托福阅读复习资料
托福阅读备考资料总结
托福阅读大概需要掌握多少词汇量托福阅读的词汇问题似乎是大家一向比较有争议的一件事情，有的人认为托福阅读只要四级甚至高中的词汇量就可以搞定，但是有的人觉得单词背得多多益善，还要尽量多背一些专业词汇。
其实这两种看法都是不甚准确的。
首先，托福阅读确实是需要六级以上的词汇量才能得到相对较高的分数。
为什么?第一是因为托福阅读中有一种题目叫做词汇题，词汇题是这样的一种题：你认识这个单词就肯定能做对，而且能很快地做对。
你不认识这个单词就是经过层层推断，耗费了很多时间还很容易得到错误的结果，所以说解决词汇题的王道就是认识这个单词。
那么词汇题在托福阅读中究竟有多重要呢?是占了25%以上的比例的。
OG上说，每篇阅读题有3-6个单词题(每篇托福阅读总共只有13个题呀)，可见词汇题的重要性--只要把词汇题解决了，就能轻松拿下托福阅读中的一大块分数，还为做其它题节省了宝贵的时间。
托福阅读的词汇题中考到的词汇是什么难度呢?大概是6级的词汇，也有稍难一些的。
所以为了保险起见，单词的水平要达到6级以上，这样就可以把阅读中单词题的分数拿满。
第二是阅读速度的问题。
对于中国考生，托福阅读的一大障碍在于时间不够用，读文章的速度太慢了。
不是说认识单词就能快速读懂文章，而是说单词量太小阅读速度必然大打折扣!托福阅读需要知道一点专业词汇这不假，但绝非很难很专的词汇。
托福阅读考察的词汇是偏于专业性质的，原因是这样：托福考试是为了看考生的英语水平能否保证其在大学中顺利学习专业知识，因此考察的内容是偏重学术的方面的，而阅读文章也多从大学课本的简易内容中选取。
所以在背单词的时候对于学术词汇给予一定程度的重视是合理的。
托福阅读考察的专业词汇难度有限。
这点也是很自然的，因为托福毕竟是一门英语水平考试，又不是专业考试。
难度较大的专业词汇在阅读中确实会出现，但根本不是考察的内容，而且其意思可以很容易地猜出来。
举个例子：It should be obvious that cetaceans--whales, porpoises, and dolphins--are mammals，这是OG阅读题中的一个原句。
托福阅读TOEFL三篇tpo66原文译文题目答案背景知识
托福阅读TOEFL三篇tpo66原文译文题目答案背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (6)题目 (9)答案 (16)背景知识 (17)阅读-2 (23)原文 (23)译文 (27)题目 (30)答案 (38)背景知识 (39)阅读-3 (41)原文 (41)译文 (44)题目 (47)答案 (54)背景知识 (56)阅读-1原文The Actor and the Audience①Actors,even when they are well rehearsed,can never fully anticipate how well they will perform before an actual audience.The actor who has been brilliant in rehearsal can crumble before an audience and completely lose the“edge”of his or her performance in the face of stage fright and apprehension.The presence of an audience can affect performance in other ways as well.Or—and this is more likely —an actor who seemed fairly unexciting at rehearsal can suddenly take fire and dazzle the audience with unexpected energy,subtlety,and depth.One celebrated example of this phenomenon was achieved by Lee J.Cobb in the original production of Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman,in which Cobb had the title role.Roles rehearsed in all solemnity can suddenly turn comical in performance;conversely,roles developed for comic potential in rehearsal may be received soberly by an audience and lose their comedic aspect entirely.②Sudden and dramatic change,however,is not the norm as the performance phase replaces rehearsal:most actors cross over from final dress rehearsal to opening night with only the slightest shift;indeed,this is generally thought to be the goal of a disciplined and professional rehearsal schedule.Holding back until opening night,the once-popular acting practice of restraining emotional display until opening night,is universally disavowed today,and opening night recklessness is viewed as a sure sign of the amateur,who relies primarily on guts and adrenaline to get through the performance.Deliberate revision of a role in performance,in response to the first waves of laughter or applause,is similarly frowned upon in all but the most inartistic of theaters today.③Nevertheless,a fundamental shift does occur in the actor’s awareness between rehearsal and performance,and this cannot and should not be denied;indeed,it is essential to the creation of theater art.This shift is set up by an elementary feedback:the actor is inevitably aware,with at least a portion of his or her mind,of the audience’s reaction to his or her own performance and that of the other players;there isalways,in any acting performance,a subtle adjustment to the audience that sees it.The outward manifestations of this adjustment are usually all but imperceptible:the split-second hold for a laugh to die down,the slight special projection of a certain line to make sure that it reaches the back row,the quick turn of a head to make a characterization or plot transition extra clear.④In addition,the best actors consistently radiate a quality known to the theater world as presence.It is a quality difficult to describe,but it has the effect of making both the character whom the actor portrays and the self of the actor who represents that character especially vibrant and in the present for the audience;it is the quality of an actor who takes the stage and acknowledges,in some inexplicable yet indelible manner,that he or she is there to be seen.Performance is not a one-way statement given from the stage to the house;it is a two-way participatory communication between the actors and the audience members in which the former employ text and movement and the latter employ applause,laughter, silence,and attention.⑤Even when the audience is silent and invisible—and,owing to the brightness of the stage lights,the audience is frequently invisible to the actor—the performer feels its presence.There is nothing extrasensory about this:the absence of sound is itself a signal,for when several hundred people sit without shuffling,coughing,or muttering,their silence betokens a level of attention for which the actor customarily ughter,gasps,sighs,and applause similarly feed back into the actor’s consciousness—and unconsciousness—and spur(or sometimes,alas,distract)the actor’s efforts.The veteran actor can determine quickly how to ride the crest of audience laughter and how to hold the line just long enough that it will pierce the lingering chuckles but not be overridden by them;he or she also knows how to vary the pace and/or redouble his or her energy when sensing restlessness or boredom on the other side of the curtain line. Performance technique,or the art of reading an audience,is more instinctual than learned.The timing it requires is of such complexity that no actor could master it rationally;he or she can develop it only out of experience.译文演员和观众①演员，即使是经过充分排练，也无法完全预测他们在真实观众面前的表现。
适合托福中级的阅读材料
适合托福中级的阅读材料标题：探索古埃及的神秘之旅段落一：古埃及的历史背景古埃及是世界上最古老的文明之一，它的历史可以追溯到公元前3100年左右。
这个古老的文明以其壮丽的金字塔、神秘的法老墓和庞大的神庙而闻名于世。
古埃及是一个高度宗教化的社会，人们崇拜众多的神灵，并相信死后有来世。
在这个神秘而令人着迷的国度中，有许多仍然未解之谜等待我们去揭开。
段落二：金字塔与法老墓古埃及的金字塔是世界上最著名的建筑之一。
这些庞大的金字塔是为了埃及的法老而建造的，他们相信这些金字塔可以帮助他们在来世获得永恒的生命。
金字塔的建造需要大量的劳动力和精心的规划。
在金字塔中，人们可以发现法老的陪葬品和珍宝，这些宝藏提供了关于古埃及文化和宗教的重要线索。
段落三：庞大的神庙古埃及的神庙是一种宗教建筑，通常用于崇拜神灵和进行宗教仪式。
这些神庙建筑宏伟，富丽堂皇，充满了神秘的符号和壁画。
其中最著名的是卢克索神庙和卡纳克神庙，它们被认为是古埃及最重要的宗教中心之一。
在这些神庙中，人们可以欣赏到精美的雕刻和壁画，这些作品描绘了古埃及人民的生活、宗教仪式和神话故事。
段落四：古埃及的宗教与信仰古埃及人民崇拜众多的神灵，每个神灵都有自己的特定职责和领域。
他们相信神灵可以影响自然界和人类的命运。
古埃及人民还相信死后有来世，并通过葬礼仪式和陪葬品来确保在来世获得幸福和安全。
他们相信法老是神的化身，可以作为人类和神灵之间的联系。
段落五：解开古埃及之谜的挑战古埃及的文化和宗教仍然有许多未解之谜。
例如，古埃及金字塔是如何建造的？法老墓中的陪葬品和珍宝的含义是什么？古埃及人民的宗教仪式和信仰是如何影响他们的日常生活的？这些问题激发了考古学家和历史学家们的兴趣，并推动着他们不断探索和研究古埃及的神秘之旅。
结尾段落：探索古埃及的神秘之旅古埃及是一个神秘而令人着迷的国度，它的文化和宗教仍然深深影响着我们的世界。
通过探索古埃及的金字塔、法老墓和神庙，我们可以更好地理解古埃及人民的信仰和生活方式。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文12--1 Which Hand Did They Use
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO12(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Which Hand Did They Use?托福阅读原文We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.Cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the righthand.Clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods. Right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bones on the right side, and Marcellin Boule as long ago as 1911 noted the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left. Similar observations have been made on other Neanderthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itself.Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.Tools themselves can be revealing. Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their users were right-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right, and was therefore tressed by a righthander.Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. In stone tool making experiments, Nick Toth, aright-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right. As the tool was made, the core was rotated clockwise, and the flakes, removed in sequence, had a little crescent of cortex (the core's outer surface) on the side. Toth's knapping produced 56 percent flakes with the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes. A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern. Toth has applied these criteria to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites (before 1.5 million years) at Koobi Fora, Kenya, probably made by Homo habilis. At seven sites he found that 57 percent of the flakes were right-oriented, and 43 percent left, a pattern almost identical to that produced today.About 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. Among Neanderthalers of 70,000–35,000 years ago, Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapelle-aux-Saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right, and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal, Gibraltar, and La Quina.托福阅读试题1.The phrase “assisted in” in the passage(Paragraph 1)is closest in meaning toA.initiatedB. dominatedC. helped withD.setup2.It canbe inferred from paragraph 1 that even when paint was sprayed by mouth to make a hand stencilA.there was no way to tell which hand was stenciledB.the stenciled hand was the weaker handC.the stenciled hand was the dominant handD.artists stenciled more images of the dominant hand than they did of the weak3.The phrase “depicted” in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.identifiedB.revealedC.picturedD.imagined4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential informationin the highlighted sentence in the passage(Paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Right-handed artists could more easily have avoided casting shadows on their work, because engravings in prehistoric caves were lit from the left.B.The tips of engraving tools and brushes indicate that these instruments were used by right-handed artists whose work was lit from the left.C.The best lighting for most engravings suggests that they were made by right-handed people trying to avoid the shadow of their hands interfering with their work.D.Right-handed artists try to avoid having the brush they are using interfere with the light source.5.All of the following are mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 as evidence of right-handedness in art and artists EXCEPTA. the ideal source of lighting for most engravingsB. the fact that a left hand stenciled palm upward might look like a right handC. the prevalence of outlines of left handsD. figures in prehistoric art holding objects with the right hand6.According to paragraph 3, the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton can be identified as right-handed becauseA.other Neanderthal skeletons found nearby are also right-handedB.the right arm bone is stronger than the leftC.it is similar to skeletons of La Ferrassie I and NeanderthalD. the right side of the skeleton shows less evidence of fractures7.Which of the following statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from paragraph 4?A.Fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed soldiers tend to occur on the right side of the injured party's body.B. The right arm sustains more injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively.C.In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.D.Fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.8.According to paragraph 5, what characteristic of a Neolithic spoon would imply that the spoon's owner was right-handed?A.The direction of the fibersB.Its long handleC.The yew wood it is carved fromD.Wear on its left side9.In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux?A.As an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed personB.Because tressing is an activity that is easier for a right-handed person than for a left-handed personC.Because the cave of Lascaux is the site where researchers have found several prehistoric tools made for right-handed peopleD.As an example of an item whose construction shows that it was right handed made by a right-person10.The word “criteria” in the passage(Paragraph 6)is closest in meaning toA. standardsB. findingsC.ideasD.techniques11.What was the purpose of Toth's tool making experiment described in paragraph 6?A.To shape tools that could be used by either handB. To produce replicas of early tools for display in museumsC.To imitate the production of pebble tools from early sitesD.To determine which hand made the early tools12.What is the author's primary purpose in paragraph 7?A.To illustrate the importance of studying the brainB.To demonstrate that human beings are the only mammal to desire fine control of movementC.To contrast the functions of the two hemispheres of the brainD.To demonstrate that right-hand preference has existed for a long time13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The stencils of hands found in these shelters and caves allow us to draw conclusions about which hand was dominant.We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? ■【A】Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. ■【B】When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. ■【C】Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. ■【D】Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Several categories of evidence indicate that people have always been predominantly right-handedA.Stencils of right-handed figures are characteristic of cave art in France, Spain, and Tasmania.B.Signs on the skeletal remains of prehistoric figures, including arm-bone size and injury marks, imply that these are the remains of right-handed people.C.Instruments such as spoons, ropes, and pebble tools show signs that indicate they were used or constructed by right-handed people.D.The amount of prehistoric art created by right-handed artists indicates that left-handed people were in the minority.E.Neanderthal skeletons often have longer finger bones in the right hand, which is evidence that the right hand was stronger.F.Nick Toth, a modem right-handed toolmaker. has shown that prehistoric tools were knapped to fit the right hand.托福阅读答案1.assist in帮助，所以C的help with是正确答案。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文17--3 Symbiotic Relationships
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO17(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Symbiotic Relationships托福阅读原文【1】A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.【2】Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host. Parasites are usually smaller than their hosts. An example of a parasite is a tapeworm that lives inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbs nutrients from its host. Natural selection favors the parasites that are best able to find and feed on hosts. At the same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for. As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals). In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.【3】At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.【4】In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other. Few cases of absolute commensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the partners will be completely unaffected. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized.【5】The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in therelationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association. In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. Another example of mutualism would be the bull's horn acacia tree, which grows in Central and South America. The tree provides a place to live for ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex. The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree. The ants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are protein rich and seem to have no function for the tree except to attract ants. The ants benefit the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches it. They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree. When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.【6】The complex interplay of species in symbiotic relationships highlights an important point about communities: Their structuredepends on a web of diverse connections among organisms.托福阅读试题1.Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?A.It excludes interactions between more than two species.B.It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.C.Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.D.Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.2.The word derives in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.DigestsB.ObtainsC.ControlsD.Discovers3.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites?A.Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.B.Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival.C.The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host.rger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.4.The word devastated in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA. InfluencedB.InfectedC.strengthenedD.destroyed5.Which of the following can be concluded from the discussion in paragraph 3 about the Australian rabbit population?A.Human intervention may alter the host, the parasite. and the relationship between them.B.The risks of introducing outside organisms into a biological community are not worth the benefits.C.Humans should not interfere in host-parasite relationships.anisms that survive a parasitic attack do so in spite of the natural selection process.6.According to paragraph 3, all of the following characterize the way natural selection stabilized the Australian rabbit population EXCEPT:A.The most toxic viruses died with their hosts.B.The surviving rabbits were increasingly immune to the virus.C.The decline of the mosquito population caused the spread of the virus to decline.D.Rabbits with specific genetic make-ups were favored.7.The word inadvertently in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.IndefensiblyB.SubstantiallyC.UnintentionallyD.Partially8.According to paragraph 5, the relationship between legumes and bacteria benefits the soil byA.adding enriching carbohydratesB.speeding the decay of organic matterC.destroying enzymes that pollute itD.contributing nitrogen to it9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 5)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators provides pollinators with food and flowers with efficient reproduction.B.In some cases birds obtain food from the seeds that are dispersed in the wind.C.The wind not only helps the flowers distribute their seeds but enablesbirds to find more food.D.Animals and insects are more effective in distributing pollen and seeds than the wind.10.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is NOT true of the relationship between the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants?A.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is NOT true of the relationship between the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants?B.The acacia trees are a valuable source of nutrition for the ants.C.The ants enable the acacia tree to produce its own chemical defenses.D.The ants protect the acacia from having to compete with surrounding vegetation.11.The word highlights in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.DefinesB.EmphasizesC.ReflectsD.Suggests12.What is the main purpose of paragraph 6?A.To explain the concept of symbiosis by expanded descriptions of its principal typesB.To make a comparison between human relationships and symbiotic interactions in the natural worldC.To demonstrate the unforeseen benefits of natural processes that at first seem wholly destructiveD.To argue that parasitism is a problem that can be solved by scientific intervention13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This massive population began a century earlier as a mere twelve pairs of imported rabbits that reproduced quickly and developed into a major problem.At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. ■【A】The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. ■【B】In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. ■【C】Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. ■【D】The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist theparasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Symbiotic relationships involve the interaction of two or more organisms acting as partners.A.Parasitic relationships involve the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host.B.Mutualism ordinarily involves an interaction between two members of the same species.C.Mutualism is unique among symbiotic relationships in that it r benefits both partners involved in the relationship.D.Parasitic damage to Australian rabbits was never reversed because the rabbits were unable to adapt to the parasites' attacks.E.The rarity of commensal relationships stems from the difficulty of finding relationships that benefit one species without affecting the other.F.The structure of biological communities depends on the types ofrelationships that exist among the species within.托福阅读答案1.以commensalism做关键词定位至第二句，说有三种类型，第一种和第三种很重要，根据对比，也就是说第二种commensalism不重要，所以答案是C。
新托福试题及答案
新托福试题及答案1. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一：《城市化的影响》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。
1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的哪些影响？1.2 作者提到了哪些措施可以减少这些影响？答案：1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的影响包括空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。
1.2 作者提到了提高能源效率、推广公共交通和保护绿地等措施可以减少这些影响。
B. 阅读材料二：《古代文明的交流》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。
2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间有哪些交流方式？2.2 这些交流方式对文明发展有何影响？答案：2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间的交流方式包括贸易、战争和宗教传播。
2.2 这些交流方式促进了文化和技术的交流，加速了文明的发展。
2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一：《海洋生物的保护》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。
3.1 演讲者提出了哪些保护海洋生物的措施？3.2 演讲者认为哪种措施最有效？答案：3.1 演讲者提出了建立海洋保护区、限制过度捕捞和提高公众意识等措施。
3.2 演讲者认为建立海洋保护区是最有效措施。
B. 听力材料二：《气候变化的影响》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。
4.1 讲座中提到气候变化对农业有哪些影响？4.2 讲座中提到了哪些应对策略？答案：4.1 讲座中提到气候变化导致作物产量下降、病虫害增加和水资源短缺。
4.2 讲座中提到了改进农业技术、种植抗旱作物和建设水利设施等应对策略。
3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一：描述一个你认为对环境最有益的活动。
答案：我认为植树活动对环境最有益。
它不仅能够吸收二氧化碳，减少温室气体排放，还能增加生物多样性，改善空气质量。
B. 口语任务二：讨论你认为的最有效的学习策略。
答案：我认为最有效的学习策略是定期复习和实践。
定期复习可以帮助巩固记忆，而实践则可以加深对知识的理解。
4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一：论述城市化对人类社会的影响。
答案：城市化对人类社会的影响是多方面的。
托福考试阅读备考辅导材料
托福考试阅读备考辅导材料A good winter brings a good summer.以下是小编为大家搜索整理的托福考试阅读备考辅导材料，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta——a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. (TPO8, 45) surveyorn. 测量者delta n.(河口的)三角洲cratern. /'kret/ n. 火山口;弹坑或陨石坑A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta——a fan-shaped network (of channels and sediments) (where a river once flowed into a larger body of water), in this case a lake (filling a crater)( in the southern highlands.) (TPO8, 45)托福阅读长难句100句分析：修饰一：(of channels and sediments) ，介词短语，修饰network中文：由沉淀物和水流通道形成的修饰二：(where a river once flowed into alarger body of water) ，从句，修饰network 中文：河流曾经从这里流入了一个更大的水体修饰三：(filling a crater) ，非谓语动词，修饰lake中文：填满火山口修饰四：( in the southern highlands.) 介词短语，修饰crater中文：在南方高地托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：一张来自2003年火星全球测量者号的照片显示，任务专家们认为有可能是一块三角洲——一个扇形的由沉淀物和水流通道形成的网络，河流曾经从这里流入了一个更大的水体，在这种情况下，它有可能是是南方高地填满火山口的一个湖泊。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO13--1 Types of Social Groups
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Types of Social Groups托福阅读原文Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoya direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others areforbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.托福阅读试题1.The word “complex”(Paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.delicateB.elaborateC.privatemon2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?A. It is a structure of associations with many people.B. It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.C. It places great demands on people.D. It develops gradually overtime.3.The word endowing in the passage（Paragraph 2）is closest in meaning toA.leavingB.exposingC. providingD. understanding4.Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?A. Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.B.Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.C. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.D.Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.5.According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?A.Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.B. In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.C. Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.D.Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.6.Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?A.Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.B.A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.C.Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.D. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.7.The phrase “size up” in the passage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.enlargeB.evaluateC. impressD. accept8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 5)in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.A.Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.B.Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.C.Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.D.Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.9.This passage is developed primarily byA.drawing comparisons between theory and practiceB.presenting two opposing theoriesC.defining important concepts and providing examples of themD.discussing causes and their effects10.The word “deviate” in the passage(Paragraph 7)is closest in meaning toA.detractB.advanceC.selectD.depart11.According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?A.To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the groupB.To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the groupC.To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the groupD.To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves. Where would the sentence best fit?Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■【A】Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■【B】Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. ■【C】For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. ■【D】13.Directions: Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices that are characteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3points.A.Developing socially acceptable behaviorB. Working together against competitorsC.Experiencing pressure from outside forcesD.Viewing people as a means to an endE.Existing for practical purposesF.Providing meaning for life situationsG.Involving close relationships1 ）Primary GroupsA B C D E F G2 ）Secondary GroupsA B C D E F G托福阅读答案plex复杂的，所以B的elaborate正确。
托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】.docx
托福资料之老托阅读 100 篇【完整版】老托阅读 100 篇相对 TPO 要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做 TPO 真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，为方便考生备考，太傻留学托福考试频道特意将这100 篇托福阅读理解为考生做了归纳和整理，考生只要收藏此页面，就可以在需要的时候打开进行练习了!Toefl 资料下载之老托阅读100 篇【完整版】PASSAGE 1: 冰箱的发展PASSAGE 2: 水循环PASSAGE 3: 印第安人变篮子的故事PASSAGE 4: 哈德逊河派的绘画PASSAGE 6: 硫酸钾在造玻璃和肥皂时的作PASSAGE 5: 创造文化的材料和技术用PASSAGE 7:Philadelphia's 如何发展成商业PASSAGE 8: 为什么大型动物要生活在热带中心雨林PASSAGE 9: 孟买象化石的发现地PASSAGE 10: 人类饮食活动的变化PASSAGE 11: 竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害PASSAGE 12: 动物在岩石上产卵PASSAGE 13: 地球表面岩石的生长与分类PASSAGE 14: 电视对美国政治的影响PASSAGE 15: 菌类对农业的影响PASSAGE 16: 鸟的祖先PASSAGE 17: 鹦鹉产卵的方式PASSAGE 18: 女性对美国建立初期的贡献PASSAGE 19: 北美城市的发展PASSAGE 20: 壁炉的构造PASSAGE 21: 美国早期雕塑的发展PASSAGE 22: 北美城市的发展改革PASSAGE 23: 美国早期城市功能的发展PASSAGE 24: 地球极地激光的形成和外形PASSAGE 25: 营养学研究的历史PASSAGE 26: 关于某彗星的介绍PASSAGE 28:19 世纪末 20 世纪初艺术的发PASSAGE 27: 土壤分解法展PASSAGE 29:一种农业机器在美国的普遍PASSAGE 30: 蝴蝶的种类使用PASSAGE 31: 房租租金的控制PASSAGE 32: 西方艺术发展史PASSAGE 33: 关于做决定的研究PASSAGE 34: 城市的发展以及移民PASSAGE 35: 一种岩洞对观察天象的影响PASSAGE 36: 美国水彩画协会的发展PASSAGE 37: 人的声音对个性的影响PASSAGE 38 : 有关冰河时代的PASSAGE 39: 印第安人捕鱼的生活方式PASSAGE 40: 一周工人工作时间的演变PASSAGE 42:美国铁路发展给美国带来的PASSAGE 41: 地球物种灭绝的分析影响PASSAGE 43: 抗感染药的发明PASSAGE 44: 大脑中神经系统的结构PASSAGE 45:19 世纪的家庭工作PASSAGE 46: 宾夕法尼亚暖气锅炉的改造PASSAGE 47: 美国在 20 世纪初对移民者的PASSAGE 48: 不同领导的领导风格介绍PASSAGE 50:19 世纪艺术在工业社会中的PASSAGE 49: 古代陶瓷的制作方式角色PASSAGE 51 : 美国建立自然生态保护园的PASSAGE 52:美国劳动力从农业到工业的介绍转变PASSAGE 54:被作曲家采用越来越多的音PASSAGE 53: 玻璃纤维的使用方法乐元素PASSAGE 55: 建立公园的计划PASSAGE 56: 民歌定义的不同理解PASSAGE 58:从狩猎到农业的改变对人类PASSAGE 57: 希腊陶瓷技术的发展生活的影响PASSAGE 60: 美国棉花 19 时期作为重要的PASSAGE 59: 历史上第一只鸟的介绍出口商品PASSAGE61: 北美农业殖民地艺术家作品PASSAGE 62: 关于鸟换毛的事PASSAGE 63: 鸟躲避侵略者的三种策略PASSAGE 64: 蚂蚁工作方式的介绍PASSAGE 65: 彗星的 coma 的形成PASSAGE 66: 小孩学说话PASSAGE 67: 某个奇特地方的植被PASSAGE 68: 北美陶瓷的制作PASSAGE 69:美国报纸上气象报道图的变PASSAGE 70: 鸟搭窝的方式化PASSAGE 71: 地理位置对城市发展的影响PASSAGE 72: 哈莱姆文艺复兴PASSAGE 73: 科技与工业化联系PASSAGE 74: 冰川的形成及融化PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭PASSAGE 76: 泥土的形成及其用途绝的影响PSSAGE 77: 生物灭绝的原因PASSAGE 78: 远古的文字PASSAGE 79: 动物行为的研究PASSAGE 80: 美国调查方式的实施PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动PASSAGE 81: 木星的简介物的影响PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作PASSAGE 84: 美国早期印刷业的内容家介绍PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展PASSAGE 86: 蚂蚁生存使用的各种信号PASSAGE 87: 热能在大气中传输PASSAGE 88: 化石的形成PASSAGE 90:某时期变化对海洋生物的影PASSAGE 89:19 世纪静物艺术品响PASSAGE 91:不同时期艺术装饰风格的简PASSAGE 92: 岩石层对气候的影响介PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来PASSAGE 93: 洛杉矶城市的发展的改变PASSAGE 95:昆虫怎样用信息素来传递信PASSAGE 96:Homestead Act 的弊端息PASSAGE 97: 对月亮两个区域的研究PASSAGE 98 : 松鼠吃橡果的迷PASSAGE 99 : 碳水化合物和气温的关系PASSAGE 100: 小提琴的发展和使用原文网址：托福考试：。
2023年托福考试阅读汇总复习
2023年托福考试阅读汇总复习1. 概述本文档总结了2023年托福考试阅读部分的重点内容和复建议。
通过系统地回顾这些材料，考生可以提高阅读理解能力，为托福考试做好准备。
2. 题型分析阅读部分主要由三种题型组成：多项选择题、信息匹配题和填空题。
在复过程中，考生需要熟悉每种题型的要求和解题技巧，并进行针对性的练。
2.1 多项选择题多项选择题要求考生从给定的选项中选择一个或多个正确答案。
在解答这类题目时，考生需要注意选项之间的细微差别，避免错误选项的干扰。
在复过程中，可以通过阅读真题和模拟题来熟悉这类题目的解题思路。
2.2 信息匹配题信息匹配题要求考生将一组信息与相应的选项进行配对。
在解答这类题目时，考生需要充分理解文章中的细节，并将其与选项进行对比。
在复过程中，可以通过划线和做笔记的方式来构建信息框架，帮助快速找到正确答案。
2.3 填空题填空题要求考生根据文章内容，在给定的空格中填入适当的单词或短语。
在解答这类题目时，考生需要掌握上下文的逻辑关系，选择与文章意思相符的词汇。
在复过程中，可以通过对关键词进行标记和积累，并进行相关练来提高填空技巧。
3. 复建议以下是一些建议，帮助考生高效复托福阅读部分内容：3.1 阅读真题和模拟题阅读真题和模拟题是复的关键步骤。
通过解答真实的考题或模拟题，考生可以了解考试的难度和题型，熟悉解题思路和时间管理。
尽量模拟考试环境，并进行全面的自我评估和纠错。
3.2 积累词汇和短语阅读部分中经常涉及到各种词汇和短语，因此积累相关的词汇和短语是必要的。
考生可以通过背单词、阅读英文文章等方式来扩大词汇量，并注意掌握各类词汇的用法和搭配。
3.3 提高阅读速度和理解能力托福考试时间紧迫，因此提高阅读速度和理解能力是非常重要的。
考生可以通过增加阅读量、使用扫读和略读的技巧等方式来提高阅读效率。
同时，注重理解文中的主旨、细节和逻辑关系，有助于理解全文，并准确回答问题。
3.4 多练只有通过大量的练，考生才能对托福阅读部分有深入的了解，并掌握解题技巧。