古希腊罗马神话选修课考试题
希腊罗马神话——考试样卷
A Mid-term Examination inGreek and Roman MythologyName:__________ Class:_________ Score:_________I. Match the gods/goddesses and their roles in mythology. (10%)( ) 1. Diana A. goddess of grain( ) 2. Poseidon B. goddess of hunting, the moon( ) 3. Hades C. god of the sea( ) 4. Hera D. queen of Olympus; goddess of marriageand childbirth( ) 5. Ceres E. goddess of arts and crafts and defensivewar; goddess of wisdom( ) 6. Athena F. goddess of beauty and sexual desire ( ) 7. Aphrodite G.. god of war( ) 8. Mars H. metal smith of the gods( ) 9. Hermes I. ruler of the Underworld; lord of the dead( ) 10. Hephaestus J. Zeus’messenger, guardian of travelers,merchants and thievesK. one of the Fates who determine thelength of each mortal’s lifeII. Choose a word/phrase from the following list to fill in each of the blanks with, changing their forms if necessary. (20%)1.The report presented by the scientist to the government was extremely _______ - no one could understand it.2.He was ________ by her beauty, but lacked the courage to speak to her.3.Another round of negotiations were conducted on the Middle East under the _______ of the UN.4.Seeing the ________ expression on his father’s face, the boy immediately knew what was awaiting him.5.While the president was casually chatting with his supporters, his body-guards were _______, looking for any single sign of danger.6.The scientist spent all his life researching the ____________ of his hometown.7.Showing disrespect to gods according to many cultures is to invite ______.8.The young man had about him a(n) _______ of youth and health.9. When the theater caught fire, there was a great______.10. The desk was a ______ of papers and unopened letters.III. Multiple Choice Questions (10%)( )1. The Iliad and the Odyssey were both written by _______.A. VirgilB. OvidC. HesiodD. Homer( )2. Many transformation stories can be found in _________, a collection of poems written by ____.A. Metamorphosis; OvidB. Theogony, HesiodC. Persians, AeschylusD. Aeneid, Virgil( )3.The spinners of the thread of human destiny were __________.A. the MusesB. the GracesC. the FatesD. the Furies( )4.Zeus changed Io a _______ hide her from Hera.A. bearB. heiferC. snakeD. bull( )5.Leda and the Swan was supposedly painted by __________.A. Peter Paul RubensB. Gustave MoreauC. Sandro BotticelliD. Leonardo da Vinci( )6.Pandora replaced the lid of her box, with only one thing left at the bottom - _______.A. warB. famineC. hopeD. disease( )7.Arachne was a _____, who was punished by ______.A. hunter; DianaB. titan; ZeusC. weaver; MinervaD. king; Hera( )8.When we say someone has Midas’ ears, we are commenting on his ________.A. wealthB. poor judgmentC. prideD. avarice( )9.The gods who ruled the heavens, the ocean and the Underworld, respectively, were ______.A. Jupiter, Pluto and SaturnB. Jupiter, Apollo and Neptune D. Jupiter, Neptune andPluto( )10.If you throw a sop to Cerberus, you are trying to _______.A. kill someoneB. bribe someoneC. avoid being killed by someoneD. enjoy a blissful afterlife.IV. Read each literary excerpt carefully and do the following: (a) underline all the mythological allusions, and (b) explain their meanings according to the context of the excerpt. (20%)1. We feasted that evening as on nectar and ambrosia. (Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, 1847)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2.There was, as I have said, a Minerva fully armed. (Marilynne Robinson, Mother Country, 1889) ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________3.Trinity College had undertaken the Sisyphean task of repairing all of its historic Front Square.(John Brady, A Stone of the Heart, 1988)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________4.Antoine and Francoise with their children, but without ever knowing why, joined the refugees for the sake of their vision of elysium and because of Don Emmanuel ’s enthusiasm. (Louis De Berni res, The War of Don Emmanuel ’s Nether Parts , 1990)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________5.It was hard to imagine H.E. sniffing after some other country woman, or being discovered mounting one of the milking girls. H.E., even when he was twenty-seven, would not have made a credible farmyard satyr. (Thomas Keneally, The Playmaker , 1987)____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________V . Look at the following paintings and tell briefly the mythological stories depicted therein. (20%)1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________3. ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________VI. Essay question: (A) choose ONE from the list of questions and answer the question you’ve chosen, and (B) tell what you have learned from this course. You should write at least 150 words. (20%)1.What is the significance of the story of Proserpine?2.What are the different character traits between Apollo and Bacchus?3.What is the relationship between hubris and nemesis (cite at least one mythological story as an example)?4.What aspect does the Pandora myth show about the ancient Greek society?Your question：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________。
古希腊罗马神话欣赏 课程教学大纲及样题
《古希腊、罗马神话》课程教学大纲课程编码：30615022 学分： 2 总学时：36说明【课程性质】《古希腊、罗马神话》是全日制大学本科教育英语专业高年级开设的专业选修课。
【教学目的】使学生了解西方文化渊源，从文化的角度学习英语词汇，培养和提高其文化素养、鉴赏能力和对异域文化的敏感度。
【教学任务】以古希腊、罗马神话的重要神祗、英雄的轶事为主线，分析现代英语中源于神话的词语与典故及以古希腊、罗马神话为题材的英美文学作品、雕塑、绘画、建筑等艺术作品，提高学生的文化能力和鉴赏水平。
【教学内容】古希腊、罗马神话简介，旧神谱系与天地的起源，奥林匹斯山新神，普罗米修斯与人类，次神的故事，英雄的故事【教学原则和方法】教学原则：以培养具有文化能力和鉴赏水平的学生为原则教学方法：采用多媒体课件教学，辅以影视欣赏和学生讨论促进教学【先修课程要求】本课程是在学生完成了精读、泛读、英美文学、影视欣赏、英美文化概况等课程，并掌握了一定的专业知识和技能基础上开设的专业选修课。
【教材与主要参考书】教材：常耀信《希腊罗马神话》外语教学与研究出版社，1981年。
参考书：廖光蓉《英语词汇与希腊罗马神话》湖南师范大学出版社，1999年。
徐国萍《希腊罗马神话及典故成语》海洋出版社，2001年。
陶洁《希腊罗马神话一百篇》中国对外翻译出版公司，1989年。
大纲内容第一部分古希腊、罗马神话简介【教学目的和要求】教学目的：了解希腊述神话的起源、形成、和发展教学要求：掌握学习古希腊、罗马神话的意义、目的，重要性和方法【内容提要】第一节什么是神话第二节神话的起源和发展第三节神话故事与神话学的区别第四节神话的分类第五节学习神话的原因、意义和方法【教学重点与难点问题】教学重点：神话的分类教学难点：神话的起源和发展【复习思考题】1. 什么是神话?2. 神话故事与神话学的区别是什么？第二部分天地的起源【教学目的和要求】教学目的：讲述天地的起源教学要求：掌握旧神谱系中主要的神及由此派生出来的英语词汇【内容提要】第一节天地的起源第二节旧神谱系：地神盖娅、天神乌拉诺斯，十二提坦巨神第三节以cosmos、chron为词根的派生单词【教学重点与难点问题】教学重点：天地如何起源的教学难点：旧神谱系中诸神之间的关系及名称【复习思考题】1．天地是如何起源的?2．试论述旧神谱系中诸神的关系。
第6课 希腊罗马古典文化 2024~2025学年九年级历史同步练习(含答案)
第6课希腊罗马古典文化（原卷版）基础扫描1.(2023·雅安中考)希腊神话中,神就是人的最完美体现,主神宙斯、智慧女神雅典娜等都与人的形象与性格相同,只不过天神更有智慧、更为健美而已。
这表明希腊神话的特点是()A.蕴含丰富哲理B.神权至上C.神人同形同性D.华丽宏伟2.[跨学科·美术]下图展现了古希腊人()A.反对人与神同形同性B.排斥质朴的艺术形式C.赞美勤劳的工作态度D.崇尚运动的竞技精神古希腊体育题材陶瓶画3.(2023·贺州模拟)罗马的万神殿和大竞技场等建筑由石拱门、穹顶等部分组成,既坚固结实,又华丽宏伟。
这表明罗马建筑()A.吸收希腊建筑特点并有创新B.只突出宗教特色和坚固C.突出强调了“神人同形同性”D.强调色彩的搭配和宏大4.(2023·无锡中考)这位思想家是百科全书式的学者,是希腊哲学的集大成者,是西方科学和哲学领域划时代的人物。
该人物是()A.苏格拉底B.伯里克利C.亚里士多德D.德谟克利特5.学者约翰·塞尔蒙说:“当一个熟悉罗马法术语的英国律师去学习法国或德国的实用法律书籍时,他会发现这一切并不陌生。
”这一现象说明()A.罗马法影响深远B.罗马法是世界性法律C.英法德法律相同D.欧洲的法律长期未变6.[跨学科·道德与法治]随着帝国的扩张和商业的发展,社会上各种新的矛盾日益凸显,罗马缺乏一个适用于外来人口以及外来人口和本地人口关系的法律。
针对这一情况,罗马帝国()A.推行万民法B.建立元首制C.推行经济法D.颁布成文法7.(2024·贵州期末)史料是认识历史的主要依据。
下图可用来解读()A.法学的渊源B.金字塔的迷雾C.公历的缘起D.雅典民主政治思维进阶8.[历史解释]“希腊的文学和艺术成就非凡,假如没有一无牵挂的自由,假如没有身为公民的自尊,这些成就便很难达到。
”材料表明()A.古希腊人民生活在高度自由的环境中B.希腊文学艺术的发展成就了公民自由C.罗马法充分保障了人民艺术创作自由D.希腊民主政治推动了文学艺术的繁荣9.【项目化学习](12分)人类文明源远流长,海洋与大河流域都创造了灿烂的文明成果并不断进行交流,文明也由不同的载体传承下去。
希腊罗马神话问题及答案
Greco-RomanMythol ogy StudyGuide, part 1Part 1.1. Who are the Twelve Olympi an Gods, and what are theirpowers?Zeus. He is lord of the sky.Hera.protector of marria g e, famili ar with magic.Poseid on.God of the sea, horses, and of earthqu akesAres. He is the god of war.Athena.She is the goddes s of the city, handic rafts, and agricu lture.Apollo.He is the god of music,Artemi s. the goddes s of chasti tyHephae stus.Lame god of fire and the forge.Aphrodite.Goddes s of love, romanc e, and beauty.Demete r.Goddes s of agricu ltureHestia.Calm goddes s of home and homeli fe,Hermes. He is the god of thieves and the god of commer ce.2. Who was Promet heus? Why was he import ant to the humanrace?He was one of the Titans.Becaus e he brough t down fire to man.3. What happen ed when Pandor a's box was opened?All the painsthat mightplague mankin d such as Old Age,Labor,sickne ss.Insani ty,Vice,and Passio n flew in a cloud,stung Epimeth eusand Pandor a in everypart of theirbodies,and then attack ed the race of mortal s.4. What were the Five Ages of Man, and what happen ed afterthem?The Golden Age,the Silver Age,the Bronze Age,the Age of Heroes,the Iron Age5. What did King Midaswish for, and what proble ms did his wish bringhim?He asked that whatev er he might touchshould be change d into gold.He turned food into gold so he couldn’t eat,starvation seemed to await him.6. How does the storyof Persep honeexplai n the differ enceof the season s?7. What is Tartar us, and who is its king?Tartaru s is the deeper of the Underw orld,the prison of the Sons of the Earth.Hades is its king.Part 2.8. How did Hippom eneswin his race agains t Atalan taWith the help of Venus.9. Why did Daphne become a laurel tree?She asked h er father to change he form to protec t her from beingpursui ng.10. Why did Cupidfall in love with Psyche?Cupid was surpri sed by Psyche’s wonderful beauty that wounde d him with his own arrow,consequentl y,instea d of making Psyche fall in love with some ragged beggar,himsel f fell in love with Psyche.11. Why did Venus/Aphrod ite advise Adonis not to attack wild animal s?12. What did Hera do to Echo when she foundout that Echo was lyingto her, and what happen ed to Echo when Narcis sus died?She passed senten ce upon Echo in words.13. What was the name of the statue that Pygmal ion fell in love with?Galate a14. What object was the direct causeof the tragic end of Pyramu s and Thisbe?Part 3.15. Who was Perseu s's father?Zeus16. Why did Acrisi us put Perseu s and his mother in a coffin and throwthem into the sea?He was alarme d by an oracle which h ad told him that Perseu s wouldbe the instru m entof his death.17. Who was Medusa?She was a terrib l e monste r who had laid waste the countr y18. Why did Polydi ctessend Perseu s to kill Medusa?For an easy access to Danae.19. How did Perseu s save Androm eda from the sea monste rHe killed the sea monste r20. Why did Jasonwant the Golden Fleece?He was requir ed to attemp t what was though t to be an impossi bledeed to satisf y the demands ofa hard-hearte d taskmaster.21. What was the name of the ship the Argona uts sailed on?The Argo.22. Who were two of the Argona uts?Argos,Tiphys23. How did Medeahelp Jasonwhen he fought the crop of armedmen?She instru cted him that he should throw stones into their midst so that they wouldattack each otherrather than Jason himself.24. How did Medeaget her father's ship to stop chasin g the Argona uts?She murder ed her younge r brother Apsyrt os and cut him up into smallpieces whichshe threwover the side of the ship.Aeetes stoppe d to pick up the pieces,and so the Argo made good her escape.25. What was Hercul es famous for?He was famous for his streng th and courag e and for his legend ary adventu res.26. Why did Hercul es have to comple te twelve labors?He was told to serve Eurysth eus f or twelve yearsand win immort ality by performing the labors the king impose d upon him27. Name six of the twelve labors of Hercul esThe Nemean Lion,the Hydra,the Ceryni tian Hind,the Eryman thian Boar,the Stymph alian Birds ,the Augean Stable s28. How did Hercul es demons trate his streng th in his infanc y?29. How did Hercul es kill the Hydra?He dipped his arrows in the Hydra’s bloodor venomand so made them poison ous30. What caused the deathof Hercul es?The poison of Hydra.。
(完整版)第一章古希腊罗马文学试题库(最新整理)
第一章古希腊罗马文学试题库一、填空题1、希腊神话既包括神的故事，也包括半神的的传说。
2、希腊神话中俄林波斯神统的最高统治者是，他的妻子赫拉是司和生殖的女神。
3、普罗米修斯是一个为了人类文明而受到宙斯残酷迫害的英雄，被马克思称为“ ”。
4、古希腊抒情诗分为合唱琴歌、独唱琴歌，前者的代表有，后者的代表有阿拉克瑞翁和女诗人___________。
5、古希腊喜剧分为旧喜剧和新喜剧，前者的代表有，后者的代表有。
6、埃斯库罗斯被誉为古希腊的“ ”，其代表作是《普罗米修斯》三部曲中的第一部《》。
7、贺拉斯在他的文学论著《诗艺》中提出了“ ”这一原则。
8、雅典奴隶主民主制时期是希腊文学的繁荣时期，主要成就是和文艺理论。
9、古希腊的旧喜剧被称为___________，新喜剧被称为___________。
10、欧里庇得斯被称为“ ”，他擅长以妇女命运为题材，刻画她们的心理，《》是其中最著名的一部。
11、古希腊诗人赫西俄德的叙事长诗《》是关于宇宙起源和众神谱系的系统描述。
12、被称为“舞台上的哲学家”的古希腊悲剧家是____________。
13、希腊神话既包括神的故事，又包括。
14古希腊流传下来的最早一首以现实生活为主要内容的长诗是写的教诲诗《》。
15、古罗马有两部《变形记》，一部是写的希腊罗马神话的诗体总集，另一部是罗马作家___________写的小说。
16、古希腊文学共分为三个时期：第一时期是，主要文学成就是和史诗；第二时期称时期，主要文学成就是有和文艺理论等；第三时期称为，主要文学样式是。
中期的罗马文学成就最高，是罗马文学的“ ”。
17、希腊神话中反映四季变化、春荣秋枯的神话是关于司农业女神和她的女儿的故事。
关于英雄的传说有建立十二件大功的的故事和关于取金羊毛的___________的故事，希腊神话中的盗火给人类，被马克思称为“ ”。
18、古罗马喜剧家的普劳图斯的作品《》成为莎士比亚喜剧的题材来源，莫里哀也曾根据他的《一坛金子》写出了喜剧。
第一章 古希腊罗马文学 试题库.doc
第一章古希腊罗马文学试题库一、填空题1、希腊神话既包括神的故事，也包括半神的的传说。
2、希腊神话中俄林波斯神统的最高统治者是，他的妻子赫拉是司和生殖的女神。
3、普罗米修斯是一个为了人类文明而受到宙斯残酷迫害的英雄，被马克思称为“”。
4、古希腊抒情诗分为合唱琴歌、独唱琴歌，前者的代表有，后者的代表有阿拉克瑞翁和女诗人___________。
5、古希腊喜剧分为旧喜剧和新喜剧，前者的代表有，后者的代表有。
6、埃斯库罗斯被誉为古希腊的“”，其代表作是《普罗米修斯》三部曲中的第一部《》。
7、贺拉斯在他的文学论著《诗艺》中提出了“”这一原则。
8、雅典奴隶主民主制时期是希腊文学的繁荣时期，主要成就是和文艺理论。
9、古希腊的旧喜剧被称为___________，新喜剧被称为___________。
10、欧里庇得斯被称为“”，他擅长以妇女命运为题材，刻画她们的心理，《》是其中最著名的一部。
11、古希腊诗人赫西俄德的叙事长诗《》是关于宇宙起源和众神谱系的系统描述。
12、被称为“舞台上的哲学家”的古希腊悲剧家是____________。
13、希腊神话既包括神的故事，又包括。
14古希腊流传下来的最早一首以现实生活为主要内容的长诗是写的教诲诗《》。
15、古罗马有两部《变形记》，一部是写的希腊罗马神话的诗体总集，另一部是罗马作家___________写的小说。
16、古希腊文学共分为三个时期：第一时期是，主要文学成就是和史诗；第二时期称时期，主要文学成就是有和文艺理论等；第三时期称为，主要文学样式是。
中期的罗马文学成就最高，是罗马文学的“”。
17、希腊神话中反映四季变化、春荣秋枯的神话是关于司农业女神和她的女儿的故事。
关于英雄的传说有建立十二件大功的的故事和关于取金羊毛的___________的故事，希腊神话中的盗火给人类，被马克思称为“”。
18、古罗马喜剧家的普劳图斯的作品《》成为莎士比亚喜剧的题材来源，莫里哀也曾根据他的《一坛金子》写出了喜剧。
希腊罗马神话期末考试
Section1:T or FSection2:ChoiceSection3:Explain idioms•1、Pandora’s Box 灾难之盒含义:to open Pandora's box means to create evil that cannot be undone、来源:Pandora's box involves a mythological story in which the a box was given to a human who was warned never to open the box, but his curiosity made him open it resulting in a disaster、•2、The Horn of Amalthea丰饶角含义:A symbol of abundance and nourishment, commonly a large horn-shaped container overflowing with produce, flowers, nuts, other edibles, or wealth in some form、来源:One day, as Amalthea played with little Zeus, she accidentally broke off her horn、To make up for it and as a sign of gratitude, Zeus made the broken horn always be full of whatever its owner desired、•3、The Midas/Golden Touch点石成金含义:Ability to turn everything he touched into gold、if someone has the Midas touch, everything they do is successful and makes money for them来源:Midas’s job knew no bounds and as soon as he got home, he ordered the servants to set a splendid repast on the table、•4、A Procrustean Bed 强迫一致含义:When something is Procrustean, different lengths or sizes or properties are fitted to an arbitrary standard、来源: Procrustes was a rogue smith and bandit from Attica who physically attacked people by stretching them or cutting off their legs, so as to force them to fit the size of an iron bed、•5、Sow the Dragon Teeth挑起纠纷含义:The dragon's teeth, once planted, would grow into fully armed warriors、来源:In Greek myth, dragon’s teeth feature prominentl y in the legends of the Phoenician prince Cadmus and Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece、•6、Apple of Discord祸根含义: A euphemism for a small matter that could lead to a bigger dispute、来源:The Greek goddess of discord, Eris, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis、In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Kallisti(‘for the most beautiful one'), into the wedding party、Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite、Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient、He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War、•7、The Heel of Achilles唯一的弱点含义:A deadly weakness in spite of overall strength, that can actually or potentially leads to downfall来源:The mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, metaphorical references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common、Thetis treated Achilles with Ambrosia, making him invulnerable、Thetis burned away his mortality in the house fire except on the heel, with which he was held、Thetis dipped the infant Achilles in the river Styx, holding onto him by his heel、•8、Penelope’s Web永远做不完的工作含义:The tactics of delaying sth on purpose; the task that can never be finished来源:Penelope is the wife of Odysseus who was called to fight in the Trojan War、She waits twenty years for the final return of her husband 、In order to put off remarriage, She has devised tricks to delay her suitors, one of which is to pretend to be weaving a burial shroud for Odysseus's elderly father Laertes and claiming that she will choose a suitor when she has finished、Every night for three years, she undoes part of the shroud, until Melantho, one of twelve unfaithful serving women, discovers her chicanery and reveals it to the suitors、•9、Between Scylla and Charybdis进退维谷含义:Being between Scylla and Charybdis is an idiom expresses the meaning of "having to choose between two evils"、来源: Scylla was rationalized as a rock shoal (described as a six-headed sea monster) on the Italian side of the strait and Charybdis was a whirlpool off the coast of Sicily、They were regarded as a sea hazard located close enough to each other that they posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors; avoiding Charybdis meant passing too close to Scylla and vice versa、According to Homer, Odysseus was forced to choose which monster to confront while passing through the strait; he opted to pass by Scylla and lose only a few sailors, rather than risk the loss of his entire ship in the whirlpool、•10、Necklace of Harmonia不祥之物含义:Necklace of Harmonia brought great misfortune to all of its wearers or owners、来源:Aphrodite bore a daughter, Harmonia, from Ares' seed、Harmonia married Cadmus, the founder of Thebes、Upon hearing of the royal engagement, Hephaestus presented Harmonia with an exquisitenecklace as a wedding gift、The necklace was made by Hephaestus' own hand and was cursed to bring disaster to any who wore it、•13、A Sisyphean Task含义:Endlessly laborious or futile来源:Sisyphus was famed as the craftiest of men、He was condemned forever to roll a huge stone up a hill in Hades only to have it roll down again on nearing the top、•15、Give a cake to Cerberus含义:bribe来源:Cerberus is a watchdog at the gates of Tartarus、He would let the souls in but not out、However he could be bribed with a honey cake on occasion or with sweet music、Section4:Explain in English the meaning of following terms、15% (5)•1、Anthropomorphism神人同形同性In Greek myth, the gods and goddesses are not only personifications of the forces of the universe, they are seen as beings much like common men and women、The te rm for this is “Anthropomorphism”, meaning “in the form of a human being、”•2、The Five Ages of Men五个时代The Golden Age; the Silver Age; the Bronze Age; the Heroic Age; the Iron Age•3、Tartarus 地狱The deeper region, where the Titans had been imprisoned(Tartarus itself formed a dismal picture, it had gates of bronze guarded by Cerberus, surrounded by fire, encased by triple wall, and within, the wailing and cries of those being punished、It is the underworld zone of eternal torment, where the greatest sinners have been punished for their wrong doing、)•4、The Elysian Field 天堂领域The paradise for the Greeks•5、The Asphodel Field 充满游魂的地方A field inhabited by wandering souls•6、Styx 冥河A river in Hades across which Charon ferried the souls of the dead、•7、Hubris 过分骄傲Overbearing pride or presumption、•8、Satyr森林之神,好色的人Satyrs are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus 、In myths they are often associated with pipe-playing•9、Maenad 酒神的女祭司,异常激动的女人Often the maenads were portrayed as inspired by him into a state of ecstatic frenzy, through a combination of dancing and drunken intoxication、In this state, they would lose all self-control、•10、Narcissism 自恋Narcissus is a man who was renowned for his beauty、He was exceptionally proud, in that he disdained those who loved him、Nemesis saw this and attracted Narcissus to a pool where he saw his own reflection in the water and fell in love with it, not realizing it was merely an image、Unable to leave the beauty of his reflection, Narcissus died、•11、Harpy鹰身女妖Half woman, half bird ;vicious winged monster; often depicted as a bird with the head of a woman•12、Xenia好客Xenia is the Greek concept of hospitality, or generosity and courtesy shown to those who are far from home、•13、Dionysia 酒神节(in ancient Greece) festivals of the god Dionysus, an orgiastic festival in ancient Greece in honor of Dionysus•14、Aegis 羊皮盾(宙斯及其女儿雅典娜所持的帝盾)A shield hold by Athena、Under one’s aegis means doing something under the protection of a powerful, knowledgeable, or benevolent source、15、Metamorphosis 变形,变质A person or thing develops and changes into something completely different、( 变形a complete change of physical form or substance especially as by magic or witchcraft、)•16、Demigod 半人半神A less important god, especially one who is half god and half human、•17、Centaur 人首马身的动物,半人马A creature with the head, arms, and chest of a man, and the body and legs of a horse、( In classical mythology, a centaur is a creature with the head, arms, and body of a man, and the body and legs of a horse、)•18、The Deucalion FloodAphrodite's magic girdle was a golden girdle that caused men and gods to fall hopelessly in love with her、( Zeus visited Arcadia and Thessaly,and disliked the deadly wrongs of men .He decided to clear the earth of them all.Without hesitation he released the rainy south wind and called upon the heartless Poseidon to help.Soon the whole world sank in a vast ocean, and the entire human race disappeared in the unheard of flood,all but two poor Thessalians .)Section5:Essay questions 15 %( 3)•Unit 1: Examples of mythological accounts explaining the explainable、Uranus lay upon Gaia and made love to her without stop、(The interplay between rain and soil that makes plants come to life and grow、)Human Beings fashioned from clayGods and heroes descending into the Underground in the west and emerging in the East、( Sun rises in the East and sets in the West、)Persephone lived three months in the Underground with her husband and returned to live with her mother Demeter for the rest of year、(The return of spring after winter、)Eros, equipped with his sharp and blunt arrows, brings about many tragedies of human love、(Freud’s theory about love or sex as the most fundamental drive from humans、)•Unit 2: Similarities between “the first woman” i n the Greek(Pandora) and Christian creation myth(Eve)Eve was the instigator of tbe whole affair, for through her beauty and her wiles she seduced Adam to taste of the forbidden fruit、"Woman is like an apple, lovely without, rotten within、"Eve was lured by the snake、Pandora was driven by her curiosity、Their behaviors caused evil and plagues to human-beings、•Unit 3: Reasons that ancient Greeks tend to depict Zeus as a promiscuous man, an unfaithful husband?Zeus’ fatal Weaknesses: an uncontrollable lus t for sexual driveThis shows the anthropomorphism、The ancient emperors usually had many lovers, so the Greeks depict Zeus as a promiscuous man、This also shows the ancient Greeks’ imagination for a man、Reproduction is blessing、•Unit 4: Symbolic meaning of Olive Tree in the Greek story and Holy BibleWhen Poseidon and Athena disputed as to which of them should give the name to the capital of Attica, the gods decided, that it should receive its name from him who should bestow upon man the most useful gift、Poseidon then created the horse, and Athena called forth the olive tree, for which the honor was conferred on her、The olive branch in Bible appears in the story of Noah’s ark、When the water receded, a dove flied with an olive branch in its mouse、In the Greek story, Olive Tree means peace and wealth、In the Holy Bible , Olive Tree appeared after the flood ,so it represents peace、•Unit 5:•Differences between Athena and AresAres: thirst for the “hand to hand combat” and the “frenzy of battle and bloodshed”Athena: “war for the purposes of justice”, “peaceful settlements” "war at a distance", “strategic planning of war”•What are the distinctive features of Dionysus as a religious festival?The Dionysia was a large religious festival in ancient Athens in honor of Dionysus、The central event was the performance of tragedies and comedies、Dionysus was a god, mirroring the innate wildness of humanity which Athenians abhorred and tried to control、The Dionysia was a time to let out their inhibitions through highly emotional tragedies or irreverent comedies、People dressed like Satyrs and Maenads、Some men dressed as women and women as men、The Dionysia was also marked by an element of role-reversal and boundary-crossing: lower class citizens could mock the upper class; or women could insult their male relatives、•What are the Apollonian and Dionysian elements in music style and human psyche?•Unit 6•Interpretation of the Furies’, Apollo’s and Athena’s judgment on Orestes’ matricide、( See the scripts in PPT for Unit 6)Orestes is being hounded and terrorized by the Furies for the blood crime of matricide、Orestes killed his mother Clytemnestra, who murdered his father Agamemnon、(背景)Furies: holiness of motherhood, reminiscent of matriarchies; tribal laws = an eye for eyeApollo: laws of males-dominated societyAthena: representing the voice of womanhood to deny mother’s role as the creator、•In the tales of Callisto being transformed into a bear, and Acteon being transformed into a stag, what common theme does the “transformation” reveal?Ancient Greeks were sober and contemplative、They explore the mystery of human identify and human destiny、1) Transformation from human to non- human which indicates the loss of human identifies、2) Inescapable destiny of “the Hunter being hunted”•Unit 7•How do you interpret the landscape imagery in the story of Narcissus? (See PPT for session 7)Landscape imagery:"There was a clear fountain, with water like silver, to which the shepherds never drove their flocks、Nor did the mountain goats resort to it, nor any of the beasts of the forest; neither was it defaced with fallen leaves or branches; but the grass grew fresh around it, and the rocks sheltered it from the sun、His tears fell into the water and disturbed the image、The "stillness" of clear fountain suggests Narcissus' insusceptibility to the lust of the world、While his tears disturbed the image, his lust of eyes had "deflowered" him, taking away his virginity - a pure soul and a peaceful mind、•Interpretation of how Cupid (Eros) falls in love with Psyche、(See the scripts in PPT for unit 7)The erotic love (Eros) and the spiritual love (Psyche) belong together in an inseparable union、The symbol ic meaning of “the union of Cupid (Eros) and Psyche” is "animating spirit"、In Venus's garden there are two fountains: one with sweet water, the other one with bitter、Cupid fills two vases with each and then goes to Psyche's bedchamber where she is sleeping、Cupid proceeds to leta few drops from the bitter fountain water fall on her lips, then touches her side with his pointed arrow、Feeling the touch of the arrow, Psyche wakes up, opens her eyes, and seems to be gazing straight at Cupid who is invisible、This startles Cupid enough that he ends up wounding himself、Cupid immediately sets out to repair the damage he has done to Psyche, and pours a few drops of the sweet water in her hair、•Interpretation of ancient Greeks’ attitudes toward immortality in the love story of Tithonus and EosAncient Greeks against immortal youth、They thought that a man shouldn't desire in any way to vary from the kindly race of men, or pass beyond the goal of ordinance、•Unit 8&9• 1 Why is Perseus regarded as a perfect hero?Perseus was the most perfect Greek hero in myths、He was the only Greek hero who maintained supportive relationship with women throughout his career、In his pursuit of glory, he exhibited both courage and wisdom、In killing Medusa, he outwitted the monster by his shrewdness and tricks rather than mere courage and strength、He was favored by gods when he was alive and after his death, he was transformed into a constellation、• 2 What is Greeks’ conception of Hero as the story of Heracles/Jason reveals、Hercules is Greece's greatest heroes in myth, is the embodiment of strength, courage and wisdom、Jason :youthful confidence and the spirit of adventurecourage to come alone to capture a kingdomleader of a group of heroesvaliance to fight enormous evils and conquer monsterssuccess in accomplishing the impossible• 3 What is Greeks’ conception of destiny as the story of Oedipus reveals?It reflects the contradiction between human will and fate, hero of courage, integrity, kindness, courage to take responsibility、Highlight the complex relationship between necessity and contingency, the fate of the "uncertainty" and "frustrated"、Describes the fate predominates in Western myth point of view、The riddle of the Sphinx is a symbol of human self-understanding and self-discovery for the first time, began the era of human philosophy、It is also the ancient Greece formation of new moral concepts, expressing the painful memories of humanity from barbarism to civilization、•Unit 10• 1 Please interpret the bird imagery i n Odysseus’ speech树上坐着一窝小鸟,一窝嗷嗷待哺的麻雀,鸟巢筑在树端的枝桠上,叶片下,雏鸟嗦嗦发抖,一窝八只,连同生养它们的母亲,一共九只。
文学：古代希腊罗马文学考点(题库版)
文学：古代希腊罗马文学考点（题库版）1、单选贯穿希腊神话的基本思想是（）。
A、偶像崇拜B、命运观念C、人本主义D、现实主义正确答案：C2、单选维吉尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》被称为欧洲文学史上第一部（）。
A、英雄史诗（江南博哥）B、文人史诗C、民族史诗D、悲剧史诗正确答案：B3、单选在古希腊神话中，匠神的名字是（）。
A、得墨忒耳B、赫尔墨斯C、阿弗洛狄忒D、赫维斯托斯正确答案：D4、问答题比较《埃涅阿斯纪》与《荷马史诗》的异同。
正确答案：《埃涅阿斯纪》与《荷马史诗》有很多相似之处。
在结构布局上，《埃》分前后两部分，前半部分模仿《奥德修斯纪》写埃涅阿斯的流浪，后半部分模仿《伊利昂纪》写埃涅阿斯与图尔努斯之战。
在艺术手法上，《埃》也运用了大量的“荷马式”的比喻、重复、对比等手法。
但两者的区别也很大，《埃》更象是一首民族史诗，有着成熟的思想和更沉重的历史感，《埃》更充满悲天悯人的忧郁情调，是第一部“文人史诗”。
《埃》具有鲜明的罗马文学特色。
主人公除了勇敢、刚毅之外，还具有敬神、爱国、仁爱、公正等品德，且政治目的性强，为了国家，历经千辛万苦，能克制个人情感，表现出较强的理性意识、集体意识、责任观念和自我牺牲精神，这与个体意识很强的荷马史诗不同。
艺术上，《埃》没有荷马史诗的自然质朴的特点，缺少口头文学的活力，它的风格哀婉严肃，格律严整，在心理描写上超过荷马史诗。
5、单选希腊神话中，取金羊毛的英雄是（）。
A．赫拉克勒斯B．伊阿宋C．狄俄尼索斯D．忒修斯正确答案：B6、名词解释斯芬克斯之谜正确答案：出自古希腊神话。
传说斯芬克斯是希腊神话中带着翅膀的狮身人面女妖。
赫拉派她到忒拜，给忒拜人出了一个谜，谜面是：什么动物早晨用4只脚，中午用两只脚，晚上用3只脚走路？脚最多的时候，正是他走路最慢，体力最弱的时候？忒拜人解不开这个谜语。
谁猜错了，她就把谁吃掉，俄狄浦斯揭开她的谜底是人，她因羞愧投崖而死。
斯芬克斯这个名字常用来比喻难以猜度、让人捉摸不透的人或事物。
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1.An Apple of Discord争斗之源；不和之因；祸根An Apple of Discord直译为“纠纷的苹果”，出自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事传说希腊阿耳戈英雄(Argonaut)珀琉斯(Peleus)和爱琴海海神涅柔斯的女儿西蒂斯(Thetis)在珀利翁山举行婚礼，大摆宴席。
他们邀请了奥林匹斯上(Olympus)的诸神参加喜筵，不知是有意还是无心，惟独没有邀请掌管争执的女神厄里斯(Eris)。
这位女神恼羞成怒，决定在这次喜筵上制造不和。
于是，她不请自来，并悄悄在筵席上放了一个金苹果，上面镌刻着“属于最美者”几个字。
天后赫拉(Hera)，智慧女神雅典娜(Athena)、爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂(Aphrodite)，都自以为最美，应得金苹果，获得“最美者”称号。
她们争执不下，闹到众神之父宙斯(Zeus)那里，但宙斯碍于难言之隐，不愿偏袒任何一方，就要她们去找特洛伊的王子帕里斯(Paris)评判。
三位女神为了获得金苹果，都各自私许帕里斯以某种好处：赫拉许给他以广袤国土和掌握富饶财宝的权利，雅典娜许以文武全才和胜利的荣誉，阿芙罗狄蒂则许他成为世界上最美艳女子的丈夫。
年青的帕里斯在富贵、荣誉和美女之间选择了后者，便把金苹果判给爱与美之神。
为此，赫拉和雅典娜怀恨帕里斯，连带也憎恨整个特洛伊人。
后来阿芙罗狄蒂为了履行诺言，帮助帕里斯拐走了斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯的王后---绝世美女海伦(Helen)，从而引起了历时10年的特洛伊战争。
不和女神厄里斯丢下的那个苹果，不仅成了天上3位女神之间不和的根源，而且也成为了人间2个民族之间战争的起因。
因此，在英语中产生了an apple of discord这个成语，常用来比喻any subject of disagreement and contention;the root of the trouble;dispute等意义这个成语最初为公元2世纪时的古罗马历史学家马克?朱里?尤斯丁(Marcus Juninus Justinus)所使用，后来广泛的流传到欧洲许多语言中去，成为了一个国际性成语。
eg: He throwing us an apple of discord,we soon quarrelled again.The dispute about inheriting estate formed an apple of discord between them.This problem seems to be an apple of discord between the Soviet union and the USA.2.The Heel of Achilles 亦作The Achilles’ Heel唯一弱点；薄弱环节；要害The Heel of Achilles直译是“阿基里斯的脚踵”，是个在欧洲广泛流行的国际性成语。
它源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。
阿基里斯是希腊联军里最英勇善战的骁将，也是荷马史诗Iliad里的主要人物之一。
传说他是希腊密耳弥多涅斯人的国王珀琉斯和海神的女儿西蒂斯所生的儿子。
阿基里斯瓜瓜坠地以后，母亲想使儿子健壮永生，把他放在火里锻炼，又捏着他的脚踵倒浸在冥河(Styx)圣水里浸泡。
因此阿基里斯浑身象钢筋铁骨，刀枪不入，只有脚踵部位被母亲的手捏住，没有沾到冥河圣水，成为他的唯一要害。
在特洛伊战争中，阿基里斯骁勇无敌，所向披靡，杀死了特洛伊主将，著名英雄赫克托耳(Hector)，而特洛伊的任何武器都无法伤害他的身躯。
后来，太阳神阿波罗(Apollo)把阿基里斯的弱点告诉了特洛伊王子帕里斯，阿基里斯终于被帕里斯诱到城门口，用暗箭射中他的脚踵，负伤而死。
因此，the heel of Achilles,也称the Achilles’ heel，常用以表示a weak point in something that is otherwise without fault;the weakest spot等意思。
eg:The shortage of fortitude is his heel of Achilles.His Achilles’ heel was his pride--he would get very angry if anyone criticized his work.3.Helen of Troy3.Helen of Troy 直译"特洛伊的海伦"，源自源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。
Helen是希腊的绝世佳人，美艳无比，嫁给希腊南部邦城斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯(Menelaus)为妻。
后来，特洛伊王子帕里斯奉命出事希腊，在斯巴达国王那里做客，他在爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂的帮助下，趁着墨涅俄斯外出之际，诱走海伦，还带走了很多财宝此事激起了希腊各部族的公愤，墨涅俄斯发誓说，宁死也要夺回海轮，报仇雪恨。
为此，在希腊各城邦英雄的赞助下，调集十万大军和1180条战船，组成了希腊联军，公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷门农(Agamemnon)为联军统帅，浩浩荡荡，跨海东征，攻打特洛伊城，企图用武力夺回海轮。
双方大战10年，死伤无数，许多英雄战死在沙场。
甚至连奥林匹斯山的众神也分成2个阵营，有些支持希腊人，有些帮助特洛伊人，，彼此展开了一场持久的恶斗。
最后希腊联军采用足智多谋的奥德修斯(Odusseus)的“木马计”，里应外合才攻陷了特洛伊。
希腊人进城后，大肆杀戮，帕里斯王子也被杀死，特洛伊的妇女、儿童全部沦为奴隶。
特洛伊城被掠夺一空，烧成了一片灰烬。
战争结实后，希腊将士带着大量战利品回到希腊，墨涅俄斯抢回了美貌的海轮重返故土。
这就是特洛伊战争的起因和结局。
正是由于海轮，使特洛伊遭到毁灭的悲剧，真所谓“倾国倾城”，由此产生了Helen of Troy这个成语。
特洛伊战争的真实性，已为19世纪德国考古学家谢里曼在迈锡尼发掘和考证古代特洛伊古城废墟所证实。
至于特洛伊城被毁的真正原因，虽然众说纷纭，但肯定决不是为了一个美女而爆发这场战争的，与其说是为了争夺海轮而打了起来，毋宁说是为了争夺该地区的商业霸权和抢劫财宝而引起战争的。
所谓“特洛伊的海伦”，实质上是财富和商业霸权的化身。
中国历史上也有过“妲己亡商”，“西施沼吴”等传说，以及唐明皇因宠杨贵妃而招致“安史之乱”，吴三桂“冲冠一怒为红颜”等说法。
汉语中有个“倾国倾城”的成语(语出《汉书?外戚传》：’一顾倾人城，再顾倾人国’。
)这里的“倾”字一语双光，既可指美艳非凡，令人倾倒；也可纸倾覆邦国。
其含义与Helen of troy十分近似。
在现代英语中，Helen of Troy这个成语，除了表示a beautiful girl or woman;a beauty who ruins her country 等意义外，还可以用来表示a terrible disaster brought by sb or sth you like best的意思。
eg:It is unfair that historians always attribute the fall of kingdoms to Helen of Troy.She didn’t think of the beautiful umbrella bought the day before should become a Helen of Troy in her family.Beca use of this she and her husband quarreled for a long time4.The Trojan Horse木马计；暗藏的危险；奸细The Trojan Horse直译"特洛伊木马"，是个国际性成语，在世界各主要语言中都有。
来自拉丁语equns Trojanus.这个成语甚至还进入到汉语词汇中，**同志在《矛盾论》中，谈到《水浒传》中宋江三打祝家庄时，就用了“木马计”这个典故。
这个成语出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》。
希腊人和特洛伊人交战10年之久，胜负未决。
最后，希腊著名的英雄奥德修斯(Odusseus)想出了一个木马计，用木头做了一匹巨马，放在特洛伊城外。
全体希腊将士伪装撤退，乘船隐藏在附近的海湾里，而奥德修斯率领20名勇士事先藏进妈肚。
特洛伊人误认为希腊人已经败退，大开城门，看到城外的巨大木马，以为这是希腊人敬神的礼物，就把它当作战利品拖进城来，大摆宴席，欢庆胜利。
到了半夜，特洛伊人好梦正在酣，毫无戒备的时候，藏在木马里的希腊英雄们都爬了出来，打开城门，发出信号，与附近海湾里返回的希腊大军里应外合，一举摧毁了特洛伊城。
因此，The Trojan Horse经过不断引用而成为一个广泛流传的成语，常用来比喻the hidden danger;the covert wreckers(内奸);to engage in underhand activities等的意义。
eg:The superpowers are always sending the Trojan horses to many countries in the world.They are defeated only because of the Trojan horse in their country.5.Greek Gift(s)阴谋害人的礼物；黄鼠狼拜年，不安好心Greek Gift(s)直译是“希腊人的礼物”，出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》以及古罗马杰出诗人维吉尔(Publius Virgilius Maro,公元前70-前19年)的史诗《伊尼特》(Aeneis)中关于特洛伊城陷落经过的叙述。
据《奥德赛》卷8记述：许多特洛伊人对如何处置希腊人留下的大木马展开了辩论，“他们有三种主张：有的主张用无情的铜矛刺透中空的木马；有的主张把它仍到岩石上；有的主张让它留在那里作为京观，来使天神喜悦”。
结果是后一说占优势，把那匹木马拖进城里来，终于遭到了亡国之灾。
维吉尔的史诗《伊尼特》，写的是特洛伊被希腊攻陷后，王子伊尼斯从混乱中携家属出走，经由西西里、迦太基到达意大利，在各地漂泊流亡的情况。
史诗第2卷便是伊尼斯关于特洛伊城陷落经过的叙述，其中情节除了模拟荷马史诗的描述外，还做了更详细的补充。
当特洛伊人要把大木马拖进城的时候，祭司拉奥孔(Laocoon)劝说不要接受希腊人留下的东西。
他说：“我怕希腊人，即使他们来送礼”这句话后来成了一句拉丁谚语：“Timeo Danaos,et dona ferenteso."(原文的达奈人Danaos，即泛指希腊各部族人)译成英语就是：I fear the Greeks ,even when bringing gifts.其简化形式就是Greek Gifts.可惜特洛伊人不听拉奥孔的警告，把木马作为战利品拖进城里。