01_Intro Main Text

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哈佛大学公开课《happiness》01-intro

哈佛大学公开课《happiness》01-intro

―The most common source of mistakes in management decisions is the emphasis on finding the right answer rather than the right question.‖
“The one real object of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually asking questions.”
• Lacked rigorous methodology
Meet the Grandparents
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
Aaron Antonovsky (1923-1994)
Meet 1504
Meet the Parents
The Road to Positive Psychology
• Humanistic Psychology (50’s)
• The Third Force
– Reaction to behaviorism (First Force) – Reaction to psychoanalysis (Second Force)
It is not English 10a or Math 55 It is about rigorous fun
“I would not give a fig for the simplicity on this side of complexity, but I would give my life for the simplicity on the other side of complexity.”

intlinrog函数用法及例题

intlinrog函数用法及例题

intlinrog函数用法及例题摘要:1.Intro 函数的定义和作用2.Intro 函数的用法3.Intro 函数的例题及解析正文:【1.Intro 函数的定义和作用】Intro 函数是Python 中用于生成随机整数的函数,其函数名源自于"Introduction",意为"引入",在Python 的随机数库中,Intro 函数被广泛应用。

Intro 函数可以生成一个范围在指定范围内的随机整数,其函数定义如下:```pythonimport randomrandom_number = random.Intro(范围)```【2.Intro 函数的用法】Intro 函数的用法非常简单,只需要将需要生成随机数的范围作为参数传入即可。

Intro 函数会返回一个大于等于范围最小值,小于等于范围最大值的随机整数。

例如,我们想要生成一个1 到10 之间的随机整数,可以使用以下代码:```pythonimport randomrandom_number = random.Intro(1, 10)print(random_number)```【3.Intro 函数的例题及解析】下面我们通过一个例题来详细解析Intro 函数的使用方法。

例题:请生成一个1 到10 之间的随机整数,然后打印出来。

解析:```pythonimport randomrandom_number = random.Intro(1, 10)print(random_number)```上述代码首先导入了random 库,然后使用Intro 函数生成一个1 到10 之间的随机整数,并将其赋值给random_number 变量,最后使用print 函数将随机整数打印出来。

《最具特色好嗓音》 《等待中结束》 《年轮说》《寂寞给的毒》 《硬戳》 《寂寞》8cd

《最具特色好嗓音》 《等待中结束》 《年轮说》《寂寞给的毒》 《硬戳》 《寂寞》8cd

2016年《最具特色·好嗓音》+《等待中结束》+《年轮说》《寂寞给的毒》+《硬戳》+《寂寞》8CD2016年《最具特色·好嗓音》+《等待中结束》+《年轮说》《寂寞给的毒》+《硬戳》+《寂寞》8CD专辑名称:最具特色·好嗓音3CD专辑艺人:群星唱片公司:深圳音像公司发行时间:2016年7月资源格式:MP3/WAV DTS-ES6.1专辑简介:有那么一些歌,你会听到温暖,听到感动,闭上眼,步入静忆。

将浮华的一切烦恼放下。

有那么一些歌,节拍一打,沸腾的音符就已注入血液,像吗啡。

有那么一些歌,会让你的眼泪枯萎在光阴深处。

有那么一些歌,是最有故事的你想听到的...........专辑曲目CD101.致青春--王菲02.多情总为无情伤--降央卓玛03.北京北京--汪峰04.2002年的第一场雪--刀郎05.没那么简单--黄小琥06.无所谓--杨坤07.执着--田震08.谁在窗外流泪--小骆驼09.光明--谭艳10.他一定很爱你--阿杜11.如果没有你--孙露12.有多少爱可以重来--迪克牛仔13.寂寞犯的错--雷婷14.从头再来--刘欢15.春暖花开--那英16.浪人情歌--伍佰CD201.小小新娘花--孙露02 西海情歌--降央卓玛03.想念你--谭艳04.老地方的雨--雷婷05.因为爱情--王菲06.存在--汪峰07.冲动的惩罚--刀郎08.不只是朋友--黄小琥09.那一天--杨坤10.野花--田震11.九天揽月--小骆驼12.离别--阿杜13.我这个你不爱的人--迪克牛仔14.好汉歌--刘欢15.征服--那英16.痛哭的人--伍佰CD301.天空--王菲02 春天里--雷婷03.我祈祷--小骆驼04.手心里的温柔--降央卓玛05.唱不完的情唱不完的爱--谭艳06.当我想你的时候--汪峰07 怀念战友--刀郎08.突然的自我--黄小琥09.月亮可以代表我的心--杨坤10.干杯朋友--田震11.天黑--阿杜12 难忍的悲--孙露13 三万英尺--迪克牛仔14 挪威森林--伍佰15.弯弯的月亮--刘欢16.白天不懂夜的黑--那英专辑名称:等待中结束CD4专辑艺人:郎军唱片发行:致力音乐发行时间:2016录音场地:录音棚资源格式:WAV+CUE曲目01.等待中结束02.割舍03.得救04.曾经一起吃的苦05.从来都没有人爱06.渐忘07.痴情罪08.有没有不受伤的爱情09.忘了你忘了爱10.旅行的鱼11.记忆的旧城12.无法再爱谁专辑名称:寂寞给的毒(精选) CD5专辑艺人:马小郡出版公司:深圳音像公司发行公司:广州铭杰文化传播有限公司ISRC:CN-F29-11-740-00/A.J6ISBN:978-7-88531-598-6发行日期:2016年8月资源格式:WAV/MP3专辑简介:有种一种熟悉的旋律在每个深夜被我们念起,马小郡稍带沙哑却温婉妩媚的磁性声音给我们缓缓讲述那个略伤感却依然浪漫的故事,故事里有她的倔强,ta 的寂寞,ta的执着,低眉浅唱……总能将我们内心柔软的部分触动,不自觉地被她牵引着。

X 射线分析方法英文资料-X 射线分析方法-01-XRD_Intro-PPT详细图文介绍培训课程

X 射线分析方法英文资料-X 射线分析方法-01-XRD_Intro-PPT详细图文介绍培训课程
X-Ray Analytical Methods
X-rays were discovered by W.C. Röentgen in 1895, and led to three major uses: X-ray radiography is used for creating images of light-opaque materials relies on the relationship between density of materials and absorption of x-rays. Applications include a variety of medical and industrial applications. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry relies on characteristic secondary radiation emitted by materials when excited by a high-energy x-ray source and is used primarily to determine amounts of particular elements in materials. X-ray crystallography relies on the dual wave/particle nature of x-rays to discover information about the structure of crystalline materials.
XRD for Dummies: From Specimen to analyzed sample with minimal math
Specimen vs. Sample – An important distinavoidable when dealing with x-rays and crystallography, but modern analytical methods, software and computers can eliminate much of the tedium of calculations Avoid “Black Box” errors by understanding what is going on in your analyses

传智播客_Java基础入门习题答案之欧阳音创编

传智播客_Java基础入门习题答案之欧阳音创编

Java 基础入门》习题答案第1章Java 开发入门一、填空题1、Java EE、Java SE、Java ME 2、JRE3、javac4、bin5、path、classpath 二、选择题1、ABCD 2、C 3、D 4、B 5、B 三、简答题1、面向对象、跨平台性、健壮性、安全性、可移植性、多线程性、动态性等。

2、JRE(Java Runtime Environment,Java 运行时环境),它相当于操作系统部分,提供了Java 程序运行时所需要的基本条件和许多Java 基础类,例如,IO 类、GUI 控件类、网络类等。

JRE 是提供给普通用户使用的,如果你只想运行别人开发好的Java 程序,那么,你的计算机上必须且只需安装JRE。

JDK(Java Development Kit,Java 开发工具包),它包含编译工具、解释工具、文档制作工具、打包工具多种与开发相关的工具,是提供给Java 开发人员使用的。

初学者学习和使用Java语言时,首先必须下载和安装JDK。

JDK 中已经包含了JRE 部分,初学者安装JDK 后不必再去下载和安装JRE 了。

四、编程题public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("这是第一个Java 程序!"); } }第2章Java 编程基础一、填空题1、class 2、true 和false 3、单行注释、多行注释、文档注释4、基本数据类型、引用数据类型5、1、2、4、8 6、& && | || 7、0 8、59、34 10、56 二、判断题1、错2、对3、错4、对5、错三、选择题1、AD 2、AD 3、C 4、ABCD 5、C 6 、A 7、AC 8、A 9、B 10、A 四、程序分析题1、编译不通过。

Python Intro

Python Intro

A Quick,Painless Tutorial on the Python LanguageNorman MatloffUniversity of California,Davisc 2003-2006,N.MatloffSeptember4,2006Contents1Overview51.1What Are Scripting Languages? (5)1.2Why Python? (5)2How to Use This Tutorial52.1Background Needed (5)2.2Approach (6)2.3What Parts to Read,When (6)3A5-Minute Introductory Example63.1Example Program Code (6)3.2Python Lists (7)3.3Python Block Definition (8)3.4Python Also Offers an Interactive Mode (9)3.5Python As a Calculator (10)4A10-Minute Introductory Example114.1Example Program Code (11)4.2Command-Line Arguments (12)4.3Introduction to File Manipulation (12)5Declaration(or Not),Scope,Functions,Etc.125.1Lack of Declaration (12)5.2Locals Vs.Globals (13)6A Couple of Built-In Functions137Types of Variables/Values137.1String Versus Numerical Values (14)7.2Sequences (14)7.2.1Lists(Arrays) (14)7.2.2Tuples (16)7.2.3Strings (16)7.2.4Sorting (18)7.3Dictionaries(Hashes) (18)7.4Function Definition (19)8Keyboard Input19 9Use of name2010Object-Oriented Programming2110.1Example Program Code (22)10.2The Keyword self (22)10.3Instance Variables (22)10.4Class Variables (23)10.5Constructors and Destructors (23)10.6Instance Methods (23)10.7Docstrings (23)10.8Class Methods (24)10.9Derived Classes (24)10.10A Word on Class Implementation (25)11Importance of Understanding Object References25 12Object Comparison2613Modules and Packages2713.1Modules (27)13.1.1Example Program Code (28)13.1.2How import Works (28)13.1.3Compiled Code (29)13.1.4Miscellaneous (29)13.1.5A Note on Global Variables (29)13.2Data Hiding (30)13.3Packages (31)14Exception Handling3215Miscellaneous3215.1Running Python Scripts Without Explicitly Invoking the Interpreter (32)15.2Named Arguments in Functions (33)15.3Printing Without a Newline or Blanks (33)15.4Formatted String Manipulation (33)16Example of Data Structures in Python3416.1Making Use of Python Idioms (36)17Functional Programming Features3717.1Lambda Functions (37)17.2Mapping (37)17.3Filtering (39)17.4List Comprehension (39)17.5Reduction (39)17.6Generator Expressions (39)A Debugging40A.1Python’s Built-In Debugger,PDB (40)A.1.1The Basics (41)A.1.2Using PDB Macros (43)A.1.3Using dict (44)A.2Using PDB with Emacs (44)A.3Using PDB with DDD (46)A.3.1Preparation (46)A.3.2DDD Launch and Program Loading (46)A.3.3Breakpoints (46)A.3.4Running Your Code (47)A.3.5Inspecting Variables (47)A.3.6Miscellaneous (47)A.4Some Python Internal Debugging Aids (47)A.4.1The dict Attribute (47)A.4.2The id()Function (48)A.5Other Debugging Tools/IDEs (48)B Online Documentation48B.1The dir()Function (48)B.2The help()Function (50)B.3PyDoc (50)C Explanation of the Old Class Variable Workaround51D Putting All Globals into a Class531Overview1.1What Are Scripting Languages?Languages like C and C++allow a programmer to write code at a very detailed level which has good execution speed.But in most applications,execution speed is not important,and in many cases one would prefer to write at a higher level.For example,for text-manipulation applications,the basic unit in C/C++ is a character,while for languages like Perl and Python the basic units are lines of text and words within lines.One can work with lines and words in C/C++,but one must go to greater effort to accomplish the same thing.The term scripting language has never been formally defined,but here are the typical characteristics:•Used often for system administration,Web programming and“rapid prototyping.”•Very casual with regard to typing of variables,e.g.little or no distinction between integer,floating-point or string variables.Arrays can mix elements of different“types,”such as integers and strings.Functions can return nonscalars,e.g.arrays.Nonscalars can be used as loop indexes.Etc.•Lots of high-level operations intrinsic to the language,e.g.string concatenation and stack push/pop.•Interpreted,rather than being compiled to the instruction set of the host machine.1.2Why Python?Today the most popular scripting language is probably Perl.However,many people,including me,prefer Python,as it is much cleaner and more elegant.For example,Python is very popular among the developers at Google.Advocates of Python,often called pythonistas,say that Python is so clear and so enjoyable to write in that one should use Python for all of one’s programming work,not just for scripting work.They believe it is superior to C or C++.1Personally,I believe that C++is bloated and its pieces don’tfit together well;Java is nicer,but its strongly-typed nature is in my view a nuisance and an obstacle to clear programming.I was pleased to see that Eric Raymond,the prominent promoter of the open source movement,has also expressed the same views as mine regarding C++,Java and Python.2How to Use This Tutorial2.1Background NeededAnyone with even a bit of programming experience shouldfind the material through Section8to be quite accessible.The material beginning with Section10will feel quite comfortable to anyone with background in an object-oriented language such as C++or Java.If you lack this background,you will still be able to read these 1Again,an exception would be programs which really need fast execution speed.sections,but will probably need to go through them more slowly than those who do know C++or Java;just focus on the examples,not the terminology.There will be a couple of places in which we describe things briefly in a Unix context,so some Unix knowl-edge would be helpful,but certainly not required.Python is used on Windows and Macintosh platforms too, not just Unix.2.2ApproachOur approach here is different from that of most Python books,or even most Python Web tutorials.The usual approach is to painfully go over all details from the beginning.For example,the usual approach would be to state all possible forms that a Python literal can take on.I avoid this here.Again,the aim is to enable the reader to quickly acquire a Python foundation.He/she should then be able to delve directly into some special topic if and when the need arises.2.3What Parts to Read,WhenI would suggest that youfirst read through Section8,and then give Python a bit of a try yourself.First experiment a bit in Python’s interactive mode(Section3.4).Then try writing a few short programs yourself. These can be entirely new programs,or merely modifications of the example programs presented below.2This will give you a much more concrete feel of the language.If your main use of Python will be to write short scripts and you won’t be using the Python library,this will probably be enough for you.However,most readers will need to go further,with a basic knowledge of Python’s object-oriented programming features and Python modules/packages.So you should next read through Section15.That would be a very solid foundation for you from which to make good use of Python.Eventually,you may start to notice that many Python programmers make use of Python’s functional programming features,and you may wish to understand what the others are doing or maybe use these features yourself.If so,Section 17will get you started.Don’t forget the appendices!The key ones are Sections A and B.I also have a number of tutorials on Python special programming,work programming,itera-tors/generators,etc.See /∼matloff/python.html.3A5-Minute Introductory Example3.1Example Program CodeHere is a simple,quick example.Suppose I wish tofind the value of2The raw sourcefile for this tutorial is downloadable at /∼matloff/Python/ PythonIntro.tex,so you don’t have to type the programs yourself.You can either edit a copy of thisfile,saving only the lines of the program example you want,or use your mouse to do a copy-and-paste operation for the relevant lines.But if you do type these examples yourself,make sure to type exactly what appears here,especially the indenting.The latter is crucial,as will be discussed later.g(x)=x 1−x2for x=0.1,0.2,...,0.9.I couldfind these numbers by placing the following code,for i in range(10):x=0.1*iprint xprint x/(1-x*x)in afile,say fme.py,and then running the program by typingpython fme.pyat the command-line prompt.The output will look like this:0.00.00.10.101010101010.20.2083333333330.30.329670329670.40.476190476190.50.6666666666670.60.93750.71.372549019610.82.222222222220.94.736842105263.2Python ListsHow does the program work?First,Python’s range()function is an example of the use of lists,i.e.Python arrays,3even though not quite explicitly.Lists are absolutely fundamental to Python,so watch out in what follows for instances of the word“list”;resist the temptation to treat it as the English word“list,”instead always thinking about the Python construct list.Python’s range()function returns a list of consecutive integers,in this case the list[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Note that this is official Python notation for lists—a sequence of objects(these could be all kinds of things, not necessarily numbers),separated by commas and enclosed by brackets.So,the for statement above is equivalent to:for i in[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]:3I loosely speak of them as“arrays”here,but as you will see,they are moreflexible than arrays in C/C++.On the other hand,true arrays can be accessed more quickly.In C/C++,the i th element of an array X is i words past the beginning of the array,so we can go right to it.This is not possible with Python lists,so the latter are slower to access.As you can guess,this will result in10iterations of the loop,with ifirst being0,then1,etc.Python has a while construct too(though not an until).There is also a break statement like that of C/C++, used to leave loops“prematurely.”For example:>>>x=5>>>while1:...x+=1...if x==8:...print x...break...83.3Python Block DefinitionNow focus your attention on that inoccuous-looking colon at the end of the for line,which defines the start of a block.Unlike languages like C/C++or even Perl,which use braces to define blocks,Python uses a combination of a colon and indenting to define a block.I am using the colon to say to the Python interpreter, Hi,Python interpreter,how are you?I just wanted to let you know,by inserting this colon,thata block begins on the next line.I’ve indented that line,and the two lines following it,furtherright than the current line,in order to tell you those three lines form a block.I chose3-space indenting,but the amount wouldn’t matter as long as I am consistent.If for example I were to write4for i in range(10):print0.1*iprint g(0.1*i)the Python interpreter would give me an error message,telling me that I have a syntax error.5I am only allowed to indent further-right within a given block if I have a sub-block within that block,e.g.for i in range(10):if i%2==1:print0.1*iprint g(0.1*i)Here I am printing out only the cases in which the variable i is an odd number;%is the“mod”operator as in C/C++.6Again,note the colon at the end of the if line,and the fact that the two print lines are indented further right than the if line.Note also that,again unlike C/C++/Perl,there are no semicolons at the end of Python source code statements.A new line means a new statement.If you need a very long line,you can use the backslash character for continuation,e.g.4Here g()is a function I defined earlier,not shown.5Keep this in mind.New Python users are often baffled by a syntax error arising in this situation.6Most of the usual C operators are in Python,including the relational ones such as the==seen here.The0x notation for hex is there,as is the FORTRAN**for exponentiation.Also,the if construct can be paired with else as usual,and you can abbreviate else if as elif.The boolean operators are and,or and not.By the way,watch out for Python statements like print a or b or c,in which thefirst true(i.e.nonzero)expression is printed and the others ignored;this is a common Python idiom.x=y+\z3.4Python Also Offers an Interactive ModeA really nice feature of Python is its ability to run in interactive mode.You usually won’t do this,but it’s a great way to do a quick tryout of some feature,to really see how it works.Whenever you’re not sure whether something works,your motto should be,“When in doubt,try it out!”,and interactive mode makes this quick and easy.We’ll also be doing a lot of this in this tutorial,with interactive mode being an easy way to do a quick illustration of a feature.Instead of executing this program from the command line in batch mode as we did above,we could enter and run the code in interactive mode:%python>>>for i in range(10):...x=0.1*i...print x...print x/(1-x*x)...0.00.00.10.101010101010.20.2083333333330.30.329670329670.40.476190476190.50.6666666666670.60.93750.71.372549019610.82.222222222220.94.73684210526>>>Here I started Python,and it gave me its>>>interactive prompt.Then I just started typing in the code,line by line.Whenever I was inside a block,it gave me a special prompt,“...”,for that purpose.When I typed a blank line at the end of my code,the Python interpreter realized I was done,and ran the code.7While in interactive mode,one can go up and down the command history by using the arrow keys,thus saving typing.To exit interactive Python,hit ctrl-d.7Interactive mode allows us to execute only single Python statements or evaluate single Python expressions.In our case here, we typed in and executed a single for statement.Interactive mode is not designed for us to type in an entire program.Technically we could work around this by beginning with something like”if1:”,making our program one large if statement,but of course it would not be convenient to type in a long program anyway.Automatic printing:By the way,in interactive mode,just referencing or producing an object,or even an expression,without assigning it,will cause its value to print out,even without a print statement.For example:>>>for i in range(4):...3*i...369Again,this is true for general objects,not just expressions,e.g.:>>>open(’x’)<open file’x’,mode’r’at0x401a1aa0>Here we opened thefile x,which produces afile object.Since we did not assign to a variable,say f,for reference later in the code,i.e.the more typicalf=open(’x’)the object was printed out.3.5Python As a CalculatorAmong other things,this means you can use Python as a quick calculator(which I do a lot).If for example I needed to know what5%above$88.88is,I could type%python>>> 1.05*88.8893.323999999999998Among other things,one can do quick conversions between decimal and hex:>>>0x1218>>>hex(18)’0x12’If I need math functions,I must import the Python math libraryfirst.This is analogous to what we do in C/C++,where we must have a#include line for the library in our source code and must link in the machine code for the library.Then we must refer to the functions in the context of the math library.For example,the functions sqrt()and sin()must be prefixed by math:8>>>import math>>>math.sqrt(88)9.3808315196468595>>>math.sin(2.5)0.598472144103956558A method for avoiding the prefix is shown in Sec.13.1.2.4A10-Minute Introductory Example4.1Example Program CodeThis program reads a textfile,specified on the command line,and prints out the number of lines and words in thefile:1#reads in the text file whose name is specified on the command line,2#and reports the number of lines and words34import sys56def checkline():7global l8global wordcount9w=l.split()10wordcount+=len(w)1112wordcount=013f=open(sys.argv[1])14flines= f.readlines()15linecount=len(flines)16for l in flines:17checkline()18print linecount,wordcountSay for example the program is in thefile tme.py,and we have a textfile x with contentsThis is anexample of atext file.(There arefive lines in all,thefirst and last of which are blank.)If we run this program on thisfile,the result is:python tme.py x58On the surface,the layout of the code here looks like that of a C/C++program:First an import statement, analogous to#include(with the corresponding linking at compile time)as stated above;second the definition of a function;and then the“main”program.This is basically a good way to look at it,but keep in mind that the Python interpreter will execute everything in order,starting at the top.In executing the import statement, for instance,that might actually result in some code being executed,if the module being imported has some free-standing code.More on this later.Execution of the def statement won’t execute any code for now,but the act of defining the function is considered execution.Here are some features in this program which were not in thefirst example:•use of command-line arguments•file-manipulation mechanisms•more on lists•function definition•library importation•variable scopingI will discuss these features in the next few sections.4.2Command-Line ArgumentsFirst,let’s explain sys.argv.Python includes a module(i.e.library)named sys,one of whose member variables is argv.The latter is a list,analogous to argv in C/C++.9Element0of the list is the script name, in this case tme.py,and so on,just as in C/C++.In our example here,in which we run our program on the file x,sys.argv[1]will be the string’x’(strings in Python are generally specified with single quote marks). Since sys is not loaded automatically,we needed the import line.Both in C/C++and Python,those command-line arguments are of course strings.If those strings are sup-posed to represent numbers,we could convert them.If we had,say,an integer argument,in C/C++we would do the conversion using atoi();in Python,we’d use int().10Forfloating-point,in Python we’d usefloat().11 4.3Introduction to File ManipulationThe function open()is similar to the one in C/C++.This creates an object f offile class.The readlines()function of thefile class returns a list consisting of the lines in thefile.Each line is a string, and that string is one element of the list.Since thefile here consisted offive lines,the value returned by calling readlines()is thefive-element list[’’,’This is an’,’example of a’,’text file’,’’](Though not visible here,there is an end-of-line character in each string.)5Declaration(or Not),Scope,Functions,Etc.5.1Lack of DeclarationVariables are not declared in Python.A variable is created when thefirst assignment to it is executed.For example,in the program tme.py above,the variableflines does not exist until the statementflines= f.readlines()9There is no need for an analog of argc,though.Python,being an object-oriented language,treats lists as objects,The length of a list is thus incorporated into that object.So,if we need to know the number of elements in argv,we can get it via len(argv).10We would also use it like C/C++’sfloor(),in applications that need such an operation.11In C/C++,we could use atof()if it were available,or sscanf().is executed.By the way,a variable which has not been assigned a value yet has the value None(and this can be assigned to a variable,tested for in an if statement,etc.).5.2Locals Vs.GlobalsPython does not really have global variables in the sense of C/C++,in which the scope of a variable is an entire program.We will discuss this further in Section13.1.5,but for now assume our source code consists of just a single.pyfile;in that case,Python does have global variables pretty much like in C/C++.Python tries to infer the scope of a variable from its position in the code.If a function includes any code which assigns to a variable,then that variable is assumed to be local.So,in the code for checkline(),Python would assume that l and wordcount are local to checkline()if we don’t inform it otherwise.We do the latter with the global keyword.Use of global variables simplifies the presentation here,and I personally believe that the unctuous crit-icism of global variables is unwarranted.(See /∼matloff/ globals.html.)In fact,in one of the major types of programming,threads,use of globals is pretty much mandatory.You may wish,however,to at least group together all your globals into a class,as I do.See Appendix D.6A Couple of Built-In FunctionsThe function len()returns the number of elements in a list,in this case,the number of lines in thefile(since readlines()returned a list in which each element consisted of one line of thefile).The method split()is a member of the string class.12It splits a string into a list of words,for example.13 So,for instance,in checkline()when l is’This is an’then the list w will be equal to[’This’,’is’,’an’].(In the case of thefirst line,which is blank,w will be equal to the empty list,[].)7Types of Variables/ValuesAs is typical in scripting languages,type in the sense of C/C++int orfloat is not declared in Python. However,the Python interpreter does internally keep track of the type of all objects.Thus Python variables don’t have types,but their values do.In other words,a variable X might be bound to an integer at one point in your program and then be rebound to a class instance at another point.In other words,Python uses dynamic typing.Python’s types include notions of scalars,sequences(lists or tuples)and dictionaries(associative arrays, discussed in Sec.7.3),classes,function,etc.12Member functions of classes are referred to as methods.13The default is to use blank characters as the splitting criterion,but other characters or strings can be used.7.1String Versus Numerical ValuesUnlike Perl,Python does distinguish between numbers and their string representations.The functions eval() and str()can be used to convert back and forth.For example:>>>2+’1.5’Traceback(most recent call last):File"<stdin>",line1,in?TypeError:unsupported operand type(s)for+:’int’and’str’>>>2+eval(’1.5’)3.5>>>str(2+eval(’1.5’))’3.5’There are also int()to convert from strings to integers,andfloat(),to convert from strings tofloating-point values:>>>n=int(’32’)>>>n32>>>x=float(’5.28’)>>>x5.2800000000000002See also Section15.4.7.2SequencesLists are actually special cases of sequences,which are all array-like but with some differences.Note though,the commonalities;all of the following(some to be explained below)apply to any sequence type:•the use of brackets to denote individual elements(e.g.x[i])•the built-in len()function to give the number of elements in the sequence14•slicing operations,i.e.the extraction of subsequences•use of+and*operators for concatenation and replication7.2.1Lists(Arrays)As stated earlier,lists are denoted by brackets and commas.For instance,the statementx=[4,5,12]would set x to the specified3-element array.Arrays may grow dynamically,using the list class’append()or extend()functions.For example,if after the statement we were to execute14This function is applicable to dictionaries too.x.append(-2)x would now be equal to[4,5,12,-2].A number of other operations are available for lists,a few of which are illustrated in the following code:1>>>x=[5,12,13,200]2>>>x3[5,12,13,200]4>>>x.append(-2)5>>>x6[5,12,13,200,-2]7>>>del x[2]8>>>x9[5,12,200,-2]10>>>z=x[1:3]#array"slicing":elements1through3-1=211>>>z12[12,200]13>>>yy=[3,4,5,12,13]14>>>yy[3:]#all elements starting with index315[12,13]16>>>yy[:3]#all elements up to but excluding index317[3,4,5]18>>>yy[-1]#means"1item from the right end"191320>>>x.insert(2,28)#insert28at position221>>>x22[5,12,28,200,-2]23>>>28in x#tests for membership;1for true,0for false24125>>>13in x26027>>>x.index(28)#finds the index within the list of the given value28229>>>x.remove(200)#different from"delete,"since it’s indexed by value30>>>x31[5,12,28,-2]32>>>w=x+[1,"ghi"]#concatenation of two or more lists33>>>w34[5,12,28,-2,1,’ghi’]35>>>qz=3*[1,2,3]#list replication36>>>qz37[1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3]38>>>x=[1,2,3]39>>>x.extend([4,5])40>>>x41[1,2,3,4,5]42>>>y=x.pop(0)#deletes and returns deleted value43>>>y44145>>>x46[2,3,4,5]We also saw the in operator in an earlier example,used in a for loop.A list could include mixed elements of different types,including other lists themselves.The Python idiom includes a number of common“Python tricks”involving sequences,e.g.the following quick,elegant way to swap two variables x and y:>>>x=5>>>y=12>>>[x,y]=[y,x]>>>x12>>>y5Multidimensional arrays can be implemented as lists of lists.For example:>>>x=[]>>>x.append([1,2])>>>x[[1,2]]>>>x.append([3,4])>>>x[[1,2],[3,4]]>>>x[1][1]47.2.2TuplesTuples are like lists,but are immutable,i.e.unchangeable.They are enclosed by parentheses or nothing at all,rather than brackets.15The same operations can be used,except those which would change the tuple.So for examplex=(1,2,’abc’)print x[1]#prints2print len(x)#prints3x.pop()#illegal,due to immutabilityA nice function is zip(),which strings together corresponding components of several lists,producing tuples,e.g.>>>zip([1,2],[’a’,’b’],[168,168])[(1,’a’,168),(2,’b’,168)]7.2.3StringsStrings are essentially tuples of character elements.But they are quoted instead of surrounded by parenthe-ses,and have moreflexibility than tuples of character elements would have.For example:1>>>x=’abcde’2>>>x[2]3’c’4>>>x[2]=’q’#illegal,since strings are immmutable5Traceback(most recent call last):6File"<stdin>",line1,in?7TypeError:object doesn’t support item assignment8>>>x=x[0:2]+’q’+x[3:5]9>>>x10’abqde’15The parentheses are mandatory if there is an ambiguity without them,e.g.in function arguments.A comma must be used in the case of an empty list,i.e.(,).(You may wonder why that last assignment>>>x=x[0:2]+’q’+x[3:5]does not violate immmutability.The reason is that x is really a pointer,and we are simply pointing it to a new string created from old ones.See Section11.)As noted,strings are more than simply tuples of characters:>>>x.index(’d’)#as expected3>>>’d’in x#as expected1>>>x.index(’cd’)#pleasant surprise2As can be seen,the index()function from the str class has been overloaded,making it moreflexible. There are many other handy functions in the str class.For example,we saw the split()function earlier.The opposite of this function is join().One applies it to a string,with a sequence of strings as an argument.The result is the concatenation of the strings in the sequence,with the original string between each of them:16>>>’---’.join([’abc’,’de’,’xyz’])’abc---de---xyz’>>>q=’\n’.join((’abc’,’de’,’xyz’))>>>q’abc\nde\nxyz’>>>print qabcdexyzHere are some more:17>>>x=’abc’>>>x.upper()’ABC’>>>’abc’.upper()’ABC’>>>’abc’.center(5)#center the string within a5-character set’abc’The str class is built-in for newer versions of Python.With an older version,you will need a statementimport stringThat latter class does still exist,and the newer str class does not quite duplicate it.16The example here shows the“new”usage of join(),now that string methods are built-in to Python.See discussion of“new”versus“old”below.17A very rich set of functions for string manipulation is also available in the re(“regular expression”)module.。

关于国际危险货物运输的建议书试验和标准手册 2005(英文)01E_intro

关于国际危险货物运输的建议书试验和标准手册 2005(英文)01E_intro

ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.4Recommendations on the TRANSPORTOFDANGEROUS GOODSManualofTests and CriteriaFourth revised editionUNITED NATIONSNew York and Geneva, 2003NOTEThe designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.4Copyright © United Nations, 2003All rights reserved.No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying orotherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations.UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIONSales No. E.03.VIII.2ISBN 92-1-139087-7FOREWORDThe recommendations in this Manual of Tests and Criteria supplement the "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods" and the Model Regulations annexed thereto. They may also be used in relation to the “Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals”. They result from the decisions of the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods at its thirteenth (1984), fourteenth (1986), fifteenth (1988), sixteenth (1990), seventeenth (1992), eighteenth (1994), nineteenth (1996), twentieth (1998) and twenty-first (2000) sessions, and those of the Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals at it first (2002) session.This fourth revised edition includes revised provisions for the classification of lithium batteries (sub-section 38.3) adopted by the Committee in 2000 (ST/SG/AC.10/27/Add.2) (already published, together with corrections to the third revised edition as ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.3/Amend.1); and new provisions for the classification of ammonium nitrate emulsions (section 18), flammable aerosols (section 31) and substances corrosive to metals (section 37) adopted by the Committee in 2002 (ST/SG/AC.10/29/Add.2).GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTSSection Page 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION (Introduction, Layout, Precedence of HazardCharacteristics, Safety, General Conditions for Testing,Recommended Tests and Reporting) (1)PART I: CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES, TEST METHODS ANDCRITERIA RELATING TO EXPLOSIVES OF CLASS 110. INTRODUCTION TO PART I (Purpose, Scope, Acceptance procedure,Assignment Procedure, Examples of Test Report) (13)11. TEST SERIES 1 (To determine if a substance has explosive properties) (31)12. TEST SERIES 2 (To determine if a substance is too insensitive for inclusionin Class 1) (51)13. TEST SERIES 3 (To determine if a substance is thermally stable and nottoo dangerous to transport in the form in which it was tested) (69)14. TEST SERIES 4 (To determine if an article, packaged article orpackaged substance is too dangerous for transport) (123)15. TEST SERIES 5 (To determine if a substance may be assigned toDivision 1.5) (129)16. TEST SERIES 6 (To assign a substance or article to Division 1.1, 1.21.3 or 1.4 or exclude it from Class 1) (143)17. TEST SERIES 7 (To determine if an article may be assignedto Division 1.6) (155)18. TEST SERIES 8 (To determine if an ammonium nitrate emulsion, suspension or gel,intermediate for blasting explosives (ANE), is insensitive enough for inclusion inDivision 5.1, and to evaluate the suitability for transport in tanks) (177)PART II: CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES, TEST METHODS AND CRITERIARELATING TO SELF-REACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF DIVISION 4.1AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES OF DIVISION 5.220. INTRODUCTION TO PART II (Purpose, Scope, Preliminary Procedure,Classification Procedure, Example of Test Report) (201)21. TEST SERIES A (To determine if there is propagation of detonation) (213)22. TEST SERIES B (To determine if there is detonation in the package) (229)23. TEST SERIES C (To determine if there is propagation of deflagration) (233)24. TEST SERIES D (To determine if there is rapid deflagration in thepackage) (245)25. TEST SERIES E (To determine the effect of heating under confinement) (249)26 TEST SERIES F (To determine the explosive power) (265)27. TEST SERIES G (To determine if there is thermal explosion inthe package) (289)28. TEST SERIES H (To determine the Self-accelerating DecompositionTemperature) (295)GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)Section Page PART III: CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES, TEST METHODS AND CRITERIARELATING TO CLASS 3, CLASS 4, DIVISION 5.1 AND CLASS 930. INTRODUCTION TO PART III (Purpose, Scope) (323)31.CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES, TEST METHODS AND CRITERIARELATING TO FLAMMABLE AEROSOLS OF CLASS 2 (325)32. CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES, TEST METHODS AND CRITERIARELATING TO LIQUID DESENSITIZED EXPLOSIVES ANDFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS OF CLASS 3 (341)33. CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES, TEST METHODS AND CRITERIARELATING TO CLASS 4 (351)34. CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES, TEST METHODS AND CRITERIARELATING TO OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES OF DIVISION 5.1 (369)35. Reserved for classification procedures, test methods and criteriarelating to Class 6 (381)36. Reserved for classification procedures, test methods and criteriarelating to Class 7 (383)37.CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES, TEST METHODS AND CRITERIARELATING TO SUBSTANCES OF CLASS 8 (385)38. CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES, TEST METHODS AND CRITERIARELATING TO CLASS 9 (389)APPENDICES (403)Appendix 1 SPECIFICATIONS OF STANDARD DETONATORS (407)Appendix 2 BRUCETON AND SAMPLE COMPARISON METHODS (411)Appendix 3 CAVITATION OF SAMPLES (415)Appendix 4 NATIONAL CONTACTS FOR TEST DETAILS (419)Appendix 5 EXAMPLE OF A TEST METHOD FOR VENT SIZING (421)Appendix 6 SCREENING PROCEDURES (427)SECTION 1GENERAL INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction1.1.1 The purpose of this text is to present the United Nations schemes for the classification of certain types of dangerous goods and to give descriptions of the test methods and procedures considered to be the most useful for providing competent authorities with the necessary information to arrive at a proper classification of substances and articles for transport. The Manual of Tests and Criteria should be used in conjunction with the latest version of the Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (hereafter referred to as the Recommendations) and of the Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods annexed to these Recommendations (hereafter referred to as the Model Regulations).1.1.2 It should be noted that the Manual of Tests and Criteria is not a concise formulation of testing procedures that will unerringly lead to a proper classification of products. It therefore assumes competence on the part of the testing authority and leaves responsibility for classification with them. The competent authority has discretion to dispense with certain tests, to vary the details of tests, and to require additional tests when this is justified to obtain a reliable and realistic assessment of the hazard of a product. In some cases, a small scale screening procedure may be used to decide whether or not it is necessary to perform larger scale classification tests. Suitable examples of procedures are given in the introductions to some test series and in Appendix 6.1.2 Layout1.2.1 The classification procedures, test methods and criteria are divided into three parts:Part I: those relating to assignment of explosives to Class 1;Part II: those relating to assignment of self-reactive substances to Division 4.1 and of organic peroxides to Division 5.2;Part III: those relating to assignment of substances or articles to Class 3, Class 4, Division 5.1 or Class 9.Part III contains some classification procedures, test methods and criteria which are also given in the Model Regulations. There are also a number of appendices which give information common to a number of different types of tests, on the National Contacts for Test Details, on an example method for emergency relief vent sizing of portable tanks for the transport of organic peroxides and self-reactive substances and on screening procedures.1.2.2 The methods of test identification are given in Table 1.1.Table 1.1: TEST IDENTIFICATION CODESPart of manual Test series Test type Test number Example of testidentification codeI II IIIl - 8A - HL - T(a), (b), etc.--(i), (ii), etc.a1, 2, etc.1, 2, etc.2 (a) (i)A.lL.la If only one test is given for a test type, the Roman numerals are not used.1.2.3 Each test is given a unique identification code and is edited as follows:Introductionx.1Apparatus and materialsx.2Procedure (including observations to be made and data to be collected)x.3x.4Test criteria and method of assessing resultsExamples of resultsx.5NOTE: Examples of results are not normally given for tests on articles as these are too specific to the article tested and do not allow validation of the test procedure. Results on substances may vary from those given in the "Examples of results" if the physical form, composition, purity etc. of the substance is different. The results given should not be regarded as standard values.Figures x.1, x.2, x.3 etc. (i.e. diagrams of apparatus etc.)NOTE: Unless otherwise indicated, the dimensions given on the diagrams are in millimetres.1.3 Precedence of hazard characteristics1.3.1 The table in2.0.3.3 of Chapter 2.0 of the Model Regulations may be used as a guide in determining the class of a substance, mixture or solution having more than one risk, when it is not named in the Dangerous Goods List in Chapter 3.2 of the Model Regulations. For goods having multiple risks, which are not specifically listed by name in Chapter 3.2 of the Model Regulations, the most stringent packing group denoted to the respective hazard of the goods takes precedence over other packing groups, irrespective of the precedence of hazard table in 2.0.3.3 of Chapter 2.0 of the Model Regulations.1.3.2 The precedence of hazard characteristics of the following are not dealt with in the Precedence of Hazard Table in Chapter2.0 of the Model Regulations, since these primary characteristics always take precedence:Substances and articles of Class 1;Gases of Class 2;Liquid desensitized explosives of Class 3;Self-reactive substances and solid desensitized explosives of Division 4.1;substances of Division 4.2;PyrophoricSubstances of Division 5.2;Substances of Division 6.1 with a Packing Group I inhalation toxicity;Substances of Division 6.2; andMaterial of Class 7.1.3.3 Self-reactive substances, except for type G, giving a positive result in the self-heating test for Division 4.2, should not be classified in Division 4.2 but in Division 4.1 (see paragraph2.4.2.3.1.1 of the Model Regulations). Organic peroxides of type G having properties of another class or division (e.g. UN 3149) should be classified according to the requirements of that class or division.1.4 Safety1.4.1 For the safety of laboratory personnel, the producer or other applicant for classification of a new product should provide all available safety data on the product e.g. the toxicity data.1.4.2 Particularly when explosive properties are suspected, it is essential for the safety of workers that small scale preliminary tests are carried out before attempting to handle larger quantities. This involves tests for determining the sensitiveness of the substance to mechanical stimuli (impact and friction), and to heat and flame.1.4.3 In tests involving initiation of potentially explosive substances or articles, a safe waiting period, prescribed by the test agency, should be observed after initiation.1.4.4 Extra care should be taken when handling samples which have been tested since changes may have occurred rendering the substance more sensitive or unstable. Tested samples should be destroyed as soon as possible after the test.1.5 General conditions for testing1.5.1 The conditions given in the test prescriptions should be followed as closely as possible. If a parameter is not specified in the test prescription then the conditions given here should be applied. Where tolerances are not specified in the test prescription, it is implied that the accuracy is according to the number of decimal places given in any dimension e.g. 1.1 implies 1.05 to 1.15. In cases where conditions during a test deviate from those prescribed, the reason for the deviation should be stated in the report.1.5.2 The composition of the test sample should be as close as possible to the concentration of the substance intended for transport. The contents of active substance(s) and diluent(s) should be specified in the test report with at least an accuracy of ± 2 % by mass. Components which can have a major effect on a test result, such as moisture, should be specified as accurately as possible in the test report.1.5.3 All test materials in contact with the test substance should be such that, as far as possible, they do not affect the test results e.g. catalyse decomposition. In cases where such an effect cannot be excluded, special precautions should be taken to prevent the result being affected, e.g. passivation. The precautions taken should be specified in the test report.1.5.4 The tests should be performed under the conditions (temperature, density etc.) which are representative of the expected circumstances of transport. If the transport conditions are not covered by the test conditions specified, supplementary tests may need to be performed which are specifically designed for the anticipated transport conditions e.g. elevated temperature. Where appropriate, e.g. when the result is particle size dependent, the physical conditions should be specified in the test report.tests1.6 Recommended1.6.1 The manual gives descriptions of tests and criteria used to provide the necessary information to arrive at a proper classification. In some cases, there is more than one test for a particular property. As a result of comparative work with some of these tests, it has been possible to identify one test as the recommended test in a set of equivalent tests. The recommended tests for classifying explosive substances and articles (Part I of the manual) are listed in Table 1.2 and for classifying self-reactive substances and organic peroxides (Part II of the manual) in Table 1.3. All test methods given in Part III of the manual are recommended tests as only one test is given for each property. The other tests in a set are considered to be alternative tests and may continue to be used for classification purposes.1.6.2 As a result of comparative work, some tests have been deleted. However, as some countries maintain databases referenced by the test number, the tests currently given in the test manual have not been renumbered unless existing tests have been assigned to different test types.1.6.3 The aim is to have only one United Nations test, or combination of tests, for each property. However, until the recommended tests have been used more widely, it is not possible to do this in all cases at present.1.6.4 If new tests are proposed for inclusion in the manual, the proposer should be able to provide justification that the new test is a significant improvement on the existing recommended test. In such cases, the new test may be included as an alternative test until it has been tried by laboratories of other countries.Table 1.2: RECOMMENDED TESTS FOR EXPLOSIVES AND EXPLOSIVE ARTICLESTest series TesttypeTestcodeTest name1(a) 1 (a)UN gap test1(b) 1 (b)Koenen test1(c) 1 (c)(i)Time / pressure test2(a) 2 (a)UN gap test2(b) 2 (b)Koenen test2(c) 2 (c)(i)Time / pressure test3(a) 3 (a)(ii)BAM Fallhammer3(b) 3 (b)(i)BAM Friction apparatus3(c) 3 (c)Thermal stability test at 75 °C3(d) 3 (d)Small-scale burning test4(a) 4 (a)Thermal stability test for unpackaged articles and packaged articles4(b) 4 (b) (i)Steel tube drop test for liquids4 (c) 4 (b)(ii)Twelve metre drop test for unpackaged articles, packaged articles andpackaged substances5(a) 5 (a)Cap sensitivity test5(b) 5 (b)(ii)USA DDT test5(c) 5 (c)External fire test for Division 1.56(a) 6 (a)Single package test6(b) 6 (b)Stack test6(c) 6 (c)External fire (bonfire) test7(a)7 (a)EIDS cap test7(b)7 (b)EIDS gap test7(c)7 (c)(ii)Friability test7(d)7 (d) (i)EIDS bullet impact test7(e)7 (e)EIDS external fire test7(f)7 (f)EIDS slow cook-off test7(g)7 (g) 1.6 article external fire test7(h)7 (h) 1.6 article slow cook-off test7(j)7 (j) 1.6 article bullet impact test7(k)7 (k) 1.6 article stack test8 (a) 8(a) Thermal stability test for ANE8 (b) 8(b) ANE gap test8 (c) 8(c)Koenentest8 (d) 8(d) Vented pipe test aa This test is intended for evaluating the suitability for transport in tanks.Table 1.3: RECOMMENDED TESTS FOR SELF-REACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND ORGANIC PEROXIDESTest series Test code Test nameA A.6UN detonation testB B.1Detonation test in packageC C C.1C.2Time/pressure testDeflagration testD D.1Deflagration test in the packageE E E.1E.2Koenen testDutch pressure vessel testF F.4Modified Trauzl testG G.1Thermal explosion test in packageH H H H.1H.2H.4United States SADT test (for packages)Adiabatic storage test (for packages, IBCs and tanks)Heat accumulation storage test (for packages, IBCs and smalltanks)1.7 Reporting1.7.1 Classifications for Chapter 3.2 of the Model Regulations are made on the basis of consideration of data submitted to the Committee by governments, intergovernmental organisations and other international organisations in the form recommended in Figure 1 of the Recommendations. Supplementary data is required for the classification of:Substances and articles of Class 1 (see 10.5);Self-reactive substances of Division 4.1 (see 20.5); andOrganic peroxides of Division 5.2 (see 20.5).1.7.2 Where tests are performed on packaged substances or articles, the test report should contain the quantity of substance or number of articles per package and the type and construction of the packaging.- 5 -。

Lec01intro教学提纲

Lec01intro教学提纲
Lec01intro
Switched Networks
A network can be defined recursively as...
– two or more nodes connected by a link, or
two or more networks connected by a node

Application programs
Reques t/reply Mes sage s tream
channel
channel
Hos t-to-host connectivity
Hardware
10
Protocols
Building blocks of a network architecture Each protocol object has two different interfaces
link Buffer packets that are contending for the link Buffer (queue) overflow is called congestion
■■■
6
Inter-Process Communication
Turn host-to-host connectivity into process-to-process communication.
Request/Reply
– distributed file systems
– digital libraries (web)
Stream-Based video: sequence of frames
1/4 NTSC = 352x240 pixels (352 x 240 x 24)/8=247.5KB 30 fps = 7500KBps = 60Mbps
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Intro Main TextThese lessons are sold only on our website, . If you bought these lessons somewhere else, you have an illegal copy. Please notify us and we will take immediate legal action against the seller. Thank you.Hi, this is AJ Hoge, Director of the Effortless English Club. Welcome to our new set of lessons, these are called the Power English Lessons. The reason they’re called Power English is because in these lessons we’re going to do two things. Number one, you’re going to learn English, of course. As always, we have the mini‑stories which are our favorite lessons for most of our members, but the content, the focus, the topics in these lessons are going to be focused on the psychology of learning and the psychology of success.Now these ideas, they’re not just my ideas. In fact, they come from a lot of other people. They come from people like Tony Robbins, who is a famous success coach, Robert Anton Wilson, Joe Vitale, Robert Kiyosaki, Alan Watt, so I’ve taken a lot of ideas from a lot of different people about this topic of the psychology of success. And the reason that we’re going to talk about this in these lessons is that in my experience, most English students struggle and fail because of psychology, not because of methods, not because of teachers.Those things are important, but Tony Robbins talks about the fact that psychology is 80% of success. And I think he’s right, based on my experience with many, many English students. Psychology is 80% of success, so 20% are the methods you use to study. 20% are the schools you go to, the teachers you have, the books you use. Those are important, we talk a lot about them. But the other 80% is psychology, your motivation, your emotions, how you manage your time. All of these things are in fact much, much more important.What I saw in my classes were that the enthusiastic students, the energetic students, the optimistic students always learned much faster. They succeeded. The ones who failed, the ones who dropped out and quit, the ones who struggled had the opposite mentality. They had a very negative mentality. Their motivation was low. They tended to be pessimistic. They felt that they weren’t good at English. They had ideas that English was very tough, very difficult, they struggled. They didn’t have enthusiasm for English. They didn’t love English.So in these lessons we’re going to talk about how can you manage your emotions. How can you develop that strong, powerful, enthusiastic attitude towards English, how canyou maintain it so that you don’t get bored? So that in fact you get stronger and stronger with English and your psychology gets stronger and you succeed, you reach your goals. You speak fluently, effortlessly. So among teachers, English teachers, language teachers, this topic is called Non-Linguistic Factors. Non‑Linguistic Factors. So what “Non‑Linguistic Factors” means is things that are not related to language learning directly. When we talk about language learning research, when we talk about the best methods to use when you learn English, those are linguistic factors, right? They are related to the language. Non‑linguistic factors means not related to the language. This has nothing to do with English, it’s more about psychology. Motivation, for example, is a non‑linguistic factor. So all it really means is just emotional factors. And there are actually many research studies about this topic.Dr. Stephen Krashen down in Los Angeles, probably again the expert in language acquisition and language learning, has done many studies and he has also looked at many studies and he’s found that non‑linguistic factors are equally or in fact more important than the linguistic factors to determine who is successful ultimately. What that means is that things like your emotions, things like your peer group, the community that you belong to, your feelings about English are as important or more important than the methods you’re using to learn English.So how are we going to do this? How are we going to learn? Well, one of the things we have to do is create a daily English ritual. You need to engage your physiology. That means you need to engage and use your body. You need to engage and use your subconscious. That’s how you start to affect and strengthen your psychology. So we have to strengthen our psychology, what does that mean? Really it means affecting your body and your mind at the same time, so that you actually feel better. Your emotions are happier while you’re learning English. And I know this is the opposite of what you learned in school.You probably didn’t feel very happy when you were sitting in your English classes. But when you’re learning with Effortless English, it’s very important for you to feel happy. For your body to feel good, for your mind to feel good. For you to emotionally enjoy the process of learning English. Of course, it’s just more fun, you’re going to like it a lot better. But the other benefit is that you actually will learn faster. You’ll improve your grammar faster, you’ll improve your pronunciation faster. You’ll remember vocabulary words better, longer and faster when you feel good. So there’s a very practical reason for doing this, too.So we’re going to talk a lot in detail in these lessons about how to do this. But just right now, during this introduction, let’s talk a little bit about a daily plan. Something you could do immediately, right now, today, to start improving your success with English by changing your psychology. So here’s a little ritual, a little plan you can follow every day to start improving, to start feeling better and therefore improve your motivation and tolearn English faster and faster and faster, better and better and better. And it’s very simple.So the first thing you’re going to do is when you get up in the morning, the first part of this plan, this daily plan. You want to get into a peak emotional state. Peak means top. For example, the top of a mountain, when we talk about a top of a mountain, the very top we call the peak. So we’re saying a peak emotional state means a top emotional state or top emotional feeling. It means you want to feel great. Not just good, you want to feel really great. That’s the first thing you need to do before you listen to any English lessons. Before you study you want to first be sure that you feel great.How can you do it? Well, it’s really easy. I recommend, for example, using music. And I actually do this myself in the morning, most mornings. I will put on some great, exciting music that I love, jump around, act like a crazy person, and get myself feeling energetic and happy. Do that first before you listen. So move your body, smile. We’re going to talk about this more in detail in later lessons. But just for now, every morning when you get up first put on some music. Some energetic, happy music that you like, smile, move around. Do that for maybe 5 minutes, maybe 10 minutes. Then when you’re feeling really great, your body is moving, you feel like you have energy, you’re happy, then start your English lessons.The first thing you want to listen to is the main article, the main audio. So the first thing is listen to the main talk. And you can read this as well the first time if you cannot understand easily, you can read the transcript and listen at the same time. Do this perhaps two times per day, starting with the main story and reading. Use a dictionary if you need to to look up new words.Next, listen to the vocabulary. So in the vocabulary again I will discuss the meanings of some of the difficult words that I used. And again, you can read the transcript of that vocabulary lesson. There’s always a transcript you can read if you can’t understand my speaking, if I’m too fast, then read at the same time. It’s okay.Next, you’ll listen to the mini‑story and the mini‑story is the most important lesson. The mini‑story is designed for deep learning. In the mini‑story I am going to ask a lot of very easy questions while I tell a story. In fact I really ask the story, I don’t tell the story. Why am I doing this? Students ask me “Why are the questions so easy?” Well, the questions are supposed to be easy because I want you to answer fast and automatically. I want you to train your brain, teach your brain to answer very quickly.I don’t want you to translate from your language to English or from English to your language. It’s a bad habit, it will make you speak very slowly. I want you to just answer quickly, automatically, very fast. So that’s why I ask so many questions, like questions again, again, again, again, again…very easy. Your job…answer the questions quickly. You can answer with only one or two words, its okay. Short answers are fine. You don’t need to answer with a big, long sentence. In fact, short is better.So that’s the order that you’re going to follow. You’re going to listen to the main article first, one or two times. You can read as well if you need to. Then you’re going to listen to the vocabulary one or two times, each day. And then finally you’re going to listen to the mini‑story, one or two times or more. You can also read the transcript for themini‑story in the beginning.Now another important point, when you’re listening to these lessons do not study them. Don’t struggle to memorize. Just relax and listen. If necessary, you can read as well, as I said if you need to. But relax, you’re not trying to memorize anything. Just let it come in. Let the English come into your ears and into your eyes. Don’t think about it. Don’t analyze it. Do not think about grammar. The mini‑stories will help you learn grammar subconsciously, so don’t interrupt that process by trying to analyze it. Don’t think about grammar rules.You want to learn like a native speaker and that means you’re going to learn the patterns of English in these mini‑stories. You might not be able to explain them, just like native speakers cannot explain grammar rules. But that’s okay, you want to be able to use them correctly. That’s the important part. So again, you want to relax. Do not study. Do not think about grammar rules. Do not try to translate. Just relax and listen. That’s why we call it Effortless English. It should be effortless. You should be smiling, relaxed and just listening.Now another important point. You want to move your body while you’re listening to the lessons. This will keep your energy high. So, what do I mean by that? Well, a really easy way to do this is just to walk. You’ve got an iPod, you’ve got your earphones in, listen to the lessons while you go for a walk. You can do two things at one time. You exercise, you improve your body and you listen to English lessons and improve your mind at the same time.If you’re sitting in a train, then maybe you just stretch your body a little bit. If you’re in your car, you can move a little bit. You can move around in your seat. If you’re at your house you can go crazy, you can jump around. You can exercise very strongly. You can go to the gym. Do something with your body while you’re listening to the lessons. It will keep your energy high. It will keep you feeling better. You will actually learn faster by doing that.And finally, a very, very important point. You need to use our deep learning method. That means you listen to each lesson set for one week or more. So for example, this introduction has got three parts. There is a main lecture, a main talk. There is a vocabulary section. And there is a mini‑story. Well those three, you want to listen to those three every day for seven days. You want that repetition.Repetition is very important. You want it to go deeply into your brain. Just one time is not enough. Even if it is very easy for you, if you listen you understand everything, it’s simple, still follow the deep learning method. Still listen to the whole set for one week ormore. On the other hand, if it seems very difficult, listen longer. Two weeks is okay. Doesn’t matter, the point is you want it to go very deeply into your brain which means you want it to be almost effortless. It’s going to just go into your brain and eventually just come out without you thinking and that requires deep learning. It requires a lot of repetition.So that’s kind of your basic plan for using these lessons. Again, first you’re going to get into a peak state. You’re going to get excited. You’re going to jump around. You’re going to listen to music. You’re going to feel great. Then you’re going to listen to the main lecture, the main audio, one or two times. Then you’re going to listen to the vocabulary, one or two times. Then you’re going to listen to the mini‑story, one, two, three, four, five times…every day. And remember, relax, feel good and enjoy the lessons while you listen.Okay, that is it for our main section for this introduction. Next is the vocabulary.。

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