201103中科院成都光电所博士光学试题
考研光电工程面试题及答案
考研光电工程面试题及答案光电工程是一门涉及光学和电子技术的交叉学科，近年来在科技领域取得了重要的突破和进展。
对于想要深入研究光电技术的学生来说，考研光电工程是一个不错的选择。
然而，在考研光电工程的面试环节中，面试官通常会提出一系列挑战性的问题，来考察考生的专业素养和能力。
本篇文章将介绍一些光电工程面试中常见的问题，并给出相应的答案供参考。
一、光学基础知识1. 请简要介绍一下光的波粒二象性。
光既可被看作是一种波动，又可被看作是一种粒子。
波动性体现在光的传播过程中，如干涉、衍射等现象；粒子性则表现为光的吸收和发射行为，如光电效应、康普顿散射等现象。
2. 什么是全反射？请给出全反射条件。
全反射是光在从密度大的光介质射入密度小的光介质时，发生的完全反射现象。
全反射条件为入射角大于临界角。
3. 请解释一下光纤的工作原理。
光纤是一种利用光的全反射传输信号的光学传输线路。
当光线射入光纤时，由于光的入射角大于临界角，光线会完全反射在纤芯中进行传输，从而实现信号的传输。
二、半导体物理与器件1. 请简要介绍一下 PN 结的形成原理。
PN 结是由具有不同掺杂类型的两个半导体材料接触而成。
在P 区，杂质掺入带有多余电子的杂质原子，形成 N 型，也即负性半导体；在N 区，杂质掺入带有少电子的杂质原子，形成P 型，也即正性半导体。
当 PN 结形成后，在 P 区的多余电子与 N 区的少电子会发生复合，形成耗尽层，产生内建电场。
2. 请简要介绍一下 PN 结的主要特性。
PN 结具有整流特性和变容特性。
在正向偏置时，电流易于通过 PN 结，呈现导电状态；在反向偏置时，电流几乎不流过 PN 结，呈现绝缘状态。
3. 什么是光电二极管？它的工作原理是什么？光电二极管是一种利用半导体材料的光电效应产生电流的器件。
当入射光照射到光电二极管上时，光子的能量会被吸收，产生载流子，从而形成电流。
三、光电子学与光通信1. 请解释一下光通信系统的基本组成部分。
中科院博士入学考试半导体物理
一、简答1、肖特基接触、欧姆接触2、Pn 结作用、异质PN 结、同质PN 结区别3、费米能级、判断杂质类型、掺杂浓度4、PN 结激光器实现粒子数反转5、光电导二、Si 、GaAs 、GaN 晶体结构、能带特点、物理性质、应用。
三、霍尔效应，........ 证明R H =四、Xy 方向自由，z 方向为无限深势阱1,、求本征能量2、能态密度3、如果三个方向都无受到限制，则1、本征能量 2、能态密度改变？五、GaAs ，次能、最低能谷。
有效质量性质和意义，有效质量大小比？ 2014 一、简答1、以GaAs 为例说明几种散射机制？与温度关系？2、迁移率μ，电导σ，H μ区别3、PN 结光生伏特效应？光电池？画I-V 曲线？4、Si 、GaAs 、GaN 晶体结构、能带特点、物理性质、应用。
5、温度太高。
破坏晶体结构？ 二、导体、半导体、绝缘体能带论三、掺杂质。
求E ？已知j p n μμρ,i ，。
四、轻空穴、重空穴有效质量及图，等能面为球面，E=(....)m22。
一、Si 、GaAs 、GaN 晶体结构、能带特点、物理性质、应用。
1、晶体结构：Si 是金刚石结构，由面心立方中心到顶角引8条对角线，在其中互不相邻的4条对角线上中点放置一个原子，对角线上的4个原子与面心和顶角原子周围情况不同，是单原子复式格子。
GaAs （III-V ）闪锌矿结构（立方对称性），与金刚石结构相仿，只是对角线上的原子与面心和顶角上的原子不同，（极性半导体/共价性化合物半导体）。
GaN 是纤锌矿结构（六方对称性，以正四面体为基础） 2、能带特点：Si 的导带极小值在K 空间<1 0 0>方向，能谷中心与 点距离是X 距离的65，共有6个等价能谷，形状为旋转椭球。
价带在布里渊区中心是简并的，有重空穴、轻空穴、自旋耦合分裂三个能级。
导带底和价带顶在K 空间不同点，属于间接禁带半导体。
GaAs导带等能面为球面，导带极小值位于布里渊区中心K=0处，但在<100><111>方向还有极小值。
[理学]中科大光学习题解答
![[理学]中科大光学习题解答](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/a5ffab19854769eae009581b6bd97f192279bf13.png)
几何光学【2.1】光线以入射角i 射到折射率为n 的物体上，设反射光与折射光线成直角，问入射角与折射率之间的关系如何？ 解：i n i '=sin sin ，而i i -='2π，i n i cos sin =∴，即n tgi =。
【2.2】把一片玻璃板放在装满水的玻璃杯上，光线应以什么样的角度射到玻璃板上才能够在玻璃板和水的分界面上发生全反射？玻璃的折射率为1.5，水的折射率为1.33 能接收到这束全反射光吗？解：发生全反射时，光线从玻璃向水的入射角应满足w C g n i n =sin 。
此时若从空气到玻璃板入射，入射角i 应满足C g i n i sin sin =，即w n i =sin 。
由于133.1>=w n ，所以上述情况不可能发生。
【2.3】红光和紫光对同种玻璃的折射率分别是1.51和1.53。
当这些光线射到玻璃和空气的分界面上时，全反射的最小角度是多少？当白光以41o的角入射到玻璃和空气的界面上时，将会有什么现象发生？ 解：由于1sin =i n ，所以81.4053.11arcsin 1arcsin===V V C n i ， 47.4151.11arcsin 1arcsin ===R RC n i 。
以41o 角入射，则紫光全反射；而红光大部分透射，仅有少部分发生反射。
【2.4】如图，以光线射入镜面间并反射n 次，最后沿入射时的光路返回，试写出i θ与α间的关系表达式。
解：最后的反射之后，其对另一镜的入射角应为0。
最后（第n 次）的反射角为αθ=n ，第n-1次的反射角为αθ21=-n 。
相邻的两次反射间，有关系式，απθπθ-=-+-2/)2/(1m m ，即αθθ+=-m m 1。
则ααθαθθn n m n m =+-=+-=)1()1(1。
【2.5】证明：当一条光线通过平板玻璃时，出射光线方向不变，只产生侧向平移。
当入射角1i 很小时，位移t i nn x 11-=∆。
(精选)光学测试题(附答案)
光学测试卷姓名_______班级_______一选择题（每题仅一个正确答案，错填漏填多选均不得分，每题2分，共15小题）1、许多照相机镜头到胶片的距离是可调的。
某次拍摄前摄影师已经“调好焦”，使被摄者在胶片上形成了清晰的像。
如果在拍摄前被摄者移动了位置，他和摄影者的距离变远了，为了使他在胶片上仍然成清晰的像，镜头与底片的距离应( ) A、变大 B．变小 C．先变小后变大 D．先变大后变小2、某物体经凸透镜在光屏上得到一个像,现将透镜上部遮住不让光通过,则屏上的像（）A.缺少上部分B.缺少下部分C.大小变化了D.像性质不变,只是变暗了3、一种手电筒上所有的聚光小电珠如图2所示，其前端相当于一个玻璃制成的凸透镜，灯丝（可看作一个点光源）发出的光通过它出射时，出射光束（图中实线所示）比无此透镜时的光束（图中虚线所示）要窄，即它可减小光束的发散，有聚光功能。
在这种小电珠中，灯丝应位于（）A．凸透镜的焦点以内B．凸透镜的一倍焦距和两倍焦距之间C．凸透镜的焦点处D．凸透镜的两倍焦距处4．测绘人员绘制地图时常常需要从飞机上拍摄地面的照片。
若使用的相机镜头焦距为50毫米，则底片与镜头距离应该在（）A．100毫米以外。
B．50毫米以内。
C．恰为50毫米。
D．略大于50毫米。
5.如右图所示，一束光线斜射人容器中，在P处形成一光斑，在向容器里逐渐加满水的过程中，光斑将（）A.向左移动后静止B.先向左移动再向右移动C.向右移动后静止D.仍在原来位置6．图1是有关近视眼、远视眼及其矫正的示意图，其中表示近视眼矫正的是（）7.如图3所示，把蜡烛逐渐远离平面镜，它在镜中之像将 ( )A. 变大．B. 变小．C. 不变．D. 变倒立．8.如图所示是从平面镜中看到的一钟表时针和分针位置，此时的实际时刻是 ( )A. 8时20分．B. 4时20分．C. 3时40分．D. 8时40分，9．一个焦距是10cm的凸透镜，当物体从离透镜20cm处逐渐移向30cm处的过程中（）．A．像逐渐变大，像距逐渐变小B．像逐渐变小，像距逐渐变大C．像逐渐变大，像距逐渐变大D．像逐渐变小，像距逐渐变小10．目前光污染越来越严重。
中科院物理所考博试题(固体物理)
固体物理试卷试卷一、第一部分：（在5题中选做4题，每题15分，共60分）简单回答下面的问题：1原胞与单胞有什么不同？何谓布拉菲格子？何谓倒格子？晶体的宏观对称性可以概括为多少点群？多少个晶系？这些晶系分别包括哪些布拉菲格子？什么是晶体、准晶体和非晶体？2原子之间的相联互作用是固体形成的基础，固体中共有哪几种原子结合方式？指出它们的共同特点和各自的特点。
3(a)怎样用能带论来理解导体、绝缘体、及半导体之间的区别（可以画图说明）？（b）在讨论磁场中电子的运动时，画图说明什么是k空间的类电子轨道、什么是类空穴轨道？什么是闭合轨道、什么是开放轨道？什么样的轨道对于德哈斯-范阿芬效应重要或对于磁阻效应重要？4任何固体物质中原子位置并不是固定的，它们在其平衡位置附近不停地振动。
其运动形式可用准粒子—声子来描述。
(a)简述声子的存在和模式对晶体的哪些物性产生明显影响。
(b)简述确定晶格振动谱的实验原理和方法。
5试推导面心和体心立方点阵的x射线衍射的系统消光规律。
第二部分：（在8题中选做5题，每题8分，共40分）1列出你所知道的几种金属—绝缘体相变的名称。
2超导体都有哪些主要的物理特征？3简单阐述物质顺磁性的来源。
4多晶体与单晶体的x射线衍射图有什么区别？5什么是施主杂质？什么是受主杂质？施主能级和受主能级有什么特点？6半导体材料可能发生哪几种光吸收过程？什么是半导体的本征吸收？7简述固溶体的类型。
8什么是系统的元激发？举出三个例子，指出它们服从玻色统计还是费米统计。
试卷二、（试题1—4为必作题，每题15分）（1）（a）固体中原子（或离子）的结合形式有哪几种？都有什么特点？为什么固体中原子（或离子）之间能保持一定的距离而不是无限靠近？（b）何谓晶体、准晶体及非晶体？它们的x光或电子衍射有何区别？(C)何谓布拉菲格子、晶体学点群、晶系和晶体学空间群？（2）已知一正交品系的晶胞参数为a、b、c，晶胞体积为v,(a)试写出其倒格矢，证明倒格子元胞体积v’= (2p)3/V，并画出第一布里渊区示意图。
2011年3月中科院考博英语真题及答案详解版
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY, CHINESE ACADEMYOF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDA TESMarch 2011PAPER ONEPART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.A. promotedB. activatedC. orientedD. functioned2. Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.A. appreciationB. recognitionC. gratitudeD. tolerance3. Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.A. contributedB. devotedC. reveredD. scared4. Pop culture doesn't _________ to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.A. adhereB. lendC. exposeD. commit5. Intellectual property is a kind of _________ monopoly, which should be used properly or else would disrupt healthy competition order.A. legibleB. legendaryC. lenientD. legitimate6. I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will _________ everyone’s expectations.A. boil down toB. look forward toC. live up toD. catch on to7. The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is _________ is now a common one.A. out of the wayB. on orderC. out of orderD. in no way8. My eyes had become _________ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.A. inclinedB. accustomedC. vulnerableD. sensitive9. Despite what I’d been told about the local people’s attitude to strangers, _________ did I encounter any rudeness.A. at no timeB. in no timeC. at any timeD. at some time10. In times of severe _________ companies are often forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive.A. retreat B, retrospect C. reduction D. recession11. Sport was integral to the national and local press, TV and, to a diminishing _________ , to radio.A. extentB. scopeC. scaleD. range12. Unless your handwriting is _________ , or the form specifically asks for typewriting, the form should be neatly handwritten.A. illegitimate B, illegal C. illegible D. illiterate13. The profession fell into , with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.A. harmonyB. turmoilC. distortionD. accord14. With the purchasing power of many middle-class households _________ behind the cost of living, there was an urgent demand for credit.A. leavingB. leveringC. lackingD. lagging15. Frank stormed into the room and _________ the door, but it wasn’t that easy to close the door on what Jack had said.A. slashedB. slammedC. slippedD. slapped16. When I was having dinner with you and Edward at his apartment, I sensed a certain _________ between the two of you.A. intimacyB. proximityC. discrepancyD. diversity17. I decided to _________ between Ralph and his brother, who were arguing endlessly.A. interfereB. interveneC. interruptD. interact18. “I mean Gildas and Ludens are both wise, reasonable and tactful; but naturally they’re _________ , they want to know what’s happening, and make judgments on it all. ”A. indifferentB. innocentC. inquisitiveD. instinctive19. In Africa HIV and AIDS continue to _________ the population; nearly 60 percent of those infected are women.A. alleviateB. boostC. captureD. ravage20. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _________ disintegration.A. on the ground ofB. on the top ofC. in the light ofD. on the verge ofPART ⅡCLOZE TEST(15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new 21 that was commercially created as payback for V alentine’s Day. That’s 22 in both countries, 14 February is all about the man.On V alentine’s Day, women are expected to buy all the important male 23 in their lives a token gift; not just their partners, 24 their bosses or older relatives too.This seems 25 enough. Surely it’s reasonable for men to be indulged on one day of the year, 26 the number of times they’re expected to produce bouquets of flowers and 27 their woman with perfume or pearls.But the idea of a woman 28 a man didn’t sit easily with people. In 1978, the National Confectionery Industry Association(糖果业协会) 29 an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as 30 for the male-oriented V alentine’s Day.It started with a handful of sweet-makers’producing candy 31 a simple gift idea. The day 32 the public imagination, and is now a nationally 33 date in the diary-and one where men are 34 to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth 35 the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.21. A. copy B. concept C. choice D. belief22. A. because B. as C. so D. why23. A. clients B. friends C. figures D. colleagues24. A. but B. and C. instead of D. rather than25. A. odd B. good C. fair D. rare26. A. given B. if C. but D. though27. A. attract B. frustrate C. surprise D. touch28. A. supporting B. spoiling C. comforting D. fooling29. A. came up with B. come out of C. came up toD. came along with30. A. companion B. compromise C. competence D. compensation31. A. via B. as C. with D. for32. A. captured B. appealed C. favored D. held33. A. documented B. recognized C. illustrated D. scheduled34. A. volunteered B. embarrassed C. sponsoredD. obliged35. A. triple B. double C. fourfold D. equalPART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSIONSection A(60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAt many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19 , the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state’s flagship public institution, Launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a “smoke-out”to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they’re on school property.Kentucky joins more than 365 U. S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn’t seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior.Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campuswide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted to limited outdoor areas.One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn’t really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the university’s campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban.The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July 2011. “We don’t have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments, ”says Robert Winfield, the school’s chief health officer. “We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community. ”Naturally, there has been pushback from students. “Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?”asks Jnathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school’s College Libertarians. “If they truly want a culture of health, I expect them to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. ”Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today’s health-obsessed culture, those may be next.36. We can infer that the “newness”of the antismoking policy at the University of Kentucky lies in _________ .A. its extended scope of no-smoking placesB. its prohibition of cigarette sales on campusC. its penalty for bringing tobacco to schoolD. its ban on smoke when people are driving37. By setting the antismoking rules the University of Kentucky mainly aims for _________ .A. protecting students against passive smokingB. modeling itself on many other universitiesC. promoting the students’ health awarenessD. punishing those who dare smoke on campus38. One of the problems enforcing the ban on smoking at the University of Iows is _________ .A. limiting the smoke-free areasB. tracing smokers on campusC. forcing smokers to give up smokingD. providing alternative ways for smokers39. The word “levy”(in Paragraph 5)most probably means_________ .A. imposeB. avoidC. deserveD. receive40. According to Jonathan Slemrod, Taco Bell is _________ .A. a tobacco shopB. a school cafeteriaC. an organic food storeD. an unhealthy food chain41. The author’s tone in the essay is _________ .A. radicalB. optimisticC. objectiveD. criticalPassage T woThe familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit down to SA Ts, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should either be letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SA Ts, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say that standards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgments on what our children are learning. But it’s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school.Some trends are encouraging-education has been made more relevant and enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons’A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Moliere. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as gaps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child’s interests at heart may send a draft pi ece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question: “Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?”Each side points to indicators that favor them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.42. It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that _________ .A. SA Ts is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB. it has been debated if children should b given examsC. few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD. each year children have to face up to some new exams43. Parents try to judge the educational standards by _________ .A. whether their children have passed the examsB. what knowledge their children have acquiredC. what educators say about curriculum planningD. whether their children’s school scores are stable44. To the author, the rereading of Moliere was _________ .A. drearyB. routineC. outmodedD. arduous45. To the author’s generation, it is beyond understanding today why _________ .A. teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB. teachers show much concern for students’ futureC. parents help little with their children’s courseworkD. parents focus on their children’s general knowledge46. According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, _________ .A. no authorities have ever made a commentB. no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC. no effective ways have been taken to apply themD. no consistent yardstick has ever been used47. In the author’s opinion, the school education in Britain has been _________ .A. inflexibleB. irresponsibleC. unsuccessfulD. unforgivablePassage ThreeSuzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bush’s redo of the famed guest quarters named for President Lincoln: “Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. ”Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residence’s least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curator of the White House for nearly 40 years. “It’s a quasi-museum room, ”she said, “with a lot of objects, such as the bed , that have symbolic importance. ”The elaborately carved bed bought for Lincoln is the centerpiece of the room.According to historian William Seale, the president was furious that his wife, Mary, spent so much money redecorating the White House during a time of war. He never slept in the bed , and the ornate piece eventually was moved to a spare room.Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending a fortune.In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman would retain the legendary bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said, “and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said traditional styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale.Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the penny’s image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.In bad times as in good, spare rooms don’t have to be grand to be effective, Fellman said. “A guest room should feel inviting and intimate, ”she said. “It has to exude serenity. ”48. To Suzan Fellman, Laura Bush’s redecoration of the Lincoln Bedroom could hardly be _________ .A. evaluatedB. imaginedC. understoodD. praised49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for_________ .A. the president to have a restB. visitors to stay overnightC. storing Victorian furnishingsD. exhibiting classic objects50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _________ .A. decorating housesB. respecting the pastC. protecting the classicD. encouraging thrift51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _________ .A. putting some roses on the tableB. omitting some European antiquesC. adding to it some Federal stylesD. giving it the look of a strong America52. In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _________ .A. its durabilityB. its simplic ityC. its priceD. its color53. Fellman would avoid making the Lincoln Bedroom look_________ .A. tranquilB. luxuriousC. hospitableD. fascinatingPassage FourLaurance Rockefeller, the middle brother of the five prominent and benevolent grandsons of John D. Rockefeller, who concentrated his own particular generosity on conservation, recreation, ecological concerns and medical research, particularly the treatment of cancer, died of pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Manhattan.His career began on Wall Street almost 70 years ago, where he became a pioneer of modern venture capitalism, compounding his inherited wealth many times over. In the decades since he first took his seat on the New Y ork Stock Exchange, he often used his native instinct for identifying the next big thing, not content simply to make more money but to make the money produce something of lasting value.Less sociable than his older brother Nelson, who was a four-term governor of New Y ork and the country’s vice president under Gerald R. Ford, Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was also more reserved and private than his flamboyant younger brother Winthrop who was the governor of Arkansas. A philosophy major at Princeton he had long wrestled with the question of how he might most efficiently and satisfyingly use the great wealth to which he was born and which he later kept compounding as a successful pioneer of modern venture capitalism.Using significant amounts of his money as well as his connections and prestige and negotiating skills he was instrumental in establishing and enlarging National Parks in Wyoming, California, the Virgin Islands, V ermont, Maine and Hawaii. As an active member of the Palisade Interstate Parkway Commission, he helped create a chain of parks that blocked the advance of sprawl, thus maintaining the majestic view that he first saw as a child looking out from Kykuit, the Rockefeller country home in Pocantico.His commitment to wilderness, recreation and environmental conservation had many roots. Since childhood he liked to ride hrses through unspoiled terrain. He was a passionate photographer in search of new landscapes. Even before Laurance reached adulthood the Rockefellers had included parks among their many philanthropic projects.Laurance was born on May 26, 1910. As Laurance matured he came to more closely resemble his grandfather than did any other family member, having the same pursed and seemingly serious expression that John D. Rockefeller often showed in photographs. According to family accounts he was also the one who most closely revealed his grandfather’s ability for profitable deals.54. Paragraph 1 suggests that Laurance Rockefeller was a man who is _________ .A. full of social responsibilityB. famous but short-livedC. successful in many fieldsD. zealous in social activities55. We can learn that, in making investments, Laurance Rockefeller was very _________ .A. cold-heartedB. close-fistedC. far-sightedD. half-witted56. Compared with his two brothers, Laurance _________ .A. often relied on himselfB. rarely appeared in publicC. rarely voiced his opinionsD. often worried about his wealth57. The word“instrumental”(boldfaced in Para 4)in this context can be replaced by “_________ . ”A. generousB. strategicC. resoluteD. important58. Laurance’s childhood experience led him later to make significant contributions to _________ .A. the building of national parksB. the enlargement of urban areasC. the perfection of his hometownD. the popularization of horse riding59. According to the passage, Laurance resembled his grandfather in having _________ .A. a contribution to public goodB. a talent of making moneyC. a passion for wildernessD. a bias against political affairsPassage FiveThe first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11, 000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on the heart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war.No surprise, then, than the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades of the 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public’s affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given to preserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost-victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N. J. , department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections since 1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since 2003, a team of conservators has labored in a $12million effort to restore Philippoteaux’s masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it , added canvas for a new shy and returned the painting to its original shape-a key part of a cyclorama’s optical illusion was its hyperbolic shape: it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer.When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefield visitors’ center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life-and death.60. With respect to the Battle of Gettysburg, Paragraph 1 mainly emphasizes _________ .A. the reason for its occurrenceB. the significance of the battleC. the place where it broke outD. the bloodiness of the battle61. To the author, that Gettysburg Battle got reflected in many art works is _________ .A. reasonableB. meaningfulC. necessaryD. impressive62. We can infer that cyclorama paintings _________ .A. has regained their popularity since 1913B. were mostly destroyed by the Civil WarC. more often than not lost than gained moneyD. had been popular before movies came in63. Work done to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting already began _________ .A. before 1900B. after 1913C. in 2003D. at its birth64. According to the author, some previous efforts to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting turned out to be _________ .A. time consumingB. fruitlessC. destructiveD. a waste of money65. What is true of the present state of the Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg rendering?A. It is illusory in depiction.B. It is a perfect restoration.C. It is a modified version.D. It is incredibly lifelike.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAdvertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 66 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such as wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 67The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 68 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 69Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function, that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other products. 70 The third function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function.A. Another function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale; this is the information function.B. The forms that advertising takes and the media in which advertisements appear are as varied as the advertisers themselves and the messages that they wish to deliver.C. An especially important issue in the creation of advertising is related to understanding how much information consumers want about a given product.D. Advertising may influence consumers in many different ways, but the primary goal of advertising is to increase the probability that consumers exposed to an advertisement will behave or believe as the advertiser wishes.E. Advertising also exists on billboards along the freeway, in subway and train stations, on benches at bus stops, and on the frames around car license plates.F. The pervasiveness of advertising and its creative elements are designed to cause viewers to take note.Passage T woFew numbers tell a happier story than those that measure life expectancy. An American born in 1900 could expect to live 47 years. Thanks to colossal improvements in sanitation and medicine, that figure is now 75 for men and 80 for women.。
中科大光学补考试卷
中科大光学补考试卷您的姓名： [填空题] *_________________________________1、有关光的本质，下列表述中不正确的是（）。
[单选题] *A、光是某一波段的电磁波B、不同波长的光给人以不同颜色的感觉C、光的波动性寓于光的干涉、衍射和偏振等现象之中D、光的粒子性表现在与物质作用时E、光是连续地被发射和被吸收的，光流具有连续性的结构(正确答案)答案解析：1-1光的波粒二象性2、光线从空气进入某种液体，它的传播速度（）。
[单选题] *A、增大B、减小(正确答案)C、保持不变D、先减小，后增大E、先增大，后减小答案解析：几何光学定律3、光的独立传播定律是指来自不同光源的光线沿不同方向在同一瞬间通过空间同一点时，各光线（）。
[单选题] *A、互相影响B、互相干扰C、互不影响(正确答案)D、会混合E、发生折射答案解析：几何光学定律4、光的反射定律是指入射光线、反射光线和分界面的法线位于同一平面内，入射光线、反射光线位于法线的两侧，并且（）。
[单选题] *A、入射角=反射角B、入射角>反射角C、入射角<反射角D、│入射角│=│反射角│(正确答案)E、以上均不对答案解析：几何光学定律5、（）为入射线、折射线与法线在同一平面内，入射角正弦与折射角正弦之比，等于第二种介质的折射率与第一种介质的折射率之比。
[单选题] *A、反射定律B、折射定律(正确答案)C、传播定律D、可逆原理E、马吕斯定律答案解析：几何光学定律6、沿着一定线路传播的一条光线，可以沿（）从相反方向返回通过发光点。
[单选题] *A、平面B、直线C、原路(正确答案)D、折线E、不同方向答案解析：几何光学定律7、下列图中错误的是（）。
[单选题] *A、 n`>nB、n`>n(正确答案)C、n`>nD、n2>n1E、n`<n答案解析：几何光学定律8、一个5cm高的物体放在球面镜前10cm处，成1cm高的虚像，横向放大率和像的位置（）。
光电器件光学设计考核试卷
8.在光电器件中，以下哪种现象会导致发光效率下降？（）
A.散射
B.吸收
C.折射
D.反射
9.下列哪种技术常用于提高太阳能电池的光吸收效率？（）
A.镀膜
B.透明电极
C.聚光
D.以上都是
10.在设计光电器件时，以下哪个因素会影响光学系统的像差？（）
A.光源波长
B.光学材料
C.环境温度
18. A,B,C,D
19. A,B,C,D
20. A,B,C,D
三、填空题
1.半导体材料
2.光电效应
3.光栅结构
4.纳米流体
5.光学模拟
6. ITO（铟锡氧化物）
7.光照条件
8.传递和分配
9.光电转换
10.光吸收特性
四、判断题
1. ×
2. √
3. ×
4. √
5. ×
6. √
7. ×
8. ×
9. √
A.光学材料
B.光路设计
C.表面粗糙度
D.封装工艺
15.以下哪些材料可以用作光电器件的光学增透膜？（）
A.硅氧化物
B.钛氧化物
C.镁fluoride
D.铝氧化物
16.以下哪些是光电器件中可能存在的噪声源？（）
A.热噪声
B.闪烁噪声
C.散粒噪声
D.以上都是
17.在光电器件的设计中，以下哪些方法可以减小光学系统的体积？（）
光电器件光学设计考核试卷
考生姓名：________________答题日期：________________得分：_________________判卷人：_________________
一、单项选择题（本题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）
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中科院成都光电所2011年3月博士入学考试光学试题
1. 选择题（2’×4=8’）
1) F-P标准具的主要用途
2) 干涉发生的必要条件
3) 微波显微镜与光学显微镜分辨率差异的主要原因
4) 彩虹的成因
2. 简答（3’ ×10=30’）
1) 几何光学与物理光学的区别？
2) 几何光学三定律
3) 评价光学系统的方法有哪些？
4) 光能在弯曲的光纤中传输的原因
5) 宇航员能否裸眼从月球上看到长城？
6) 象差有哪几种？
7) 物沿透镜的光轴移动时，像的移动方向？
8) 一个身高1.8m的人要从镜子中看到自己的全身像，镜子至少要多高？
9) 视场光阑与孔径光阑的区别？
10) 近视眼戴哪种眼镜？
3. 解释实像、虚像、实物、虚物的物理意义
4. 填充光学元件，使光路成立
5. 在杨氏实验装置中，两小孔的间距为0.5mm，光屏离小孔距离为50cm，当以折射率为
1.60的透明薄片贴住其中一个小孔时，发现屏上的条纹移动了1cm，试确定薄片的厚度。
（具体数据不记得了，参考梁铨廷物理光学习题）
6. 证明对于多层膜来说，光的入射和出射方向与介质中间层的折射率无关，只与两端介质
折射率有关
7. 列举出两种测量极细金属丝直径的方法
8. 望远镜受衍射限制能分辨的双星视角为0.05’’，物镜的直径有多大？
9. 光有几种偏振态，如何区分检测？
10. 是否有可能设计出10000倍显微镜？。