Rhetoric_and_Stylistics_(5)解读

3. Consonance: 尾韵，辅音韵 The repetition of the final consonant cluster in stressed syllables. --When I lent I was a friend, when I asked I was unkind. --Nothing lovelier than that lonely call, Bare and singular, like a gull, And three notes or four, then that was all. It drew up from the quiet like a well, Waited, sang, and vanishing, was still.
(我看他的笑，知道这是在阴森的土地,)
By his dead smile I knew we stood in Hell.
（他的笑是死的,我知道我们站在地狱里。)
(Wilfred Owen, Strange Meeting）(王佐良译)
--Rhyme-scheme: 押韵格式 The pattern in which rhymes are arranged. Letters are used to denote rhymeschemes. abab cdcd efef (rhyming every other line), and the following couplet (对 句:两行尾韵相谐的诗句),requiring the rhymes in pairs, e.g.
2) Tongue twisters: --A tutor who tooted a flute/ Tried to tutor two tutors to toot/ Said the two to the tutor/ “Is it harder to toot or/ To tutor two tutors to toot?” 1) 3) Literary or non-literary texts: --Mice and Men --Pride and Prejudice
--What is this life if, full of care, a We have no time to stand and stare! a No time to stand beneath the boughs, b And stare as long as sheep and cows. b No time to see, when woods we pass, c Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass. c Not time to see, in broad daylight, d Streams full of stars, like skies at night. d
(2) It is the main stressed syllable of a word which generally carries the alliteration, not necessarily its initial syllable. Long alliterates with unlovely in Tennyson’s “Here in the long unlovely street” (In Memorandum).
（阳韵：诗行的末尾重音节押韵）
two-syllable rhymes are called feminine rhymes;
（阴韵：第二音节无重音的双音节韵）
poly-syllabic rhymes.
--She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that’s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes; Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies.
（并没有感到有何不自在。）
(Robin Hood and the Widow’s Three Sons)
--I arise from dreams of thee [you]
（在夜晚第一度香甜的睡眠里，）
In the first sweet sleep of night,…
（从梦见你的梦中起身下了地，┅┅） (P. B. Shelley, The Indian Serenade)
Lecture 3 Figures of Speech (II) Sound-related figures
Section 1
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1. Alliteration: 头韵 The repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables. Two points need to be explained. (1) The initial consonant cluster is formed by 0, 1, 2, or 3 consonants. The longest initial consonant cluster is found in strong.
--Then he put on the old man’s cloak,
（第二天他再穿上老僧的外套，）
Was patch’d black, blue, and red;
（那外套上缝着红蓝黑布袋，）
He thought no shame, all the day long
（他穿着那食物袋袋衣，）
To wear the bags of bread.
--Fit or Fat? (an article aimed to encourage sports and exercises) --Magnetic, Magnificent Meryl (1982 best actress in the US.) --Sea, sun, sand, seclusion—and Spain (An ad.) --Highly educated wives will be increased in the country so that public affairs will have proportionate participants of both sexes. NOTE: be critical and do not produce sound effect at the cost of meaning.
1) Proverbs and idioms: --last but not least --now or never --safe and sound --speech is silver, silence is gold. --Many a little makes a mickle [Scottish].
(W. H. Davies, Leisure)
--Functions of rhyme: the general function is to get the texts more organized and to give “music” to the texts. It may also be used to achieve more significant effects, binding lines which are closely associated in content, e.g.
--Half-rhyme: 半韵 formed by repeating either the vowel (or diphthong) or the final consonant cluster. e.g. Hope is the thing with feathers That perches in the soul, And sings the tune without the words And never stops at all.
For I have known them all already, known them all— Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons, I have measured out my life with coffee spoons;
(T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock)
5) Onomatopoeia: 拟声 1) the use of words formed in imitation of the natural sounds associated with the object or action involved, e.g. --Crack came an officer’s club on his forehead. He blinked his eyes blindly a few times, wobbled on his legs, threw up his hands and staggered back.
(Byron, She Walks in Beauty)
--Take her up tenderly, Lift her with care, Fashion’d so slenderly, Young, and so fair!
(Thomas Hood, The Bridge of Sighs)
(Emily Dickinson, Hope Is the Thing with Feathers)
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--Pararhyme:旁韵;排韵(首尾辅音分别对照重复) Repeating the initial consonant cluster as well as the final consonant cluster. e.g. And by his smile, I knew that sullen hall.