中国人民大学2008年英语专业考研试题
中国人民大学2008年英语专业考研试题
a. shuttled b. shuttered c. shuttles d. shutters
7. The carpenter helped me to _______the cabinet at the base to keep it from tipping.
a. happenings b. qualifications c. characteristics d. particulars
3. Generous public funding of basic science would ______considerable benefits for the country's health, wealth and security.
a. Not until he arrived b. No sooner had he arrived
c. Hardly had he arrived d. Scarcely did he arrive
II. Error Correction (20 points)
中国人民大学2008年英语专业考研试题
I. Sentence Completion (30 points)
Directions: Write in the blank the letter of the item which best completes each sentence.
1. Jean ______her mother in character.
Are your paper towels honestly the most absorbent money can buy? Do physicians truly prefer your pain medication to all others? (1)_____. Well, that's what the ads say.
(NEW)中国人民大学外国语学院《816英语语言学与英语教学》历年考研真题及详解
目 录2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2005年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2004年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2002年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (10 points). 1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ______ it is associated with. 2. ______ s a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example，the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or. 3.Some morphemes like –ish,-ness，-ly，-dis，trans-.un- are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes. 4. ______ an be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The lager is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 6. H.P.Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of ______: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words，speak truthfully; do not lie. 7. ______ proposes that every speaker knows a set of principals which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits. 8. ______ refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers，with peculiarities of pronunciation，grammar and vocabulary. In fact，no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. 9.According to ______ period hypothesis，in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to biological development.10. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.答案：I. 1. meaning2.Back-formation3.bound4.Pragmaticsngue6.quality7. Generative Grammar8.Idiolect9.Critical10.CohesionII. Give short answer to the following questions (10 points)I. Explain criterion-referenced and norm-referenced language tests.答案：Tests can be categorized into two major groups: norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests. These two tests differ in their intended purposes, the way in which content is selected, and the scoring process which defines how the test results must be interpreted.A test that measures student knowledge and understanding in relation to specific standards or performance objectives is called criterion-referenced testing (CRT). It measures students’ performance in relation to standards, not in relation to other students; all students may earn the highest grade if all meet the established performance criteria. CRTs report how well students are doing relative to a pre-determined performance level on a specified set of educational goals or outcomes included in the school, district, or state curriculum.A test designed to measure and compare individual students’performances or text results to those of an appropriate peer group (that is,norm group) at the classroom, local or, national level is called norm-referenced testing (NRT). Students with the best performance on a given assessment receive the highest grades. It is generally used to help teachers select students for different ability level reading or mathematics instructional groups.2. Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.答案：The seven types of meaning were first postulated by G. Leech. They are respectively illustrated as follows:(1) Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. It overlaps to a large extent to the concept of reference, but Leech also uses the short form “sense” for the same indication. So Leech’s conceptual meaning contains two parts: sense and reference.(2) Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.(3) Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.(4) Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.(5) Reflected meaning, which refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.(6) Collocative meaning, what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.The five types of meanings from (2) to (6) are collectively known as Associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.(7) Thematic meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.III. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. (10 points) One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is it that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to work very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics.答案：Language is essential to human beings; it plays a central role in our lives as individual and social beings. We have to be fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, or we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity. Therefore, there is every necessity to study language. And Linguistics serves as a way for us to learn more about language, and to explain some phenomena which we have taken granted for but which in fact is quite interesting or puzzling. For example, with the help of linguistics, people could explain why we call the thing we sit on a “chair”but not a “cat” or “dog”, or why we can talk about yesterday and even tomorrow while animals can not. These two kinds of phenomena are all attributed to the design features of language which make it unique from and advantageous over animal languages. The linguists have found that human language is arbitrary because there is no “natural” connection between a linguistic and its meaning. What’s more, human language has also the property of displacement which enables the language users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment.Linguistics does not only try to explain the phenomena of language itself, but also try to study the interrelation between it and other aspects of the whole human society. Thus, we have sociolinguistics, which studies the relation of language with society, and which tries to clear out the relationship of language to the society and culture; psycholinguistics, which aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how we memorize, and how we process the information we receive in the course of communication; applied linguistics, which relates some findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability, foreignlanguage teachings.Of course, the present linguistic studies can not explain adequately all the phenomena concerned with language, for example, whether it is language determines culture or that culture determines language. Even with the theories which seem to work well on certain aspects of language we should not stay satisfied; for the theory is now accepted as true only because it haven’t been proved wrong.2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (22 points).1. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as (1) and (2) . The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.2. (3) grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while (4) grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.3. (5) studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and (6) studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.4. Words which have different meanings but are written differently and sound alike are called (7) .5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is (8) and performance.6. There are two fields of morphology: the study of (9) and the study of (10) .7. “The world is like a stage” is an example of (11) , and “All theworld is a stage” is an example o-f (12) . They are often used in analyzing features of literary language.8. (13) studies meaning in language, (14) s about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences, and (15) is concerned with the internal organization of words. They are all among the main branches of linguistics.9. (16) is the study of the language-processing mechanisms. It is concerned with the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language; (17) , on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics.10. The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called (18) . It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.11. Children frequently say tooths and mouses, instead of teeth and mice. These are examples of (19) .12. (20) is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word.For example, the English word smog is made from (21) and (22) .答案：(1) langue (2) parole (3) descriptive (4) prescriptive (5) phonetics(6) phonology (7) homophones (8) competence (9) inflectional (10) lexical/derivational (11) simile (12) metaphor (13) semantics(14) syntax(15) morphology (16) psycholinguistics (17) sociolinguistics (18) stylistics(19) overgeneralization (20) blending (21) smoke (22) fogII. Give brief definitions of the following terms (18 points).1. Phoneme2. CALL3. IC analysis4. Linguistic relativity5. Silent period6. Gradable antonym答案：1. Phoneme. It refers to the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.2. CALL. It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.3. IC analysis. IC analysis (immediate constituent analysis) refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(orphrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.4. Linguistic relativity. This is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It states that similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is. For example, not every language has the same set of words for the colors; in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of “blue”.5. Silent period. It refers to a period in the initial phase of the language acquisition process, during which children acquiring a new language in natural settings are silent and concentrate on comprehension. And they may respond, if necessary, only in a non-verbal way or by making use of a set of memorized phrases. This phenomenon is also observed when we see how children acquire their mother tongue.6. Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.III. Give Short answers to the following questions (40 points):1. In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called “cooperativeprinciple”: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs，by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.2. How is the illocutionary act different from the perlocutionary act?答案：An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Thus, if someone says “Morning”, we can ask questions like “What did he mean?” and the answer could be “He offered a greeting.”A perlocutionary act, however, is the effect of the utterance. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, and so on. Therefore, the perlocutionary act of the saying “Morning” could be to keep friendly relations with the hearer.3. Why did Chomsky make the distinction between deep and Surface structures?答案：In generative grammar, deep structure is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. On the other hand, surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.According to Chomsky, it is necessary to make the distinction, since it ishelpful to differentiate and analyze syntactic structures such as “John is easy to please” and “John is eager to please”, and also to disambiguate structures like “the shooting of the hunters”. More importantly, it reflects two of the stages of how the language is processed through the generative grammar: the deep structure, which an underlying structure, has to be transformed to the surface structure via a set of transformational rules.4.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.5. For the system of transitivity, Halliday identified six kinds of process, each with different types of participants. List four of the processes and comment on the effectiveness of such classification.答案：For the system of transitivity, Halliday has identified six kinds of process, and four of them are material process, relational process, behavioral process, and mental process.Such a classification has a lot to do with the systemic-functional approach of grammar interpretation. The classification of the system of transitivity helps reveal the functions of the components in relation to the whole clause; it is an interpretation of grammar in terms of ideationalfunction. These six types of process have divided up the semantic system of ideational function, by showing the various ways of language to react on the material world around us, and make sense of their experience of what goes on around them and inside them, or in other words, to perform the ideational function.IV. Answer the following questions, citing examples to support your ideas (40 points).1. What are the seven functions of human language?答案：According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions, and they are illustrated as follows:1) Informative function. It means that language is the instrument of thought and language serves an informational function when used to tell something. It is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar. The declarative sentences such as “This is a book.” are the typical illustration of this function.2) Interpersonal function. The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society. It is the most important sociological use of language. In the framework of functional grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser's attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves (such as Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.3) Performative function. The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.4) Emotive function. The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is a means of getting rid of the nervous energy when people are under stress, for example, swear words, obscenities, involuntary verbal reactions to beautiful art or scenery; conventional words/phrases, for example. God, My, Damn it, Wow, Ugh, Ow, etc.5) Phatic communion. The phatic communion refers to the social interaction of language. People always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.6) Recreational function. The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.7) Metalingual function. The metalingual function refers to the fact that people can use language to talk about itself. For example, I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” to talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.2. What are the major types of semantic Changes?答案：There are mainly three kinds of semantic changes, namely, broadening, narrowing, and meaning shift. Class shift and folk etymology also contribute to change in meaning (1) BroadeningBroadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one．For instance，the word holiday used to mean“holy day”in religious English. Today it means“a day for rest”regardless of its religious nature.(2) NarrowingContrary to broadening，the original meaning of a word can be narrowed or restricted to a specific sense．A typical example is the word meat which originally meant "food". In the course of time, the range of meaning was narrowed to mean specifically "the flesh of animals used as food".(3) Meaning shiftAll semantic changes involve meaning shift．Yet, in its narrow sense, meaning shift refers to the change of meaning, which has nothing to do with generalization or restriction. What makes the meaning of a word different isits departure from its original domain as a result of its metaphorical usage. For instance，the word bead originally means “prayer”, but later it refers to “the prayer bead”, the visible manifestation of a prayer, finally “small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood”.(4) Class shiftBy shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion. The word engineer as a noun means “a person trained in a branch of engineering”, but it means “to act as an engineer” or “to plan, to maneuver” when used as a verb.(5) Folk etymologyIt refers to a change in form of a word or phrase resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous. As a result of this modification，the word sparrowgrass in English derived from asparagus; the Spanish cucaracha changed into English cockroach．V. Translate the following into Chinese (30 points). Suppose that John Smith, happily married to Mary Smith, addresses his wife as “Mary, Smith, how many times have I asked you not to flip through the TV channels?” There would be reason to took beyond the words for the “meaning” of this unusual form of address. Mr. Smith may address his wife as “Mary Smith” to show his exasperation, as in this example. By addressing her as “Mary Smith” instead of the usual “Mary”, he conveys frustration and annoyance. His choice of name thus “means” that he is exasperated. Contrast the tone of that Sentence With a similar one in whichJohn Smith addressed Mary Smith as “dear”. The level of meaning that conveys the language user’s feelings, including his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is Called affective meaning or emotive meaning. It is largely a parasitic category in the sense that to express our emotions we depend on the mediation of other categories of meaning as conceptual, connotative or social. For example, nigger, originally a word denoting a certain race, has virtually become a term of abuse or contempt; and a similar development has occurred with part of the political vocabulary, such as fascist.【参考译文】假设约翰·史密斯开心地娶了玛丽小姐后却这样称呼他的妻子：“玛丽·史密斯，我告诉过你多少次了，换台时不要老那么快！”撇开字面意思，这不寻常的称呼的出现是有理由的。
北京外国语大学英语语言文学专业英美文学真题2008年.doc
北京外国语大学英语语言文学专业英美文学真题2008年(总分：149.99，做题时间：90分钟)一、Section Ⅰ Matching(总题数：1，分数：30.00)●Passage 1●1. Milton! Thou should"st be living at this hour:England hath need of thee: she is a fenOf stagnant waters: altar, sword and pen,Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower,Have forfeited their ancient English dowerOf in ward happiness.●Passage 2●2. When I reached home, my sister was very curious to know all about Miss Havisham"s, and askeda number of questions. And I soon found myself getting heavily bumped from behind in the nape of the neck and the small of the back, and having my face ignominiously shoved against the kitchen wall, because I did not answer those questions at sufficient length.●Passage 3●3. I started across to the town from a little below the ferry landing, and the drift of the current fetched me in at the bottom of the town. I tied up and started along the bank. There was a light burning in a little shanty that hadn"t been lived in for a long time, and I wondered who had taken up quarters there. I slipped up and peeped in at the window. There was a woman about forty years old in there, knitting by a candle that was on a pine table.●Passage 4●4. In the midst of dinner my Mistress"s favorite cat leapt into her lap. I heard a noise behind me like that of a dozen stocking-weavers at work; and turning my head, I found it proceeded from the purring of this animal, who seemed to be three times larger than an ox, as I computed by the view of her head, and one of her paws, while her mistress was feeding and stroking her.●Passage 5●5. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.●Passage 6●6. The awful shadow of some unseen power,Floats though unseen amongst us, —visiting,This various world with as inconstant wing,As summer winds that creep from flower to flower.●Passage 7●7. Something there is that doesn"t love a wall,That sends the frozen ground swell under it,And spills the upper boulders in the sun,And makes gaps even two can pass abreast.●Passage 8●8. The scenery of Walden is on a humble scale, and though very beautiful, does not approach to grandeur, not can it much concern one who has not long frequented it or lived by its shore; yet this pond is so remarkable for its depth and purity as to merit a particular description.●Passage 9●9. The world is too much with us; late and soon,Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers;Little we see in Nature that is ours;We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!●Passage 10●10. Mr. Harthouse professed himself in the highest degree instructed and refreshed by this condensed epitome of the whole of Coketown question.●Authors●A. Henry David ThoreauB. William WordsworthC. Charles DickensD. Jonathan SwiftE. John MiltonF. Francis BaconG. Percy Bysshe ShelleyH. Robert FrostI. Mark TwainJ. William ShakespeareK. Emily DickinsonL. Christopher Marlowe（分数：30.00）二、Section Ⅱ Short Stor(总题数：1，分数：100.00)A Worn PathEudora WeltyIt was December—a bright frozen day in the early morning. Far out in the country there was an old Negro woman with her head tied red rag, coming along a path through the pinewoods. Her name was Phoenix Jackson. She was very old and small and she walked slowly in the dark pine shadows, moving a little from side to side in her steps, with the balanced heaviness and lightness of a pendulum in a grand father clock. She carried a thin, small cane made from an umbrella, and with this she kept tapping the frozen earth in front of her. This made a grave and persistent noise in the still air that seemed meditative like the chirping of a solitary little bird.She wore a dark striped dress reaching down to her shoe tops, and an equally long apron of bleached sugar sacks, with a full pocket: all neat and tidy, but every time she took a step she might have fallen over her shoelaces, which dragged from her unlaced shoes, she looked straight ahead. Her eyes were blue with age. Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles and as though a whole little tree stood in the middle of her forehead, but a golden color ran underneath, and thee two knobs of her cheeks were illumined by a yellow burning under the dark. Under the red rag her hair came down on her neck in the frailest of ringlets, still black, and with an odor like copper.Now and then there was a quivering in the thicket. Old Phoenix said, "Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals... Keep out from under these feet, little bob-whites. Keep the big wild hogs out of my path. Don"t let none of those come running my direction.I got a long way." Under her small black-freckled hand her cane, limber as a buggy whip, would switch at the brush as if to rouse up any hiding things. On she went. The woods were deep and still. The sun made the pine needles almost too bright to look at, up where the wind rocked. The cones dropped as light as feathers. Down in the hollow was the mourning dove—it was not too late for him.The path ran up a hill. "Seem like there is chains about my feet, time I get this far," she said, in the voice of argument old people keep to use with themselves. "Something always take a hold of me on this hill—pleads I should stay."After she got to the top she turned and gave a full, severe look behind her where she had come. "Up through pines," she said at length. "Now down through oaks."Her eyes opened their widest, and she started down gently. But before she got to the bottom of the hill a bush caught her dress.Her fingers were busy and intent, but her skirts were full and long, so that before she could pull them free in one place they were caught in another. It was not possible to allow the dress to tear. "I in the thorny bush," she said. "Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass, no sir. Old eyes thought you was a pretty little green bush."Finally, trembling all over, she stood free, and after a moment dared to stoop for her cane. "Sun so high!" she cried, leaning back and looking, while the thick tears went over her eyes. "The time getting all gone here."At the foot of this hill was a place where a log was laid across the creek."Now comes the trial," said Phoenix.Putting her right foot out, she mounted the log and shut her eyes. Lifting her skirt, leveling her cane fiercely before her, like a festival figure in some parade, she began to march across. Then she opened her eyes and she was safe on the other side."I wasn"t as old as I thought," she said.But she sat down to rest. She spread her skirts on the bank around her and folded her hands over her knees. Up above her was a tree in a pearly cloud of mistletoe. She did not dare to close her eyes, and when a little boy brought her a plate with a slice of marble-cake on it she spoke to him. "That would be acceptable," she said. But when she went to take it there was just her own hand in the air.So she left that tree, and had to go through a barbed-wire fence. There she had to creep and crawl, spreading her knees and stretching her fingers like a baby trying to climb the steps. But she talked loudly to herself: she could not let her dress be torn now, so late in the day, and she could not pay for having her arm or her leg sawed off if she got caught fast where she was. At last she was safe through the fence and risen up out in the clearing. Big dead trees, like black men with one arm, were standing in the purple stalks of the withered cotton field. Thee sat a buzzard."Who you watching?"In the furrow she made her way along."Glad this not the season for bulls," she said, looking sideways, "and the good Lord made his snakes to curl up and sleep in the winter. A pleasure I don"t see no two-headed snake coming around that tree, where it come once. It took a while to get by him, back in the summer."She passed through the old cotton and went into a field of dead corn. It whispered and shook and was taller than her head. "Through the maze now," she said, for there was no path.Then there was something tall, black, and skinny there, moving before her.At first she took it for a man. It could have been a man dancing in the field. But she stood still and listened, and it did not make a sound. It was as silent as a ghost."Ghost", she said sharply, "who be you the ghost of? For I have heard of nary death close by." But there was no answer—only the ragged dancing in the wind.She shut her eyes, reached out her hand, and touched a sleeve. She found a coat and inside that an emptiness, cold as ice."You scarecrow," she said. Her face lighted. "I ought to be shut up for good," she said with laughter. "My senses is gone. I too old. I the oldest people I ever know. Dance, old scarecrow," she said, "while I dancing with you".She kicked her foot over the furrow, and with mouth drawn down, shook her head once or twice in a little strutting way. Some husks blew down and whirled in streamers about her skirts. Then she went on, parting her way from side to side with the cane, through the whispering field.At last she came to the end, to a wagon track where the silver grass blew between the red ruts. The quail were walking around like pullets, seeming all dainty and unseen."Walk pretty," she said. "This the easy place. This the easy going."She followed the track, swaying through the quiet bare fields, through the little strings of trees silver in their dead leaves, past cabins silver from weather, with the doors and windows boarded shut, all like old women under a Spell sitting there. "I walking in their sleep," she said, nodding her head vigorously.In a ravine she went where a spring was silently flowing through a hollow log. Old Phoenix bent and drank. "Sweet gum makes the water sweet," she said, and drank more. "Nobody know who made this well, for it was here when I was born."The track crossed a swampy part where the moss hung as white as lace from every limb. "Sleep on, alligators, and blow your bubbles." Then the track went into the road.Deep, deep the road went down between the high green-colored banks. Overhead the live-oaks net and it was as dark as a cave.A black dog with a lolling tongue came up out of the weeds by the ditch. She was meditating, and not ready, and when he came at her she only hit him a little with her cane. Over she went in the ditch, like a little puff of milkweed.Down there her senses drifted away. A dream visited her, and she reached her hand up, but nothing reached down and gave her a pull. So she lay there and presently went to talking. "Old woman", she said to herself, "that black dog come up out of the weeds to stall you off and now there he sitting on his fine tail, smiling at you."A white man finally came along and found her—a hunter, a young man, with his dog on a chain. "Well, Granny!" he laughed. "What are you doing there?""Lying on my back like a June-bug waiting to be fumed over, mister," she said, reaching up her hand.He lifted her up, gave her a swing in the air, and set her down. "Anything broken, Granny?", "No, sir, them old dead seeds is spring enough," said Phoenix, when she had got her breath. "I thank you for your trouble.""Where do you live, Granny?" he asked, while the two dogs were growling at each other. "Away back yonder, sir, behind the ridge. You can"t even see it from here?""On your way home?""No sir, I going to town...""Why, that"s too far! That"s as far as I walk when I come out myself, and I get something for my trouble." He patted the stuffed bag he carried, and there hung down a little closed claw. It was one of the bobwhites, with its beak hooked bitterly to show it was dead. "Now you go on home, Granny!""I bound to go to town, mister", said Phoenix. "The time comes around."He gave another laugh, filling the whole landscape. "I know you old colored people! Wouldn"t miss going to town to see Santa Claus!"But something held old Phoenix very still. The deep lines in her face went into a fierce and different radiation. Without warning, she had seen with her own eyes a flashing nickel fall out of the man"s pocket onto the ground."How old are you, Granny?" he was saying."There is no telling, mister," she said, "no telling."Then she gave a little cry and clapped her hands and said, "Git on away from here, dog! Look! Look at that dog!" She laughed as if in admiration. "He ain"t scared of nobody. He a big black dog." She whispered, "Sic him!""Watch me get rid of that cur," said the man. "Sic him, Pete! Sic him!"Phoenix heard the dogs fighting, and heard the man running and throwing sticks. She even hearda gunshot. But she was slowly bending forward by that time, further and further forward, the lids stretched down over her eyes, as if she were doing this in her sleep. Her chin was lowered almost to her knees. The yellow palm of her hand came out from the fold of her apron. Her fingers slid down and along the ground under the piece of money with the grace and care they would have in lifting an egg from under a setting hen. Then she slowly straightened up, she stood erect, and the nickel was in her apron pocket. A bird flew by. Her lips moved, "God watching me the whole time. I come to stealing."The man came back, and his own dog panted about them. "Well, I scared him off that time," he said, and then he laughed and lifted his gun and pointed it at Phoenix.She stood straight and faced him."Doesn"t the gun scare you?" he said, still pointing it."No, sir, I seen plenty go off closer by, in my day, and for less than what I done," she said, holding utterly still.He smiled, and shouldered the gun. "Well, Granny," he said, "you must be a hundred years old, and scared of nothing. I"d give you a dime if I had any money with me. But you take my advice and stay home, and nothing will happen to you.""I bound to go on my way, mister," said Phoenix. She inclined her head in the red rag. Then they went in different directions, but she could hear the gun shooting again and again over the hill. She walked on. The shadows hung from the oak trees to the road like curtains. Then she smelled wood-smoke, and smelled the river, and she saw a steeple and the cabins on their steep steps. Dozens of little black children whirled around her. There ahead was Natchez shining. Bells were ringing. She walked on.In the paved city it was Christmas time. There were red and green electric lights strung and crisscrossed everywhere, and all turned on in the daytime. Old Phoenix would have been lost if she had not distrusted her eyesight and depended on her feet to know where to take her.She paused quietly on the sidewalk where people were passing by. A lady came along in the crowd, carrying an armful of red, green and silver wrapped presents; she gave off perfume like the red roses in hot summer, and Phoenix stopped her."Please, missy, will you lace up my shoe?" She held up her foot."What do you want, Grandma?""See my shoe," said Phoenix. "Do all right for out in the country, but wouldn"t look right to go in a big building." "Stand still then, Grandma," said the lady. She put her packages down on the sidewalk beside her and laced and tied both shoes tightly."Can"t lace"em with a cane," said Phoenix. "Thank you, missy. I don"t mind asking a nice lady to tie up my shoe, when I gets out on the street."Moving slowly and from side to side, she went into the big building, and into a tower of steps, where she walked up and around and around until her feet knew to stop.She entered a door, and there she saw nailed up on the wall the document that had been stamped with the gold seal and framed in the gold frame, which matched the cream that was hung up in her head."Here I be," she said. There was a fixed and ceremonial stiffness over her body."A charity cases, I suppose," said an attendant who sat at the desk before her.But Phoenix only looked above her head. There was sweat on her face, the wrinkles in her skin shone like a bright net."Speak up, Grandma," the woman said. "What"s your name? We must have your history, you know. Have you been here before? Want seems to be the trouble with you?"Old Phoenix only gave a twitch to her face as if a fly were bothering her."Are you deaf?" cried the attendant.But then the nurse came in."Oh, that"s just old Aunt Phoenix," she said. "She doesn"t come for herself she has a little grandson. She makes these trips just as regular as clockwork. She lives away back off the old Natchez Trace." She bent down. "Well, Aunt Phoenix, why don"t you just take a seat? We won"t keep you standing after your long trip." She pointed.The old woman sat down, bolt upright in the chair."Now, how is the boy?" asked the nurse.Old Phoenix did not speak."I said, how is the boy?"But Phoenix only waited and stared straight ahead, her face very solemn and withdrawn into rigidity. "Is his throat any better?" asked the nurse. "Aunt Phoenix, don"t you hear me? Is your grandson"s throating any better since the last time you came for the medicine?" With her hands on her knees, the old woman waited, silent, erect and motionless, just as if she were in armor."You mustn"t take up our time this way, Aunt Phoenix," the nurse said. "Tell us quickly about your grandson, and get it over. He isn"t dead, is he?"At last there came a flicker and then a flame of comprehension across her face, and she spoke. "My grandson. It was my memory had left me. There I sat and forgot why I made my long trip." "Forgot?" The nurse frowned. "After you came so far?"Then Phoenix was like an old woman begging a dignified forgiveness for waking up frightened in the night. "I never did go to school, I was too old at the Surrender," she said in a soft voice. "I"m an old woman without an education. It was my memory fail me. My little grandson, he is just the same, and I forgot it in the coming.""Throat never heals, does it?" said the nurse, speaking in a loud, sure voice to old Phoenix. By now she had a card with something written on it, a little list. Yes. Swallowed lye. When was it? —January—two, three years ago...Phoenix spoke unasked now. "No, missy, he not dead, he just the same. Every little while his throat begin to close up again, and he not able to swallow. He not get his breath. He not able to help himself. So the time come around, and I go on another trip for the soothing medicine.""All right. The doctor said as long as you came to get it, you could have it," said the nurse. "But it"s art obstinate case.""My little grandson, he sit up there in the house all wrapped up, waiting by himself," Phoenix went on. "We is the only two left in the world. He suffer and it don"t seem to put him back at all. He got a sweet look. He going to last. He wear a little patch quilt and peep out holding his mouth open like a little bird. I remember so plain now. I not going to forget him again, no, the whole enduring time. I could tell him from all the others in creation.""All right." The nurse was trying to hush her now. She brought her a bottle of medicine. Charity, she said, making a check mark in a book.Old Phoenix held the bottle close to her eyes, and then carefully put it into her pocket."I thank you," she said."It"s Christmas time, Grandma," said the attendant. "Could I give you a few pennies out of my purse?""Five pennies is a nickel," said Phoenix stiffly."Here"s a nickel," said the attendant.Phoenix rose carefully and held out her hand. She received the nickel and then fished the other nickel out of her pocket and laid it beside the new one. She stared at her palm closely, with her head on one side.Then she gave a tap with her cane on the floor."This is what come to me to do," she said. "I going to the store and buy my child a little windmill they sells, made out of paper. He going to find it hard to believe three such a thing in the world. I"ll march myself back where he waiting, holding it straight up in this hand."She lifted her free hand, gave a little nod, turned around, and walked out of the doctor"s office. Then her slow step began on the stairs, going down.（分数：99.99）(1).Summarize the plot of the following story in your own words (around 200 words).（分数：33.33）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Make a brief comment on the characterization of Phoenix Jackson. （分数：33.33）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Define the major theme of the following short story. （分数：33.33）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、Section Ⅲ Critical T(总题数：4，分数：20.00)1.Birds normally can fly.Tweety the Penguin is a bird.Therefore, Tweety can fly.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.You"ll never find any additives in our tobacco. What you see is what you get. Simply 100% whole-leaf natural tobacco. True authentic tobacco taste. It"s only natural.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.If we guillotine the king, then he will die.Therefore, if we don"t guillotine the king, then he won"t die.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Everyone is selfish; everyone is doing what he believes will make himself happier. The recognition of that can take most of the sting out of accusations that you"re being "selfish". Why should you feel guilty for seeking your own happiness when that"s what everyone else is doing, too?（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
2008年四川大学外国语学院211二外英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2008年四川大学外国语学院211二外英语真题及详解Part One Vocabulary and Structure. Make the best choice for each blank. (1’×30=30’)1. Hardly had the minister finished his statement ______ several reporters raised their hands and put forward a string of questions.A. whenB. asC. thenD. than【答案】A【解析】句意：部长刚发表完他的声明，一些记者就举起手提出了一连串问题。
hardly…when…是固定搭配，表示“刚一……就，几乎未来得及……就”，hardly后面常跟完成时态，when后面常跟一般时态。
A正确。
2. All the members are participating in the scheme ______ a few small firms.A. exceptB. besidesC. except forD. in addition to【答案】C【解析】句意：除了一些小公司之外，所有的成员都加入了这一方案。
这四个选项都可以表示“除了”，except表示“除了，将……除外”，后面通常跟同类事物，例如：You can have anyone of these cakes except this one.表示“除了这一块蛋糕以外，你可以吃任何一块蛋糕”；besides（排斥）除……之外（还有）”；except for表示“除了，将……除外”时，后面通常跟的是整体的一部分和一方面，是对细节的修正，例如：I can answer all the questions except this one. 表示“除了最后一道题以外，我可以回答所有的题”；in addition to表示“除……之外还”，通常用于补充。
《中国人民大学618信息检索2007-2019年考研真题及答案解析》
目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)中国人民大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (2)中国人民大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (3)中国人民大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (4)中国人民大学2010年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (5)中国人民大学2011年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (6)中国人民大学2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (7)中国人民大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (8)中国人民大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (9)中国人民大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (10)中国人民大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (11)中国人民大学2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（回忆版） (12)中国人民大学2019年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（回忆版） (13)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (14)中国人民大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (14)中国人民大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (20)中国人民大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (26)中国人民大学2010年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (31)中国人民大学2011年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (36)中国人民大学2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (42)中国人民大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (47)中国人民大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (54)中国人民大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (59)中国人民大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (63)Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷中国人民大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题招生专业：信息资源管理学院图书馆学、情报学、档案学、信息资源管理、信息分析专业考试科目：信息检索试题编号：618试题：（请在答题纸上答题，在试题纸上答题无效）一、简答题１、常用布尔逻辑运算符及其使用方法。
英语专业考研复习资料2005年中国人民大学基础英语真题--资料
中国人民大学英语专业---2005年基础英语考研真题·中国人民大学2005年基础英语I. Sentence Completion (20 points)Directions: Write in the blank the letter of the item which best completes each sentence.any moment.a. tentativeb. tenuousc. restrictived. consistente. tenacious2. I did not anticipate reading such of the international situation in the morning newspaper; normally, such a treatment could be found only in scholarly magazines.a. eruditeb. arrogantc. ingeniousd. overte. analyticala. boorsb. studentsc. philistinesd. pragmatistse. philosophers4. The Trojan War proved to the Greeks that cunning and often more effective than military might.a. treacheryb. artificec. strengthd. wisdome. beauty5. His remarks were sounded lofty but presented nothing new to the audience.a. aphorismsb. platitudesc. bombastd. adagese. symbolsa. myrmidonsb. antagonistsc. arachnidsd. myriadse. anchoritesa. predatoryb. wildc. nocturnald. livee. rare8. He was deluded by claimed he could cure all diseases with his miracle machine.a. salesmanb. inventorc. charlatand. doctore. practitionerit be stricken from the record as irrelevant.a. favorableb. coherentc. harmfuld. beneficiale. germane10.a. meagerb. uselessc. actived. complexe. idle11.1 was so bored with the verbose and redundant style of that writer that I welcomed the changeto thea. prolixb. consistentc. tersed. logisticale. tacita. exasperatingb. astutec. cowardlyd. enigmatice. democraticin 1642.a. mediocreb. fantasticc. moribundd. Salaciouse. witty14. John left his position with the company because he felt that advancement was based on rather than ability.a. chanceb. seniorityc. nepotismd. superciliousnesse. maturation15. He became quite overbearing and domineering once he had become accustomed to the shown to soldiers by the natives; he enjoyed his new sense of power.a. abilityb. domesticityc. deferenced. culpabilitye. insolence16. Epicureans live for thea. mortificationb. removalc. gratificationd. gravitye. lassitude17.1 grew more and more aware of Iago’ssuspicion in Othello's mind.a. nobleb. meritoriousc. felld. insinceree. hypocriticala. inevitable / vehementlyb. subtle / violentlyc. clever / obtuselyd. sympathetic / angrilye. garrulous / terselya. Timorousness / herob. Thrift / impoverishedc. Avarice/philanthropistd. Trepidation/cowarde. Vanity / obsequious20. If you carry thishave at this moment.a. belligerent/delightb. truculent / alienatec. conciliatory / deferd. supercilious / attracte. ubiquitous / alienateII. Error Correction (20 points)Directions: In the passage below, there are ten extra words, which are either grammatically incorrect or do not fit in with the meaning of the passage. Read the passage carefully and cross out those extra words.Products have a limited life, not only from the consumer's viewpoint, but also when as far as the producer is concerned. For example, a particular certain model of car might last 5 years before production is stopped and it is replaced for by a completely new model. New inventions and technology have to made many products obsolete. Fashion can be another major as influence on the life of a product. Some products survive because they now sell after in different areas. Products, since they have a limited life, all have a life cycle. It is obvious that different products are last for different lengths of time but their life cycles have certain common in elements which can be described as the introduction, growth and maturity stages. The length of the product's life cycle can often be extended by a modifying the product in some way and this is often done by companies to keep their products on the market for a longer period, Provided that the product remains so competitive, this can be much less expensive than developing a new model.III. Cloze Test (10 points)Directions: Fill in each of the 20 blanks in the following passages with one suitable word.A few weeks later I met Masefield himself. He had promised to read some of his poetry to a littlehis arrival. It was a bitterly cold night, with driving snow, and he lived some eight miles out of Oxford, in a region where there were neither taxis nor buses, so that he would have beenfew minutes (4)not to disappoint us.grave. And yet it is not the face of an old man, is still in the bright eyes. Itsdominant quality is humility. There were he seemed almost to abase himself before his fellow-creatures. And this humility was echoed in everything he did or said, inthe quiet, timid tone of his voice, in in which he always shrank from asserting himself.This quality of his can best be by his behavior that night. When the time came for him to read his poems, he would not stand up in any position of pre-eminence butpassages from “The Everlasting Mercy,” "Dauber" "The Tragedy of Nan," and "P ompey the Great."IV. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage I ADuring the night of 1st February 1953, a deadly combination of winds and tide raised the level of the North Sea, broke through the dykes which protected the <st1:country-region w:st="on">Netherlands and inundated farmland and villages as far as 64 km from the coast, killing thousands. For people around the world who inhabit low-lying areas, variations in sea levels are of crucial importance and the scientific study of oceans has attracted increasing attention. Towards the end of the 1970s, some scientists began suggesting that global warming could cause the world's oceans to rise by several metres. The warming, they claimed, was an inevitable consequence of increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which acted like a greenhouse to trap heat in the air. The greenhouse warming was predicted to lead to rises in sea levels in a variety of ways. Firstly, heating the ocean water would cause it to expand. Such expansion might be sufficient to raise the sea level by 300mm in the next 100 years. Then there was the observation that in Europe's Alpine valleys glaciers had been shrinking for the past century. Meltwater from the mountain glaciers might have raised the oceans 50mm over the last 100 years and the rate is likely to increase in future. A third threat is that global warming might cause a store of frozen water in Antarctica to melt which would lead to a calamitous rise in sea level of up to five metres.BThe challenge of predicting how global warming will change sea levels led scientists of several disciplines to adopt a variety of approaches. In 1978 J H Mercer published a largely theoretical statement that a thick slab of ice covering much of West Antarctica is inherently unstable. He suggested that this instability meant that, given just 5 degrees Celsius of greenhouse warming in the south polar region, the floating ice shelves surrounding the West Antarctic ice sheet would begin to disappear. Without these buttresses the grounded ice sheet would quickly disintegrate and coastlines around the world would be disastrously flooded. In evidence Mercer pointed out that between 130.000 and 110,000 years ago there had been just such a global warming as we have had in the past 20,000 years since the last ice age. In the geological remains of that earlier period there are indications that the sea level was five metres above the current sea leve l—just the level that would be reached if the West Antarctic ice sheet melted. The possibility of such a disastrous rise led a group of American investigators to form SeaRlSE (Sea-level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution) in 1990. Sea RlSE reported the presence of five active "ice streams"drawing ice from the interior of West Antarctica into the Ross Sea. They stated that these channels in the West Antarctic ice sheet “may be manifestations of collapse already under way.”CBut doubt was cast on those dire warnings by the use of complex computer models of climate. Models of atmospheric and ocean behavior predicted that greenhouse hearing would cause warmer, wetter air to reach Antarctica, where it would deposit its moisture as snow. Thus, the sea ice surrounding the continent might even expand causing sea levels to drop. Other observations have caused scientists working on Antarctica to doubt that sea levels will be .pushed upward several metres by sudden melting. For example, glaciologists have discovered that one of the largest ice streams stopped moving about 130 years ago. Ellen Mosley-Thompson, questioning the SeaRlSE theory, notes that ice streams "seem to start and stop, and nobody really knows why." Her own measurements of the rate of snow accumulation near the South Pole show that snowfalls have increased substantially in recent decades as global temperature has increased.DMost researchers are now willing to accept that human activities have contributed to global warming, but no one can say with any assurance whether the Antarctic ice cap is growing or shrinking in response. A satellite being planned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration will use laser range finders to map changes in the elevation of the polar ice caps, perhaps to within 10 millimetres, and should end the speculation.EWhatever the fate of the polar ice caps may be, most researchers agree that the sea level is currently rising. That, however, is difficult to prove. Tide gauges in ports around the would have been measuring sea levels for decades but the data are flawed because the land to which the gauges are attached can itself be moving up and down. In Stockholm the data from the sea level gauge show the sea level to be falling at four millimetres a year, but that is because all Scandinavia is still rebounding after being crushed by massive glaciers during the last ice age. By contrast, the gauge at Honolulu, which is more stable, shows the sea level to be rising at a rate of one and a half millimeters a year. Unstable regions cannot be omitted from the data because that would eliminate large areas of the world. Most of the eastern seaboard of North America is still settling after a great ice sheet which covered Eastern Canada 20,000 years ago tilted it up. And then there is buckling occurring at the edges of the great tectonic plates as they are pressed against each other. There is also land subsidence as oil and underground water is tapped. In Bangkok, for example, where the residents have been using groundwater, land subsidence makes it appear as if the sea has risen by almost a metre in the past 30 years.FUsing complex calculations on the sea level gauge data, Peltier and Tushingham found that the global sea level has been rising at a rate of 2mm a year over the past few decades. Confirmation came from the TOPEX satellite which used radar altimeters to calculate changes in ocean levels. Steven Nerem, working on the TOPEX data, found an average annual sea level rise of 2mm which is completely compatible with the estimates that have come from 50 years of tide gauge records. The key question still facing researchers is whether this trend will hold steady or begin to accelerate in response to a warming climate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changegives the broad prediction for the next century of a rise between 200mm and 1 metre. Questions 1-4Reading Passage I has six sections A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections A, B. C and E from the list of headings below. List of Headingsi Contrary indicationsii Europe's Alpine glaciersiii Growing consensus on sea leveliv Ice cap observationv Causes of rising sea levelsvi Panel on Climate Changevii Sea level monitoring difficultiesviii Group response to alarming predictionsix Stockholm and Scandinaviax The world 130.000 years ago1. Section A2. Section B3. Section C4. Section DQuestions 5-6Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-L from the box below.5. Without ice shelves. West Antarctic ice covers would contract6. SeaRlSE believed the collapse of Antarctic ice had begun7. Doubts over Antarctica's trends will soon be settled8. At Bangkok the sea appears to have risen one metre in 30 yearsA because the land mass is rising.B because ice stream flows are variable and unpredictable.C because Europe's alpine valley glaciers were shrinking.D because of a combination of wind and high tide.E because of geological evidence of an earlier rise.F because satellites will take laser measurements.G because the temperature had risen five degreePassage 2Directions: Give a brief answer to each of the questions listed at the end of the following passage.The cradle rocks above an abyss, and common sense tells us that our existence is but a brief crack of light between two eternities of darkness. Although the two are identical twins, man, as a rule, views the prenatal abyss with more calm than the one he is heading for (at some forty-five hundred heartbeats an hour). I know, however, of a young chronophobiac who experienced something like panic when looking for the first time at homemade movies that had been taken a few weeks before his birth. He saw a world that was practically unchanged - the same house, the same people -and then realized that he did not exist there at all and that nobody mourned his absence. He caught a glimpse of his mother waving from an upstairs window, and that unfamiliar gesture disturbed him, as if it were some mysterious farewell. But what particularly frightened him was the sight of a brand new baby carriage standing there on the porch, with the smug, encroaching air of a coffin; even that was empty, as if, in the reverse course of events, his very bones had disintegrated.Such fancies are not foreign to young lives. Or, to put it otherwise, first and last things often tend to have an adolescent note - unless, possibly, they are directed by some venerable and rigid religion. Nature expects a full-grown man to accept the two black voids, fore and aft, as stolidly as he accepts the extraordinary visions in between. Imagination, the supreme delight of the immortal and the immature, should be limited. In order to enjoy life, we should not enjoy it too much.I rebel against this state of affairs. I feel the urge to take my rebellion outside and picket nature. Over and over again, my mind has made colossal efforts to distinguish the faintest of personal glimmers in the impersonal darkness on both sides of my life. That this darkness is caused merely by the walls of time separating me and by bruised fists from the free world of timelessness is a belief I gladly share with the most gaudily painted savage. I have journeyed back in thought - with thought hopelessly tapering off as I went - to remote regions where I groped for some secret outlet only to discover that the prison of time is spherical and without exists. Short of suicide, I have tried everything. I have doffed my identity in order to pass for a conventional spook and steal into realms that existed before I was conceived. I have mentally endured the degrading company of Victorian lady novelists and retired colonels who remembered having, in former lives, been slave messengers on a Roman road or sages under the willows of Lhasa. I have ransacked my oldest dreams for keys and clues - and let me say at once that I reject completely the vulgar, shabby, fundamentally medieval world of Freud, with its crankish quest for sexual symbols (something like searching for Baconian acrostics in Shakespeare's works) and its bitter little embryos spying,from their natural nooks, upon the love life of their parents.Initially, I was unaware that time, so boundless at first blush, was a prison. In probing my childhood (which is the next best to probing one's eternity) I see the awakening of consciousness as a series of spaced flashes, with the intervals between them gradually diminishing until bright blocks of perception are formed, affording memory a slippery hold. I had learned numbers and speech more or less simultaneously at a very early date, but the inner knowledge that I was I and that my parents were my parents seems to have been established only later, when it was directly associated with my discovering their age in relation to mine. Judging by the strong sunlight that, when I think of that revelation, immediately invades my memory with lobed sun flecks through overlapping patterns of greenery, the occasion may have been my mother's birthday, in late summer, in the country, and I had asked questions and had assessed the answers I received. All this is as it should be according to the theory of recapitulation; the beginning of reflexive consciousness in the brain of our remotest ancestor must surely have coincided with the dawning of the sense of time.Thus, when the newly disclosed, fresh and trim formula of my own age, four, was confronted with the parental formulas, thirty-three and twenty-seven, something happened to me. 1 was given a tremendously invigorating shock. As if subjected to a second baptism, on more divine lines than the Greek Catholic ducking undergone fifty months earlier by a howling, half-drowned half-Victor (my mother, through the half-closed door, behind which an old custom bade parents retreat, managed to correct the bungling archpresbyter, Father Konstantin Vetvenitski), I felt myself plunged abruptly into a radiant and mobile medium that was none other than the pure element of time. One shared it-just as excited bathers share shining seawater-with creatures that were not oneself but that were joined to one by time's common flow, an environment quite different from the spatial world, which not only man but apes and butterflies can perceive. At that instant, I became acutely aware that the twenty-seven-year-old being, in soft white and pink, holding my left hand, was my mother, and that the thirty-three-year-old being, in hard white and gold, holding my right hand, was my father. Between them, as they evenly progressed, I strutted, and trotted, and strutted again, from sun fleck to sun fleck, along the middle of a path, which I easily identity today with an alley of ornamental oaklings in the park of our country estate, Vyra, in the former Province of St. Petersburg, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia. Indeed, from my present ridge or remote, isolated, almost uninhabited time, I see my diminutive' self as celebrating, on that August day 1903, the birth of sentient life. If my left-hand-holder and my right-hand-holder had both been present before in my vague infant world, they had been so under the mask of a tender incognito; but now my father's attire, the resplendent uniform of the Horse Guards, with that smooth golden swell of cuirass burning upon his chest and back, came out like the sun, and for several years afterward I remained keenly interested in the age of my parents and kept myself informed about it, like a nervous passenger asking the time in order to check a new watch.My father, let it be noted, had served his term of military training long before I was born, so I suppose he had that day put on the trappings of his old regiment as a festive joke. To a joke, then, I owe my firs gleam of complete consciousness - which again has recapitulatory implications, since the first creatures on earth to become aware of time were also the first creatures to smile.1. How does the author convey the tone of the panic that can be aroused by contemplating the “prenatal abyss”?2. By specific reference to the text, explain the author's statement that "fist and last things oftentend to have an adolescent note."3. Identify all the phrases in this selection that gr ow out of the image of existence as a “brief crack of light between two eternities of darkness.” How literal is this image intended to be? What overtones of experience and myth are there in the image?4. At the end of the fourth paragraph the author writes, “the beginning of reflexive consciousness in the brain of our remotest ancestor must surely have coincided with the dawning of the sense of time." By what logical process does he arrive at this conclusion? Is the process defensible? Is the conclusion trustworthy?英文写作Writing (20 points)You are required to write an article, a minimum of 500 words, with the following topic:DO AS THE ROMANS DO WHILE IN ROME英汉互译。
2008人大文学院、语言文化学院英语复试
下列文本都是英文名篇或古典中国诗歌的英文版本，请任选一个评述：1.Outside the room, in the hall, I spoke to the doctor, "Is there anything I cando to-night?""No. There is nothing to do. Can I take you to your hotel?""No, thank you. I am going to stay here a while.""I know there is nothing to say. I cannot tell you--""No," I said. "There's nothing to say.""Good-night," he said. "I cannot take you to your hotel?""No, thank you.""It was the only thing to do," he said. "The operation proved--""I do not want to talk about it," I said."I would like to take you to your hotel.""No, thank you."He went down the hall. I went to the door of the room."You can't come in now," one of the nurses said."Yes I can," I said."You can't come in yet.""You get out," I said. "The other one too."But after I had got them out and shut the door and turned off the light it wasn't any good. It was like saying good-by to a statue. After a while I went out and leftthe hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain.2.SHE walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudless climes and starry skies,And all that's best of dark and brightMeets in her aspect and her eyes;Thus mellow'd to that tender lightWhich Heaven to gaudy day denies.One shade the more, one ray the less,Had half impair'd the nameless graceWhich waves in every raven tressOr softly lightens o'er her face, 10Where thoughts serenely sweet expressHow pure, how dear their dwelling-place.And on that cheek and o'er that browSo soft, so calm, yet eloquent,The smiles that win, the tints that glow,But tell of days in goodness spent,—A mind at peace with all below,A heart whose love is innocent.3.Maple Bridge Night MooringMoon set, crow cry, frost fills the sky,River , maples, fishing-fires, cross my troubled sleep, Beyond the walls of Soochow from Cold Mountain temple, The middlenight bell sounds reach my boat.4.In the morning I started on my way from Cang-wu，in the evening i came to the Garden of Paradisei wanted to stay a while in those fairy precincts,but the swift-moving sun was dipping to the west.i ordered Xi-he to stay the sun-steeds' gallop,to stand over Yan-zi mountain and not go in,Long,long had been my road and far,far was the journey:i would go up and down to seek my heart's desire.5. ......Discourses,whatever their status,form,or value,and regardless of our manner of handling them,would unfold in a pervasive anonymity.No longer the tiresomerepetition:"who is the real auther?""Have we proof of his authenticity and originality?""What has he reveled of his most profound self in his language?"New question will be heard:"What are the modes of existence of tis discourse?""Where does it come from;how is it circulated;who controls it?""what placements are determined for possible subjects?""Who can fulfill these diverse functions of the subject?"Behind all these questions we would hear little more than the murmur of indifference:"What matter who's speaking?"中国人民大学2010年研究生入学中国文学综合考试真题今天上午考的有一个填空没想起希望能对明年考试的有用第一题填空共十个十分1-"昔我往矣,杨柳依依;今我来兮,雨雪霏霏"出自2-十四行诗的首创者是意大利诗人3-中世纪英国民族史诗代表4-"采菊东篱下,悠然见南山"的作者5-香菱柳湘莲是哪部作品中的人物6-美国20世纪现实主义作家德莱赛的代表作7-《一地鸡毛》的作者是8-曹禺的成名作9-“美文”是谁提出的二、名词解释每题七分1-古文运动2-意境3-模仿说4-革命样板戏5-浪漫主义三、简答每题十分1、十七年农村题材小说特点2、谈谈对20世纪现代主义文学的认识四、论述三选二每个三十分1、结合作品，论述李清照词的艺术特色2、文学创作与时代精神3、茅盾作品对现代长篇小说体式的贡献。
2008年华东师范大学外语学院翻译考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
一、改错1．わたしたちが毎日使っていることばの中には、パン、ミルク、コッブなどのように、主に西洋の国々から入って来て、日本語になったことばがある。
こういうことばを外来語という。
外来語は、外国との行き来や貿易にともなって、その国の文物とともに入って来たものである。
译文：在我们每天使用的单词当中有像“面包”、“牛奶”、“杯”等，主要是来自西欧各国，业己成为日语的单词。
像这样的单词称为外来语。
外来语是随着与外国的交往，贸易的往来，与这些国家的文物一起进来的。
【答案】在我们每天使用的单词当中有像“面包”、“牛奶”、“杯”等，主要是来自西方各国，业己成为日语的单词。
像这样的单词称为外来语。
外来语是随着与外国的交往，贸易的往来，与这些国家的文物一起进来的。
【解析】译文中对「西洋」这一词的翻译不准确，根据历史常识可以得知，「西洋」既包括“欧洲各国”，还包括“美国”等。
因此，译文仅将其限定为“西欧”是不正确的。
2．禅海和尚には虚栄心がなかった。
高位の憎の陥りがちな弊であるが、人物から書画骨董にいたるまでの万般の鑑識眼を恃まれるので、あとで鑑識の誤まりを嗤われぬように、断定的なことを言うまいとする人がある。
もちろん禅僧風の独断を即座に下してみせるが、どちらにも意味のとれるような余地を残しておくのである。
禅海和尚はそうではなかった。
彼が見たまま感じたままを言っていることがよくわかった。
彼|は自分の単純な強い目に映る事物に、ことさら意味を求めたりすることはなかった。
意味はあってもよく、なくてもよい。
译文：禅海大和尚不慕虚荣，虽然在声誉高的方丈身上这是极易出现的通病。
一股人总是从交友到鉴赏书画古董，万般皆凭所谓的鉴识眼；所以生怕贻笑大方，从来不肯说句肯定的话。
纵然有时也带有禅僧的独断与顿悟，总还是要留有灵活解脱的余地来。
禅海却不这样，他是怎么想就怎么说，看事情全凭自己单纯的透视、解析，概不另求是否还有什么其它意义。
【答案】禅海和尚没有虚荣心。
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中国人民大学2008年英语专业考研试题I. Sentence Completion (30 points)Directions: Write in the blank the letter of the item which best completes each sentence.1. Jean ______her mother in character.a. takes afterb. inheritsc. initiatesd. embarrasses2. They reported the loss and gave all the necessary ______to the police.a. happeningsb. qualificationsc. characteristicsd. particulars3. Generous public funding of basic science would ______considerable benefits for the country's health, wealth and security.a. result fromb. settle downc. lie ind. lead to4. When people become unemployed, it is ______which is often worse than lack of wages.a. lazinessb. povertyc. idlenessd. inability5. National poverty was ______by rapid population growth.a. strengthenedb. reinforcedc. aggravatedd. reduced6. What a sad sight, with all the shops ______and the people gone.a. shuttledb. shutteredc. shuttlesd. shutters7. The carpenter helped me to _______the cabinet at the base to keep it from tipping.a. wedgeb. wrenchc. yoked. tuck8. The dentist had to _______ the tooth as it was badly decayed.a. pull offb. releasec. extractd. alleviate9. Children and old people do not like having their daily _______upset.a. habitb. practicec. routined. custom10. ________when she started complaining.a. Not until he arrivedb. No sooner had he arrivedc. Hardly had he arrivedd. Scarcely did he arriveII. Error Correction (20 points)Directions: In the passage below, there are ten extra words, which are either are either grammatically incorrect or do not fit in with the meaning of the passage. Read the passage carefully and cross out those extra words.We are proud to present with this Management Development Program as a five-day opportunity to improve your personal and the interpersonal management skills. Managing - the human side of many enterprise - today calls for top-level talents in self-management and the management of others and this type course offers the inside track to gaining skills which needed to achieve outstanding effectiveness. It is designed for executives at all levels, to strengthen core skills in the areas of management and communication skills. By the end of the course, individuals will have been taken a major step forward in their ability to achieve truly excellent levels of performancefrom themselves and others. To maintain a high level of stimulation throughout course, a variety of learning methods will be employed. These include formal lectures, team exercises and case studies. All will be carefully managed to ensure you that learning is developed through relating to each one individual's own work experiences. In order to ensure that each participant derives the maximum of benefit from the course, numbers are limited to 15. So don't delay - book your place now!III. Cloze Test (20 points)Directions: Fill in each of the 20 blanks in the following passages with one suitable word.Passage IFrance's bickering political classes struggled to assert their authority yesterday after violence spread to more Paris suburbs and it was learned ______(1) live rounds were fired at police and firemen.During the riots on Wednesday night and the early hours of Thursday, it ______(2) reported that 315 vehicles had been burned across nine departments populated ______(3) mainly African immigrants.Groups of hooded boys, some ______(4) young as 10, threw stones and petrol bombs at police in suburbs a 10-minute Metro ride from the capital, as 1300 police and gendarmes were sent in. Nine people were injured and a fireman suffered second-degree burns after being hit _______(5) the face by a petrol bomb.Two car showrooms, two schools and a sports hall were ______(6) alight, while rioters ransacked a police station, a fire station, a council office, a shopping center and a train station.The ruling UMP failed to conceal its differences over how to deal ______(7) a crisis that has exposed supposedly model suburbs as ghettos of unemployment, resentment of authority, drug dealing and crime. Dominique de Villepin, the prime minister, told the senate: "I refuse to accept that organized gangs are laying ________(8) the law in certain neighborhoods."But ________(9) a UMP working session at the National Assembly, party members and mayors of several suburban towns ________(10) by riots snubbed the prime minister, even accusing his camp of pandering to the "louts".IV. Reading Comprehension (20 points)Passage IDirections: Read the article below and choose the best sentence from the list that follows to fill each of the gaps. Write one letter (A-H) for each gap. Do not write any letter twiceAre your paper towels honestly the most absorbent money can buy? Do physicians truly prefer your pain medication to all others? (1)_____. Well,that's what the ads say.Advertising claims are everywhere, but it's not enough to say that your paper towels are the most absorbent. Unless it's really true, there's a good chance someone especially a competitor - is going to make you prove it. It's a little-known fact of business life, but advertising is challenged all the time.(2)_______ . For over 30 years, the organization's advertising experts have examined the wording in ads to answer such questions as: Is it true that Color Stay makeup "won't rub off on your collar"?To test this claim, a leading competitor asked hundreds of women to wear white shirts, spend the day doing what they usually do, and wear Color Stay makeup. (3)______.The competitor claimed that its results showed that ColorStay makeup actually does rub off. But ColorStay's manufacturer also conducted its own test on hundreds of women. (4)______. The testers found that the makeup stayed on during normal use.The contradictory tests impressed the Council of Better Business Bureau's advertising division. It concluded that the questions came down to how viewers would interpret the word ""rub". (5)________ .The company revised its advertising claim to include the words "under normal conditions". The advertising division of the Council of Better Business Bureau was created in 1971 by advertisers in the U.S. as a way to regulate themselves.(6)________ .This was the finding regarding the TV commercial for a new brand of pain medication. Orudis KT. The ad claimed: "There are many prescriptions of pain medications, and a doctor can prescribe any of them.(7) _________."Literally true, the advertising division decided. The doctors had prescribed Orudis at least once during their lifetimes. (8)_______.The manufacturer objects to the decision, though it agreed to take the advertising division's comments into account in its future advertising of Orudis KT. It noted that the company had already discontinued the ads.A. Since then, numerous cases have come to the advertising division to show how a truth - improperly presented can create the wrong impression.B. One of the leading judges of such challenges is the national advertising division of the Council of Better Business Bureau.'C. Its results were the opposite.D. Will your makeup really not rub off on your clothes?E. The company wanted to test ColorStay's claim for itself.F. The advertising division concluded, however, that the way the statement was worded created the false impression that doctors had chosen Orudis over other pain medications.G. It decided that ColorStay's manufacturer had proved the makeup effectively resists rubbing off during "normal use".H. Yet, 82 percent of doctors surveyed have prescribed Orudis.V. Translate the following passage into English (30 points).北京航空航天大学外语系（简称北航外语系），前身为基础课部外语教研室，1978年开始招收英语专业本科生，1985年正式成立外语系，同年开始招收英语硕士研究生。