英语--清华大学计算机英语--Chapter2

Computer English
Chapter 2 Basic Organization of Computers
Key points: useful terms and basic organization
of computers
Difficult points: describing the basic organization
2.1.1 System Buses
Physically, a bus is a set of wires. The components of the computer are connected to the buses. To send information from one component to another, the source component outputs data onto the bus. The destination component then inputs this data from the bus. As the complexity of a computer system increases, it becomes more efficient (in terms of minimizing connections) at using buses rather than direct connections between every pair of devices. Buses use less space on a circuit board and require less power than a large number of direct connections. They also require fewer pins on the chip or chips that comprise the CPU.
2.1.1 System Buses
New Words & Expressions:
pins n.插脚, 管脚 uppermost adj.最高的；adv.在最上 data bus 数据总线 multibit 多位 unidirectional 单向的 I/O bus 输入输出总线
address bus 地址总线 control bus 控制总线 via prep.经, 通过, 经由 bidirectional 双向的 hierarchy n.层次，层级 local bus n. 局域总线
New Words & Expressions:
subsystem n. 子系统 operation n. 操作，运算，执行命令(计)
microprocessor n.[计]微处理器
system buses 系统总线
sequence n.时序, 序列
fetch vt. 取数，取指令
decode vt.解码, 译解
从物理上来说，总线就是一组导线。计算机的部件就是连在总线上的。为 了将信息从一个部件传到另一个部件，源部件先将数据输出到总线上，然 后目标部件再从总线上接受这些数据。随着计算机系统复杂性的不断增长， 使用总线比每个设备对之间直接连接要有效得多（就减少连接数量而言）。 与大量的直接连接相比，总线使用较少的电路板空间，耗能更少，并且在 芯片或组成CPU的芯片组上需要较少的引脚。
instruction n. 指令
Abbreviations: CPU(Central Processing Unit) 中央处理器 I/O(Input/Output) 输入输出(设备)
2.1 Introduction
Address Bus CPU Daபைடு நூலகம்a Bus
Control Bus
Memory Subsystem
I/O Device …
I/O Device
I/O Subsystem
Fig.2-1 Generic computer organization
2.1 Introduction
Most computer systems, from the embedded controllers found in automobiles and consumer appliances to personal computers and mainframes, have the same basic organization. This organization has three main components: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem. The generic organization of these components is shown in Figure 2-1.
of computers
Requirements:
1. Terms of computer hardware
2. Basic Organization of computers and their functions
3. 掌握专业词汇的构成规律，特别是常用词缀及复合词
的构成
2.1 Introduction
大多数计算机系统，从汽车和日用电器中的嵌入式控制器到个人计算机 和大型主机，都具有相同的基本组成。其基本组成包括三个主要部件： CPU、存储器子系统和I/O子系统。这些部件的一般组成如图2-1所示。
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we first describe the system buses used to connect the components in the computer system. Then we examine the instruction cycle, the sequence of operations that occurs within the computer as it fetches, decodes, and executes an instruction. 本章我们首先讲述计算机系统中用来连接计算机各部件的系统总线。然 后再来考察指令周期，以及计算机在读取、解码和执行一条指令时所发 生的操作顺序。