托福TPO34口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
托福口语task4真题及解析-智课教育旗下智课教育
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福口语task4真题及解析-智课教育旗下智课教育托福口语task4该怎样解题呢？答案和题目之间有什么关系呢？现在就跟着智课教育小编一起来学习吧！在托福口语 考试中，task4是比较难的题目，你知道这类话题该怎样解答吗?我们又应该怎样做才能在托福口语考试中取得高分呢?这类话题中的范文又应该怎样组织呢?现在就跟着智课教育小编一起来看看这则托福口语范文解析吧!Reading Part:Experimenter EffectOne objective of any experiment is, of course, to obtain accurate results. Sometimes, however, problems occur that lead to in accurate results. One such problem is the experimenter effect. ①The experimenter effect occurs when are searcher’s expectations affect the outcome of the experiment. The researcher expects a particular result from the experiment, and that expectation causes the researcher to act in ways that influence the behavior of the experiment participants, thereby invalidating the results of the experiment.Listening Part:Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a psychology class.(male professor) ②For example, I recently read about a case in which a researcher was given two groups of monkeys and he was asked to train these monkeys to pick up a ball and put it in a box. And he was told to record how many hours it took to train each monkey to learn to do this.③Now, before he started the training, the researcher was told that one group of monkeys was highly intelligent and the other group was less intelligent. In truth, there was no difference between them. All the monkeys were actually very similar in terms of intelligence. But the researcher didn’t know that. Hethought one group was smarter, so he expected that group would be easier to train.So, what happened? Well, the researcher trained the monkeys to perform the action, and it turned out that.④ On average, it took him two hours less time to train the supposedly smart monkeys than the supposedly less intelligent monkeys. Why? ⑤Well, it turns out that with the supposedly smart monkeys the researcher smiled at them a lot, gave them a lot of encouragement, talked to them a lot, worked hard to communicate with them but with the monkeys he thought were less intelligent, he wasn’t this enthusiastic, he didn’t try this hard, wasn’t quite optimistic.Question:Explain how the example from the professor ’s lecture illustrates the experimenter effect.一.范文The professor talks about experimenter effect which occurs when a researcher’s expectation affect the outcome of an experiment. In the study, researcher was asked to train two groups of monkeys. He was told that one group of monkey was smarter than the other, although they are equally intelligent. It turned out monkeys from the first group took two hours less to train on average. The reason was that the researcher expected the smarter group to be easier to train so he smiled to those monkeys and encouraged them a lot during the training. But he didn’t work as hard with the monkeys from the other group.二.重点词汇1. objective：adj. 客观的;目标的;宾格的Our main objective was the recovery of the child safe and well.2. invalidate：vt. 使无效;使无价值An official decree invalidated the vote in the capital.3. encouragement：n. 鼓励Friends gave me a great deal of encouragement.4. enthusiastic：adj. 热情的;热心的;狂热的Tom was very enthusiastic about the place.三.重点句型1. ①when引起了时间状语从句，这句话给实验者效应下定义，实验者的期望有时候会影响实验的结果。
【必备资料】托福TPO4口语Task4题目文本及答案解析
【必备资料】托福TPO4口语Task4题目文本及答案解析在托福口语备考中，想要快速提升自己的托福口语能力，除了不断的累积自己的词汇和句型之外，从TPO练习入手也不失为一个不错的方法。
那么，在以下内容我们就为大家带来托福口语TPO的题目和答案解析。
托福TPO4口语task4题目 Reading Part:Nonverbal LanguagesNonverbal language refers to human emotional expressions without involvingverbal statements. Facial expressions and body moments are the two mostlyattributed types of nonverbal languages. It is generally believed that nonverballanguages function as the enhancement of emotional expressions when they consistwith verbal languages.Under the circumstances that nonverbal languages and verbal languagescontradict in the contents they express, nonverbal languages are more likely torelease people’s true emotions.托福TPO4口语task4题目 Listening Part:Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a psychology course.Professor (male) Last month, my favorite uncle paid me a surprise visit. Ihadn’t seen him in many years. The door bell rang, I opened the door and therewas uncle Pete. Now, I am sure when I saw him I said something like, “UnclePete, what a surprise! How nice to see you.” Anyway, my wife was standing nextto me, and according to her, I wasn’t really aware of this, my eyes got really wide and I broke into a huge big smile, she said I was really jumping up anddown like a little boy. Well, anyway, later that evening uncle Pete told me how very good he felt when he saw how happy I was to see him.But compared that with this: my daughter, she’s six, we were building a bird house together last week, and I was showing her how to use a hammer and a nail. And, of course, stupid me, I wasn ’t being very careful when I smashed my thumb with the hammer. Boy, it hurt! I almost felt like screaming, but I didn’t wantto upset my daughter, so I said, “Don’t worry, honey. It’s nothing.” Meanwhile, I was shaking my hand as if that would stop my thumb from hurting and my facewas contorted in pain.My voice was trembling, too. So, even though I told my daughter I was OK, Iam sure she didn’t believe me, because she kept asking me if I was OK.托福TPO4口语task4题目 Question:Explain how the examples from the professor’s lecture illustrate therelationship between verbal and nonverbal communication.托福TPO4口语task4答案解析：1. Reading key(1.1) Main idea: relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication (1.1.1) Agree with one another: enhance and support each other(1.1.2) Conflict with one another: nonverbal is more accurate2. Listening key(2.1) Example 1:(2.1.1) Uncle visits(2.1.2) Verbal: so happy to see you!(2.1.3) Nonverbal: jumping up and down, huge big smile, eyes got really wideNonverbal signals enhance verbal message(2.2) Example 2:(2.2.1) Teaches daughter how to use a hummer and nail(2.2.2) Verbal: it’s fine, it’s alright(2.2.3) Nonverbal: shakes hand, face full of pain(2.2.4) Nonverbal signals are telling the truth托福TPO4口语task4范文：In the lecture, the professor talks about the relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication. The first example is that his uncle Pete gave him a surprise visit. His eyes got wide, he broke into a huge big smile, and he was jumping up and down like a little boy. His expression enhanced how happy he was to see Uncle Pete. The second example is he hurt his thumb when teaching his daughter how to work with a hammer. Even though he kept saying he’s fine, he was shaking his hand and his face was twisted in pain. Those expressions told his daughter the truth: he was really in a lot of pain.本文部分信息来源于新东方在线。
托福TPO34独立写作题目文本+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34独立写作题目文本独立写作题目文本++满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO34独立写作题目原文：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Educating children is a more difficult task today than it was in the past because they spend so much time on cell phone, online games, and social networking networking Web Web site.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福TPO34独立写作满分范文：It is universally acknowledged that various technologies such as cell phone, online games, and social networking Web sites play a more important role on in education than before. In my opinion, I disagree with the statement that nowadays it is more difficult to educate children than in the past because children can take advantage of those high-technologies to enhance their study. First and foremost, compared to in the past, at present the cell phone can is enabled to create a good positive effect on children’s study. Thanks to various of advanced software on the cell phone, student find it not difficult to grasp the most scientific leaning methods. For instance, in the past, children learned the new words by the text book without audio format, which led to the children couldn’t speak the words with correct pronunciations pronunciations children’s children’s false pronunciations pronunciations or or even mute English ; while today, children can are allowed to study those new words by the cell phone and they can imitate the native speaker’s speaker’s voice voice through the audio format in the cell phone. As a result, more and more children children can can speak English fluently. fluently. From From this fact, we can learn that the cell phone makes educating children much easier and comprehensive than before. Furthermore, teaching children is easier than before by the way of the obvious benefit that playing online games which can cultivate children’s ability of cooperation cannot be ignored. Through competing and interacting with others in the online games which can be called as a miniature of society, children can experience a sense of cooperation and responsibility intangibly. For example, due to the limitation of real situation, children had few opportunities to practice the ability of cooperation before. Nevertheless, it is much easier today, since in an online game, children are assigned to different tasks. Only when they cooperate well, can they get final success. From this experience, children can have a sense of teamwork, which cannot be learned from the class. This example tells us Obviously be learned from the class. This example tells us Obviously，，in the modern society, children children have have have kinds kinds kinds of of of chances chances chances to to to practice practice practice their their their cooperation’s cooperation’s cooperation’s ability ability ability as as as a a a result result of internet , which is better for their education. Finally, contract to the past, today social networking can expend children’s horizon, which is also beneficial for their education. education. various various various information information information filling filling filling in in the web provides provides children children children with with more broaden world without stepping outside. For example, ten years ago, with limitedtechnology, only through travel can children learn different cultures and languages. However, it spent cost more money and more time; what’s more, children were too young to go for a trip by themselves. So it was not easy to come true. But today, children just need to sit in front of the computer and type some key words through Google, and then they can get plenty of information as they want immediately. In addition, Children can learn other countries’ culture and languages by watching the video online. Consequently, we can realize that social network Web site is a useful wayto educate children. In a nutshell, I strongly disagree with the statement. With the advanced technology like cell phone, online games, and social networking Web site it can facilitate children’s education and help them be successful easier more easily in their future.满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!!独立写作题目文本++满分范文，希望对你有所帮助以上是给大家整理的托福TPO34独立写作题目文本。
托福TPO阅读34文本及答案解析
托福TPO阅读34文本+答案解析Islamic Art and the BookThe arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spread westward. Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turnallowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.Para.1 The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.1. Paragraph 1 makes all of the following points about Islamic books EXCEPT:A) Books were an important form of artistic expression.B) A wide variety of books with different styles and topics became available.C) They were sold primarily near mosques.D) Most books were intended for sale on the open market.2. The word “sponsored” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) visitedB) ownedC) praisedD) supported3. The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) majorB) nearbyC) ancientD) well-known4. According to paragraph 1, before A.D. 900, books in the Islamic worldA) included a wide range of subjectsB) did not contain any calligraphy or decorationC) used rounded scriptsD) were usually written on parchment5. In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the fact that the mosque in Marrakech, Morocco, is known as the Booksellers’ MosqueA) To cast doubt on the importance of souks in making books available to common peopleB) To provide an example of a place where books were made at the order of a particular princeC) To emphasize how influential and well known the book markets wereD) To demonstrate the need for religious texts in Islamic landsPara.2 Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. 【】It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spread westward. 【】Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. 【】Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. 【】Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.6. The phrase “extracted from” in the passage is clos est in meaning toA) taken out ofB) produced usingC) discovered inD) combined with7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A) It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art.B) Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art.C) Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries.D) Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain.Para.3 The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginningof the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.8. In paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of paper over parchment?A) It was harder to erase or change what was written on paper.B) More pages of paper could be bound in a single volume.C) Paper could be produced in sheets of varying weights and thicknesses.D) More people could buy books made of paper because it was cheaper.9. Why does the author include the following information: “At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across –were available.”?A) To provide evidence that the development of papermaking techniques was very slowB) To explain why paper was never as cheap as it has become todayC) To make the point that paper allowed artists to develop paintings that were more expressive and complexD) To prove that paper was more popular with artists who used large sheets, than it was with book printers, who used smaller sheets10. According to paragraph 3, the increased availability of paper and the development of systems of representationA) encourage more people to make their own drawingsB) made the transfer of artistic ideas to distant people and places much easierC) made architectural plans more complex and therefore harder to readD) allowed artists to create paintings that were smaller in scalePara.4 Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.11. According to paragraph 4, what did Ibn Muqla achieve around the year 900?A) He modified a set of formal scripts known as the Six Pens into rounded scripts appropriate for correspondence.B) He created a standardized set of rounded scripts proportional to the size of the first letter of the alphabet.C) He promoted calligraphy as an art form and encouraged the use of rounded letters in religious texts.D) He persuaded the court in Baghdad to use rounded styles instead of more angular scripts in their documents.12. The phrase “composed of” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) made up ofB) developed fromC) in addition toD) similar to13. Look at the four squares 【】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This change occurred for good reason.Where does the sentence best fit?Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. 【】It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spread westward. 【】Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. 【】Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. 【】Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – butit was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.14. Prose SummaryIslamic books from A.D. 900 to 1500 reflect major changes from the past and important innovations.Answer Choices:A) Books became major vehicle of artistic expression for calligraphers and painters, and the subjects of books expanded to include more and more kinds of works.B) The growing luxuriousness of books meant that the market for them was increasingly dominated by the wealthy and powerful patrons who could afford them.C) After it was learned from Chinese prisoners, the technique of papermaking spread throughout Islamic lands, where paper gradually replaced parchment.D) The high status enjoyed by calligraphers and artists made books extremely popular in the cities where books were bought and sold.E) The popularity of books led to major advances in the development and transfer of new artistic ideas.F) Around the year 900, a set of rounded styles of Arabic handwriting began replacing angular scripts in copying the manuscripts of the Koran.Protection of Plants by InsectsMany plants – one or more species of at least 68 different families – can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures. These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants andother insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders ofplants. ¢Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. ¢To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. ¢Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants. ¢Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning glories against attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.Para.1 Many plants – one or more species of at least 68 different families – can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures. These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.1. According to paragraph 1, floral nectar and extrafloral nectar are alike in thatA) they are likely to be produced by the same plantsB) they basically consist of the same chemical componentsC) they attract only insects that will defend the plantD) they are produced by the same parts of the plantPara.2 Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.2. To say that ants are “persistent” defenders of plants means thatA) they defend plants against a wide variety of threatsB) they continue to defend plants for as long as the plants are threatenedC) they are successful defenders of plantsD) they are easily observable defenders of plants3. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the ants that are attracted to the extrafloral nectaries?A) They do not eat the leaves of the plants that produce extrafloral nectar.B) They live almost entirely on extrafloral nectar.C) They spend most of their energy guarding extrafloral nectaries.D) They frequently fight among themselves over extrafloral nectar.Para.3 Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical WilliamMorton Wheeler commented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perishor fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.4. According to paragraph 3, what was the position of the opponents of the “protectionist” hypothesis?A) Extrafloral nectar provides plants with a direct defense against attack by insects.B) Ants substantially benefit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar.C) The secretion of extrafloral nectar plays a role in the plant’s internal functioning.D) Ants visit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar as often as they visit plants that do not.5. The word “skeptical” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) curiousB) doubtfulC) open-mindedD) practical6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A) We now have ample proof that ants benefit plants.B) Barbara Bentley has called for additional proof that ants benefit plants.C) In 1977 Barbara Bentley conducted research that proved that all prior studies were wrong.D) Proof that ants benefit plants will require many more observations and experiments.Para.4 One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning glories against attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.7. According to paragraph 4, what effect does the destruction of the corolla have on plants?A) It leaves the seeds exposed and unprotected.B) It prevents the stigma from developing.C) It keeps pollen grains from attaching properly.D) It prevents the flower from attracting pollinators.8. The word “devour” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) attackB) eatC) damageD) preferPara.5 Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.9. What role does paragraph 5 play in the passage?A) It offers various kinds of evidence for the protectionist view.B) It presents the study that first proved that ants benefit plants.C) It explains how insects find sources of nectar.D) It presents information that partly contradicts the protectionist view.10. The word “vulnerable” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) numerousB) harmfulC) open to attackD) difficult to locate11. According to paragraph 5, what did Bentley’s comparative study show?A) Many more plants grew in places where ants were present than where they were absent.B) The ants preferred plants with low seed production to plants with high seed production.C) The plants occupied by ants produced many more seeds than those that were not occupied by ants.D) The plants that grew in places without ants were much smaller and weaker than those that grew in places where ants were present.12. According to paragraph 5, ants defend morning glory plants from seed beetles in each of the following ways EXCEPTA) driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feetB) catching and eating adult beetlesC) eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruitsD) making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits13. Look at the four squares 【】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Sometimes they capture the insects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.Where does the sentence best fit?Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. 【】Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. 【】To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. 【】Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants. 【】14. Prose SummaryMany plants have extrafloral nectaries that produce nectar even during periods in which the plant is not flowering. Answer ChoicesA) Evolutionary history shows that plants that produce extrafloral nectar originated in the tropics.B) Extrafloral nectar has a higher concentration of sugar than floral nectar and is more attractive to ants and other insects.C) The protectionist hypothesis is that extrafloral nextar attracts ants, and that the ants, in order to preserve this energy-rich food source, attack insects that might harm the plant.D) Evidence accumulated during the twentieth century proved that ants provide significant benefits for plants with extrafloral nectaries.E) Research has shown that American morning glory plants that are protected by ants produce significantly more seeds than morning glory plants that are not protected by ants.F) Ants generally ignore small insects, but they will eat the adults of large insect species as well as their eggs and larvae.The Development of Steam PowerBy the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain hadlong ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay.。
托福TPO4口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO4口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO4口语Task3阅读文本： Evening Computer Classes May Be Added The computer department is considering offering evening classes in the fall. The proposal to add the classes is a response to student complaints that day time computer classes have become increasingly over crowded and there are no longer enough computers available. The department has decided that despite some added expense, the most cost-effective way of addressing this problem is by adding computer classes in the evening. It is hoped that this change will decrease the number of students enrolled in day classes and thus guarantee individual access to computers for all students in computer classes. 托福TPO4口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the article. (man) I just don’t think this will work. (woman) Why not? (man) Because it’s not gonna solve the problem. Students are busy at night, I mean, we have jobs, families, clubs, social events. Most of us already have something to do every single night of the week. (woman) I see your point. I sure couldn’t fit anything into my schedule during the week. I’ve got swimming practice most nights. (man) Right! And as far as expense goes, I think they’re going about it the wrong way. I mean, it cost money to hire more teachers and keep the academic building open later, which is a lot more expensive than simply just buying more computers. (woman) More computers? (man) That’s right! Computer prices have come way down the past few years. So the department won’t have to spend as much now as they did in the past. Besides, the computer department classrooms, you know, the rooms themselves, they are actually very big, there’s plenty of space to add more computers. 托福TPO4口语Task3题目： The computer department is considering a scheduling change. Explain the man’s opinion of the change and the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO4口语Task3满分范文： The school is planning to start offering evening computer classes due to it’s popularity and it will be cost effective. In the conversation the man disagrees with the school’s plan for the following reasons. First of all, many students are busy at night doing other activities. For example, they might have jobs, families, clubs and social events to attend to. He also thinks that the school should buy more computers to meet the needs instead of opening up more classes. Computer prices decreased a lot during the years, they have become very cheap. Hiring more teaching staff is going to be more expensive for the school in the long run, plus there will be enough space for the new equipment. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO4口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO34综合写作(阅读+听力文本)
小编为托福考生们准备了托福综合写作TPO34,希望各位考生们在TPO写作真题里能够得到锻炼，祝广大托福考生能够取得理想成绩。
ReadingA huge marine mammal known as Steller’s sea cow once lived in the watersaround Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by GeorgW. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first European to see one. In 1768the animal became extinct. The reasons for the extinction are not clear. Hereare three theories about the main cause of the extinction.First, the sea cows may have been overhunted by groups of native Siberianpeople. If this theory is correct, then the sea cow population would haveoriginally been quite large, but hundreds of years off too much hunting by thenative people diminished the number of sea cows. Sea cows were a good source offood in a harsh environment, so overhunting by native people could have been themain cause of extinction.Second, the sea cow population may have become extinct because ofecosystems disturbances that caused a decline in their main source of food, kelp(a type of sea plant). Kelp populations respond negatively to a number ofecological changes. It is possible that ecological changes near Bering islandsome time before 1768 caused a decrease of the kelp that the sea cows dependon.Third, the main cause of extinction of the sea cows could have beenEuropean fur traders who came to the island after 1741. It is recorded that thefur traders caught the last sea cow in 1768. It thus seems reasonable to believethat hunting by European fur traders, who possessed weapons that allowed them toquickly kill a large number of the animals, was the main cause of the sea cow’sextinction.托福TPO34独立写作题目Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Educating children is a more difficult task today than it was in the pastbecause they spend so much time on cell phone, online games, and socialnetworking Web site.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.，。
TPO34全套口语解析+参考答案
TPO34口语全套解析+参考答案Table of ContentTask1 (2)Task2 (3)Task 3 (3)Task4 (5)Task5 (7)Task6 (9)Task1Your university plans to open a café inside the campus library. Do you think this is a good idea? Explain why or why not.答题思路It’s a good idea1)good place to take a break and get refreshments2)convenient to get coffee if I need a pick-me-upNot a good idea eating in the library is not appropriate1)it’s disturbing for other students2)it’s messy, might stain the books and other paper materialsTask2Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Private car should not be allowed in the city centers of large cities. Use details and examples to explain your opinion.答题思路Agree1)ease traffic congestion2)reduce air pollution3)increase safetyDisagree1)Inconvenient under situations when people do need to drive2)might cause traffic congestion in other areas of the cityTask 3Program to Provide Free TutoringThe university has announced that starting with the fall semester, free tutoring will be available to all new students for their entire first year. Theacademic dean, James Maxwell, commented, “The university is aware of the academic problems that many first-year students face when making the transition from high school to college.” The new tut oring program, he said, is designed to assist first-year students who want or need additional support with their academic course work. The program will also be organized so that individual students can arrange to work with tutors majoring in their own chosen field of study.听力原文Now listen to two students discussing the article.(man) Hey, did you read about this plan?(woman) Yeah, and I think it’s really a great idea.(man) Why’s that?(woman) Well, a lot of new students really need his, I mean, it’s not just about getting extra help with the course material, they’ll probably also get information about things like taking notes or the best way to study for exams.(man) Yeah, I barely even knew how to do those Things when I first came here.(woman) Neither did I. So these are things most students wind up having to learn on their own at first. That’s why so many of them have a hard time.(man) And it’s probably good that they can work wit h somebody who has the same interests.(woman) Right, that will be a real advantage: to get information about the classes you’re gonna need to take from somebody who’s already taken those classes. And they could recommend professors and tell you who the best advisers in the department are, things like that.(man) I see what you mean, so new students could get access to information about the program from another student’s point of view. (woman) Exactly!题目分析提议：给新生提供免费课程辅导服务1.帮助新生学习新课程；2.新生有机会和该专业的学长学姐接触对话：女同意1.新生确实需要这项服务，因为他们从中不仅可以学到关于课程的内容，还可以学习记笔记、应付考试的方法；2.新生有机会和已经学过这门课的人接触，从而得到关于好老师的信息，并且可以了解其他人对课程的看法Task4The Familiarity PrinciplePeople tend to develop a preference for this they have previously encountered, things they are familiar with. Social psychologists refer to this tendency as the familiarity principle. Given a choice between two similar items, one they have experienced before and another that is new,most people will choose the familiar item. This principle operates even when people are not conscious of their previous experience with an item. Once people have been exposed to an item – even if they do not recall having been exposed to it – they will tend to prefer that item over other items to which they have not been previously exposed.听力原文Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a Psychology class.Some researchers did an experiment related to this. What they did was they assembled a group of subjects, a group of students, and they showed these students a series of geometrical shapes. These were very distinctive shapes, a little unusual, not the kind of shapes students often see. But they only showed the students the shapes for a very short period of time, about a second. They also lowered the light in the room to make it even more difficult for the students to see the shapes. So the shapes were there for a split second in dim light and then they were gone.In the next step of the experiment, the researchers again showed the students some shapes, but this time they gave the students a longer time to look at them. And this time they showed the images in pairs, two at a time. In each pair, one shape was a shape the students had already seen for just a split second in dim light. And the other was some other shape that hadn’t been shown to them before. After presenting each pair, the researchers asked the students to say which of the two shapes they liked better.Most of the time, the students preferred the shape they’d already seen earlier in the experiment. Now, if you asked them if they’d already seen that shape, they probably wouldn’t know for sure. But that didn’t matter. They still tended to prefer the sha pes they’d already seen.题目分析阅读✓The familiarity principle: 人们会更偏向他们已经见过的东西，即使他们并没有意识自己以前见过这个东西。
托福TPO阅读34原文+题目答案解析
频道整理发布托福TPO34阅读原文+答案解析，希望帮助考生对照文本更好的研究真题，充分备考，争取理想成绩，实现留学梦想。
Islamic Art and the BookThe arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing,developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the mostcharacteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came aboutfrom two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as themajor medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected sothat they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because oftheir angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artisticexpression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers andpainters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored byprinces and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the bookcontaining the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the mostcommon type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range ofbooks were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include,of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, butscientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were alsocopied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most weremade for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets)where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known asthe Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of themost luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particularprince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in theeighth century. It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spread westward. Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whoseconsequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO34口语Task4阅读文本：
The Familiarity Principle
People tend to develop a preference for this they have previously encountered, things they are familiar with. Social psychologists refer to this tendency as the familiarity principle. Given a choice between two similar items, one they have experienced before and another that is new, most people will choose the familiar item. This principle operates even when people are not conscious of their previous experience with an item. Once people have been exposed to an item – even if they do not recall having been exposed to it – they will tend to prefer that item over other items to which they have not been previously exposed.
托福TPO34口语Task4听力文本：
Professor：Some researchers did an experiment related to this. What they did was they assembled a group of subjects, a group of students, and they showed these students a series of geometrical shapes. These were very distinctive shapes, a little unusual, not the kind of shapes students often see. But they only showed the students the shapes for a very short period of time, about a second. They also lowered the light in the room to make it even more difficult for the students to see the shapes. So the shapes were there for a split second in dim light and then they were gone.In the next step of the experiment, the researchers again showed the students some shapes, but this time they gave the students a longer time to look at them. And this time they showed the images in pairs, two at a time. In each pair, one shape was a shape the students had already seen for just a split second in dim light. And the other was some other shape that hadn't been shown to them before. After presenting each pair, the researchers asked the students to say which of the two shapes they liked better. Most of the time, the students preferred the shape they’d already seen earlier in the experiment. Now, if you asked them if they’d already seen that shape, they probably wouldn’t know for sure. But that didn’t matter. They still tended to prefer the shapes they’d already seen.
托福TPO34口语Task4题目：
Explain how the experiment described by the professor illustrates the familiarity principle.
托福TPO34口语Task4满分范文：
Familiarity principle is the tendency that people usually prefer things that
they're familiar with to new ones, even when they're unconscious of their exposure to the item. And the professor illustrates this with an experiment. In the experiment, a group of students were first shown several geometrical shapes, which were really uncommon, for a very short period of time in dim light so that they hardly perceived the objects consciously. Then the researchers showed the students a pair of shapes, and allowed them longer time to look at those shapes, one of which was the shape they had seen in dim light in a flash, while the other, a new one. After that the researchers asked these groups of students which shape they preferred because of familiarity principle, they tended to prefer the one they had already seen to the one they hadn't seen even though they were uncertain whether they'd seen the shapes. (161 words)
以上是给大家整理的托福TPO34口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。