微观第七章习题及答案word版本
曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案(第七章)
✍ how to define and measure consumer surplus.✍ the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve.✍ how to define and measure producer surplus.✍ that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in a market. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then utilized in Chapters 8 and 9 to determine the winners and losers from taxation and restrictions on international trade.The purpose of Chapter 7 is to develop welfare economics—the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapters 4 through 6 employed supply and demand in a positive framework, which focused on the question, “What is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market?” This chapter now addresses the normative question, “Is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market the best possible solution to the resource allocation problem, or is it simply the price and quantity that balance supply and demand?” Students will discover that under most circumstances the equilibrium price and quantity is also the one that maximizes welfare.KEY POINTS:? Consumer surplus equals buyers’ willingness to pay for a good minus the amount they actually pay for it, and it measures the benefit buyers get from participating in a market.Consumer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the demand curve and above the price.? Producer surplus equals the amount sellers receive for their goods minus their costs of production, and it measures the benefit sellers get from participating in a market. Producer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the price and above the supply curve.? An allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus is said to be efficient. Policymakers are often concerned with the efficiency, as well as the equality, of economic outcomes.? The equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus.That is, the invisible hand of the marketplace leads buyers and sellers to allocate resources efficiently.? Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market failures such as market power or externalities.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Definition of welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.A. Willingness to Pay1. Definition of willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.2. Example: You are auctioning a mint-condition recording of Elvis Presley’s first album. Four buyers show up. Their willingness to pay is as follows:for John. Because John is willing to pay more than he has to for the album,he derives some benefit from participating in the market.3. Definition of consumer surplus: the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.4. Note that if you had more than one copy of the album, the price in the auction would end up being lower (a little over $70 in the case of two albums) and both John and Paul would gain consumer surplus.B. Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer Surplus1. We can use the information on willingness to pay to derive a demand curve for the rare2. . Because the demand curve shows the buyers’ willingness to pay, we can use the demand curve to measure consumer surplus.C. How a Lower Price Raises Consumer Surplusare paying less for the product than before (area A on the graph).b. Because the price is now lower, some new buyers will enter the market and receive consumer surplus on these additional units of output purchased (area B on the graph).D. What Does Consumer Surplus Measure?1. Remember that consumer surplus is the difference between the amount that buyers are willing to pay for a good and the price that they actually pay.2. Thus, it measures the benefit that consumers receive from the good as the buyers themselves perceive it.III. Producer SurplusA. Cost and the Willingness to Sell1. Definition of cost: the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good .2. Example: You want to hire someone to paint your house. You accept bids for the work from four sellers. Each painter is willing to work if the price you will pay exceeds her opportunity cost. (Note that this opportunity cost thus represents willingness to sell.) The costs are: ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Review the material on price ceilings from Chapter 6. Redraw the market for two-bedroom apartments in your town. Draw in a price ceiling below the equilibriumprice.Then go through:✍ consumer surplus before the price ceiling is put into place.✍ consumer surplus after the price ceiling is put into place.You will need to take some time to explain the relationship between the producers’ willingness to sell and the cost of producing the good. The relationship between cost and the supply curve is not as apparent as the relationship between the demand curve and willingness to pay. It is important to stress that consumer surplus is measured in monetary terms. Consumer surplus gives us a way to place a monetary cost on inefficient market outcomes (due to government involvement or market failure).except for Grandma. Because Grandma receives more than she would require to paint the house, she derives some benefit from producing in the market.4.Definition of producer surplus: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing it.5. Note that if you had more than one house to paint, the price in the auction would end up being higher (a little under $800 in the case of two houses) and both Grandma and Georgia would gain producer surplus.B. Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus1. We can use the information on cost (willingness to sell) to derive a supply curve for2. marginal seller . Because the supply curve shows the sellers’ cost (willingness to sell), we can use the supply curve to measure producer surplus.are receiving more for the product than before (area C on the graph).b. Because the price is now higher, some new sellers will enter the market and receive producer surplus on these additional units of output sold (area D on the graph).D. Producer surplus is used to measure the economic well-being of producers, much like consumer surplus is used to measure the economic well-being of consumers.ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Review the material on price floors from Chapter 6. Redraw the market for anagricultural product such as corn. Draw in a price support above the equilibriumprice.Then go through:✍ producer surplus before the price support is put in place.✍ producer surplus after the price support is put in place.Make sure that you discuss the cost of the price support to taxpayers.IV.Market EfficiencyA. The Benevolent Social Planner1. The economic well-being of everyone in society can be measured by total surplus, which is the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus:Total Surplus = Consumer Surplus + Producer SurplusTotal Surplus = (Value to Buyers – Amount Paid by Buyers) +(Amount Received by Sellers – Cost to Sellers)Because the Amount Paid by Buyers = Amount Received bySellers:2. Definition of efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society .3. Definition of equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly the members of society .a. Buyers who value the product more than the equilibrium price will purchase the product; those who do not, will not purchase the product. In other words, the free market allocates the supply of a good to the buyers who value it most highly, as measured by their willingness to pay.b. Sellers whose costs are lower than the equilibrium price will produce the product; those whose costs are higher, will not produce the product. In other words, the free market allocates the demand for goods to the sellers who can produce it at the lowest cost.to the marginal buyer is greater than the cost to the marginal seller so total surplus would rise if output increases.b. At any quantity of output greater than the equilibrium quantity, the value of the product to the marginal buyer is less than the cost to the marginal seller so total surplus would rise if output decreases.3. Note that this is one of the reasons that economists believe Principle #6: Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.It would be a good idea to remind students that there are circumstances whenthe market process does not lead to the most efficient outcome. Examplesinclude situations such as when a firm (or buyer) has market power over priceor when there are externalities present. These situations will be discussed inlater chapters.Pretty Woman, Chapter 6. Vivien (Julia Roberts) and Edward (Richard Gere)negotiate a price. Afterward, Vivien reveals she would have accepted a lowerprice, while Edward admits he would have paid more. If you have done a goodjob of introducing consumer and producer surplus, you will see the light bulbsgo off above your students’ heads as they watch this clip.C. In the News: Ticket Scalping1. Ticket scalping is an example of how markets work to achieve an efficient outcome.2. This article from The Boston Globe describes economist Chip Case’s experience with ticket scalping.D. Case Study: Should There Be a Market in Organs?1. As a matter of public policy, people are not allowed to sell their organs.a. In essence, this means that there is a price ceiling on organs of $0.b. This has led to a shortage of organs.2. The creation of a market for organs would lead to a more efficient allocation of resources, but critics worry about the equity of a market system for organs.V. Market Efficiency and Market FailureA. To conclude that markets are efficient, we made several assumptions about how markets worked.1. Perfectly competitive markets.2. No externalities.B. When these assumptions do not hold, the market equilibrium may not be efficient.C. When markets fail, public policy can potentially remedy the situation. SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. Figure 1 shows the demand curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P1 and the consumer surplus that results from that price is denoted CS. Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it. It measures the benefit to buyers of participating in a market.Figure 1 Figure 22. Figure 2 shows the supply curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P1 and the producer surplus that results from that price is denoted PS. Producer surplus is the amount sellers are paid for a good minus the sellers’ cost of providing it (measured by the supply curve). It measures the benefit to sellers of participating in a market.Figure 33. Figure 3 shows the supply and demand for turkey. The price of turkey is P1, consumer surplus is CS, and producer surplus is PS. Producing more turkeys than the equilibrium quantity would lower total surplus because the value to the marginal buyer would be lower than the cost to the marginal seller on those additional units.Questions for Review1. The price a buyer is willing to pay, consumer surplus, and the demand curve are all closely related. The height of the demand curve represents the willingness to pay of the buyers. Consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the price, which equals the price that each buyer is willing to pay minus the price actually paid.2. Sellers' costs, producer surplus, and the supply curve are all closely related. The height of the supply curve represents the costs of the sellers. Producer surplus is the area below the price and above the supply curve, which equals the price received minus each seller's costs of producing the good.Figure 43. Figure 4 shows producer and consumer surplus in a supply-and-demand diagram.4. An allocation of resources is efficient if it maximizes total surplus, the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus. But efficiency may not be the only goal of economic policymakers; they may also be concerned about equity the fairness of the distribution of well-being.5. The invisible hand of the marketplace guides the self-interest of buyers and sellers into promoting general economic well-being. Despite decentralized decision making and self-interested decision makers, free markets often lead to an efficient outcome.6. Two types of market failure are market power and externalities. Market power may cause market outcomes to be inefficient because firms may cause price and quantity to differ from the levels they would be under perfect competition, which keeps total surplus from being maximized. Externalities are side effects that are not taken into account by buyers and sellers. As a result, the free market does not maximize total surplus.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumer surplus is equal to willingness to pay minus the price paid. Therefore, Melissa’s willingness to pay must be $200 ($120 + $80).b. Her consumer surplus at a price of $90 would be $200 ? $90 = $110.c. If the price of an iPod was $250, Melissa would not have purchased one because the price is greater than her willingness to pay. Therefore, she would receive no consumer surplus.2. If an early freeze in California sours the lemon crop, the supply curve for lemons shifts to the left, as shown in Figure 5. The result is a rise in the price of lemons and a decline in consumer surplus from A + B + C to just A. So consumer surplus declines by the amount B + C.Figure 5 Figure 6In the market for lemonade, the higher cost of lemons reduces the supply of lemonade, as shown in Figure 6. The result is a rise in the price of lemonade and a decline in consumer surplus from D + E + F to just D, a loss of E + F. Note that an event that affects consumer surplus in one market often has effects on consumer surplus in other markets.3. A rise in the demand for French bread leads to an increase in producer surplus in the market for French bread, as shown in Figure 7. The shift of the demand curve leads to an increased price, which increases producer surplus from area A to area A + B + C.Figure 7The increased quantity of French bread being sold increases the demand for flour, as shown in Figure 8. As a result, the price of flour rises, increasing producer surplus from area Dto D + E + F. Note that an event that affects producer surplus in one market leads to effects on producer surplus in related markets.Figure 84. a.Figure 9b. When the price of a bottle of water is $4, Bert buys two bottles of water. His consumer surplus is shown as area A in the figure. He values his first bottle of water at $7, but pays only $4 for it, so has consumer surplus of $3. He values his second bottle of water at $5, but pays only $4for it, so has consumer surplus of $1. Thus Bert’s total consumer surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area of A in the figure.c. When the price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2, Bert buys three bottles of water, an increase of one. His consumer surplus consists of both areas A and B in the figure, an increase in the amount of area B. He gets consumer surplus of $5 from the first bottle ($7 value minus $2 price), $3 from the second bottle ($5 value minus $2 price), and $1 from the third bottle ($3 value minus $2 price), for a total consumer surplus of $9. Thus consumer surplus rises by $5 (which is the size of area B) when the price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2.5. a.Figure 10b. When the price of a bottle of water is $4, Ernie sells two bottles of water. His producer surplus is shown as area A in the figure. He receives $4 for his first bottle of water, but it costs only $1 to produce, so Ernie has producer surplus of $3. He also receives $4 for his second bottle of water, which costs $3 to produce, so he has producer surplus of $1. Thus Ernie’s total producer surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area of A in the figure.c. When the price of a bottle of water rises from $4 to $6, Ernie sells three bottles of water, an increase of one. His producer surplus consists of both areas A and B in the figure, an increase by the amount of area B. He gets producer surplus of $5 from the first bottle ($6 price minus $1 cost), $3 from the second bottle ($6 price minus $3 cost), and $1 from the third bottle ($6 price minus $5 price), for a total producer surplus of $9. Thus producer surplus rises by $5 (which is the size of area B) when the price of a bottle of water rises from $4 to $6.6. a. From Ernie’s supply schedule and Bert’s demand schedule, the quantityequilibrium quantity of two.b. At a price of $4, consumer surplus is $4 and producer surplus is $4, as shown in Problems 3 and 4 above. Total surplus is $4 + $4 = $8.c. If Ernie produced one less bottle, his producer surplus would decline to $3, as shown in Problem 4 above. If Bert consumed one less bottle, his consumer surplus would decline to $3, as shown in Problem 3 above. So total surplus would decline to $3 + $3 = $6.d. If Ernie produced one additional bottle of water, his cost would be $5, but the price is only $4, so his producer surplus would decline by $1. If Bert consumed one additional bottle of water, his value would be $3, but the price is $4, so his consumer surplus would decline by $1. So total surplus declines by $1 + $1 = $2.7. a. The effect of falling production costs in the market for stereos results in a shift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 11. As a result, the equilibrium price of stereos declines and the equilibrium quantity increases.Figure 11b. The decline in the price of stereos increases consumer surplus from area A to A + B + C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D. Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producer surplus is areas E + F + G. So producer surplus changes by the amount F + G – B, which may be positive or negative. The increase in quantity increases producer surplus, while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Because consumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G – B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G.c. If the supply of stereos is very elastic, then the shift of the supply curve benefits consumers most. To take the most dramatic case, suppose the supply curve were horizontal, as shown in Figure 12. Then there is no producer surplus at all. Consumers capture all the benefits of falling production costs, with consumer surplus rising from area A to area A + B.Figure 128. Figure 13 shows supply and demand curves for haircuts. Supply equals demand at a quantity of three haircuts and a price between $4 and $5. Firms A, C, and D should cut the hair of Ellen, Jerry, and Phil. Oprah’s willingness to pay is too low and firm B’s costs are too high, so they do not participate. The maximum total surplus is the area between the demand and supply curves, which totals $11 ($8 value minus $2 cost for the first haircut, plus $7 value minus $3 cost for the second, plus $5 value minus $4 cost for the third).Figure 139. a. The effect of falling production costs in the market for computers results in a shift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 14. As a result, the equilibrium price of computers declines and the equilibrium quantity increases. The decline in the price of computers increases consumer surplus from area A to A + B + C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D.Figure 14 Figure 15Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above thesupply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producer surplus isareas E + F + G. So producer surplus changes by the amount F + G – B, whichmay be positive or negative. The increase in quantity increases producer surplus,while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Because consumer surplusrises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G – B, total surplus rises byC +D + F + G.b. Because typewriters are substitutes for computers, the decline in the price of computers means that people substitute computers for typewriters, shifting the demand for typewriters to the left, as shown in Figure 15. The result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of typewriters. Consumer surplus in the typewriter market changes from area A + B to A + C, a net change of C – B. Producer surplus changes from area C + D + E to area E, a net loss of C + D. Typewriter producers are sad about technological advances in computers because their producer surplus declines.c. Because software and computers are complements, the decline in the price and increase in the quantity of computers means that the demand for software increases, shifting the demand for software to the right, as shown in Figure 16. The result is an increase in both the price and quantity of software. Consumer surplus in the software market changes from B + C to A + B, anet change of A – C. Producer surplus changes from E to C + D + E, an increase of C + D, so software producers should be happy about the technological progress in computers.Figure 16d. Yes, this analysis helps explain why Bill Gates is one the world’s richest people, because his company produces a lot of software that is a complement with computers and there has been tremendous technological advance in computers.10. a. With Provider A, the cost of an extra minute is $0. With Provider B, the cost of anextra minute is $1.b. With Provider A, my friend will purchase 150 minutes [= 150 – (50)(0)]. WithProvider B, my friend would purchase 100 minutes [= 150 – (50)(1)].c. With Provider A, he would pay $120. The cost would be $100 with Provider B.Figure 17d. Figure 17 shows the friend’s demand. With Provider A, he buys 150 minutes andhis consumer surplus is equal to (1/2)(3)(150) – 120 = 105. With Provider B, hisconsumer surplus is equal to (1/2)(2)(100) = 100.e. I would recommend Provider A because he receives greater consumer surplus.11. a. Figure 18 illustrates the demand for medical care. If each procedure has a price of $100, quantity demanded will be Q1 procedures.Figure 18b. If consumers pay only $20 per procedure, the quantity demanded will be Q2 procedures. Because the cost to society is $100, the number of procedures performed is too large to maximize total surplus. The quantity that maximizes total surplus is Q1 procedures, which is less than Q2.c. The use of medical care is excessive in the sense that consumers get procedures whose value is less than the cost of producing them. As a result, the economy’s total surplus is reduced.d. To prevent this excessive use, the consumer must bear the marginal cost of the procedure. But this would require eliminating insurance. Another possibility would be that the insurance company, which pays most of the marginal cost of the procedure ($80, in this case) could decide whether the procedure should be performed. But the insurance company does not get the benefits of the procedure, so its decisions may not reflect the value to the consumer.。
张元鹏《微观经济学》(中级教程)习题详解(第7章 竞争性市场分析：产品市场)
张元鹏《微观经济学》（中级教程）第七章 竞争性市场分析：产品市场课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
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1．设某完全竞争市场有许多厂商，而每个厂商的LAC 都相同，其最低点的价格为10元，产量为20，若市场的需求函数为1500050Q P =-。
试求长期下市场的价格及厂商的数目。
解：长期中，完全竞争厂商的长期均衡出现在LAC 曲线的最低点。
故()min 10P LAC ==，厂商数目15000501072520Q n q -⨯===家。
2．某完全竞争的行业中有100家厂商，而每个厂商的短期成本为320.121410TC q q q =-++问（1）个别厂商的SAC 、SAVC 及SMC 各为多少？（2）个别厂商的短期供给曲线为多少？ （3）行业短期供给曲线为多少？（4）若市场需求为140.01P Q =-，则市场价格及均衡产量各是多少？ （5）厂商利润最大的产量及利润各为多少？解：（1）2100.1214TC SAC q q q q ==-++。
3220.12140.1214SVCSVC q q q SAVC q q q=-+⇒==-+。
2d 0.3414d TCSMC q q q==-+。
（2）完全竞争厂商的短期均衡条件为SM C P =，即20.3414q q P -+=，解得8q 。
（二阶条件要求()()()0SMC q MR q P q '''>==，即40.6400.6q q ->⇒>，故q 舍去。
）20.1214SVC SAVC q q q ==-+ ，其最低点处d 0.220d SAVCq q=-=，10q ∴=，从而()2min 0.110210144SAVC =⨯-⨯+=。
《微观经济学》综合习题第7章复习过程
微观经济学综合习题一第7章不完全竞争市场练习题1．下列各项中，错误的是（）A. 垄断厂商的平均收益曲线与需求曲线相重合B. 垄断厂商的边际收益曲线的斜率大于平均收益曲线的斜率C. 垄断厂商的边际收益大于平均收益D. 垄断厂商的边际收益小于平均收益2．在垄断厂商的短期均衡时，垄断厂商可以（）A. 亏损B. 利润为零C. 盈利D. 上述情况都可能存在3．弯折的需求曲线模型的假设条件是（）A. 行业内寡头厂商们之间是有勾结的B. 行业内某寡头厂商提价时，其他寡头厂商都会仿效C. 行业内某寡头厂商降价时，其他寡头厂商都会仿效D. 厂商可以任意进出市场4．垄断厂商的平均收益曲线与边际收益曲线均为直线时，平均收益曲线在Q轴上的截距是边际收益曲线在Q轴上的截距的（）A. 一倍B. 两倍C. 一半D. 四倍5．当垄断厂商的长期均衡产量上，可以有（）A. P大于LACB. P小于LACC. P等于最小的LACD. 以上情况都可能存在6．古诺模型达到均衡时，两厂商所占的市场份额为（）A. 1/2，1/2B. 1/3，1/3C. 1/3，2/3D. 3/5，2/57．如果在需求曲线某一点上的需求价格弹性e d＝5，商品的价格P＝6，则相应的边际收益MR为（）A. 7.5B. 24C. 1D. 4.88．古诺模型中，厂商以（）为目的A. 减少成本B. 利润最大化C. 价格稳定D. 扩大市场占有9．垄断竞争市场上厂商的短期均衡发生于（）A. 边际成本等于D需求曲线中产生的边际收益时B. 平均成本下降时C. d需求曲线与平均成本曲线相切时D. D需求曲线与d需求曲线相交，并有边际成本等于d需求曲线中产生的边际收益时10．当垄断市场的需求缺乏弹性时，MR为（）A. 负值B. 0C. 1D. 正值答案：C、D、C、B、A、B、D、B、D、A微观经济学综合习题二第七章不完全竞争的市场一、名词解释不完全竞争市场垄断市场生产集团理想的产量多余的生产能力寡头市场二、填空题1.如果需求曲线上某一点的需求的价格弹性e d=5，商品的价格P=6，则相应的边际收益MR=（）。
微观经济学第七章 习题答案
MR，试求：图7—1(1)A点所对应的MR值；(2)B点所对应的MR值。
解答：(1)根据需求的价格点弹性的几何意义，可得A点的需求的价格弹性为e d ＝eq \f(15－5,5)＝2或者e d ＝eq \f(2,3－2)＝2再根据公式MR＝P eq \b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(1－\f(1,e d )))，则A点的MR值为MR＝2×eq \b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(1－\f(1,2)))＝1(2)与(1)类似，根据需求的价格点弹性的几何意义，可得B点的需求的价格弹性为e d ＝eq \f(15－10,10)＝eq \f(1,2)或者e d ＝eq \f(1,3－1)＝eq \f(1,2)再根据公式MR＝P eq \b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(1－\f(1,e d )))，则B点的MR值为MR＝1×eq \b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(1－\f(1,1/2)))＝－12. 图7—2(即教材第205页的图7—19)是某垄断厂商的长期成本曲线、需求曲线和收益曲线。
试在图中标出：(1)长期均衡点及相应的均衡价格和均衡产量；(2)长期均衡时代表最优生产规模的SAC曲线和SMC曲线；(3)长期均衡时的利润量。
图7—2图7—3(1)长期均衡点为E点，因为在E点有MR＝LMC。
由E点出发，均衡价格为P0，均衡数量为Q0。
(2)长期均衡时代表最优生产规模的SAC曲线和SMC曲线如图7—3所示。
在Q0的产量上，SAC曲线和LAC曲线相切；SMC曲线和LMC曲线相交，且同时与MR曲线相交。
(3)长期均衡时的利润量由图7—3中阴影部分的面积表示，即π＝[AR(Q0)－SAC(Q0)]·Q 0。
3. 已知某垄断厂商的短期总成本函数为STC＝0.1Q3－6Q2＋140Q＋3 000，反需求函数为P＝150－3.25Q。
微观经济学第第七章课后答案资料
微观经济学第第七章课后答案第7章 课后练习答案一、基本概念 1、一般均衡：经济中所有经济单位及其市场同时处于均衡的一种状态。
2、帕累托最优条件：1）交换的帕累托最化条件：A B XY XY MRS MRS = ；2）生产的帕累托最优条件：C D LK LK MRTS MRTS = ；3）交换和生产的帕累托最优条件：XY XY MRS MRT = 3、帕累托改进：在资源既定的情况下，如果经济社会通过资源重新配置可以在不使得他人境况受到损害的条件下使得某些人的境况得到改善，则社会福利得到增进。
二、分析简答1、什么是局部均衡和一般均衡，两者的区别和联系是什么？答：局部均衡是指：仅仅是某一种产品实现了均衡或某一种市场(例如，产品市场或要素市场)实现了均衡。
一般均衡是指经济中所有经济单位及其市场同时处于均衡的一种状态。
局部均衡把市场上其他商品和生产要素的数量与价格对这种商品或生产要素价格的影响忽略不计或视为不变，即假定这一商品或生产要素的价格只取决于它本身的供求状况，而不受其他商品的价格和供求状况的影响。
而在一般均衡分析中，不仅要分析影响该商品价格变动的供求关系，还要分析影响该商品生产的生产要素市场、消费者收入等多种因素的影响，即把经济中的所有经济单位和所有市场联系起来加以考虑和分析。
2、为什么完全竞争可以实现帕累托最优所需具备的三个条件？完全竞争经济在一定的假设条件下存在着一般均衡，即存在一组价格，在该组价格下市场中的供求平衡。
假设该组价格为Px ，P Y ，…，P L ，P K ，…。
其中P X ，P Y ，…表示商品X ，Y ，…的均衡价格；P L ，P K ，…表示要素L ，K ，…的均衡价格。
在完全竞争条件下，每个消费者和生产者都是价格的接受者，消费者在既定价格下追求自身效用的最大化，生产者在既定价格下追求自身利润的最大化。
对于消费者而言，任意一个消费者在完全竞争经济中效用最大化的条件是任意两种商品的边际替代率等于两种商品的价格比率，对于消费者C ，有：/A XY X Y MRS P P = ；对于消费者B ，有： /B XY X Y MRS P P =；将以上两式整理可得：A B XY XY MRS MRS =；此公式就是交换的帕累托最优条件。
人大版微观经济学(第三版)课后答案第7-8章
第七章 不完全竞争市场第一部分 教材配套习题本习题详解1．根据图7-20中某垄断厂商的线性需求曲线d 和相应的边际收益曲线MR ，试求：(1)A 点所对应的MR 值；(2)B 点所对应的MR 值。
图7-20答：由图7-20可知需求曲线ｄ为P=－351+Q , TR(Q)=P ·Q= －Q Q 3512+, 所以MR=TR ′(Q)= －352+Q (1)A 点(Q=5，P=2) 的MR 值为:MR (5)= －352+Q =1； (2)B 点(Q=10，P=1) 的MR 值为: MR (10)= －352+Q =－1 本题也可以用MR=P(1--dE 1)求得： E A =2，P A =2，则MR=P(1--d E 1)=2x （1- 12）=1 E B =12，P B =1，则MR=P(1--d E 1)=1x （1- 10.5）=-12.为什么垄断厂商实现 MR =MC 的利润最大化均衡时,总有P >MC ? 你是如何理 解这种状态的?解答：在完全竞争市场条件下，由于厂商的MR＝P，所以完全竞争厂商利润最大化的原则MR＝MC可以改写为P＝MC。
这就是说，完全竞争厂商的产品价格等于产品的边际成本。
而在垄断市场条件下，由于垄断厂商的MR曲线的位置低于d需求曲线的位置，即在每一产量水平上都有P>MR，又由于垄断厂商是根据利润最大化原则MR＝MC来决定产量水平的，所以，在每一个产量水平上均有P>MC。
这就是说，垄断厂商的产品价格是高于产品的边际成本的。
而且，在MC曲线给定的条件下，垄断厂商的d需求曲线以及相应的MR曲线越陡峭，即厂商的垄断程度越强，由利润最大化原则MR＝MC所决定的价格水平P高出边际成本MC的幅度就越大。
鉴于在垄断市场上的产品价格P>MC，经济学家提出了一个度量厂商垄断程度的指标：勒纳指数。
勒纳指数可以由1(1eMR P=-）=MC推导出，1(1eMR P=-）=MC,整理得，勒纳指数为：1e PP MC-=。
高鸿业,微观经济学,第七版,课后答案,西方经济学18第七章不完全竞争的市场
第七章不完全竞争的市场第一部分 教材配套习题本习题详解一、简答题1．根据图20中线性需求曲线d 和相应的边际收益曲线MR ，试求： (1)A 点所对应的MR 值；(2)B 点所对应的MR 值。
图7-1答：由图７—１可知需求曲线ｄ为P=－351+Q , TR(Q)=P ·Q= －Q Q 3512+, 所以MR=TR ′ (Q)= －352+Q(1)A 点(Q=5，P=2) 的MR 值为:MR (5)= －352+Q =1； (2)B 点(Q=10，P=1) 的MR 值为: MR (10)= －352+Q =－1 本题也可以用MR=P(1--dE 1)求得： E A =2，P A =2，则MR=P(1--d E 1)=2x （1- 12）=1 E B =12，P B =1，则MR=P(1--d E 1)=1x （1- 10.5）=-1２．图７—２是某垄断厂商的长期成本曲线、需求曲线和收益曲线。
试在图中标出：（１）长期均衡点及相应的均衡价格和均衡产量；（２）长期均衡时代表最优生产规模的ＳＡＣ曲线和ＳＭＣ 曲线；（３）长期均衡时的利润量。
图７—２解答：（１）如图７—３所示，长期均衡点为Ｅ点，因为在Ｅ点有ＭＲ＝ＬＭＣ。
由Ｅ点出发，均衡价格为Ｐ，均衡数量为Ｑ０。
０（２）长期均衡时代表最优生产规模的ＳＡＣ曲线和ＳＭＣ曲线如图７—３所示。
在Ｑ０的产量上，ＳＡＣ曲线和ＬＡＣ曲线相切；ＳＭＣ曲线和ＬＭＣ曲线相交，且同时与ＭＲ曲线相交。
（３）长期均衡时的利润量由图７—３中阴影部分的面积表示，即:π＝[AR(Q0)－SAC(Q0)]·Q。
图７—３3.为什么垄断厂商实现MR=MC的利润最大化均衡时,总有P>MC? 你是如何理解这种状态的?解答：在完全竞争市场条件下，由于厂商的MR＝P，所以完全竞争厂商利润最大化的原则MR＝MC可以改写为P＝MC。
这就是说，完全竞争厂商的产品价格等于产品的边际成本。
(完整word版)平狄克第七版微观经济学课后习题答案(中文)
第一章复习题1．市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的买卖双方的集合，因此可以把市场看作决定价格的场所。
行业是出售相同的或紧密相关的产品的厂商的集合，一个市场可以包括许多行业。
2．评价一个理论有两个步骤：首先，需要检验这个理论假设的合理性；第二，把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。
如果一个理论无法被检验的话，它将不会被接受。
因此，它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。
3．实证分析解释“是什么”的问题，而规范分析解释的是“应该是什么”的问题。
对供给的限制将改变市场的均衡。
A中包括两种分析，批评这是一种“失败的政策”——是规范分析，批评其破坏了市场的竞争性——是实证分析。
B向我们说明在燃油的配给制下总社会福利的被损坏——是实证分析。
4．由于两个市场在空间上是分离的，商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。
如果运输成本为零，则可以在Oklahoma购买汽油，到New Jersey出售，赚取差价；如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。
5．商品和服务的数量与价格由供求关系决定。
鸡蛋的实际价格从1970年至1985年的下降，一方面是由于人们健康意识的提高而导致鸡蛋需求的减少，同时也因为生产成本的降低。
在这两种因素下，鸡蛋的价格下降了。
大学教育的实际价格的升高，是由于越来越多的人倾向于获得大学教育而导致需求提高，同时教育的成本也在升高。
在这两方面因素作用下，大学教育费用提高了。
6．日圆相对美圆来说，价值升高，升值前相比，兑换同样数量的日圆需要付出更多的美圆。
由汇率的变化引起购买力的变化，在日本市场出售的美国汽车，由于美圆贬值日圆升值，持有日圆的消费者将较以前支付较底的价格；而在美国市场出售的日本汽车，由于日圆升值美圆贬值，持有美圆的消费者将面对较以前提高的价格。
4.长期弹性和短期弹性区别在于消费者对价格变化的反映速度以及可获得的替代品。
对纸巾这样的非耐用品，价格上升，消费者在短期内的反映很小。
但在长期，对纸巾的需求将会变得富有弹性。
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微观第七章习题一、名词解释完全垄断市场垄断竞争市场寡头市场价格歧视博弈纳什均衡占优策略均衡二、选择题1、对于垄断厂商来说，（）。
A、提高价格一定能够增加收益；B、降低价格一定会减少收益；C、提高价格未必会增加收益，降低价格未必会减少收益；D、以上都不对。
2、完全垄断的厂商实现长期均衡的条件是（）。
A、MR=MC；B、MR=SMC=LMC；C、MR=SMC=LMC=SAC；D、MR=SMC=LMC=SAC=LAC。
3、完全垄断厂商的总收益与价格同时下降的前提条件是（）。
A、Ed>1；B、Ed<1；C、Ed=1；D、Ed=0。
4、完全垄断厂商的产品需求弹性Ed=1时（）。
A、总收益最小；B、总收益最大；C、总收益递增；D、总收益递减。
5、完全垄断市场中如果A市场的价格高于B市场的价格，则（）A、A市场的需求弹性大于B市场的需求弹性；B、A市场的需求弹性小于B市场的需求弹性；C、A市场的需求弹性等于B市场的需求弹性；D、以上都对。
6、以下关于价格歧视的说法不正确的是（）。
A、价格歧视要求垄断者能根据消费者的支付意愿对其进行划分；B、一级价格歧视引起无谓损失；C、价格歧视增加了垄断者的利润；D、垄断者进行价格歧视，消费者就必定不能进行套利活动。
7、垄断竞争的厂商短期均衡时，（）。
A、一定能获得差额利润；B、一定不能获得经济利润；C、只能得到正常利润；D、取得经济利润、发生亏损和获得正常利润都有可能。
8、垄断竞争厂商长期均衡点上，长期平均成本曲线处于（ B ）A、上升阶段B、下降阶段C、水平阶段D、以上三种情况都有可能9、垄断竞争厂商实现最大利润的途径有：（ D ）A、调整价格从而确定相应产量B、品质竞争C、广告竞争D、以上途径都可能用10、按照古诺模型下列哪一说法不正确，（）。
A、双头垄断者没有认识到他们的相互依耐性；B、每一个寡头都认定对方的产量保持不变；C、每一个寡头垄断者都假定对方价格保持不变；D、均衡的结果是稳定的。
11、斯威齐模型是（）A、假定一个厂商提高价格，其他厂商就一定跟着提高价格；B、说明为什么每个厂商要保持现有的价格，而不管别的厂商如何行动；C、说明为什么均衡价格是刚性的（即厂商不肯轻易的变动价格）而不是说明价格如何决定；D、假定每个厂商认为其需求曲线在价格下降时比上升时更具有弹性。
12、在斯威齐模型中，弯折需求曲线拐点左右两边的弹性是（）。
A、左边弹性大，右边弹性小；B、左边弹性小，右边弹性大；C、两边弹性一样大；D、以上都不对。
13、与垄断相关的无效率是由于（）。
A、垄断利润B、垄断亏损C、产品的过度生产D、产品的生产不足。
三、判断题1、垄断厂商后可以任意定价。
2、完全垄断企业的边际成本曲线就是它的供给曲线。
3、一级价格歧视是有市场效率的，尽管全部的消费者剩余被垄断厂商剥夺了。
4、寡头之间的串谋是不稳定的，因为串谋的结果不是纳什均衡。
5、垄断厂商生产了有效产量，但它仍然是无效率的，因为它收取的是高于边际成本的价格，获取的利润是一种社会代价。
6、完全垄断厂商处于长期均衡时，一定处于短期均衡。
7、垄断竞争厂商的边际收益曲线是根据其相应的实际需求曲线得到的。
8、由于垄断厂商的垄断地位保证了它不管是短期还是长期都可以获得垄断利润。
四、计算题1、已知某垄断者的成本函数为TC=0.5Q2+10Q，产品的需求函数为P=90-0.5Q，（1）计算利润最大化时候的产量、价格和利润；（2）假设国内市场的售价超过P=55时，国外同质的产品将输入本国，计算售价p=55时垄断者可以销售的数量和赚得的利润；（3）假设政府根据P=MC的原则制定的国内最高售价P=50，垄断者会提供的产量和利润各为多少？国内市场是否会出现经济需求引起的短缺？2、垄断竞争市场中一厂商的长期总成本函数为：LTC=0.001Q3-0.425Q2+85Q；LTC长期总成本，Q表示月产量，不存在进入障碍，产量由整个产品集团调整。
若产量集团中所有的厂商按照同比例的调整价格，出售产品的实际需求曲线为：Q=300-2.5P，这里Q是月产量，P商品的售价；（1）计算厂商长期均衡产量和价格；（2）计算厂商主观需求曲线上长期均衡点的弹性；（3）若厂商的主观需求曲线是线性的导出厂商的长期均衡时的主观需求曲线。
3、垄断竞争市场中代表性厂商的长期成本函数为LTC=0.0025Q3-0.5Q2+384Q，需求曲线为P=A-0.1Q（其中A可认为是生产集团中厂商人数的函数），实现长期均衡时需求曲线与长期平均成本曲线相切，求长期均衡条件下代表性厂商的均衡价格和产量，以及相应的A 值。
4、假设有两个寡头厂商的行为遵循古诺模型，它们的成本函数分别为：TC1=0.1Q12+20Q1+100000,TC2=0.4Q22+32Q2+20000，其市场需求曲线为Q=4000-10P，根据古诺模型，试求：（1）厂商1和厂商2的反应函数；（2）厂商1和厂商2的均衡价格和均衡产量；（3）厂商1和厂商2的利润。
5、某垄断厂商在甲乙两地进行销售，在甲地的边际收益曲线是MR1=37-3Q1，在乙地的边际收益曲线是MR2=40-2Q2，该厂商的边际成本为16，固定成本为150，求利润最大化时的两地销售量以及最大的利润为多少？五、简答题1、垄断厂商一定能获得经济利润吗？如果短期内垄断厂商在最优产量处生产出现亏损，他仍然会继续生产吗？在长期内又如何呢？2、比较完全竞争厂商的长期均衡与垄断厂商的长期均衡的特点，并分析这两种市场组织的经济效率。
3、垄断厂商实施的三级价格歧视时的价格和产量是如何确定的？4、试述古诺模型的主要内容和结论.5、为什么需求的价格弹性较高，导致垄断竞争厂商进行非价格竞争？6、为什么垄断者生产的产量总会少于社会有效的产量呢？7、在博弈论中，占优策略均衡总是纳什均衡吗？纳什均衡一定是占优策略均衡吗？六、作图分析题1、作图分析垄断厂商短期亏损时的情况，并简要说明经济含义。
2、作图分析垄断竞争厂商长期均衡的状态。
3、作图说明弯折的需求曲线模型是如何解释寡头市场上的价格刚性现象的。
微观第七章习题答案一、略二、选择题CBBBB DDBDC CAD1、C.2、B.3、B.由于总收益下降，则边际收益为负。
且11d MR PE⎛⎫=-⎪⎝⎭4、B.由11dMR PE⎛⎫=-⎪⎝⎭，可知，当1dE=时，MR=0，所以此时总收益最大。
5、B.完全垄断厂商实行价格歧视是在需求价格弹性小的市场上提高价格，而在需求价格弹性大的市场上降低价格。
6、D.7、D.8、B.垄断竞争厂商长期均衡点是其主观需求曲线与LAC曲线的切点。
由于其具有一定的垄断力对价格有一定的控制能力，所以其需求曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的曲线，其与LAC曲线的切点当然也就位于LAC曲线最低点的左边，即LAC曲线的下降阶段。
9、D．10、C.11、C.12、A.13、D. 垄断势力的存在使厂商可以维持低产高价，从而使资源配置无效率。
三、判断题××√√√√××1、×。
2、×。
垄断厂商没有确定的供给曲线。
3、√。
一级价格歧视下，虽然所有的消费者剩余都被厂商剥夺了，但是其均衡的价格和产量与完全竞争下的均衡价格和产量一样，所以其资源配置是有效率的。
4、√5、√6、√7、×。
垄断竞争厂商的边际收益曲线是根据其相应的主观需求曲线得到的。
8、×。
短期内垄断厂商既可能获得经济利润也可能经济利润为0，还可能出现亏损。
四、计算题1、已知某垄断者的成本函数为TC=0.5Q2+10Q，产品的需求函数为P=90-0.5Q，（1）计算利润最大化时候的产量、价格和利润；（2）假设国内市场的售价超过P=55时，国外同质的产品将输入本国，计算售价p=55时垄断者可以销售的数量和赚得的利润；（3）假设政府根据P=MC 的原则制定的国内最高售价P=50，垄断者会提供的产量和利润各为多少？国内市场是否会出现经济需求引起的短缺？解：（1）垄断厂商利润最大化：MR=MC ，已知TC 可得MC=Q+10；又TR=（90-0.5Q ）Q 可得MR=90-Q ；于是：MR=MC 即Q+10=90-Q ，解之Q=40；将Q=40带入需求函数，解之P=70；利润π=TR -TC=1600（2）当P=55时，即90-0.5Q=55 得，Q=70；当Q=70时，TC=3150；TR=P*Q=3850π=TR -TC=700；（3）假设国家最高限价P=50，这实际上是对垄断厂商采取了边际成本定价的原则即P=MC ；此时厂商提供的产量为Q=40；厂商的利润为π=TR -TC=800；然而此时市场的需求根据需求函数计算得Q=80，故会出现市场供不应求的局面。
2、垄断竞争市场中一厂商的长期总成本函数为：LTC=0.001Q 3-0.425Q 2+85Q ；LTC 长期总成本，Q 表示月产量，不存在进入障碍，产量由整个产品集团调整。
若产量集团中所有的厂商按照同比例的调整价格，出售产品的实际需求曲线为：Q=300-2.5P ，这里Q 是月产量，P 商品的售价；（1）计算厂商长期均衡产量和价格；（2）计算厂商主观需求曲线上长期均衡点的弹性；（3）若厂商的主观需求曲线是线性的导出厂商的长期均衡时的主观需求曲线。
解：(1)由LTC 可推知：：LAC=0.001Q 2-0.425Q+85由Q=300-2.5P 可知，P=120-0.4Q长期均衡时，实际需求曲线必然和LAC 曲线在均衡点上相交，令LAC=P 则有0.001Q 2-0.425Q+85=120-0.4Q ，解之得Q=200，P=40(2)长期均衡时，主观需求曲线必然和LAC 曲线相切，且MR=MC由LTC 得LMC=0.003Q 2-0.85Q+85当Q=200时，LMC=35，因此，MR=35；运用公式可求的弹性1(1)dMR P e =- 可求得d e 为8。
（3）由于主观需求曲线被假定为直线，假定其函数形式为：P A BQ =-由上面计算有：当从价格从40增加到A 时，厂商的产量从200下降为0. 则根据需求价格弹性的定义有：02004020084540d e A A P A P-=-==⇒=--， 而再将40,200,45P Q A ===代入主观需求函数P=A-BQ 中可得主观需求曲线的斜率为：45400.025200A PB Q --===， 于是可得到主观反需求函数为：P=45-0.025Q 。
变换形式有主观需求函数为：180040Q P =-3、垄断竞争市场中代表性厂商的长期成本函数为LTC=0.0025Q 3-0.5Q 2+384Q ，需求曲线为P=A-0.1Q （其中A 可认为是生产集团中厂商人数的函数），实现长期均衡时需求曲线与长期平均成本曲线相切，求长期均衡条件下代表性厂商的均衡价格和产量，以及相应的A 值。