2009年考研英语二真题
2009年英语二真题及答案
2009考研英语（二）真题及答案解析Directions：For each numbered blank in the following passage，there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had 2 1 the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge 22 from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread 23 in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have 24 the economic and political map of the world, 25 some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 26 major importers—including china and India, home to a third of the world's population 27 rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central 28 of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to 29 scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 30 how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption, 31 these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 32 some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33 , a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 34 costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 35 it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia 36 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose 37 higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama 38 for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to 39 ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems 40 the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D. instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatening26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplied37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40. A. for B. from C. across D. overPart III Reading Comprehension (40%)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1.Henric Ibsen ,author of the play"A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayPASSAGE2.While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of "cancerbabes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. " Thereare just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. " people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Young adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsPASSAGE3.Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Should a leader strive to be loved or feared?This question,famously posed by Machiavelli,lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book.Mr.Nye,a former dean of the Kennedy School of Govemment at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council,is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power",based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to "hard power",based on coercion(强迫) and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.Machiavelli,he notes,concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved."In short,hard power is preferable to soft power.But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.In modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.Mr.Nye argues.Instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.The conclusion of The Powers to Lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.Anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but Mr,Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.He examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.There are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical and contemporary,political and corporate.Alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions.A recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is ______.A.well accepted by Joseph NyeB.very influential till nowadaysC.based on sound theoriesD.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?A.Coercion is widespread.B.Morality is devalued.C.Power is no longer concentrated.D.Traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.In his book the Powers to lead,Mr.Nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.A.authorityB.contextC.approachesD.morality54.Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____.A.makes little use of management termsB.summarizes various studies conciselyC.serves as an exit for leadership researchersD.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55.According to the author,the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____.A.view of changeable leadershipB.definition of good leadershipC.summary of leadership historyD.discussion of moral leadershipPASSAGE4Questions 56to 60are based on the following passage:Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it.Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too oftenwould fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. "I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."56. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Human wars.B. Economic crisis.C. America's environmental policies.D. Global environment in general.57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is__________.A. of utmost importanceB. a fight no one can winC. beyond people's imaginationD. a less significant issue58. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______.A. frictionB. contradictionC. conflictD. problem59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?A. CriticalB. IndifferentC. SupportiveD. Compromising60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with___________.A. the new book written by Fred KruppB. how America can fight against global warmingC. the harmful effects of global warmingD. how America can tide over economic crisisPart ⅣTranslationWith the nation’s financial system teetering on a cliff. The compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.Bankers’ excessive risk- taking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has continued, to others in the past, in this case, it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debt-fueled bubble in the economy.Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back dividing the laws and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain, advantage of the same high-tech securitization to load on more risky mortgage-based assets.Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices that led banks down in this road, in hopes averting the next crisis, which is likely to involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets. But it is worth examining the root problem of compensation schemes that are tied to short-term profits and revenue’s, and thus encourage bankers to take irresponsible risks.Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions: In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do --- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy. However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction , but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.小作文真题：suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life you should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe" 大作文真题：write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments you should write at least 150 wrods write your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)答案SECTION 221-30 CDDBC BDABA31-40 BADDA BACACSECTION 341-50 BBAAC CCBCC51-60 DCABD CAAACSECTION 4由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注. 银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济. 抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险. 金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He‟d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didin‟t go well. “It was a really had move because that‟s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, …Just wait, you‟ll trun the corner, give it some time.‟”翻译参考“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。
2009年考研英语二真题试卷(后附答案详解)
2009年考研英语二真题试卷(后附答案详解) Section I Use of EnglishRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the startingline because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead ofcasting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and evenentirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an ex ecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is tokill off all possibilities but one. A good innovationalthin ker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 coveredthat humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts downhalf of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” expla ins M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing whatyou’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where de veloping new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for afamily’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, w hich a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump togetherinformation from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely tobe__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, andremains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building i ndustry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workf orce to substantially improve productivityfor the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers,let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you sh all be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that NewEnglanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in NewEngland__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitableone from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of allcultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society andculture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies. [D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories ofkinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is itseffect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of associationitself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young uponthe same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Section I Use of English答案解析：1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”， suppose表示“假设”， observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”，Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。
2009考研英语二真题
2009考研英语二真题2009年考研英语二真题一、阅读理解阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Passage 1Most people tend to think of airports as dangerous, noisy and stressful places. However, John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City happens to be the 18th safest airport in the United States.The Federal Aviation Administration, the organization that governs US airports, compiles a list of safety scores for more than 398 airports. The JFK International Airport received the second-highest score possible considering its size. To rank airports, the Federal Aviation Administration examines statistics on accidents, injuries and other factors.The JFK International Airport has a wide range of safety features in place, including state-of-the-art security technology and highly trained staff. It also has advanced fire detection and safety systems, ensuring a safe environment for travellers.In terms of noise, JFK International Airport has recently implemented a "Fly Quiet" program to reduce noise pollution. Under this program, airlines are encouraged to use noise-reducing technologies and fly their planes in a way that reduces noise impact on nearby communities.Furthermore, the airport provides a variety of amenities to ease the stress of travelling. These include comfortable seating areas, shops, restaurants, and even spa services. Passengers can also enjoy free WiFi throughout the airport.Overall, despite the common perception of airports as being unsafe and inconvenient, JFK International Airport has made significant efforts to prioritize safety and improve the overall travel experience for its passengers.21. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The safety rankings of airports in the United States.B. The perceived dangers of airports.C. The amenities offered at JFK International Airport.D. The noise reduction efforts at JFK International Airport.Passage 2Are you a heavy sleeper? If so, it turns out that you may have a better memory than those who wake up frequently during the night.A study conducted at Northwestern University in 2017 found that deep sleep helps strengthen emotional memories. Participants in the study were shown a series of images that were either pleasant or disturbing before going to bed. Those who had a good amount of deep sleep were better able to remember the emotional content of the images the following day.Deep sleep, or slow-wave sleep, is considered the most restorative stage of sleep. It plays a crucial role in memory consolidation, the process by which short-term memories are transferred to long-term memory.The study also found that people who frequently woke up during the night had difficulty remembering the emotional content of the images. This suggests that interrupted sleep can have a negative impact on memory formation, particularly for emotional experiences.The findings of this study highlight the importance of getting enough uninterrupted sleep to enhance memory function and emotional processing.If you find yourself frequently waking up during the night or struggling tofall asleep, it may be worth exploring strategies to improve sleep quality.22. The study mentioned in the passage mainly focuses on _______.A. the impact of deep sleep on memory formationB. the emotional content of disturbing imagesC. the negative effects of interrupted sleepD. the importance of falling asleep quickly二、完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2009年考研英语二真题及答案
2009年考研英语二真题及答案【篇一：2009英语二真题及答案】t>section ii close(10%)directions: for each numbered blank in the followingpassage ,there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. choose thebest one and mark your answer on answer sheet 1 with a pencil. (10 points)delta region. triple-digit oil prices have the economic and political map of the world, some old importers—including chinaand economic and social costs.managing this new order is fast becoming a central politics. countries that need oil are clawing at each other scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with anyunpleasant, to do it .in many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to investment funds run by foreign governments, some in the west see as a new threat. countries like russia, venezuela and iran are well supplied with rising , a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. but some unexpected countries are reaping costs, from higher prices. consider it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming russia and the middle east.in the united states, as already high gas prices higher in the spring of for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. and driving habits began a sharp increase in riders.21. a. comeb. gone c. crossed d. arrived22. a. covered b. discovered c. arranged d. ranged23. a. intensityb. infinity c. insecurity d.instability24. a. drawn b. redrawn c. retained d. reviewed25. a. fighting b. struggling c. challenging d. threatening26. a. and b. while c. thus d. though27. a. confine b. conflict c. conform d. confront28. a. problem b. question c. matterd. event29. a. look forb. lock up c. send out d. keep off30. a. no matter b. what if c. only if d. in spite of31. a. abolishing b. deprivingc. destroying d. eliminating32. a. whatb. that c. which d. whom33. a. interestsb. taxes c. incomes d. revenues34. a. as many as b. as good as c. as far asd. as well as35. a. although b. because c. since d. as36. a. advanced b. grew c. reduces d. multiplie37. a. evenb. still c. ratherd. fairly38. a. asking b. requesting c. calling d. demanding39. a. change b. turn c. shift d. transform40.a. for b. from c. acrossd. overpart iii reading comprehension (40%)direction: there are 4 passages in this part. each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. for each of them there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. you should decide on the best choice. then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a pencil.passage1.heic ibsen ,author of the playa dolls house, in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons .her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. from january ist ,2008, all public companies in norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.but about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the governments liking. they will shortly receive a letterinforming them that they have until the end of february to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in norway were female , according to the centre for corporate diversity .the number has since jumped to 36%. that is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across europe or americas 15% for the fortune 500.norways stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen. i am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle, says sverre munck , head of international operations at a media firm. board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,be says. several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each,and are known in norwegian business circles as the golden skirts. one reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. it has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. recent history in norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. women feel more compelled than men to do their homework, says ms reksten skaugen , who was voted norways chairman of the year for 2007, and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers.41. the author mentions ibsens play in the first paragraph in order to?a. depict womens dilemma at workb. explain the newly passed lawc. support norwegian governmentd. introduce the topic under discussion42. a public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to?.a. pay a heavy fineb. close down its businessc. change to a private businessd. sign a document promising to act43. to which of the following is sverre munck most likely to agree?a. a set ratio of women in a board is ueasonable.b. a reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.c. a common principle should be followed by all companies.d. an inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.the author attributes the phenomenon of golden skirts to? .a. the small number of qualified females in managementb. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesc. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsd. the discrimination toward women in norwegian business circles45. the main idea of the passage might be? .a. female power and liberation in norwayb. the significance of heic ibsens playc. womens status in norwegian firmsd. the constitution of board members in norwaypassage2while theres never a good age to get cancer, people in their20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. the average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.in her new book crazy sexy cancer tips, writer kris carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as shes discovering life. ms. carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.ms. carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. she called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a full-time healing addict. then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. the result was her own personal cancer posse: a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a mtv celebrity, to name a few. this club of? cancer babes offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things. ms. carr put her cancer experience in a recent learning channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. cancer isnt funny, but ms. carr often is. she swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( dr. fabulous and dr. guru ), and she even makes second sound fun (cancer road trips, she calls them).she leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips thatreflect the world view of a young adult. i refused to let cancer ruin my party, she writes. thereare just too many cool thingsto do and plan and live for.ms. carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so youre not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing gloria gaynors i will survive so loud you neighbors call the police. ms. carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle, she writes.while her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?a. children.b. people in their 20s and 30s.c. young adults.d. elderly people.47. all of the following statements are true except _______.a. kris carr is a female writerb. kris carr is more than 31-year-old.c. kris carr works in a cancer center.d. kris carr is very optimistic.48. the phrase cancer posse (line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________a. a cancer research organizationb. a group of people who suffer from cancerc. people who have recovered from cancerd. people who cope with cancer49. kris carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________a. she is depressed and likes swearingb. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorc. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctord. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. from kris carrs cancer tips we may infer that ________a. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerb. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerc. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsd. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientspassage3questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:should a leader strive to be loved or feared?thisquestion,famously posed by machiavelli,lies at the heart of joseph nyes new book.mr.nye,a former dean of the kennedy school of government at harvard and one-time chairman of americas national intelligence council,is best known for promoting the idea of soft power,based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to hard power,based oncoercion(强迫) and force.the context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.in modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.but that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.mr.nye argues.instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.the conclusion of the powers to lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.the dominant theoretical model of leadership at the momentis ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but mr,nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.he examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.there are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical andcontemporary,political and corporate.alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even mr.nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.he is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders? to lie -and he provides a helpful12-point summary of his conclusions.a recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.from the first two paragraphs we may learn thanmr.machiavellis idea of hard power is ______.a.well accepted by joseph nyeb.very influential till nowadaysc.based on sound theoriesd.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.which of the following makes soft power more important today according to mr.nye?a.coercion is widespread.b.morality is devalued.c.power is no longer concentrated.d.traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.in his book the powers to lead,mr.nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership except_____.a.authorityb.contextc.approaches【篇二：2009年考研英语真题及解析】t>2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题section iuse of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are.the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer in the science times. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly to live shorter lives. this suggests thatin not being too bright.intelligence, it __5 , is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow the starting line because it depends on learning — _ process — instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the thingsthey‘ve apparently learned is when to __8 . intelligence?that‘s the question behind this new research. instead of casting a wistful glance __10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real of our own intelligence might be. this is the mind of every animal we‘ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that __15animals ran the labs, they would test us to __16the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. there is. __18 , they would hope to study a(n) 19question: are humans actually aware of the the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose [b] consider [c] observe [d] imagine2. [a] tended[b] feared [c] happened [d] threatened3. [a] thinner[b] stabler [c] lighter [d] dimmer4. [a] tendency [b] advantage [c] inclination[d] priority5. [a] insists on [b] sums up[c] turns out [d] puts forward6. [a] off[b] behind [c] over [d] along7. [a] incredible[b] spontaneous [c]inevitable [d] gradual8. [a] fight [b] doubt[c] stop [d] think9. [a] invisible [b] limited [c] indefinite[d] different10. [a] upward[b] forward [c] afterward [d] backward11. [a] features[b] influences c] results [d] costs12. [a] outside[b] on[c] by[d] across13. [a] deliver[b] carry [c] perform [d] apply14. [a] by chance[b] in contrast [c] as usual [d] for instance15. [a] if [b] unless [c] as [d] lest16. [a] moderate [b] overcome [c] determine [d] reach17. [a] at [b] for[c] after[d] with18. [a] above all [b] after all [c] however [d] otherwise19. [a] fundamental [b] comprehensive[c] equivalent [d] hostile20. [a] by accident [b] in time[c] so far [d] better stillsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)text 1habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―not choice, buthabit rules the ueflecting herd,‖ william wordsworth said in the 19th century. in the ever-changing 21st century, even theword ―habit‖ carries a negative implication.so it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creaturesof habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. in fact, the more new things we try –the more we step outside our comfort zone – the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our own personal lives.but don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once thosebrain, they‘re there to stay. instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―the first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says dawna markova, author of the open mind. ―but we are taught instead to ?decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ?the decider.‘ ‖ she adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. a good innovational thinkeris always exploring the many other possibilities.‖all of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collabor ative modes of thought. ―this breaks the major rule in the american belief system — thatanyone can do anything,‖ explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006 book this year i will... and ms. markova‘s business partner. ―that‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, a nd it fosters commonness. knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ this is where developing new habits comes in.21. in wordsworth‘s view, ―habits‖ is characterized by being[a] casual.[b] familiar. [c] mechanical. [d] changeable.22. brain researchers have discovered that the formation of habits can be[a] predicted.[b] regulated. [c] traced.[d] guided.23. the word ―ruts‖ (line 1, paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to[a] tracks.[b] series. [c] characteristics. [d] connections.24. dawna markova would most probably agree that[a] ideas are born of a relaxing mind.[b] innovativeness could be taught.[c] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.[d] curiosity activates creative minds.25. ryan‘s comments sug gest that the practice of standardized testing[a] prevents new habits from being formed.[b] no longer emphasizes commonness.[c] maintains the inherent american thinking model.[d] complies with the american belief system.text 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. all he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last year, according to doug fogg, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. dnatesting is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists --- and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna.but some observers are skeptical, ―there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says troy duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has many ancestors --- numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited thro ugh men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial dna, which is passed down only frommothers. this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. in paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows ptk‘s[a] easy availability.[b] flexibility in pricing.[c] successful promotion.[d] popularity with households.27. ptk is used to[a] locate one‘s birth place.[b] promote genetic research.[c] identify parent-child kinship.[d] choose children for adoption.28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to[a] trace distant ancestors. [b] rebuild reliable bloodlines. [c] fully use genetic information. [d] achieve the claimed accuracy.29. in the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetictesting faces is[a] disorganized data collection.[b] overlapping database building.[c] excessive sample comparison.[d] lack of patent evaluation.30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely to be[a] fors and againsts of dna testing.[b] dna testing and its problems.[c] dna testing outside the lab.[d] lies behind dna testing.text 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic developmentin poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them toimprove economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recession and japan at its pre-bubble peak, the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet the research revealed that the u.s. factories of honda, nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese counterparts as a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job.more recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english-speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. after all, that‘s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about a nything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential increased as well. when the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries[a] is subject to groundless doubts.[b] has fallen victim of bias.[c] is conventionally downgraded.[d] has been overestimated.32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that the construction of a new education system[a] challenges economists and politicians.[b] takes efforts of generations.[c] demands priority from the government.[d] requires sufficient labor force.33.a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that[a] the japanese workforce is better disciplined.[b] the japanese workforce is more productive.[c] the u.s workforce has a better education.【篇三：2009年考研英语真题(含答案解析)】p class=txt>directions:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmers piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. this suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 8.is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? thats the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species weve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. this is 12 the mind of every animal ive ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17, not merely how much of it there is.18, they would hope to study a 19 question: are humans actually aware of the world section i use of english they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose2. [a] tended3. [a] thinner。
2009 考研英语阅读真题Text 1(英语二)
2009 Text 1（英语⼆）你能成为⼀个新习惯的创造者吗？Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine."Not choice, but habit rules the unre flecting herd."William said in the 19th century.In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop newhabits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new , that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact, the more new things we try-the more we step outside our — the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.习惯是⼀种有趣的现象。
历年考研英语二真题
以下是为⼤家整理的《历年考研英语⼆真题》的⽂章，供⼤家参考阅读！ 2013年考研英语⼆真题（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantage of electronic money, you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. _1 However , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2around_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very3.concept of money itself,” only to4.reverse itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so5.slow in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6.against the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7.expensive to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8.dominant form of payment.Second, electronic means of payment 14.raise security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15.stored there.Because this is not an 16.uncommon occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17.steal funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own. The 18.prevention of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to 19.cope with security issues.A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20.trail that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay, entitled “Making It inAmerica,” in the latest issue of The Atlantic, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and sagging middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the quantum advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra — their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. Average is over.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. As they say, if horses could have voted, there never would have been cars. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs — about 6 million in total — disappeared.”And you ain’t seen nothin’ yet. Last April, Annie Lowrey of Slate wrote about a start-up called “Ela Carte” that is out to shrink the need for waiters and waitresses: The company “has produced a kind of souped-up iPad that lets you order and pay right at your table. The brainchild of a bunch of M.I.T. engineers, the nifty invention, known as the Presto, might be found at a restaurant near you soon. ... You select what you want to eat and add items to a cart. Depending on the restaurant’s preferences, the console could show you nutritional information, ingredients lists and photographs. You can make special requests, like ‘dressing on the side’ or ‘quintuple bacon.’ When you’re done, the order zings over to the kitchen, and the Presto tells you how long it will take for your items to come out. ... Bored with your companions? Play games on the machine. When you’re through with your meal, you pay on the console, splitting the bill item by item if you wish and paying however you want. And you can have your receipt e-mailed to you. ... Each console goes for $100 per month. If a restaurant serves meals eight hours a day, seven days a week, it works out to 42 cents per hour per table — making the Presto cheaper than even the very cheapest waiter.”What the iPad won’t do in an above average way a Chinese worker will. Consider this paragraph from Sunday’s terrific article in The Times by Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher about why Apple does so much of its manufacturing inChina:“Apple had redesigned the iPhone’s screen at the last minute, forcing an assembly-line overhaul. New screens began arriving at the [Chinese] plant near midnight. A foreman immediately roused 8,000 workers inside the company’s dormitories, according to the executive. Each employee was given a biscuit and a cup of tea, guided to a workstation and within half an hour started a 12-hour shift fitting glass screens into beveled frames. Within 96 hours, the plant was producing over 10,000 iPhones a day. ‘The speed and flexibility is breathtaking,’ the executive said. ‘There’s no American plant that can match that.’”And automation is not just coming to manufacturing, explains Curtis Carlson, the chief executive of SRI International, aSilicon Valleyidea lab that invented the Apple iPhone program known as Siri, the digital personal assistant. “Siri is the beginning of a huge transformation in how we interact with banks, insurance companies, retail stores, health care providers, information retrieval services and product services.”There will always be change — new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average. Here are the latest unemployment rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for Americans over 25 years old: those with less than a high school degree, 13.8 percent; those with a high school degree and no college, 8.7 percent; those with some college or associate degree, 7.7 percent; and those with bachelor’s degree or higher, 4.1 percent. In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to buttress employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education. 21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] ro advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is Bad Text 2Imagine a new immigration policyA century ago, the immigrants from across theAtlanticincluded settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in theUnited Statescame those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned toItalyfor good. They even had an affectionate nickname, "uccelli di passaggio," birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We h a i l t h e m a s A m e r i c a n s i n t h e m a k i n g , o r b r a n d t h e m a s a l i e n s f i t f o r d e p o r t a t i o n . T h a t f r a m e w o r k h a s c o n t r i b u t e d m i g h t i l y t o o u r b r o k e n i m m i g r a t i o n s y s t e m a n d t h e l o n g p o l i t i c a l p a r a l y s i s o v e r h o w t o f i x i t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 3 " > W e d o n ' t n e e d m o r e c a t e g o r i e s , b u t w e n e e d t o c h a n g e t h e w a y w e t h i n k a b o u t c a t e g o r i e s . W e n e e d t o l o o k b e y o n d s t r i c t d e f i n i t i o n s o f l e g a l a n d i l l e g a l . T o s t a r t , w e c a n r e c o g n i z e t h e n e w b i r d s o f p a s s a g e , t h o s e l i v i n g a n d t h r i v i n g i n t h e g r a y a r e a s . W e m i g h t t h e n b e g i n t o s o l v e o u r i m m i g r a t i o n c h a l l e n g e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 4 " > C r o p p i c k e r s , v i o l i n i s t s , c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s , e n t r e p r e n e u r s , e n g i n e e r s , h o m e h e a l t h - c a r e a i d e s a n d p a r t i c l e p h y s i c i s t s a r e a m o n g t o d a y ' s b i r d s o f p a s s a g e . T h e y a r e e n e r g e t i c p a r t i c i p a n t s i n a g l o b a l e c o n o m y d r i v e n b y t h e f l o w o f w o r k , m o n e y a n d i d e a s . T h e y p r e f e r t o c o m e a n d g o a s o p p o r t u n i t y c a l l s t h e m . T h e y c a n m a n a g e t o h a v e a j o b i n o n e p l a c e a n d a f a m i l y i n a n o t h e r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 5 " > W i t h o r w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n , t h e y s t r a d d l e l a w s , j u r i s d i c t i o n s a n d i d e n t i t i e s w i t h e a s e . W e n e e d t h e m t o i m a g i n e t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a s a p l a c e w h e r e t h e y c a n b e p r o d u c t i v e f o r a w h i l e w i t h o u t c o m m i t t i n g t h e m s e l v e s t o s t a y i n g f o re v e r . W e n e e d t h e m t of e e l t h a t h o m e c a n b e b o t h h e r e a n d t h e r e a n d t h a t t h e y c a n b e l o ng t o t w o n a t i o n sh o n o r a b l y . / p > p b d s fi d = " 1 1 6 " > I m a g i n e l i f e w i t h a r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t i m m i g r a t i o n p o l i c y : T h e J a m a i c a n w o m a n w h o c a m e a s a v i s i t o r a n d w a s l o o k i n g a f t e r y o u r a u n t u n t i l s h e d i e d c o u l d t r y l i v i n g i n C a n a d a f o r a w h i l e . Y o u c o u l d e v e n t u a l l y a s k h e r t o c o m e b a c k t o c a r e f o r y o u r m o t h e r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 7 " > T h e I n d i a n s o f t w a r e d e v e l o p e r c o u l d t a k e s o m e o f h i s S i l i c o n V a l l e y e a r n i n g s h o m e t oj o i n f r i e n d s i n a l i t t l e s t a r t - u p ,k n o w i n g t h a t h e c o ul d a l w a y s w o r k i n C a l i f o r n i a a g a i n . O r t h e M e x i c a n l a b o r e r w h o b u s t s h i s b a c k o n a W i s c o n s i nd a i r y f a r m f o r w a ge s t h a t k e e p m i l k c h e a p w o u l d c o m e a n d g o a s n e e d e d b e c a u s e h e c o u l d de c i d e w h i c h d a i r y t o w o r kf o r , a n d a b i - n a t i o n a l b a n k p r og r a m w a sh e l pi n g h i m s a v e m o n e y t o b u i l d a b e t t e r l i f e f o r h i s k i d s i n M e x i c o . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 8 " > A c c o m m o d a t i n g t h i s n e w w o r l d o f p e o p l e i n m o t i o n w i l l r e q u i r e n e w a t t i t u d e s o n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e i m m i g r a t i o n b a t t l e . L o o k i n g b e y o n d t h e c u l t u r e w a r l o g i c o f r i g h t o r w r o n g m e a n s o p e n i n g u p t h e m i d d l e g r o u n d a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t m a n a g i n g i m m i g r a t i o n t o d a y r e q u i r e s m u l t i p l e p a t h s a n d m u l t i p l e o u t c o m e s , i n c l u d i n g s o m e t h a t a r e n o t e a s y t o a c c o m p l i s h l e g a l l y i n t h e e x i s t i n g s y s t e m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 9 " > A n e w s y s t e m t h a t e n c o u r a g e s b o t h s oj o u r n e r s a n d s e t t l e r s w o u l d n o t o n l y h e l p e n s u r e t h a t o u r s o c i e t y r e c e i v e s t h e h u m a n r e s o u r c e s i t w i l l n e e d i n t h e f u t u r e , i t a l s o c o u l d h a v e a n a d d e d b e n e f i t : C h a n g i n g t h e r i g i d f r a m e w o rk m i g h t h el p u s r e s o l v e t h e s t a t u s o f t h e e s t im a t e d 1 1 m i l l i on u n a u t ho r i z e d m i g r a n t s w h o a r e o u r s h a r e d l e g a c y o fp o l i c y f a i l u r e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 0 " > C u r r e n t l y , w e d o n o t d o g r a y z o n e s w e l l . H u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e s l o s h a r o u n d i n i n d e t e r m i n a t e s t a t u s b e c a u s e t h e y ' r e c a u g h t i n b u r e a u c r a t i c l i m b o o r b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e b e e n g r a n t e d t e m p o r a r y s t a y s t h a t a r e r e p e a t e d l y e x t e n d e d . P r e s i d e n t B a r a c k O b a m a c r e a t e d a p a l e r s h a d e o f g r a y t h i s s u m m e r b y e x e r c i s i n g p r o s e c u t o r i a l d i s c r e t i o n n o t t o d e p o r t s o m e y o u n g p e o p l e w h o w e r e b r o u g h t t o t h i s c o u n t r y i l l e g a l l y a s c h i l d r e n . B u t t h e s e a r e e x c e p t i o n s , n o t r u l e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 1 " > T h e b a s i c m e c h a n i s m f o r l e g a l i m m i g r a t i o n t o d a y , a p a r t f r o m t h e s p e c i a l c a t e g o r y o f r e f u g e e , i s t h e l e g a l p e r m a n e n t r e s i d e n t v i s a , o r g r e e n c a r d . M o s t r e c i p i e n t s a r e p e o p l e s p o n s o r e d b y c l o s e r e l a t i v e s w h o l i v e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . A s t h e n a m e i m p l i e s , t h i s m e c h a n i s m i s d e s i g n e d f o r i m m i g r a n t s w h o a r e s e t t l i n g d o w n . T h e v i s a c a n b e r e v o k e d i f t h e h o l d e r d o e s n o t s h o w " i n t e n t t o r e m a i n " b y n o t m a i n t a i n i n g a U . S . a d d r e s s , g o i n g a b r o a d t o w o r k f u l l t i m e o r j u s t t r a v e l i n g i n d e f i n i t e l y . L e g a l r e s i d e n t s a r e a s s u m e d t o b e o n t h e i r w a y t o b e c o m i n g A m e r i c a n s , p h y s i c a l l y , c u l t u r a l l y a n d l e g a l l y . A f t e r f i v e y e a r s o f l i v i n g h e r e , t h e y b e c o m e e l i g i b l e f o r c i t i z e n s hi p a n d a c h a n c e t o g a i n v o t i n g r i g h t s a n d f u l l a c c e s s t o t h e s o c i a l s a f e t y n e t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 12 2 " > T h i s i s a f i n e w a y t o d e a l w i t h p e o p l e w h o a r r i v e w i t h d e e p c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e c o u n t r y a n d w h o r e s o l v e t o s t a y . T h a t c a n a n d s h o u l d b e m o s t i m m i g r a n t s . B u t t h i s m e c h a n i s m h a s t w o p r o b l e m s : T h e n a t i o n i s n o t p r e p a r e d t o o f f e r c i t i z e n s h i p t o e v e r y m i g r a n t w h o i s o f f e r e d a j o b . A n d n o t e v e r y o n e w h o c o m e s h e r e w a n t s t o s t a y f o r e v e r . I t m a y h a v e o n c e m a d e s e n s e t o t h i n k o f i m m i g r a n t s a s s o d b u s t e r s w h o w e r e c o m i n g t o s e t t l e e m p t y s p a c e s . B u t t h a t a n t i q u e r e a s o n i n g d o e s n o t a p p l y w h e n t h e c o u n t r y i s l o o k i n g a t a l o n g , s t e e p r a c e t o r e m a i n c o m p e t i t i v e i n t h e w o r l d e c o n o m y , p a r t i c u l a r l y n o t w h e n i n n o v a t i o n a n d e n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p a r e s u p p o s e d t o b e o u r c o m p a r a t i v e a d v a n t a g e . T o s u c c e e d , w e n e e d m o d e r n b i r d s o f p a s s a g e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 23 " > T h e c h a l l e n g e s d i f f e r d e p e n d i n g o n w h e t h e r y o u a r e l o o k i n g a t t h e h i g h e n d o f t h e s k i l l s s p e c t r u m , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n w o r k e r s o r a t l o w - s k i l l e d l a b o r e r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 24 " > A f r e q u e n t p r o p o s a l f o r h i g h l y s k i l l e d w o r k e r s c o m e s w i t h t h e s l o g a n , " S t a p l e a g r e e n c a r d t o t h e d i p l o m a . " T h a t i s s u p p o s e d t o e n s u r e t h a t a g r e a t e r s h a r e o f b r a i n y i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t u d e n t s r e m a i n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a f t e r e a r n i n g d e g r e e s i n s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y . B u t w h a t i f t h e y a r e n o t r e a d y f o r a l o n g - t e r m c o m m i t m e n t ? N o o n e w o u l d s u g g e s t t h a t i n v e s t m e n t c a p i t a l o r d e s i g n p r o c e s s e s n e e d t o r e s i d e p e r m a n e n t l y i n o n e n a t i o n . T a l e n t t o d a y y e a r n s t o b e e q u a l l y m o b i l e . R a t h e r t h a n t r y t o o b l i g e s m a r t y o u n g p e o p l e f r o m a b r o a d t o s t a y h e r e , w e s h o u l d a l l o w t h e m t o t h i n k o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a s a p l a c e w h e r e t h e y c a n a l w a y s r e t u r n , a p l a c e w h e r e t h e y w i l l s p e n d p a r t , n o t a l l , o f t h e i r l i v e s , o n e o f s e v e r a l p l a c e s w h e r e t h e y c a n l i v e a n d w o r k a n d i n v e s t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 25 " > T e m p o r a r y - w o r k e r p r o g r a m s a r e a c o n v e n t i o n a l a p p r o a c h t o m e e t i n g l o w - s k i l l e d l a b o r n e e d s w i t h o u t i l l e g a l i m m i g r a t i o n . T h a t ' s w h a t P r e s i d e n t G e o r g e W . B u s h p r o p o s e d i n 2 0 0 4 , s a y i n g t h e g o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d " m a t c h w i l l i n g f o r e i g n w o r k e r s w i t h w i l l i n g A m e r i c a n e m p l o y e r s . " A n i m m i g r a n t c o m e s t o d o a p a r t i c u l a r j o b f o r a l i m i t e d p e r i o d o f t i m e a n d t h e n g o e s h o m e . B u t s u c h p r o g r a m s r i s k r e p l a c i n g o n e k i n d o f r i g i d i t y w i t h a n o t h e r . T h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l p r o g r a m s c u r r e n t l y i n p l a c e d o n ' t m a n a g e t h e m a t c h m a k i n g v e r y w e l l . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 26 " > C o m p e t i n g d o m e s t i c w o r k e r s n e e d t o b e p r o t e c t e d , a s d o t h e m i g r a n t w o r k e r s , a n d t h e p r o c e s s m u s t b e n i m b l e e n o u g h t o m e e t l a b o r m a r k e t d e m a n d . N o b o d y r e a l l y h a s p u l l e d t h a t o f f , a n d t h e r e i s n o r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e i t c a n b e d o n e o n a g r a n d s c a l e . R a t h e r t h a n t r y i n g t o l i n k s p e c i f i c m i g r a n t s t o s p e c i f i c j o b s , d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f t e m p o r a r y w o r k v i s a s c o u l d b e p e g g e d t o i n d u s t r i e s , t o p l a c e s o r t o t i m e p e r i o d s . Y o u c o u l d g e t a n e n g i n e e r i n g v i s a , n o t o n l y a v i s a t o w o r k a t I n t e l . / p > p b d s f i d =" 1 2 7 " > B o t h s h o r t - t e r m v i s a s a n d p e r m a n e n t r e s i d e n c e n e e d t o b e p a r t o f t h e m i x , b u t t h e y a r e n o t t h e w h o l e a n s w e r . A n o t h e r v a l u a b l e t o o l i s t h e p r o v i s i o n a l v i s a , w h i c h A u s t r a l i a u s e s a s a k i n d o f i n t e r m e d i a r y s t a g e i n w h i c h t e m p o r a r y i m m i g r a n t s s p e n d s e v e r a l y e a r s b e f o r e b e c o m i n g e l i g i b l e f o r p e r m a n e n t r e s i d e n c y . T h e U . S . s y s t e m p r a c t i c a l l y o b l i g e s v i s i t o r s t o s p e n d t i m e h e r e w i t h o u t a u t h o r i z a t i o n w h e n t h e y ' v e m a r r i e d a c i t i z e n , g o t t e n a j o b o r d o n e s o m e t h i n g e l s e t h a t q u a l i f i e s t h e m t o s t a y l e g a l l y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 8 " > W e a l s o c o u l d b o r r o w f r o m E u r o p e a n d c r e a t e l o n g - t e r m p e r m i s s i o n t o r e s i d e f o r c e r t a i n m i g r a n t s t h a t i s c o n t i n g e n t o n s i m p l y b e i n g e m p l o y e d , n o t o n h a v i n g a s p e c i f i c j o b . A n d , l e g i s l a t i o n c o u l d l o o s e n t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f p e r m a n e n t r e s i d e n c y s o t h a t m i g r a n t s c o u l d g a i n a l i f e t i m e r i g h t t o l i v e a n d w o r k i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w i t h o u t h a v i n g t o b e h e r e ( a n d p a y t a x e s h e r e ) m o r e o r l e s s c o n t i n u o u s l y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 9 " > T h e i d e a t h a t n e w c o m e r s a r e e i t h e r s a i n t s o r s i n n e r s i s n o t w r i t t e n i n d e l i b l y e i t h e r i n o u r h e a r t s o r i n o u r l a w s . A s t h e s i z e o f t h e u n a u t h o r i z e d p o p u l a t i o n h a s g r o w n o v e r t h e p a s t 2 0 y e a r s o r s o , t h e p o l i t i c a l r e s p o n s e h a s d i c t a t e d s e e i n g i m m i g r a t i o n p o l i c y t h r o u g h t h e s t a r k l e n s o f l a w e n f o r c e m e n t : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 0 " > W h o m d o w e l o c k u p , k i c k o u t , f e n c e o f f ? P r o m i n e n t p o l i t i c i a n s o f b o t h p a r t i e s , i n c l u d i n g b o t h p r e s i d e n t i a l c a n d i d a t e s , h a v e e n g a g e d i n m a c h o o n e - u p m a n s h i p w h e n i t c o m e s t o i m m i g r a t i o n . S o , P r e s i d e n t O b a m a b r o k e r e c o r d s f o r d e p o r t a t i o n s . M i t t R o m n e y , m e a n w h i l e , v o w s t o b r e a k r e c o r d s f o r b o r d e r s e c u r i t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 1 " > B r e a k i n g o u t o f t h e e i t h e r / o r m e n t a l i t y o p e n s u p m a n y a v e n u e s f o r m a n a g i n g f u t u r e i m m i g r a t i o n . I t c o u l d a l s o h e l p b r e a k t h e s t a l e m a t e o v e r t h e c u r r e n t p o p u l a t i o n o f u n a u t h o r i z e d m i g r a n t s . N o e l e c t i o n r e s u l t w i l l p r o d u c e a C o n g r e s s t h a t o f f e r s a p a t h t o c i t i z e n s h i p f o r e v e r y b o d y , b u t t h e r e i s n o s u p p o r t f o r t o t a l d e p o r t a t i o n , e i t h e r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 2 " > I f w e a c c e p t t h a t t h e r e a r e s p a c e s b e t w e e n l e g a l a n d i l l e g a l , t h e n o p t i o n s m u l t i p l y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 3 " > C i t i z e n s h i p c o u l d b e a n e v e n t u a l o u t c o m e f o r m o s t , n o t a l l , p e o p l e h e r e i l l e g a l l y , b u t e v e r y o n e w o u l d g e t s o m e k i n d o f p a p e r s , a n d w e c a n e n g i n e e r a w a y f o r p e o p l e t o w o r k t h e i r w a y f r o m o n e s t a t u s t o a n o t h e r . T h e n e w l y a r r i v e d a n d l e a s t a t t a c h e d c o u l d b e g r a n t e d s t a t u s f o r a l i m i t e d t i m e a n d r e c e i v e h e l p w i t h r e t u r n i n g t o t h e i r h o m e c o u n t r i e s . O t h e r s m i g h t b e o f f e r e d l i f e - l o n g p r i v i l e g e s t o l i v e a n d w o r k h e r e , b u t n o t c i t i z e n s h i p . W e ' d g i v e t h e f u l l e s t w e l c o m e t o t h o s e w i t h h o m e s , c h i l d r e n o r l o n g t i m e j o b s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 4 " > B y i n s i s t i n g t h a t i m m i g r a n t s a r e e i t h e r A m e r i c a n s o r a l i e n s , w e m a k e i t h a r d e r f o r s o m e g o o d f o l k s t o c o m e a n d w e o b l i g e o t h e r s t o s t a y f o r t h e w r o n g r e a s o n s . W o r s e , w e e n s u r e t h a t t h e r e w i l l a l w a y s b e p e o p l e l i v i n g a m o n g u s w h o a r e o u t s i d e t h e l a w , a n d t h a t i s n o t g o o d f o r t h e m o r u s . 2 6 B i r d s o f p a s s a g e r e f e r s t o t h o s e w h o _ _ _ _ / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 5 " > [ A ] i m m i g r a t e a c r o s s t h e A t l a n t i c . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 6 " > [ B ] l e a v e t h e i r h o m e c o u n t r i e s f o r g o o d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 7 " > [ C ] s t a y i n a f o r e g i n t e m p o r a i l y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 8 " > [ D ] f i n d p e r m a n e n t j o b s o v e r s e a s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 9 " > 2 7 I t i s i m p l i e d i n p a r a g r a p h 2 t h a t t h e c u r r e n t i m m i g r a t i o n s t y s t e m i n t h e U S _ _ _ _ / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > [ A ] n e e d s n e w i m m i g r a n t c a t e g o r i e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > [ B ] h a s l o o s e n e d c o n t r o l o v e r i m m i g r a n t s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > [ C ] s h o u l d b e a d o p t e d t o m e e t c h a l l e n g e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 3 " > [ D ] h a s b e e n f i x e e d v i a p o l i t i c a l m e a n s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 4 " > 2 8 A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a u t h o r , t o d a y s b i r d s o f p a s s a g e w a n t _ _ _ / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 5 " > [ A ] f i a n c i a l i n c e n t i v e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 6 " > [ B ] a g l o b a l r e c o g n i t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 7 " > [ C ] o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o g e t r e g u l a r j o b s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 8 " > [ D ] t h e f r e e d o m t o s t a y a n d l e a v e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 9 " > 2 9 T h e a u t h o r s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e b i r d s o f p a s s a g e t o d a y s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d _ _ / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > [ A ] a s f a i t h f u l p a r t n e r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 1 " > [ B ] w i t h e c o n o m i c f a v o r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 2 " > [ C ] w i t h r e g a l t o l e r a n c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 3 " > [ D ] a s m i g h t y r i v a l s . / p >。
2009 考研英语阅读真题Text 2(英语二)
2009 Text 2（英语⼆）你⽗亲是谁？It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom — or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad.All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore — and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fog, of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots.More tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.俗话说，贤⽗知其⼦，但是如今男⼈可以提升⾃⼰做⽗亲的智慧，或者⾄少可以确认⾃⼰是孩⼦的⽗亲了。
考研英语小作文的真题解析
考研英语小作文的真题解析我们在进行考研英语的准备时，需要把小作文的真题了解清楚。
店铺为大家精心准备了考研英语小作文真题分析资料，欢迎大家前来阅读。
考研英语一小作文真题范文及解析以下是往年参考资料Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate’association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualification for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant。
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use " postgraduate’association " instead。
(10 points)参考范文Volunteers WantedJanuary 9, 2010To improve students’ability and enrich extracurricular activities, the Postgraduate’Association is recruiting volunteers for an international conference on globalization to be held on April 7, 2010 in Beijing. To begin with, applicants should have Chinese nationality, a strong professional spirit, cheerful personality and be aged under 35. In addition, candidates must have outstanding skills at English listening comprehension and the ability to speak Chinese and English fluently. Finally, students with relevant professional experience are preferred. Those postgraduates who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before February 1, 2010.Everybody is welcome to join in it。
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2009年考研英语二真题Section II Close(10%)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage ,there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 with a pencil. (10 points)In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had(21)the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge (22) from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread (23) in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have (24) the economic and political map of the world, (25) some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, (26) major importers—including chinaand India, home to a third of the world's population-- (27) rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central (28) of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (29) scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (30) how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption,(31) these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, (32) some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (34) costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. (35) it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia (36) 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose (37) higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama (38) for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to (39) ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems (40) the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D.instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewedprices have (24) the economic and political map of the world, (25) some old notions ofpower. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, (26) major importers—including chinaand India, home to a third of the world's population-- (27) rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central (28) of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (29) scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (30) how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption,(31) these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, (32) some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (34) costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. (35) it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia (36) 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose (37) higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama (38) for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to (39) ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems (40) the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D.instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatenin26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplie37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40.A. for B. from C. across D. OverPart III Reading Comprehension (40%)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1.Henric Ibsen ,author of the play"A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons .Her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as manyas 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayPASSAGE2While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of? "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. " There are just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. " people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Young adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsPASSAGE3Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Should a leader strive to be loved or feared?This question,famously posed by Machiavelli,lies at theheart of Joseph Nye's new book.Mr.Nye,a former dean of the Kennedy School of Govemment at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council,is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power",based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to "hard power",based on coercion(强迫) and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.Machiavelli,he notes,concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved."In short,hard power is preferable to soft power.But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.In modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.Mr.Nye argues.Instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.The conclusion of The Powers to Lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.Anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but Mr,Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.He examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.There are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical and contemporary,political and corporate.Alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders? to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions.A recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is ______.A.well accepted by Joseph NyeB.very influential till nowadaysC.based on sound theoriesD.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?A.Coercion is widespread.B.Morality is devalued.C.Power is no longer concentrated.D.Traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.In his book the Powers to lead,Mr.Nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.A.authorityB.contextC.approachesD.morality54.Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____.A.makes little use of management termsB.summarizes various studies conciselyC.serves as an exit for leadership researchersD.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55.According to the author,the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____.A.view of changeable leadershipB.definition of good leadershipC.summary of leadership historyD.discussion of moral leadershipPASSAGE4Questions 56to 60are based on the following passage:Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it.Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly aquarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. "I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."56. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Human wars.B. Economic crisis.C. America's environmental policies.D. Global environment in general.57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is__________.A. of utmost importanceB. a fight no one can winC. beyond people's imaginationD. a less significant issue58. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______.A. frictionB. contradictionC. conflictD. problem59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?A. CriticalB. IndifferentC. SupportiveD. Compromising60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with___________.A. the new book written by Fred KruppB. how America can fight against global warmingC. the harmful effects of global warmingD. how America can tide over economic crisisPart V Writing (20%)Direction: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.At present, there is no doubt that short message plays an increasingly important role in our lives . We are all aware that, like everything else, short message have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.Generally speaking, the advantages can be listed as follows. First of all, in festivals, we can send short messages to wish good luck to other people we know. It brings us a lot of convenience. In addition, short message connects its users with the outside world. For example, some people subscribe weather forecast or news short messages, with them, people’s life will be greatly enriched.But it is pity that every coin has two sides. The disadvantages of short message can’t be ignored. We spend too much time on spelling our words and sending short messages tha t we can’t focus on our studies. Also,you will always be annoyed by strangers’ short messages one after another.As is known to all, short message is neither good nor bad itself. In my opinion, we can use it. But we shouldn’t spend too much time on it and don’t let it disturb us from our lives.答案SECTION 221-30 CDDBC BDABA 31-40 BADDA BACACSECTION 341-50 BBAAC CCBCC 51-60 DCABD CAAACSECTION 4由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注.银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济.抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险.金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.。