3 Written representation
高译教育-上海海事大学考研英语翻译基础真题2013
高译教育-上海海事大学考研英语翻译基础真题20132013年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：英语翻译基础I．Set Phrase Translation（1 score for each item, 20 scores in total）1.穿越剧2.春晚3.计划生育4.外来务工人员5.年夜饭6.发展体育运动，增强人民体质7.消除皱纹8.回家养病9.培养道德意识10.发展是硬道理11.非居民用水12.潜规则13.Better Cities, Better Life14.吃团圆饭15.中国能源的困局16.特大地震17.倡导学术诚信18.三公经费19.择校20.社会事业II．Blank Filling（fill in each blank with English, 1 score for each blank, 20 scores in total）1.It is believed that the earliest translated Bible in translationhistory of the West is called ________.2.______ is believed to be the first theorist in the West to discuss theoretical issues in translation.3.Prior to the Tang Dynasty, ______ was widely translated majorly from _____ into Chinese.4.The Latin Vulgate was translated by _______.5.The first English version of whole Bible was translated by a group of people led by _____.6.The most important and influential of English Bible is the ______ version.7.The Reformation in the West is largely initiated by _____ who translated Bible from its original languagesinto ______.8.Nida believes that there are fundamentally two different types of equivalence, one which may be called____, and another which is primarily _____.9.In his theoretical construction, Peter Newmark puts forward two diametrically different translationmethods, one of which is ______ translation and another ______ translation.10.Yan Fu, a famous modern Chinese thinker and reformer, was at the same time well-known for his proposalof tri-principles of translation, i.e. _____, ______ and _______.11.The seminal paper ____________ written by ______ was called the Independence Declaration ofTranslation Studies as a discipline.12.Literary translation in late-Qing China was started by ______, who translated a romance story originallywritten in _____ into Chinese in cooperation with his interpreter Wei Yi.III．Simple Sentence Translation （2 scores for each，20 scores in total）1.像这种情况，医院就是没考虑到一些特殊病人的需要，没能为患者提供一种人性化的服务。
英美散文选读 课后部分答案整理
UNIT 1 Of Marriage and Single Life Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯。
培根1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of a married life according to Bacon? Advantages:1.Be responsible for family and careful;2.Hortative, put men in mind of their wives and children ,for soldiers;3. A kind of discipline of humanity , grave natures led by custom are commonly lovinghusbands;4.Wives are young men’s mistress , companions for middle age , and old men’s nurses Disadvantages:1.giving hostages to fortune2.impediments to great enterprises3.an abatament of a man’s riches and a family will bing a man bonds and shacklesUNIT 4 Letter to Lord Chesterfield Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔。
约翰逊2.What is the importance of this letter in the history of English literature?1.John’s letter has been described as literature’s “Declaration ofIndependence”;Independence of writers2. It’s a poor writer to the big man’s indictment-like , showing contempt for the writer ofthe elite.3. It has been the subject of critical comment over since in the literary world.4.It represents the English new bourgeoisie(资产阶级)’ resistance against feudalism（封建主义）.5.It embodies the author’s rebellion.*6、事实上，此后英国文坛上的保护制度（Patronage）在英国，在欧洲大陆逐渐消失了。
艺人经纪英文合同范本三篇
艺人经纪英文合同范本三篇篇一Artist Management ContractThis Artist Management Contract (the "Contract") is made and entered into as of [date] (the "Effective Date"), and between:Artist: [Full Name of Artist], with a principal address at [Address of Artist] (hereinafter referred to as the "Artist").Manager: [Full Name of Manager], with a principal address at [Address of Manager] (hereinafter referred to as the "Manager").WHEREAS, the Artist is a talented individual in the field of [specify the field of art, such as music, acting, etc.] and desires to engage the services of the Manager for the purpose of managing and promoting the Artist's career; and WHEREAS, the Manager has the expertise, experience, and resources to provide such management and promotional services.NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contned herein, the parties agree as follows:1. Term of the ContractThe term of this Contract shall mence on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of [number] years (the "Term"). The Term may be renewed mutual written agreement of the parties.2. Manager's ServicesThe Manager shall provide the following services to the Artist:(a) Strategic career planning and development.(b) Negotiation and execution of contracts and agreements on behalf of the Artist.(c) Promotion and publicity efforts, including but not limited to press releases, social media management, and event coordination.(d) Management of the Artist's schedule and bookings.(e) Financial management and advice related to the Artist's ine and expenses.3. CompensationIn consideration of the Manager's services, the Artist shall pay the Manager a mission of [percentage] of the Artist's gross ine derived from all sources during the Term of this Contract. The Artist shall make such payments within [number] days of receiving the ine.4. ExpensesThe Manager shall be end to reimbursement for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the performance of the Manager's duties hereunder, provided that such expenses are approved in advance the Artist in writing.5. Representation and Warranty of the ArtistThe Artist represents and warrants that:(a) The Artist has the full legal capacity and authority to enter into this Contract.(b) The Artist will ply with all applicable laws and regulations in connection with the Artist's career.(c) The Artist will cooperate fully with the Manager in the performance of the Manager's duties.6. Representation and Warranty of the ManagerThe Manager represents and warrants that:(a) The Manager has the necessary expertise and experience to perform the services contemplated herein.(b) The Manager will act in the best interests of the Artist at all times.7. ConfidentialityBoth parties agree to keep all information relating to the Artist's career and the terms of this Contract confidential and not to disclose such information to any third party without the prior written consent of the other party.8. TerminationThis Contract may be terminated either party upon written notice in the event of a material breach of this Contract the other party, which breach remns uncured for a period of [number] days after written notice thereof. Additionally,the Artist may terminate this Contract upon written notice at the end of the Term if the Artist is not satisfied with the Manager's services.9. Governing Law and JurisdictionThis Contract shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of [specify the jurisdiction]. Any disputes arising under this Contract shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of [specify the jurisdiction].10. Entire AgreementThis Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes all prior negotiations, understandings, and agreements, whether written or oral.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract as of the date first above written.Artist: [Signature of Artist]Manager: [Signature of Manager]Please note that this is a basic template and should be reviewed a legal professional to ensure it plies with all applicable laws and meets your specific needs.篇二Artist Management ContractThis Artist Management Contract (the "Contract") is made and entered into as of [date] (the "Effective Date") and between:Artist: [Full Name of Artist], with address at [Artist Address], and contact detls: [Phone Number] and [E Address] (hereinafter referred to as the "Artist") Manager: [Full Name of Manager], with address at [Manager Address], and contact detls: [Phone Number] and [E Address] (hereinafter referred to as the "Manager")1. Services and Duties of the ManagerThe Manager agrees to provide the following services to the Artist:1.1 Representation and negotiation of all entertnment-related contracts, including but not limited to recording, performance, endorsement, and licensing agreements.1.2 Strategic career planning and development.1.3 Marketing and publicity efforts to enhance the Artist's public image and career opportunities.2. Term of the ContractThe term of this Contract shall mence on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of [number of years] years.3. Compensation and Commission3.1 The Artist shall pay the Manager a mission of [percentage]% of all gross earnings derived from the Artist's entertnment activities during the term of this Contract.3.2 The mission shall be calculated and pd on a regular basis as mutually agreed.4. Expenses4.1 All reasonable and necessary expenses incurred the Manager in the performance of his/her duties under this Contract shall be reimbursed the Artist, subject to prior approval and proper documentation.4.2 The Artist shall have the right to review and question any expense clmed the Manager.5. Accountings and ReportsThe Manager shall provide the Artist with regular accountings and reports detling the Artist's earnings and the mission deductions.6. Artist's ObligationsThe Artist agrees to:6.1 Cooperate with the Manager in all career-related matters.6.2 Perform all obligations under contracts negotiated the Manager.7. TerminationThis Contract may be terminated either party under the following circumstances:7.1 Material breach of the Contract the other party, provided that written notice of the breach and an opportunity to cure are given.7.2 Mutual agreement in writing.8. ConfidentialityBoth parties agree to keep all information related to the Artist's career and this Contract confidential.9. Governing Law and JurisdictionThis Contract shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of [jurisdiction]. Any disputes arising under this Contract shall be resolved in the courts of [jurisdiction].IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract as of the date first above written.Artist: [Signature]Manager: [Signature]Please note that this is a basic template and should be reviewed and customized a legal professional to meet the specific needs and circumstances of the parties involved.篇三ARTIST MANAGEMENT CONTRACTThis Artist Management Contract (the "Contract") is made and entered into as of [date] (the "Effective Date"), and between [Artist's Name] (the "Artist") and [Manager's Name] (the "Manager").1. SERVICESThe Manager agrees to provide the following services to the Artist:(a) Negotiate and secure performance engagements, recording contracts, endorsement deals, and other professional opportunities on behalf of the Artist.(b) Manage the Artist's career, including but not limited to planning and strategizing career development.(c) Handle financial and business matters related to the Artist's career, such as invoicing, collecting payments, and budgeting.2. TERMThe term of this Contract shall mence on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of [number] years (the "Term").3. COMPENSATION(a) The Artist shall pay the Manager a mission of [percentage] of the gross ine received the Artist as a result of the Manager's services.(b) Commissions shall be payable within [number] days of the Artist's receipt of payment.4. EXPENSESThe Manager shall be reimbursed for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in the course of providing services under this Contract, provided that such expenses are pre-approved the Artist in writing.5. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES(a) The Artist represents and warrants that they have the full legal capacity and authority to enter into this Contract.(b) The Manager represents and warrants that they have the necessary skills, experience, and resources to provide the services contemplated herein.6. CONFIDENTIALITYBoth parties agree to keep all information related to the Artist's career and this Contract confidential and not to disclose it to any third party without the prior written consent of the other party.7. TERMINATIONThis Contract may be terminated either party upon written notice in the event of a material breach of this Contract the other party, or upon the expiration of the Term.8. NOTICESAll notices required or permitted under this Contract shall be in writing and shall be deemed delivered when sent registered or e to the addresses provided below:Artist's Address: [Artist's Address]Manager's Address: [Manager's Address]9. GOVERNING LAWThis Contract shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of [Jurisdiction].10. ENTIRE AGREEMENTThis Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes all prior negotiations, understandings, and agreements.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract as of the date first above written.ARTIST: [Artist's Signature]MANAGER: [Manager's Signature]Please note that this is a basic template and should be reviewed and customized a legal professional to ensure it plies with applicable laws and meets the specific needs of the parties involved.。
文学几大主义
1. Naturalism 自然主义•American literary naturalism emerged in the 1890s as an outgrowth of American realism.•Naturalism is sometimes claimed to give an even more accurate depiction of life than realism.•It is more than that, for it is a mode of fiction that was developed by a school of writers in accordance witha particular philosophical thesis.Philosophical foundations 哲学基础This thesis is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century.1) a human being exists entirely in the order of nature and does not have a soul nor any mode of participating in a religious or spiritual world beyond the natural world.2) a human being is merely a higher-order animal whose character and behavior are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, heredity and environment.3) A person inherits compulsive instincts--especially hunger, the drive to accumulate possessions, and sexuality--and is then subject to the social and economic forces in the family, the class, and the milieu into which that person is born.•Briefly, Naturalist writers believed that a human being is no more than a higher-order animal, who is governed by heredity and environment, natural or socioeconomic, thus, acquirng no free will and living in an amoral world.•"the survival of the fittest", "the human beast"•Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution, and filth. As a result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for focusing too much on human vice and misery.Naturalist WritersStephen CraneFrank NorrisTheodore DreiserEdwin Arlington RobinsonJack LondonO’ HenryStephen Crane (1871-1900)•Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893)•The Red Badge of Courage (1895)•"The Open Boat"•"The Monster"•"The Brides Comes to Yellow Sky"•"The Blue Hotel"poems:•The Black Riders and Other Lines《黑衣骑士及其他》•War is Kind《战争是仁慈的》•Stephen Crane and Emily Dickinson are now recognized as the two presursors of Imagist poetry.2. TRANSCENDENTALISM (Transcendentalism超验主义)◆When did Transcendentalism come into being?◆Who were the spokesmen of Transcendentalism?◆What is Transcendentalism?◆Where did Transcendentalism originate?WHEN:◆In 1836 an informal group, the Transcendentalist Club, met in Concord, Massachusetts, to discusstheology, philosophy, and literature.◆Between 1840 and 1844, the Club published sixteen issues of The Dial, a quarterly. They established in1841 Brook Farm, a utopian community in which individuals were suppoesd to be better enabled towards self-realization. The experiment ended in failure in 1847.WHO:◆William Ellery Channing◆Ralph Waldo Emerson◆Henry David Thoreau◆Bronson Alcott◆Margaret Fuller◆Nathaniel HarthorneWHAT:◆Centered in Concord and Boston from 1836 till just before the Civil War, Transcendentalism is a NewEngland literary movement which held that spiritual realtiy, discernible through intution, transcended empirical or scientific knowledge.◆There are three major features of New England Transcendentalism being summarized as follows:◆Firstly, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul(超灵), as the most importantthing in the universe.◆Secondly, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.◆Thirdly, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.◆The Oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which allthings came and of which all were a part.◆It existed in nature and man alike and constituted the chief element of the universe.◆It was a reaction to the eighteenth-century Newtonian concept of the universe.◆It was also a reaction against the direction that a mechanized, capitalist America was taking.◆As the regeneration of society could only come about through the regeneration of the individual, hisperfection, his self-culture and self-improvement, and not the frenzed effort to get rich, should become the first concern of his life.◆The ideal type of man was the self-reliant individual.◆The individual soul communed with the Oversoul and was therefore divine.◆This new notion of the individual and his importance represented a new way of looking at man.◆It was a reaction against the Calvinist concept that man is totally depraved, he is sinful and perseveres insinhood, and can not hope to be saved except through the grace of God.◆It was also a reaction against the process of dehumanization that came in the wake of developingcapitalism.◆Nature was, to the Transcendentalists, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God's overwhelmingpresence. It was the garment of the Oversoul.◆Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influences on the human mind.◆Things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual."Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence, and you'll become spiritually whole again." WHERE:◆New England Transcendentalism was the product of a combination of foreign influences and theAmerican Puritan tradition. It was, in actuality, Romanticism on the Puritan soil. It could be called Romantic idealism.◆ First, neo-Platonism , the belief that spirit prevails over matter and there is an ascending scale of spiritualvalues rising to absolute Good.◆ Second, German Romanticism as transmitted through the writings of Coleridge and Carlyle, whichemphasized intuition as a means of piercing to the real essence of things.◆ Third, an Oriental mysticism as embodied in such Hindu works as Upanishads (《奥义书》)andBhagavad-Gita (《薄伽梵歌》）, and to the doctrine and philosophy of the Chinese Confucius and Mencius. ◆ Fourth, Puritan principle of self-culture and self-improvement.3. Impressionism 印象主义• Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Theirindependent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France.• The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression,Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the4. Local Color 乡土特色◆ The detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress, and ways of thinking andfeeling which are distinctive of a particular region. --M.A.Abrams in the late 1860s and early seventies The distinction between regionalism and local colorism:◆ A regional work relies on the cultural, social and historical settings of a region. If the setting is removed,the work is destroyed.◆ Local color writings are just as dependent upon a specific geographical location, but theygive moreemphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore, history, mannerism(特殊习惯), customs, beliefs and speech. Dailect peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writings.Character analysis 主要人物Carrie Meeber or Sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹•Carrie Meeber: the protagonist of the novel, an ordinary girl who rises from a low-paid, arduous position in a factory to a famous, high-paid actress in New York city.•She is driven by desire and catches blindly at any opportunity for a better exsitence, first offered by Drouet and then by Hursthood. She is totally at the mercy of forces that she cannot understand. She is a slave to her heredity and environment.•Strong determination to have a better life•Her goals are clothes, money and fame, and the means by which she achieves them are relatively unimportant.•Rise by the means of a male stepladder• A seeker, not satisfied, always has a new world to conquer, new goals to achieve.•“a naive, dreaming girl from the country, driven this way and that by the promptings of biology and economy, and pursued on her course by the passions of her rival lovers.”•“Her desire is illimitable, but her imagination is limited to the worlds o f goods. Carrie is always looking to see what else in the world she could want, and as Dreiser shows, she is conditioned biologically and culturally to want and buy what she sees.”Timid•“To avoid a certain indefinable shame she felt at being caught spying about for a position, she quickened her steps and assumed an air of indifference supposedly common to one upon an errand.”“为了避免在找工作中的那种莫名其妙的害羞，她加快了步子，装出一副不在乎的样子，她像是要办什么事似的。
美国文学史期末论文终极版
Contents摘要 (1)Abstract (1)Chapter 1 American Romanticism(1810--1865) (2)1.Background reasons (2)1.1 Politically this period was ripe (2)1.2 Economically American had never been wealthier (2)1.3 Culturally American own value emerged (2)2.Basic features and styles (2)2.1 Expressiveness (2)2.2 Imagination (2)2.3 Worship of nature (2)2.4 Simplicity (3)2.5 Cultural nationalism (3)2.6 Liberty,freedom,democracy and individualism (3)3.Influence (3)Chapter 2 American Realism(1865--1914) (3)1. Background changes (3)1.1 Politics (4)1.2 Economics (4)1.3 Cultural and social changes (4)2. Basic features and styles (4)2.1 Truthful description of the actualities of the real life andmaterial (4)2.2 Focus on ordinariness (4)3. Three dominant figures (4)4. Influence (5)Chapter 3 American Naturalism(1890--1914) (5)1. Background information (5)1.1 Cultural and Social Background (5)1.2 Religion and theoretical basis (5)2. Major ideas and features of Naturalism (5)2.1 Determinism (5)2.2 World: godless, indifferent, hostile (6)2.3 Style: scientific objectivity (6)2.4 Subjects and themes (6)3. A representative work that show the ideas and features above (6)3. Influence (6)Chapter 4 American Modernism(1914--1945) (6)1. Background information (6)1.1 Politics (6)1.2 Economy (7)1.3 Cultural and social background (7)2. Characteristics and features of Modernism (7)3. Major genres and a representative of each one (7)3.1 Modern poetry——Ezra Pound (7)3.2 Modern fiction——Ernest Hemingway (7)4. Influence (8)Chapter 5 American Postmodernism(1914--1945) (8)1. Background information (8)1.1 Politics (8)1.2 Economics (8)1.3 Social and international background (8)2. Characteristics and major features (8)2.1 Experimental writing techniques (8)2.3 Irony, playfulness and black humor (9)3.Influence (9)Bibliographies (9)摘要具有自身特点的新文学的出现，是一个国家真正形成的标志。
审计英语7
TOPIC 07 The Finalization of Audit【字体：大中小】【打印】（完成审计工作）[与中文教材2008版第十八章相关]Part I Subsequent Events（期后事项）Auditors should consider the effect of subsequent events（after the balance sheet date）on the accounts.‘Subsequent events’include:Events occurring between the period end and the date of the auditor’s report Facts discovered after the date of the auditor’s report;审计人员应考虑期后事项对报表的影响。
期后事项包括:资产负债表日后至审计报告出具日审计报告出具日之后Procedures（程序、流程）Auditors have a responsibility to review subsequent events before they sign their audit report, and may have to take action if they become aware of subsequent events between the date they sign their audit report and the date the financial statements are laid before members.在签署审计报告前审计人员有责任检查考虑在资产负债表日后至出具报告日期间发生的相关事项,并有可能会采取相关措施。
The date of signing the audit report represents a change from active evidence gathering to passive evidence awareness.审计报告出具日代表着审计人员从主动收集证据向被动知晓的转变。
研究生学术英语读写教程unit3
Unit 3: Writing a Research PaperIn this unit, we will focus on the essential skills and techniques required for writing a research paper in academic English. Writing a research paper is a crucial aspect of graduate study, as it demonstrates the ability to conduct independent research, analyze data, and effectivelymunicate ideas in written form. This unit will cover the following topics:1. Understanding the Structure of a Research Paper2. Developing a Research Question3. Conducting Literature Review4. Organizing Your Thoughts and Ideas5. Writing a Strong Introduction6. Presenting Your Methodology7. Reporting Your Findings8. Constructing a Compelling Conclusion9. Referencing and Citations10. Editing and Proofreading1. Understanding the Structure of a Research PaperA research paper typically follows a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results,discussion, and conclusion. Understanding the purpose of each section and how they relate to the overall research is essential for writing a cohesive and coherent paper.2. Developing a Research QuestionA well-crafted research question is the foundation of a successful research paper. It should be clear, concise, and focused, guiding the direction of the study and facilitating the identification of relevant literature and methodologies.3. Conducting Literature ReviewA literature review is a critical analysis of existing research related to your topic. It provides context for your study, identifies gaps in existing knowledge, and justifies the significance of your research. Learning how to effectively review and synthesize literature is essential for building a strong theoretical framework for your paper.4. Organizing Your Thoughts and IdeasOrganizing your thoughts and ideas is essential for creating a logical and coherent research paper. This can be achieved through outlining, mind mapping, or other organizational techniques. Clear organization will help you m本人nt本人nfocus and ensure that your paper flows logically.5. Writing a Strong IntroductionThe introduction sets the stage for your research paper, providing background information, stating the research problem, and outlining the structure of the paper. A strong introduction should captivate the reader's attention and provide a clear rationale for the study.6. Presenting Your MethodologyThe methodology section det本人ls the research methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data. It should beprehensive, transparent, and replicable, allowing other researchers to understand and evaluate the validity of your study.7. Reporting Your FindingsIn this section, you will present the results of your research in a clear and systematic manner. This may involve the use of tables, figures, and statistical analysis to convey the key findings of your study.8. Constructing a Compelling ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes the key findings of your research, discusses their implications, and makes rmendations for future research or practice. Apelling conclusion should leave a lasting impression on the reader and reinforce the significance of your study.9. Referencing and CitationsAccurate referencing and citation of sources are essential for m 本人nt本人ning academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism. Familiarizing yourself with the specific citation style required by your discipline is crucial for properly acknowledging the work of others.10. Editing and ProofreadingEditing and proofreading are essential steps in the writing process to ensure clarity, coherence, and accuracy. It is important to review your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors, as well as to refine the overall clarity and effectiveness of your writing.In conclusion, writing a research paper in academic English requires abination of critical thinking, analytical skills, and effectivemunication. Mastering the skills and techniquescovered in this unit will not only enhance your academic writing abilities but also contribute to the advancement of knowledge in your field of study. By understanding the structure of a research paper, developing a strong research question, conducting a thorough literature review, organizing your thoughts and ideas, and mastering the art of writing a strong introduction, presenting a clear methodology, reporting your findings, constructing apelling conclusion, referencing and citations, and editing and proofreading, you will be well-equipped to produce high-quality research papers that make a meaningful contribution to your academic discipline.。
莎士比亚十四行诗第18首汉译
莎士比亚十四行诗第18首汉译1，朱湘译文我来比你作夏天，好不好？不，你比它更可爱，更温和：暮春的娇花有暴风侵扰，夏住在人间的时日不多：有时候天之目亮得太凌人，他的金容常被云霾掩蔽，有时因了意外，四季周行，今天的美明天已不再美丽：你的永存之夏却不黄萎，你的美丽亦将长寿万年，你不会死，死神无从夸嘴，因为你的名字入了诗篇：一天还有人活着，有眼睛，你的名字便将于此常新。
2，李霁野译文我来将你比作夏天吗?你比夏天更为可爱,更为温和:暴风摇落五月的柔嫩花芽,夏季的租赁期限要短得多:有的时候太阳照得太热,他的金色面孔常变阴暗;每种美有时都会凋零衰谢,由于机缘,或者由于自然变幻;但是你的永久夏季不会衰败,你的美也永远不会丧失;死亡不至夸口:你在他的阴影里徘徊, 当你在不朽的诗行中度日:——只要人还能呼吸，眼睛还能看望，这些诗行就会永存，使你万寿无疆。
3，梁宗岱译文我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太短：天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽：被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。
但是你的长夏永远不会雕落，也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳，或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。
只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。
4，梁实秋译文我可能把你和夏天相比拟？你比夏天更可爱更温和：狂风会把五月的花苞吹落地，夏天也嫌太短促，匆匆而过：有时太阳照得太热，常常又遮暗他的金色的脸；美的事物总不免要凋落，偶然的，或是随自然变化而流转。
但是你的永恒之夏不会褪色；你不会失去你的俊美的仪容；死神不能夸说你在他的阴影里面走着，如果你在这不朽的诗句里获得了永生；只要人们能呼吸，眼睛能看东西，此诗就会不朽，使你永久生存下去。
5，屠岸译文能不能让我把你比拟作夏日？你可是更加温和，更加可爱：狂风会吹落五月的好花儿，夏季的生命又未免结束得太快：有时候苍天的巨眼照得太灼热，他那金彩的脸色也会被遮暗；每一样美呀，总会离开美而凋落，被时机或者自然的代谢所摧残；但是你永久的夏天决不会凋枯，你永远不会失去你美的仪态；死神夸不着你在他影子里踯躅，你将在不朽的诗中与时间同在；只要人类在呼吸，眼睛看得见，我这诗就活着，使你的生命绵延。
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Written representations
ISA 580 –Written representations
•ISA 580 requires the auditor to request management to provide written representations as follows:
•That it has fulfilled its responsibilities for the preparation of the financial statements
•A variety of ISA-specific issues require disclosure (such as fraud, laws & regulations, estimates, going concern, related parties and subsequent events)
•The appropriate use of accounting policies as well as a number of specific disclosures (such as plans that might affect asset values and details of any contingent liabilities).
•The auditor should obtain written representations from
management on matters material to the financial statements when other sufficient appropriate audit evidence cannot reasonably be expected to exist.
•The representations should relate to matters where they are critical to obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Representations cannot be a substitute for other audit evidence that auditors expect to be available.
ISA 580 – Written representations
ISA 580 –Written representations
If the client refuses to sign
a)Auditor should write letter setting out his understanding and ask for management confirmation.
b)If management does not reply, auditor should follow up to ascertain that his understanding is correct.
c)If management refuses to provide a representation that the auditor considers necessary, this constitutes a scope limitation and the auditor should express a qualified opinion or disclaimer of opinion.
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Overall review of the financial statements
Dec 2013 Q2
(c) Auditors are required to perform an overall review of the financial statements before they provide their audit opinion. Required:
Explain THREE procedures an auditor should perform in conducting their overall review of the financial statements. (3 marks)
Dec 2013 Q2
– Reviewing the financial statements to ensure compliance with accounting standards and local legislation disclosure. This is sometimes done via the use of a disclosure checklist.
– Reviewing the disclosure of the accounting policies to ensure that they are in accordance with the accounting treatment adopted in the financial statements, and that they are sufficiently disclosed.
– Reviewing the financial statements to ensure they are consistent with the auditor’s knowledge of the business and the results of their audit work.
Dec 2013 Q2
– Performing analytical procedures of the financial statements, under ISA 520 Analytical Procedures; this helps the auditor to form an overall conclusion on the financial statements.
– Reviewing the aggregate of uncorrected misstatements to assess whether in aggregate a material misstatement arises; if so discuss with management with regards to a potential adjustment.
– As part of the overall review, the auditor should assess whether the audit evidence gathered by the team is sufficient and appropriate to support the audit opinion.
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