那我们开始吧？You are right.show we start?琳达·布罗克：好的，开始吧。
OK,let’s.公司经理张文正在给韩丽介绍他的新秘书海伦·泰勒。
Zhang Wen the manager of a company.Is introducing Helen Taylor,his new secretary for Han Li.张文：下午好，韩丽。
Good afternoon,Han Li.韩丽：下午好，张先生。
Good afternoon,Mr.Zhang.张文：这是海伦·泰勒，我的新秘书，来自美国。
海伦，这是韩丽。
This is Helen Taylor,my new secretary,she is from united states.And Helen,this is Han Li.海伦·泰勒：你好，韩小姐。
很高兴认识你。
How do you do?Miss Han.Glad meet you.韩丽：你好，泰勒小姐。
我也很高兴认识你。
How do you do ?Miss Taylor.Glad meet you,too.韩丽和几个外国同事韩丽在北京一家公司工作。
热能与动力工程专业外文翻译、中英对照、英汉互译
毕业设计外文翻译原文标题：Proposal for a high efficiency LNGpower-generation System utilizing wasteheat from the combined cycle中文标题:一个高效的利用液化天然气联合循环余热的发电系统学院名称：能源与动力工程学院专业名称：热能与动力工程Proposal for a high efficiency LNG power-generation system utilizing waste heat from the combined cycleY. Hisazumi*, Y. Yamasaki, S. SugiyamaEngineering Department, Osaka Gas Co., 1-2 Hiranomachi 4-chome Chuo-ku, Osaka 541, Japan Accepted 9 September 1998AbstractHigh-efficiency power-generation with an LNG vaporizing system isproposed: it utilizesthe LNG's cold energy to the best potential limit. This system can be applied to LNG vaporizers in gas companies or electric power companies and recovers the LNG's cold energy as electric power. The system consists of a Rankine cycle using a Freon mixture, natural-gas. Rankine cycle and a combined cycle with gas and steam turbines. The heat sources for this system are the latent heat from the steam-turbine's condenser and the sensible heat of exhaust gas from the waste-heat recovery boiler. In order to find out the optimal condition of the system, several factors, such as gas turbine combustion pressure, steam pressure, condensing temperature in combined cycle, composition of mixture Freon, and natural gas vaporizing pressure are evaluated by simulation. The results of these studies show that in the total system, about 400 kWh can be generated by vaporizing 1 ton of LNG, including about 60 kWh/LNG ton recovered from the LNG cold energy when supplying NG in 3.6 MPa.. About 8.2MWh can be produced by using 1 ton of LNG as fuel, compared with about 7 MWh by the conventional combined system. A net efficiency of over 53%HHV could be achieved by the proposed system. In the case of the LNG terminal receiving 5 million tons of LNG per year, this system can generate 240 MW and reduce the power of the sea water pump by more than 2MW. 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionIn the fiscal year 1994, the amount of LNG imported to Japan reached about 43 million tons; of this 31 million tons were used as fuel for power generation. As shown in Fig. 1, about 20% of the LNG imported was used for power generation [2]. Fig. 2 shows the major LNG power generation systems now in operation and their outputs. Several commercial LNG power generation plants have been constructed since 1979, and their total output has reached approximately 73 MW. Among the new power-generation plants without CO2 emission, this value of 73 MW is second to the 450 MW input of geo-thermal power generation plants in Japan, with the exception of power generation by refuse incinerators, and is much larger compared with the 35 MW output of solar-power plants and the 14 MW output of wind-power stations.Table 1 shows the LNG power generation plants constructed in Japan. The economics of LNG power generation became worse as the appreciation of the yen madethe cost of energy kept constant but while raising the construction cost; the adoption of the combined cycle utilizing gas-turbine and steam turbine (hereafter called combined cycle) increased the gas send-out pressure and lowered the power output per ton of LNG. Therefore, no LNG powergeneration plants were constructed in the 1990s due to lower cost effectiveness of the systems.As for the thermal power plant using natural gas as fuel, the steam turbine produced only about 6 MWh of power output per ton of LNG. But recently, improvement in blade-cooling technology and materials of the gas turbine enabled a 1400℃class turbine to be designed and increased the combustion pressure up to 3 MPa. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 3, the heat efficiency of the combined cycle has been improved and the electrical output from 1 ton of LNG has reached about 7MWh.In this paper, a proposal is made for the high-efficiency LNG power generation system based on a new concept which fully utilizes the cold energy without discarding it into the sea. The system is composed of the combined cycle and the LNG power-generation plant.2. High-efficiency LNG power-generation system2.1. Basic componentsFig.4 shows the process flow diagram of the high-efficiency LNG power-generation system. This complex system consists of the combined cycle and the LNG power generation cycle. The combined cycle is composed of a gas turbine (GAS-T) and a steam turbine (ST-T) using natural gas (NG) as fuel, while the LNG power generation cycle is composed of a Freon (uorocarbon) mixture turbine (FR-T) and a natural-gas turbine (NG-HT, NG-LT) using the latent heat of condensation from the exhaust steam and the sensible heat of the exhaust gas as heat sources. The plate fin type heat exchanger can be used for the LNG/natural gas (LNG-CON) and LNG/ Freon mixture (FR-CON). The shell-and-tube type can be selected as exchangers for exhaust steam/natural gas (LNG-VAP),exhaust steam/Freon mixture(FR-VAP), and exhaust gas/natural gas (NG-SH) applications according to the operating conditions.Ice thickness on the surface of the heat-exchanger tubes becomes a problem as heat is exchanged between exhaust gas and cold natural gas or Freon mixture. The ice thickness can be estimated by the technology of heat transfer between LNG and sea water, thus enabling one to avoid blockages due to ice inside the tubes.In addition, stable and continuous send-out of gas is made possible by using a bypass system, even if turbines and pumps for the Freon mixture and natural gas circulating systems (FR-RP, LNG-RP) stop.2.2. Features of the systemThe practical use of the following existing technologies in combination shows the high feasibility of the proposed system:. Power generation using Freon or hydrocarbon type Rankine cycle,. Power generation by natural-gas direct expansion],. TRI-EX type vaporizer which vaporizes LNG by using an intermediate medium or vacuum type LNG vaporizer.The Freon mixture is made up of the HFC type, which is a fluorocarbon consisting of H, F, and C and has no adverse influence on the ozone layer; it enables reduction in exergy loss at the heat exchanger and increases itscirculating flow rate to be achieved.The effective recovery of cold exergy and pressure exergy is made possible by the combined system using natural gas and Freon mixture Rankine cycle.Fig. 5 shows the temperature-heat duty relation when vaporizing 1 kg of LNG in the system shown in Fig. 4. Separation of the condensed natural-gas in two sections enables an increase in the heat duty between Freon (FR) and LNG, and a reduction of difference in temperature of LNG and natural gas between the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger.3. Evaluation of the characteristics of the proposed system3.1. Process simulationThe characteristics of this system were evaluated by using process simulator. The followings are the conditions used for the calculation:Effciencies of rotating machines LNG compositionGas turbine (GAS-T) 88% CH4 89.39%Steam turbine (ST-T) 85% C2H6 8.65%Natural-gas turbine (NG-HT, LT) 88% C3H8 1.55%Freon turbine (FR-T) 88% iC4H10 0.20%Air compressor (AIR-C) 85% nC4H10 0.15%LNG pump (LNG-MP, RP) 70% iC5H12 0.01%Freon pump (FR-RP) 70% N2 0.05%Natural gas gross heat-value: 10,510 kcal/Nm3AIR/NG flow ratio of gas turbine: 323.2. Effects of send-out pressure of the natural gasWhen natural-gas is sent out at 3.5 or 1.8 MPa, evaluations were made of the effects of send-out pressure of the LNG and change in superheating temperature of the natural gas on the total output of the high pressure (NG-HT) and the low pressure (NG-LT) natural-gas expansion-turbines. Fig. 6 shows the results of this calculation, where self consumption of power is calculated from the power, raising the pressure of the LNG up to the inlet pressure of the turbine minus the power required for the original send-out pressure. In both cases, the inlet pressure rise for the turbine causes an increase of self consumption power, but brings about a greater out-put. About 7 MPa of the inlet pressure of the turbine is appropriate considering the pressure tolerance of the heat exchangers.When the superheating temperature of the natural gas at the inlet to the turbine becomes high, the recovery of power increases, but the temperature of the exhaust gas from the outlet of the natural-gas super heater (NG-SH) declines, thus indicating that there is a limitation to superheating gas.3.3. Effects of combustion pressure of the gas turbineThe outputs of the gas turbine and the steam turbine, and the efficiency per gross heating value were evaluated by changing the combustion pressure of the gas turbine operating at 1300℃turbine-inlet temperature - see Fig. 7.If the combustion pressure of the gas turbine becomes high, the output of the gas turbine increases, but the output of the steam turbine decreases because the rise in combustion pressure causes a lowering of the exhaust-gas temperature at the outlet of the gas turbine and consequently a decline in the steam temperature at the inlet of the steam turbine. However, the overall efficiency of the turbines increases upon increasing the combustion pressure because the increment of gas-turbine output exceeds the decrement of steam turbine output. As a result, taking the pressure loss into account, it is appropriate to set the send-out pressure of the natural gas at the LNG terminal at 3.5 MPa.（FR-vap），3.4. Effects of Inlet pressure of the steam turbineFig. 8 shows the relations between the steam-turbines output and exhaust gas temperatures by changing the steam pressure in the range of 3-7 MPa. As the steam pressure increases, the output of the steam turbine rises and the temperature of the exhaust gases also increase. Besides, the power required for the water-supply pump increases with a rise in the steam pressure. Therefore, the current combined cycles operate at steam pressure of 7 MPa or more because the increment of the output of steam turbine exceeds the additional power required for the water-supply pump.3.5. Rankine cycle using a Freon-mixture refrigerant.The Freon refrigerant was selected from the HFC refrigerants on the basis of marketability, boiling point and freezing-point. Table 2 shows the physical properties of HFC Freon.When only HFC-23 is used as the medium, because of its low freezing-point it never freezes even if heat is exchanged between the LNG and HFC-23. But if HFC-23 is heated by the exhaust steam of the steam turbine, the pressure rises approximately up to the critical pressure. Therefore, the use of HFC-23 is not cost effective, because it is then necessary to set a high design pressure. To cope with this problem, we evaluated the compound refrigerant composed of HFC-134a (with high boiling point) and HFC-23.Fig. 9 shows saturated vapor pressure at various temperatures, the boiling point and the dew point at atmospheric pressure for mixtures of HFC-23 andHFC-134a of various compositions. The saturated pressure at each temperature rises with the increasing mole ratio of HFC-23: Hence, 40-45% of the mole ratio of HFC-23 is the optimal value considering the design pressure of the equipment.Fig. 10 shows the plots of the output of the Freon turbine versus the condensing temperature of the steam turbine when changing the composition of the HFC-23. In this figure, the turbine outlet pressure is determined in such a way that thedifference in temperature between the LNG and Freon mixture is not less than 5℃in the Freon condenser (FR-CON). The Freon turbine's inlet-pressure is set to the saturatedtemperature of the Freon mixture, i.e. less than 2℃from the steam-condensing temperature.This figure indicates that the output of the turbine scarcely correlates with the mole ratio of HFC-23. The higher the steam-condensing temperature becomes, the greater the output per ton of LNG the turbine produces, but in such a case, it is necessary to evaluate the system as a whole because more fuel is required, as described below. The result indicates that the optimal mole composition of HFC-23 and HFC-134a is 40%/60% considering both design pressure and the output of the turbine.3.6. Comprehensive evaluation from the viewpoint of the steam-condensing Temperature.As the dew point of the exhaust gas is 42℃, it is wise to set the exit temperature of the exhaust gas from the natural-gas super heater (NG-SH) to 80℃or more in order to prevent white smoke from the smoke stack. Table 3 shows the effect of the steam-condensing temperature on the generated output of the total system. The lower steam-condensing temperature brings about a higher efficiency of the total system, but also causes a lowering in the inlet temperature of natural-gas turbine. Therefore, it is appropriate to set the steam-condensing temperature at approximately 30℃.When the condensing temperature is 30C, the generated outputs per ton of LNG of the combined cycle and LNG power generation plant are 342.83 and67.55 kWh, respectively, resulting in 402.64 kWh of total generated output aftersubtracting the self-use power. As 48.94 kg of fuel is used for operating the system, the generated outputs of the combined cycle and the total system reach about 7 and 8.2 MWh, per ton of fuel respectively.3.7. Evaluation of exergyNatural-gas is liquefied at an LNG liquefaction terminal, with the consumption of about 380 kWh/LNG-ton: 1 ton of LNG having about 250 kWh of physical exergy as cold exergy and 13.5 MWh of chemical exergy. Fig. 11 shows the result of evaluating the exergy of the system shown in Fig. 4 under the optimal condition. The total output of Freon and natural gas turbines is 67.5 kWh, and the effective recovery percentage of cold exergy is 56%. As 90 kWh out of the pressure exergy can be recovered as output, about 157 kWh of net recovery can be obtained, which indicates the recovery percentage reaches about 63% for 250 kWh of LNG cold exergy. This conversion efficiency is higher than that achieved from chemical exergy to electric power.Most of the exergy loss occurs in the heat exchanger and the turbine, and in mixing with re-condensed LNG. As for the turbines, the loss of energy may be improved by using high-efficiency turbines. On the other hand, modification of the heat exchanger to reduce the energy loss may cause increased complexity of the system and is difficult to be done from the economic viewpoint. Though the recovery.percentage of cold energy in this system is low compared with the 80% in air-separation equipment, this system has the advantage of recovering a large amount of the available cold energy.4. ConclusionThe paper has proposed a high-efficiency LNG power generation system in combination with a combined-cycle power generation system fueled by natural-gas. The system utilizes LNG cold energy and it requires no sea water as a heat source.This system can be applied to LNG vaporization and send-out processes of gas companies or electric-power companies. The system recovers LNG coldenergy as an electric-power output without wasting it into sea water. The system consists of Rankine cycle with Freon mixture and a natural-gas Rankine cycle using the latent heat of exhaust steam from the steam turbine and the sensible heat of exhaust gas from the waste-heat recovery boiler. To improve the total efficiency of the system, a simulation was conducted to evaluate several factors, such as the composition of the Freon mixture, natural gas send-out pressure, as well as the combustion pressure steam inlet pressure, and steam-condensing temperature of the combined cycle. As a result, not less than 60 kWh/LNG-ton of output was generated even at a high natural-gas send-out pressure of 3.5 MPa. This value is considerably higher than the output generated at a LNG send-out pressure of 3 or 4 MPa, as given in Table 2.The system can produce about 400 kWh of net output when vaporizing 1 ton of LNG. While the conventional combined-cycle system in operation generates about 7 MWh when 1 ton of LNG is used as fuel, the system using the same amount of fuel generates about 8.2 MWh with a high degree of efficiency: a not-less-than 53% conversion efficiency was achieved per gross heat value.In the case of an LNG terminal receiving 5 million tons of LNG per year, this system can generate a power of about 240 MW when 600 t of LNG is used in an hour. With the elimination of about 24,000 tons per hour of sea water, which has been used for vaporizing 600 t/h of LNG in the conventional system, no less than 2 MW of electric power for operating sea water pumps can be saved.The proposed system emits no CO2, and can generate a large amount of electricity with high cost efficiency when incorporated into a combined cycle, with no use of sea water. Therefore, we consider that installation of this system is the one of the most favorable means of investment to put a new energy source or energy-saving equipment to practical use.To realize the full potential of this system, it is necessary to understand the heat characteristics of the Freon mixture, the icing and heat transfer characteristics of exhaust steam, the controllability of total system and the characteristics against partial load.References[1] The Center for Promotion of Natural gas Foundation. Research and development report of cold energy utilizing system, 1994[2] Japan's Energy and Economy Research Center. Energy and economy statistical data in 1995[3] Abe. Operating results and future prospect of a recent combined-cycle power generation plant. Thermal and Nuclear Power 1995;46(6):33-41[4] Maertens J. Design of Rankine cycles for power generation. Int. Refrig. 1986;9:137-43[5] Terada, Nakamoto. Power generation utilizing LNG cold. Thermal and Nuclear Power Generation 1986;37(10):66-71[6] Ooka, Ueda, Akasaka. Advanced LNG vaporizer and power generation utilizing LNG cold. Chemical Engineering 1981;45(3):187-90[7] Miura. The development of LNG vaporizer using vacuum steam heat (VSV). Journal of Japan Gas Society 1992;45:34-6[8] Nagai. Software-package and the usage. Chemical Equipment1994;August:31-7[9] Daikin Co. Ltd. Freon Data Sheet of HFC23一个高效的利用液化天然气联合循环余热的发电系统日本大阪541燃气有限公司工程部1-2平野町4肖梅中央谷，1998年9月概述本文提出了一个高效液化天然气气化发电系统，它是利用液化天然气冷能的最佳潜能极限。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程Chapter One Introduction to Translation
[点评] ：
(1)译文1中，well-paved确是“铺设得很好的”，可是，一见到well或good
[译就译文成1“]：好铺”，设显得得很语言好贫的乏公。事路实经上过，英一语排里排的这整两洁个的词在，汉现译代时有的很房多屋译法，。 如：a这w些ell房-be屋ha坐ved落gi在rl“树举中止得。体的姑娘”
[译文]: 我们都会想念他的，但我们祝愿他退休后快乐，长寿。 4. He has enough money to burn.
[译文]: 他有花不完的钱。 5. Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep?
[译文]: 你为什么要引狼入室？
General Introduction to Translation
expression）。
General Introduction to Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
• 这类翻译标准或原则的共同特点是：翻译既要“忠实”又要 “通顺”，即译文必须既要考虑到原作者又要考虑到译文的 读者。
• 所谓忠实，首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内 容完整而准确地表达出来，不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏阉 割或任意增删的现象。其次还应保持原作的风格——即原作 的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。 译者对原作的风格不能任意破坏和改变，不能以译者的风格 代替原作的风格。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation）一书中提出了著名的翻译三 原则：
英语口译基础教程-Unit-1-Introduction
KI=KL+EK+S (P+AP) 译员应该掌握的知识 =双语知识+百科知识 +技能(职业 口译技能 +艺术表达技能 )
– KI=Knowledge Required for an Interpreter – KL=Knowledge for language – EK=Encyclopedic Knowledge – S (P+AP)=Professional Interpreting Skills and
By ways: one-way interpreting 单向口译 two-way interpreting 双向口译
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Types of interpreting
By contents: guide interpreting 导游口译 ceremony interpreting 礼仪口译 information interpreting 宣传口译 conference interpreting 会议口译 negotiation interpreting 谈判口译
美 经 中美合企 2年 I 说 dif@bus. man. 中← →美// we 更 直 率 比 中←不同文传// I x 我 bus. ++ 毕 有 + & - @both // 近年 美企exe. 强: hu 中管//
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Example 2: How do you interpret?
今晚，我们很高兴在北京大学再次接待我们的老朋友格林博士和夫人。 /我代表学校的全体师生员工向格林博士和夫人及其他新西兰贵宾表示热 烈的欢迎。//
我相信格林博士这次对我校的访问，必将为进一步加强两校的友好合 作关系作出重要的贡献。//
英语口译基础教程Unit1Introdu
01
Introduction to Interpretation
Definition of Interpretation
It involves comprehending the exact meaning and intention of the source language and expressing it in the target language with accuracy and fluency
Executive Interpretation
The interpreter translates the spooked words of the source language after they have been delivered, either note taking or without notes
Standards for Interpretation
Accuracy
The interpreter must accurately translate the source language into the target language, ensuring that the meaning and intention are fully conveyed.
The interpreter needs to have a good memory to store and recall information during the interpretation process
Language conversion skills
Language comprehension
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问题
question, problem, trouble, point, issue 当时我们正在长征的路上，每天行军一百多 里。
We were on the Long March. Every day we marched a hundred li or more.
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How to understand
1) contextual analysis
– The slums offered an ugly contrast to the classical grandeur of official Washington.
– The baseball season opens this afternoon and I suspect that most of official Washington are out at the field, including the president and many of the members of the Cabinet.
main
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3. Avoid the misunderstanding of idioms
You can not trust him to keep a secret, he is sure to spill the beans before long.
切勿相信他会保守秘密，过不久他肯定会 泄露于人的。
1. Intralingual / interlingual translation 2. Interpretation, translation, machine
translation 3. Translation of different genres (EST
translation, literary translation, etc.) 4. Complete translation, adapted
1. man 2. I want my Martini dry. 3. An apple a day keeps a doctor away. 4. soft music / soft drinks
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Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida and Charles R.Taber, 1982:12)
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1-2. Understanding the background
潺潺长江水, 悠悠远客情。 落花相与恨, 到地一无声。
-----韦承庆《南行别弟》
Mournfully, mournfully rolls the long River, Saddened, ah saddened, the stranger’s breast. The flowers as they fall, his fate recall, As each flutters down in the earth to rest.
3. Edition & finishing touches
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1-1. Understanding the meaning of diction in the
context
A) Draw a line from A to B. B) The ship crossed the line. C) Cooking is more in your line than mine. D) They were given their marriage lines after the registration. E) She bought an overcoat lined with silk.
– Similar in living patterns.
Origin of translation:
– The Zhou Dynasty； – First recorded in the Western Han Dynasty;
History: 3 periods of climax
– The Eastern Han Dynasty -- the Tang & Song Dynasties
Faithfulness and smoothness
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Faithfulness
Be faithful to the content
– 1. Avoid word for word translation – 2. Avoid cultural misunderstanding – 3. Avoid the misunderstandinal misunderstanding
Love me, love my dog.
Every dog has its day.
That funny guy often talks horse.
He became dissatisfied with modern life and man’s selfish wish for private wealth, so he went and joined a Hippie commune. 出于对现代生活的不满和对人们自私的个人 财富占有欲的反感，他加入了嬉皮士群居社。
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The process of understanding
first reading , general reading for main idea, theme, background second reading, careful reading for details final reading for stylistic features, spirit
Clarice. 3. Translation strategies and techniques 4. Careful and conscientious attitude
main
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Principles of Translation
Faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance (信达雅) -----严复《天演论》(Evolution and Ethics)
– The Ming and Qing Dynasties – The period of May 4th Movement
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Functions of translation:
– A means of bilingual & bicultural communication;
– An instrument for transmitting culture;
idioms
Be faithful to the style
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1.Avoid word for word translation
The greatest compensation for wrongful imprisonment.
– 1．对错误监禁的最大数额的赔偿。
– 2．最大数额的冤狱赔偿金。
– 那人对我太无礼了，我无论如何也不再去做那份 工作了。
– 那家伙对我太无礼了，八抬大轿来请，我也不去 做那份工作了。
– I am up to my neck in your bullshit.
– 你害得我好苦。
– 你让我倒他妈的八辈子邪霉了。
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Process of translation
Unit 1
Introduction: Translation and Translation Techniques
广东海洋大学翻译网络课件
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General Introduction
Translatability:
– Different in phonetics, lexicology, grammar, & syntactic structures;
Faithfulness, expressiveness, closeness (信达切) -----刘重德《翻译十讲》 Spiritual conformity (神似) -----傅雷 Sublimed adaptation (化境) -----钱钟书 Excellent translation faithfully reflects all the original passage in vocabulary, syntax, even punctuation and spelling.
march — walk 《高级英汉双解词典》: march: walk as soldiers do, with regular and measured steps. 《朗曼当代英语词典》: to walk with regular, esp. forceful steps like a soldier.
The chief criminals shall be punished without fail.
– 主要罪犯绝对要受到惩罚。
– 首恶必办。
Didn’t you go to see the film last night?
No, I didn’t.
– 你昨晚没去看电影是吗？
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– 是的，我没去。
– You can’t be too careful. – It is five years since he smoked. 2. Broad knowledge – Big brother; kick bucket; – Hannibal (247-183 BC.) had us for lunch,