2018届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解A篇--学生版(已校对)

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上海市四区2018届高三英语4月质量调研测试(二模)试题--含答案

长宁、宝山、嘉定、青浦四区2018年高三年级质量调研测试（二模）英语试卷第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At home. B. In his office.C. At school.D. In the meeting room.2. A. Boss and secretary. B. Brother and sister.C. Teacher and student.D. Customer and shop assistant.3. A. The man needs to be up all night. B.It’s wise of the man to study English.C. The man should get some sleep.D. It’s easy for the man to stay up late.4. A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Six.5. A. She used to be healthier. B. Jogging does do good to her.C. She didn’t like exercise before.D. Jogging is never part of her life.6. A. The woman is willing to teach the man to use the machine.B. The man doesn’t want to be bothered by the woman.C. The clerk should have made more copies.D. The clerk won’t come back to make any copies.7. A. He likes to eat Italian food. B. He wishes to pay the bill.C. He wants to be treated there.D. He intends to prepare lunch.8. A. She is studying French in Canada. B. She stayed in Canada for two weeks.C. She is planning to return to Canada.D. She spent the Spring Festival in Canada.9. A. He prefers yellow to brown. B. He doesn’t like either of the colours.C. He chooses both yellow and brown.D. He doesn’t care much about colo ur.10. A. His wife often complains about everything.B. He didn’t want to cut his wife’s long hair.C. His wife didn’t take his sensible advice.D. He really likes his wife’s new hairstyle.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passage. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. They wanted him to support the family by selling books.B. They thought him unable to earn enough money as a painter.C. They expected him to take over their business as a bookseller.D. They found him unfit to be a painter due to his personality.12. A. Morse got the inspiration from electricity.B. People were generous to Morse for his paintings.C. Longer codes were used for common letters in telegraph.D. Messages often failed to reach their destinations in the 1800s.13. A. A way of conveying messages. B. The main functions of telegraph.C. A brief introduction of Morse.D. The symbols of Morse code.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Endurance. B. Exhausted. C. Survivor. D.That’ll teach ’em.15. A. It aims at making money. B. It gets adults involved.C. It is unpleasant.D. It is educational.16. A. They are extremely dangerous. B. They are over commercial.C. They are entirely fictional.D. They are quite popular.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations willbe read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)About dancing bearsYoung bears are captured in the wild, separated from their mothers, and taught by a trainer to become dancing bears in conditions of unimaginable cruelty.The young animals are forced on to sheets of really hot metal and, (25) ______ (escape) the pain, the bears alternate lifting up one paw (爪子) and then another while music is played. The process is repeated again and again (26) ______ the animals automatically begin to raise their paws – to “dance”– in fear of the pain, even when there are no metal sheets.As the bears get older, the trainers keep them under control by imposing pain. They do this by putting rings through the bears’ highly sensitive noses and jaws. The pitiful truth is (27) ______ they are not put to sleep for this painful process. Chains (28) ______ (attach) to the rings so the trainers can control the a nimals, (29) ______ weigh up to 350 kilograms, with only a slight pull on the chains.The bears’ nails are cut several times a year and their teeth broken or removed in order that they cannot get their trainers (30) ______ (injure). The bears also suffer with an inadequate diet usually (31) ______ (consist) of white bread, sugar and cheap fruit juices. All these cause the bears serious physical health problems (32) ______ ______ many of them display strange behavior such as swaying (摇摆) and pacing as they cannot follow natural behavioral patterns and instincts.(B)The Power of GoodIt was Mother’s Day morning last year and I was shopping at our local supermarket with my five-year-old son, Tenyson. As we were leaving, we realised that only minutes (33) ______ (early) an elderly woman had fallen and hurt (34) ______ badly. She was embarrassed and clearly in shock. Fortunately, her husband was with her and many people had stopped to help out. Walking towards the scene, Tenyson became very upset about (35) ______ had happened to the elderly couple. He said to me, “(36) ______ (fall) over in front of everyone isn’t much fun.”Near the entrance of the supermarket, a charity group had set up a stall selling flowers. Tenyson suggested that we should buy the lady a flower. “It will make her feel better,” he said. I was amazed that he would have this sweet idea, so I asked the flower seller if I (37) _____ buy a flower for the elderly lady because my son wanted to give it to her to cheer her up. “Just take it,” she replied. “I can’t take your money for such wonderful gesture.”By then a nurse (38) ______ (arrive), and was attending to the woman. As we walked up to her, Tenyson became frightened by all the blood and medical equipment. Instead I gave (39) ______ flower to the woman’s husband. The old man thanked us both, then bent down and gave it to his wife, telling her who it was (40) ______. Despite being badly hurt and shaken, the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Ecotours are unique adventures that join nature and sightseeing into one exciting package. Learning about the environment and the world around us is the 41 of an ecotour because you get to experience the natural world firsthand. A great way for students studying biology and environmental sciences to experience 42 life and nature is to take your own ecotour! Orlando airboat rides can give you an experience to remember and can be a fun and 43 way to learn more about the Florida environment.Ecotours involve travelling to a natural envir onment where you are guided by a(n) 44helping you learn about the surrounding environment and extend your environmental education. This can include learning how the plants and animals on your Orlando airboat rides 45 from each other, or you can be simply becoming more aware of preservation efforts towards the Everglades, the largest wetland in North America.Orlando airboat rides can help you learn about Florida history, observe alligators(短吻鳄) and other wildlife, and experience the 46 nature of the muddy wilderness. Taking an ecotour can help you become more aware of your environment and further instruct you on the impact we have on the environment. Our goal is to help you understand the Everglades and how important it is to 47 the wetland.Wild Florida provides the perfect opportunity for a school trip that satisfies those 48 with learning more about environmental sciences, or to those just curious about the Everglades. Hands-on and active learning on an airboat ride is often a more exciting and adventurous 49 to sitting in a classroom, so why not plan your ecotrip with Wild Florida?Wild Florida is reputable for 50 in creating an exciting and unique ecotour that’s fun for everyone in your family! You will be flying through the muddy Everglades in our airboat rides while observing and learning about alligators, bald birds, the history of the Everglades, and so much more. Book your Orlando airboat rides today by calling us at 407-901-2563 to experience a one-of-a-kind ecotour that you won’t soon forget.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Over the last 15 years, digital communication has brought in more changes than the printing press did in 1570. And those most likely to use them in this world are teenagers, whose brains appear to have an extraordinary volume to adapt to the world around them, according to Dr Jay Giedd, a(n) 51brain expert.We are now discovering that, as a species, our brains during the teenage years are stillflexible and capable of 52 . Having a more flexible brain, 53 , means that certain parts of it, such as desire control and the ability to make long-term decisions, haven’t developed yet, which may also explain why we spend a(n) 54 period living under the protection of our parents rather than leaving home at the age of 12 or 13. This also means that the teenage brain can adapt to new technology, enabling teenagers to 55 the increasing pace of digital technology and giving them an advantage when it comes to multitasking.In the USA, on average teenagers spend 8.5 hours a day using computers, mobiles, and other devices to learn, interact, and play. T his increases to 11.5 hours if you includea l l o f t h e56 that goes on, such as talking on the phone while watching TV. As they stare at these screens, they’re taking in and sorting through an incredible amount of information.There are 57 about how social media is affecting the way the brain learns to 58 , as one of the most important skills that we learn as children is how to make friends and interact with people around us. Geidd says that a lot of what goes on inside our brains is social. Social interactions are now being 59 by technology –you could have hundreds of friends, all of whom are real people that you in teract with and scientists aren’t sure whether we’ll be able to develop the same 60 using social media.There is a(n) 61 of the growing digital trend: YouTube shows the teenagers all over the world are watching the same videos and laughing at the same jokes, indicating that they are more62 than teenagers in the past. They may be keen on 63 their friends and posting updates on social media sites, but teenagers today are probably going to have access t o technology and 64social and educational opportunities that anyone with a less flexible brain may have trouble imagining. Nevertheless, there is a cut-off point, and by the age of 30, our brains in their ways, making it more65 for us to adapt and cope with new technologies.51. A. digital B. adolescent C. surgical D. artificial52. A. functioning B. noticing C. adjusting D. deciding53. A. however B. therefore C. otherwise D. instead54. A. natural B. glorious C. limited D. extended55. A. keep up with B. come up with C. put up with D. end up with56. A. gossiping B. multitasking C. interacting D. playing57. A. reports B. curiosities C. concerns D. talks58. A. memorize B. sort C. imagine D. socialize59. A. changed B. controlled C. troubled D. interrupted60. A. trends B. attitudes C. societies D. skills61. A. advantage B. distraction C. indication D. history62. A. absent-minded B. global-minded C. quick-minded D. serious-minded63. A. accessing B. texting C. discovering D. watching64. A. on the whole B. as a result C. in other words D. by all means65. A. flexible B. important C. difficult D. incredibleSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Sebastian Faulks has written many novels, including Devil May Care, the latest James Bond book. This cutting comes from a very different kind of novel called Charlotte Gray. The setting is a transit (中转) camp near Paris during the Second World War, where a group of people, including two small children, Andre and Jacob, await transport to take them to a concentration camp outside France. Although these people –the ‘deportees’ of the cutting – are not fully aware of this, they face certain death.The Last NightAndre was lying on the floor when a man came with postcards on which the deportees might write a final message. He advised them to leave them at the station or throw them from the train as camp orders forbade access to the post. Two or three pencils that had survived the camps search were passed round among the people in the room. Some wrote with weeping passion, some with great care, as though their safety, or at least the way in which they were remembered, depended upon their choice of words.A woman came with a sandwich for each child to take on the journey. She also had a bucket of water, round which they gathered, holding out food cans they passed from one to another. One of the older boys hugged her in his gratitude, but the bucket was soon empty. When she was gone, there were only the small hours of the night to go through. Andre was lying on the straw, and Jacob leaned close to him for warmth.Five buses had come in through the main entrance, and now stood trembling in the corner of the yard. At a long table … the commandant of the camp himself sat with a list of names that another policeman was calling out in alphabetical order. Andre heard his name and moved with Jacob towards the bus. From the other side of the courtyard, from windows open on the dawn, a shower of food was thrown towards them by women crying and calling out their names.Andre looked up, and in a chance angle of light he saw a woman’s face in which the eyes were fixed with terrible fierceness on a child beside him. Why did she stare as though she hated him? Then it came to Andre that she was not looking in hatred, but had kept her eyes so intensely open in order to fix the picture of her child in her mind. She was looking to remember, for ever. …66. What can we learn from the first part of the passage?A. The background and the situation of World War II.B. The transit camp and the transportation in Paris.C. The author, the setting and the main characters.D. The main idea and the names on the list.67. Which of the following is true about the things going on in the transit camp?A. The deportees were eager to leave their final messages.B. A humble breakfast was served to children late that morning.C. Andre happened to witness the deportees’ routine camp life.D. The camp commandant stood by a long table calling the roll.68. The woman stared at her child fiercely probably because ______.A. she found her child was trembling and crying for foodB. she thought she would never see her child any moreC. she was filled with an attempt to escape from deathD. she was driven mad by the life in the transit camp69. The author told the story in a(n) ______ tone.A. casualB. desperateC. hatredD. innocent(B)What we doEFP Courses provide courses in English language and Britishculture. Our courses are aimed at students aged between 12 and17 who are at pre-intermediate level or above in English. Thecourses are held in Guildford, a historic town near London.Typical structure of a one-week courseup to 25 hours of English run by native speakers, qualified in teaching English as a foreign language and specialist drama teachers2 full-day sightseeing trips to London and Oxford (at weekends)full board (全食宿) with local, English-speaking familiesWhen we run the coursesEFP courses can be organized only during B ritish state school terms. For this academic year, courses can be booked between now and 23 May and between 30 May and 30 June. We welcome you to book from 3 September 2016 to 25 October 2016 and from 31 October to 20 December 2016.Why choose EFP coursesin addition to our standard English classes, we also run drama and expression English classes, taught by specialist drama teacherswe expose our students to British culture for the entire length of the coursewe tailor courses to each group’s needs, creating a unique experience for our students.Note that any changes to our courses are made within reason and only if all participants from a group share the same language level. Please see further details on our website.Length of a courseEFP courses run for either one or two weeks depending on the specific requirements for your group.How to applyPlease register your interest by sending an email to info@. Bycontacting us before you make any travel arrangements you ensure that we can put your group up on the dates that you require. For more details, please visit .See you in Guildford soon!70. What does the leaflet tell us about EFP courses?A.Their target students are teenagers of all English levels.B. They are available on the school campuses in London and Oxford.C. Every individual participant is supplied with tailored language support.D. They involve students in British culture activities during the whole course.71. Suppose you are to take EFP courses this academic year, you can ______.A. hand in an application by visiting their websiteB. enjoy a special series of lessons for a whole school termC. experience English dramas with English-speaking familiesD. make a reservation from October 31 to December 2072. The purpose of this writing is to ______.A. attract qualified teachers to EFP coursesB. demonstrate the popularity of EFP coursesC. offer group students access to EFP coursesD. illustrate the importance of EFP courses(C)Lindsay Renwick, the mayor of Deniliquin, a country town in New South Wales, misses the constant whir (嗡嗡声) of the rice mill whose giant fans dried the rice. The Deniliquin mill, the largest rice mill in the Southern Hemisphere(南半球), once processed enough grain to meet the needs of 20 million people globally. But six years of drought have had a destructiv e effect, reducing Australia’s rice crop by 98 percent and leading to the mothballing of the mill last December.Drought affects every agriculture industry based in Australia, not just rice – from sheep farming, the country’s other backbone, to the cultiv ation of grapes for wine, the fastest-growing crop there, with that expansion often coming at the expense of rice. The drought’s effect on rice has produced the greatest impact on the rest of the world, so far. It is one factor contributing to skyrocketing prices, and many scientists believe it is among the earliest signs that a warming planet is starting to affect food production.Researchers are looking for solutions to global rice shortages – for example, rice that blooms earlier in the day, when it is cooler, to fight against global warming. Rice plants that happen to bloom on hot days are less likely to produce grains of rice, a difficulty that is already starting to emerge in inland areas of China and other Asian countries as temperatures begin to cli mb. “There will be problems very soon unless we have new varieties of rice in place,” said Reiner Wassmann, climate change director at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The recent reports on climate change carried a warning that could make the news even worse: that existing models for the effects of climate change on agriculture did not yet include newer findings that global warming could reduce rainfall and make it more variable.Yet the effects of climate change are not uniformly bad for rice. Rising concentrations(浓度) of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, can actually help rice – although the effect reduces or disappears if the plants face unnecessary heat, inadequate water, severe pollution or other stresses. Still, the flexibility of farmers here has persuaded some climate experts that, particularly in developed countries, the effects of climate change may be relieved, if not completely avoided. “I’m not as negative as most people,” s aid Will Steffen, director of the Fenner School of Environment and Society at Australian National University. “Farmers are learning how to do things differently.”Meanwhile, changes like the use of water to grow wine grapes instead of rice carry their own costs, as the developing world is discovering. “Rice is an essential food,” said Graeme Haley, the general manager of the town of Deniliquin. “Wine is not.”73. By “the mothballing of the mill” (in Paragraph 1) the author most probably means themill is ______.A. kept unprocessedB. left unusedC. being entirely restoredD. being pushed round74. To find the ways to cope with the global rice shortage, researchers are ______.A. seeking new types of rice which could bloom at a lower temperatureB. building greenhouses which could provide more heat for rice to growC. studying climate changes in China which may affect rice growing in AsiaD. looking for alternative agriculture industries which may take the place of rice75. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. Rice plants are fond of higher temperature in the process of growing.B. Global warming has shown few signs of influence on agriculture.C. Rice prices are rising steadily owing to the crop failure in Australia.D. Global warming may contribute to more complicated weather conditions.76. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. Australia is the largest rice producing country around the worldB. most people look on the bright side of the flexibility of farmersC. climate changes have simply brought negative effects to people’s livesD. wine grape cultivation has threatened the rice production in Australia77. Which of the following best serves as the title of the passage?A. Rice shortage and wine boomB. Drought, the enemy of rice productionC. Rice crisis and its solutionD. Rice issue, a focus of the public attentionSection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.What colour is it today? What shape is that smell? What does that pain sound like? These questions might seem like nonsense, but four people in 100 might think they make perfect sense. That four percent have synesthesia, and they naturally experience certain sensestogether. One form of this is pairing numbers or letters with a fixed colour –a blue “1” or a red “D.” Other synesthetes, people with synesthesia, may think the word “hurricane” tastes salty. Yet others with “mirror-touch synesthesia” see someone hit on the head and also feel the hit themselves.Synesthesia is not completely understood though it is in our genes. The white matter (脑白质) of synesthetes is organized differently from that of people without synesthesia, which may account for the differences in perception(感知). Synesthesia is widely accepted and researched today, but that hasn’t always been true. Though it caught scient ific interest in the late 1800s, it was later rejected as a self-created way of thinking. But as people have become more fascinated by the differences in individual perception, a focus on synesthesia has been renewed. At the present time, scientists in various fields are examining the phenomenon.As scientists continue to study synesthesia, certain advantages have been noticed. Studies show that the sensation connections that synesthetes experience aid them in abilities related to memory. Researchers believe that this advantage may help stop the loss of cognitive (认知) function in the elderly. This aspect of synesthesia could even help patients recover from brain injuries. Synesthetes also tend to be artists, singers Pharrell Williams and Lady Gaga being som e famous examples. Most likely, synesthesia doesn’t give artistic sensitivity, but it’s understandable that seeing colours in music, for instance, could inspire art.Strong drugs and increasing blindness have been known to cause synesthesia, but these are not good options for obvious reasons. One recent emphasis of the study of synesthesia is to determine whether non-synesthetes can acquire it. For now, the University of East London is training adults to establish letter-colour connections for memory improvement to some effect. It may not be long before words taste like our favourite foods and our favourite songs look like fireworks.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)78. According to the passage synesthetes are those __________________.79. Why do synesthetes have sensation connections while the others don’t?80. What groups of people might profit from synesthesia according to the third paragraph?81. Scientists are training adults to establish letter-colour connections to prove thepossibility that __________________.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 自上周起，孩子们就兴奋地聊着出游的打算了。

2018年上海静安区高三二模英语试卷-学生用卷

2018年上海静安区高三二模英语试卷-学生用卷一、综合填空（共10小题，每题1分，满分10分）1、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模第21~30题Uhoh, the new year's just begun and already you're finding it hard to keep those resolutions to junk the junk food, get off the couch or kick smoking. There's a biological reason why a lot of our bad habits are so hard to break-they get1（wire） into our brains."Why are bad habits stronger? You're fighting against the power of an immediate reward." Says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and an authority on the brain's pleasure pathway."We all as creatures are behaving that way, to give greater value to an immediate reward as opposed to2is delayed, " Volkow says.How this bit of happiness turns into a habit involves a pleasuresensing chemical named dopamine. It causes the brain3（pursue） that reward again and again strengthening the connection each time-especially when it gets the right hint from your environment.People tend to overestimate their ability to resist temptations around them,thus4（destroy） attempts to give up bad habits. Even scientists who recognize it5show weakness. "I know popcorn is not healthy. But every time I go to the cinema, I have to eat it, " Volkow says. "It's fascinating."A movement to pay people for behavior changes may exploit that connection, as some companies offer employees outright payments for insurance for adopting better habits.6well paying for behavior plays out, researchers say there are still some steps that may help fight your brain's hold7newly-established habits.Repeat, repeat, repeat the new behavior-the same routine at the same time of day. You decide to exercise. Doing it at the same time of the morning, rather than fitting it incasually,8（make） the striatum （终脑皮层） recognize the habit. Therefore, if you don't keep doing it, you will feel frustrated.Exercise itself raises dopamine levels, so eventually your brain will get a feel-goodhit9your muscles protest.Besides, try to reward yourself with10that you really desire. For instance, if you exercise all week or stick to your diet, you could try a fancy restaurant-safer perhaps than a box of cookies because the price inhibits the quantity.二、选词填空（共10小题，每题1分，满分10分）2、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模第31~40题As the increased amount of carton dioxide in the atmosphere, heat stress, longer droughts （干旱）, and more intense rainfalls linked to global warming continue to upset our daily weather, we often forget they also1the quantity, quality, and growing locations of our food. Many foods have already2top spots on the world's "endangered foods" list, indicating their possibility to become scarce within the next 30 years.To start with what is3in many people's lives, we are disappointed to find that coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii are all being threatened by rising air temperatures and erratic （不稳定的） rainfall patterns, which invite disease and invasive speciesto4the coffee plant and beans. The result? Significant cuts in coffee output.And Coffee's culinary cousin, cacao （aka chocolate）, is also suffering stress from global warming's rising temperatures. But for chocolate, it isn't the warmer climate alone that's the problem. Cacao trees actually prefer warmer climates as long as that warmth is paired with high humidityand5rain. However, the problem is that the higher temperatures projected for the world's leading chocolate-producing countries are not expected to be6by an increase in rainfall. Therefore as higher temperatures take more moisture from soil and plants, it's unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to make up for this loss.A notably nutritious plant, the peanut grows best when it gets five months of continuous warm weather and 20 to 40 inches of rain. Anything less and plants won't survive. That isn't good news when most climate models agree that the climate of the future will be one ofthe7including droughts and heatwaves.The world has already caught a glimpse of the peanut's future fate when last year a serious drought across the peanut-growing. Southeastern U.S. led many plants to die. According to a financial report, the dry8caused peanut prices to rise by as much as 40 percent!Finally, in the world of sea, as air temperatures rise, oceans and waterways absorb some of the heat and undergo warming of their own. The result is the9in fish population. Wanner waters also encourage vicious marine bacteria, like Vibrio, to grow and cause illness in humans.And that satisfying "crack" you get when eating crab （蟹） couldbe10as shellfish struggle to build their calcium carbonate （碳酸钙） shells, a result of ocean acidification.A. necessaryB. infectC. extremesD. refreshedE. spellsF. impactG. accompaniedH. sufficientI. shrinkJ. silencedK. earned三、完形填空（共15小题，每题1分，满分15分）3、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模第41~55题"Don't get sick in July!"This is a common concern in teaching hospitals in the U.S. It's driven by the academic calendar: July is when the new interns, fresh out of medical school, start work. In other words, it's when everyone is most1. The theory is that this disadvantage leads to mistakes.So is medical experience good or bad? Well, in most cases, your doctor's experience is very helpful, allowing her to pick up on a（n）2symptom early in a disease process, when machines still can't take a hand. She can also determine the right treatment when your condition falls outside of what is in the3, where newbies get most of their ideas. For many medical treatment, there's a direct connection between physician experience and your treating outcome.In a variety of situation? though, experience can backfire. The reason issimple4. Doctors are humans too andthey5tricks of the mind-like believing that an ineffective treatment really works. In fact, entire fields of research are devoted to understanding why these errors of thought occur. They6from so-called cognitive prejudice that can misleadeven7practitioners into making the wrong decisions.Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis early and disregard newand8information. For example, a patient may be diagnosed with a quickly fatal cancer, but then ends up trying various herbal remedies and lives for 30 more years. Instead ofanalyzing the9diagnosis, the patient, and maybe even the doctor, may assume that the herbal remedies cured the cancer.Also, some experienced doctors tend to believe evidence when it supports their previous opinion while subconsciously ignoring information opposing it. Let's say your doctor is pretty certain you have ill digestion and orders a test to10the suspicion, which produces negative result. But she treats you for ill digestion anyway because she was11with the prior diagnosis by experience.In fact, there are clearly many benefits to having a highly experienced doctor, such as technical proficiency. But there may actually be some unexpected benefits to having a less-experienced one too. She may have a more up-to-date education, boundless energy and perhaps is less vulnerable to biases, freed from the same12for years.To safeguard yourself as a patient, one thing you should always do is13. It may not always be possible to determine that your doctor has met with ah unconsciousthinking14. But asking questions does force your doctor to think twiceand15her decision about your case.A. innocentB. productiveC. inexperiencedD. prohibitedA. slightB. objectiveC. complexD. sustainableA. psychologyB. traditionC. realityD. textbookA. psychologyB. educationC. procedureD. priorityA. take advantage ofB. make sense ofC. fall victim toD. play fire withA. springB. departC. benefitD. distinguishA. highly-motivateB. well-seasonedC. deeply-offendedD. wide-eyedA. moderateB. visibleC. conflictingD. permanentA. initialB. toughC. multipleD. privateA. evaluateB. operateC. confirmD. reviseA. preoccupiedB. labelledC. associatedD. concernedA. professional circleB. thinking patternC. academic backgroundD. operating orderA. investigatingB. questioningC. monitoringD. observingA. obstacleB. trapC. horizonD. struggleA. practiceB. accommodateC. justifyD. remove四、阅读理解（共11小题，每题2分，满分22分）4、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模（A篇）第56~59题Last October I was on a diving holiday in the Philippines with seven other advanced divers. I dived off the boat slowly sinking to about 20m.After nearly 45 minutes, the sound of my breathing was drowned out by a low rumble like an engine and I felt deep powerful vibrations （震动） as if a big boat with a propeller was passing overhead. The dive instructor's eyes were wide with confusion too. We both swam next to each other staying close to the side of the reef （礁石） . The situation felt sinister.Then we were enveloped by clouds of white sand that mushmoomed up around us. Could it be a giant turtle （海龟） racing past us? They are normally slow movers so this was very weird behavior. The vibration became so intense that I could feel it in my homes and then the sound turned into a deafening roar. Suddenly, a few meters below us, breaks began forming and the sand was sucked down. That's when I got what it was. The noise was the sound of the earth splintering open and grinding against itself.The instructor and I held hands and looked into each other's eyes. I felt comforted by his presence. I was numb （麻木的） for terror but clear-headed. My body went on high alert, ready to react. But I have no power over whatever this is. The only option is to stay very still and let it do whatever its going to do.It took enormous willpower to resist the urge to swim to the surface, which is not sensible as situation on the surface at that time was ambiguous with potential threats pending. Soon we saw other divers.The sound and vibration lasted only two or three minutes and when they stopped I heard the swoosh of sand falling over the seabed. We all held hands before resurfacing to avoid decompression sickness, which can be fatal. When up, it was a huge relief to see all the divers and we all shared incredulous looks before pulling out our breathing tools and shouting, "What was that? "Back on the boat, we rushed to check the news and confirmed we had witnessed a huge earthquake, measuring 7.2 on the Richter scale. It released more energy than 30 Hiroshima bombs, though it seemed that we were not at the epicenter （震中） . I was high and felt lucky surprisingly not because of my recent survival miracle, but to have experienced nature at its most stunning and its most frightening.(1) How did the author realize that they met with an earthquake?A. By feeling the violent shake under the sea.B. By witnessing a normally-slow turtle quickly moving by.C. By seeing the seafloor crack.D. By checking the news and be informed of the event.(2) Why didn't the author rise to the surface before the vibration stopped?A. Because the instructor gestured him not to rise.B. Because he was numb in body.C. Because he could sense the unclear water situation.D. Because he tried to avoid unexpected danger above.(3) Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. At the beginning of the event, a big boat passed by causing big vibration.B. All the divers used the reef as the protection against the violent vibration.C. I felt relieved as the instructor was experienced in handling situations like this.D. Powerless to fight nature, I was tame when under the water.(4) Why did the author feel fortunate on the boat?A. Because he was not at the epicenter of the earthquake.B. Because he finally survived a huge earthquake.C. Because he could witness a rare natural phenomenon.D. Because he didn't suffer from decompression sickness.5、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模（B篇）第60~62题Amazon is presenting to you our weekly bestsellers in the fiction section.Twilight WhispersLinked for years through friendship and intermarriage, the Warren and Whyte families find their charmed world marred when Mark Whyte and his wife Deborah Warren are murdered. Police detectives, hearing about TAL#NBSP dissension of the families, set out to examine the mystique behind their superficial rapport.Katia Morell, daughter of the Whyte's housekeeper, is drawn back to her growing place and is forced to face her life-long love for Jordan Whyte. As many secrets are uncovered, especially about Katia's biological father, the two young people from rival families are encountering fierce family objection in their search for happiness.The New ColossusNellie Bly, blessed with courage and reportage skill, lands two front-page stories on the widely-read newspaper, Joseph Pulitzer's NEW YORK WORLD.Pulitzer is so impressed that he assigns her to murder case confusion the police—the death of Emma Lazaru. Her investigation leads to tense encounters with some powerful and ruthless men of the time, when evils run wild on unregulated upper class. Bly has one real ally: a doctor who uses scientific techniques to establish criminal behavior. As the pieces fall into place, Bly uncovers layers of corruption （腐败） . The essential connection between the murder case and the prevalent greed and darkness of the society finally emerges.The Last Days of NightA young lawyer name Paul Cravath, takes a case that seems impossible to win. Paul's client, George Westinghouse, has been sued by Tomas Edison over a billion-dollar question: Who invented the light bulb and holds the right to power the country?The case affords Paul entry to the heady world of high society—the glittering parties and the dark dealings behind closed doors. The task is beyond daunting. Edison is a dangerous opponent with vast resources at his disposal—private spies, newspapers. Yet this unknown lawyer shares with his famous opponent a compulsion to win at all costs.In obsessive pursuit of victory, Paul receives favors from Nikola Tesla, a brilliant inventor holding the key to defeating Edison.Bones Don't LiePrivate investigator Lance Kruger was just a boy when his father vanished twenty-three years ago. Since then he's lived under the weight of that disappearance for over 20 years—until his father's car is finally dragged out from Grey Lake. It should be a time for closure, except for the skeleton found in the trunk. A missing person case gone cold has become a murder.For Lance, the investigation yields troubling questions about a man he thought he knew. But memories can play dirty tricks. For his partner attorney Morgan, uncovering each new lie comes with a disquieting fear that someone is out there watching, killing every witness tied to this decades-old crime.(1) In which way is The Last Days of Night different from the other three novels?A. In that The Last Days of Night exposes the evil and the dark dealings of the upper class life then.B. In that nobody is killed illegally in The Last Days of Night.C. In that the leading character in The Last Days of Night has got help from other characters.D. In that the leading character is born into a rich upper class family.(2) Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. In Twilight Whispers, the biggest challenge for Katia and Jordan is the long separation of time and space between them.B. In The New Colossus, the cause of the murder is rooted in the then corrupted society.C. In The Last Days of Night, Paul finally wins the law case because of his client Westinghouse's vast resources at disposal.D. In Bones don't lie, Lance Kruger's father was confirmed by the police as the murdered when Lance was a boy.(3) The underlined word TAL#NBSP dissention is closet in meaning to.A. financial worseningB. the loss of powerC. silenceD. conflict6、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模（C篇）第63~66题If what we did were simply work to live, the reality of our everyday existence would be equivalent to that of stone age man. All of human achievement that makes modern life possible has happened because of the time that has been freed up from the work of everyday survival.For most of the human species on earth man and woman have been occupied with the simple business of staying alive in as much relative comfort as possible. Hunting and gathering, finding or building shelter, defending the little that one has from plunder （抢夺）, surviving long enough to have offsprings of a mature enough age to contribute to the welfare of the group—this was initially the main business of living. It has only been comparatively recently, since the agricultural and industrial revolutions that used emerging technologies to free human beings from the TAL#NBSP drudgery of day-to-day survival, that time has become available to do other than simply survive.However, living to work is a luxury that we should not take for granted, for even now still most of the human race couldn't be blessed with the pearl.When we live to work we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we wouldn't be doing it. The term "live to work" implies choice. Working to live denotes the exact opposite: anything will do that pays the bills. Anyone in the latter situation will attest to the undesirability of being in such a position. Living to worksuggests exhilaration in one's calling; it summons images of freedom and excitement in the prospect of what each new day will bring, whereas working to live suggests little choice if any. "What do you want to do when you grow up? " is a question with which most children will be familiar, perhaps even bored. It is a question of what even a young adult can often not be sure of until they have had experiences of many different jobs, or at least the ones they thought to try. But to be forced to work at a task that one does not enjoy day after day for survival would be last choice on anyone's list. Enlightened humanity, while acknowledging that some undesirable jobs must be done regardless, would acknowledge that if one is motivated in his work, the work will be so much better accomplished.(1) The underlined word drudgery is closest in meaning to.A. imaginationB. hard laborC. draggingD. familiarity(2) It is implied in the text that human beings.A. have been satisfied by contributing to the welfare of the group.B. stayed alive in much possible comfort for centuriesC. made little progress before the emergence of technologiesD. were addicted to hunting, gathering and building shelters.(3) Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Human achievements facilitating modern life are done during the leisure time freed from survival work.B. The major early business of humans is to seek chances for technological developments.C. In modern society, most people have enough comforts to make individual choices for work.D. Most adults can answer confidently questions concerning what jobs they want to do.(4) The best title for the passage would be.A. Technology, a driving force to push humans ahead.B. Working to live, a basic condition for pleasant living to work.C. Different desires and prospects people have for different kinds of work.D. Working to live or living to work, a choice distinguishing joy from suffering.五、信息匹配（共4小题，每题2分，满分8分）7、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模第67~70题Most people don't need science to appreciate the importance of a mother's love. But to understand how early maltreatment can derail a child's development requires careful study.In a famous research, Harry Harlow had demonstrated that proper psychological and physical development of infants requires nurturing and attention from a parent.1In that research, socially isolated monkey babies that were removed from their mothers were found to be clinging to a cloth-covered surrogate （替代的） mother for comfort.Such experimentations sound cruel. They, however, have.been critical in helping change policies in human orphanages （孤儿院） in the U.S. For centuries some orphanages treated infants equally inhumanely. Despite early evidence that orphanage infants were far more likely to die than others, supporters argued that it didn't matter whether children had "parents" specially devoted to them at the orphanage.2Orphans were supposed to be in positive mental and physical health until adoptive parents were found. Babies, they said, couldn't remember anyway.The harrowing consequences of these theories were most vividly brought to light in Romania in the 1980s and '90s. A ban on abortion （流产） led to a surge in orphanage babies. Simply being fed and changed without individualized affection, some babies present serious problems. Many developed violent behaviors, repetitively rocking or banging their heads. Some were cold and withdrawn or indiscriminately affectionate.3Their head sizes were especially small. They even had problems with attention and compression. The longer these children were left alone, the more damage was seen.The lack of a secure attachment relationship in the early years has destructive consequences for both physical and mental health later in life, with long-lasting effects. The persistence of these effects emphasizes the need to intervene early in life. The Nobel-prize-winning economist James Heckman, has long argued that investing in early childhood education provides a greater return for society than virtually any other type of spending. It is obviously reflected in increased educational success and productivity. The reduced crime, addiction, distress and disorder point to the same theory. Early life conditions critically affect adult life.4Remove it and the harm is great.A. The appropriate feeding and caring styles were greatly rewarded in all aspects.B. It was claimed that simply feeding and changing them would be adequate.C. Some, however, demonstrate little influence with roughly ordinary behavior pattern.D. Maternal attachment plays a fundamental role in shaping who we are.E. Necessities are not just the availability of food and water.F. And they simply didn't grow like normal infants.六、翻译句子（共4小题，每题2分，满分8分）8、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模第71~75题Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.(1) 听到学校篮球队赢球的消息，我们都很兴奋。

2018届上海市徐汇区高三英语二模卷和参考答案及听力原文

2017学年第二学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷高三英语试卷（满分140分，考试时间120分钟）2018.4I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Worried and frightened. B. Relaxed and happy.C. Quite embarrassed.D. Deeply ashamed.2. A. Bill has never used a calculator. B. Bill can work better without a calculator.C. Bill is working with a calculator.D. Bill needs a calculator for this work.3. A. To cut his jeans short. B. To go on a diet.C. To wear fitted clothes.D. To buy a pair of jeans.4. A. Having an interview. B. Filling out a form.C. Talking with a friend.D. Asking for information.5. A. Put her report on his desk. B. Read some papers he recommended.C. Mail her report to the publisher.D. Improve some parts of her paper.6. A. Make some coffee. B. Meet the woman at the library.C. Continue to read.D. Go out with some friends.7. A. The man should buy a different meal ticket every month.B. Buying the meal ticket won’t save the man any money.C. It is better for the man to pay for each meal separately.D. The price of a meal may vary from month to month.8. A. She’s upset that she missed the television program.B. She doesn’t think the television program was funny.C. She doesn’t like talking about television programs.D. She watched the television program at a friend’s house.9. A. He doubts the woman’s words. B. He hasn’t read t he novel yet.C. He enjoyed reading the novel a lot.D. He is not interested in the novel at all.10. A. The talks haven’t started yet. B. They have come to a general agreement.C. The talks haven’t achieved much.D. The talks broke down and went no further.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and theconversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. They learn singing and dancing. B. They attend outdoor music festivals.C. They work on the farm for charity.D. They volunteer to work for others.12. A. On the beach. B. In a park. C. On a farm. D. In a stadium.13. A. It is run on a profit-making basis. B. It has achieved growing success.C. Fans can have free lunch there.D. Only superstars are invited to perform.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. The number of refugees is increasing sharply.B. Most refugees cannot get necessary services.C. Many refugee children cannot receive education.D. More children cannot afford to go to university.15. A. No host nations want to change education systems.B. It is impossible to find so many extra teachers.C. Parents can’t afford to send their kids to school.D. The refugee population grows but there’s not enough money.16. A. The necessity of education.B. The prohibition of child labor.C. The victims of armed conflicts.D. The living conditions of the poor.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. It has started a week-long promotion campaign.B. It has just launched its annual anniversary sales.C. It offers regular weekend sales all the year round.D. It speciali zes in the sale of men’s suits.18. A. Price reductions for its frequent customers.B. Gift cards for customers with any purchases.C. Free delivery of purchases for senior customers.D. Price adjustments within seven days of purchase.19. A. Mail a gift card to her. B. Allow her to buy on credit.C. Credit it to her account.D. Give her cash directly.20. A. It has already been sold out. B. It will be sent to the woman by mail.C. It is not available for the moment.D. It is one of the items on sale.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Traveling Frog Stimulates ReflectionA free mobile game about a traveling frog has become a hit in China, (21)________ being available only in Japanese.Called “Tabikaeru: Travel Frog”,the main character of the game is a frog that goes on adventures around Japan. Players collect clovers(四叶草) that grow in the frog’s garden (22)________ ________ they can use them to buy supplies for the frog’s journey s. In turn, the frog sends players souvenirs and snapshots from its travels. Users cannot control when the frog chooses to go on its adventures.While news of the game’s appeal among mobile phone users on the mainland was first reported on by local media outlets last week, its popularity hasn’t decreased in any way since: “Travel Frog” on Monday was still ranked first on a list of the most (23)__________(download) games from Apple’s app store in China. It is being widely discussed on social media, (24)__________ users post photos of their frogs’ adventures.Behind the craze is Japanese game developer Hit-Point, which was previously best-known for creating the popular cat-collecting game “Neko Atsume”. Even though (25)__________ is difficult to pinpoint what has driven interest among mainland users in “Travel Frog”, local media outlets reported that the game’s slow natur e was part of its charm.The game was popular as it “tapped the trend among younger generations in China to search out ‘Zen-like’activities”, China Daily said, (26)_________(add) that those users were taken with its “Buddha-style gameplay”.But not everyone is thrilled about “Travel Frog”. In a post on social media platform Weibo last week, the state-run People’s Daily suggested that people (27)__________ aim to enrich themselves and “avoid being a lonely frog-raising youth”.As an indication of the popularity of the “Travel Frog”, Apple has already had to remove from its store an app that appeared to be the Chinese version of the original, the South China Morning Post reported. That version of the game, which (28)__________(create) by a developer called Song Yang, charged users 30 yuan ($4.74) to download the game. On Monday, another free-to-download app available on the app store claimed it offered strategies and guides in Chinese that players could adopt (29)___________(improve) gameplay.While Hit-Point has not responded to inquiries about (30)_________ it intends to develop versions of the game in other languages or not, the company did put out an English update for “Neko Atsume” in 2015.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Before science became professionalized in the 19th century, __(31)__ naturalists were collecting information and helping us understand the natural world. A 2009 study found that nearly 50% of UK __(32)__ feed wild birds. The National Trust has more than 5 million members, and 60,000 active volunteers helping to protect the countryside as well as historic __(33)__. Now, with our environment arguably under greater threat than ever and species declining at a(n) __(34)__ rate, volunteers are once again at the forefront of efforts to limit the damage.Volunteers and enthusiasts can be powerful drivers for big changes. On the Isle of Man, more than 8,000 people (nearly 10% of the population) are involved in regular weekend beach cleans. At one recent event, 123 volunteers turned up and removed 183 bags of litter in just a couple of hours. Thanks to __(35)__ such as this, the island shares Unesco biosphere reserve status with the Galápagos, Yellowstone in the US, Uluru in Australia, and hundreds of other sites.Recreational divers are making a real difference underwater too. They monitor the spread of __(36)__ species, and record how native species respond. Divers also __(37)__ levels of marine litter and other human impacts. V olunteer divers have played an important role in collecting information about marine conservation zones. V olunteers have also made a vital contribution to the conservation of basking sharks. The work of a citizen science Basking Shark Project in the 1980s and 90s was __(38)__ in getting these sharks on the protected species list in the UK, while satellite tagging __(39)__ the first recorded transatlantic crossing by a basking shark.Volunteers and enthusiasts can be powerful drivers for big changes. No one can know better, or care more about, our most special places than the people who live in them and give up their free time to look after them. As a group of divers and __(40)__ residents who lived on the shores of the bay, they took their campaign on to national and international stages and continue to inspire people who might otherwise feel powerless when faced with threats to the places that matter to them.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Deliberate practice refers to a special type of practice that is purposeful and systematic. __(41)__ regular practice might include mindless repetitions, deliberate practice requires focused attention and is conducted with the specific goal of improving __(42)__.The greatest __(43)__ of deliberate practice is to remain focused. In the beginning, showing up is the most important thing. But after a while we begin to carelessly __(44)__ small errors and miss daily opportunities for improvement. This is because the natural tendency of the human brain is to __(45)__ repeated behaviors into automatic habits. __(46)__, when you first learned to tie yourshoes you had to think carefully about each step of the process. Today, after many repetitions, your brain can perform this sequence __(47)__. The more we repeat a task the more mindless it becomes.Mindless activity is the __(48)__ of deliberate practice. The danger of practicing the same thing again and again is that progress becomes __(49)__. Too often, we think we are getting better simply because we are gaining experience. In __(50)__, we are merely reinforcing(加强) our current habits — not improving them.Claiming that improvement requires attention and effort sounds logical enough. But what does deliberate practice actually look like in the real world?The first effective feedback system is __(51)__. This holds true for the number of pages we read, the number of pushups we do, the number of sales calls we make, and any other task that is important to us. It is only through measurement that we have any __(52)__ of whether we are getting better or worse.The second effective feedback system is coaching. One consistent finding across disciplines is that coaches are often essential for __(53)__ deliberate practice. In many cases, it is nearly impossible to both perform a task and measure your progress at the same time. Good coaches can track your progress, find small ways to improve, and hold you __(54)__ to delivering your best effort each day.Deliberate practice is not a comfortable activity. It requires sustained effort and concentration, but if you can manage to maintain your focus and __(55)__, then the promise of deliberate practice is quite tempt ing: to get the most out of what you’ve got.41. A. Since B. Whether C. While D. As42. A. awareness B. performance C. enjoyment D. intelligence43. A. equivalent B. ambition C. challenge D. appeal44. A. overlook B. insert C. detect D. implement45. A. transport B. translate C. transplant D. transform46. A. For example B. On the contrary C. As a result D. On the other hand47. A. carelessly B. accurately C. instantly D. automatically48. A. outcome B. enemy C. source D. substitute49. A. distracted B. imposed C. assumed D. noted50. A. reality B. despair C. contrast D. return51. A. encouragement B. compliment C. measurement D. management52. A. motivation B. proof C. trouble D. concern53. A. resisting B. eliminating C. defining D. sustaining54. A. accountable B. opposed C. addicted D. parallel55. A. existence B. commitment C. dignity D. perspectiveSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Have you ever had the experience of talking to someoneand you think they are lying? Well, you are not alone. We’ve allhad that feeling. But did you know that there are several thingsyou can look for to see if you are being lied to?Sometimes you can tell if a person is lying by observingwhat they do with their body. When people are lying they tend not to move their arms, hands or legs ve ry far from their body. They don’t want to take up very much space because they don’t want to be noticed. Sometimes a person who is lying will not look you in the eyes. Other times people who lie try to look at you in a strong way because they want to convince you they are telling the truth.Liars also use deflection. For example, if you ask a liar the question “Did you steal Fatima’s bag?”, they may answer with something like “Fatima is my friend. Why would I do that?” In this situation the person is tell ing the truth, but they are also not answering the question. They are trying to deflect your attention. Liars may also give too many details. They may try to over-explain things. They do this because they want to convince you of what they are saying.Often when a person is lying, they do not want to continue talking about their lie. If you think someone is lying, quickly change the subject. If the person is lying, they will appear more comfortable because they are not talking about their lie any longer. A little later, change the subject back to what you were talking about before. If the person seems uncomfortable again, they may be lying.It’s very hard for a liar to avoid filling silence created by you. He or she wants you to believe the lies being woven; silence gives no feedback on whether or not you’ve bought the story. If you’re a good listener, you’ll already be avoiding interruptions, which in itself is a great technique to let the story unfold.Just because a person is showing these behaviors, it does not mean they are lying. They might be shy or nervous. But, if you think someone is lying, you might want to use some of these techniques. Hopefully, you won’t need to very often.56. By saying “Liars also use deflection”, the writer means that liars may __________.A. tell great storiesB. change tone of voiceC. ask a question in replyD. avoid direct answers57. According to the passage, a person could be lying if he or she ____________.A. offers more information than necessaryB. appears to be shy or nervousC. changes the subject of the conversationD. speaks very fast and vaguely58. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. Liars always try to avoid direct eye contact when they tell lies.B. We can make people lie by changing the subject in a conversation.C. Liars are often expansive in hand and arm movements while talking.D. We make liars uncomfortable by giving no feedback in a conversation.59. The passage mainly talks about __________.A. who deceives usB. why people tell liesC. how to detect liesD. what to do with liars(B)More On:go to gregIs omitting jobs from a resume lying?----------------------- How to handle stress at work------------------------ How can men and women work better together?------------------------ How will cancer treatment affect my son’s resume?------------------------ What to do if you drank too much at the companyholiday partyLetter 1January 28, 2018 | 3:31pm I work for an e-commerce Website. If one of our merchandisers has a question or wants to make a correction, they e-mail the entire department. In my opinion, this is rude and unnecessary. It seems to me that mass e-mail is appropriate for good or neutral news, rather than making a correction. Do you agree? Moreover, if you were the recipient of the correction, how would you respond?The only people who should be included in an e-mail are those who need to know or respond. Including everyone is rude and unprofessional as well as annoying to recipients. I t’s not like we don’t have enough in our inbox already. I don’t agree that e-mail is only for good or neutral news, however. Sometimes you need to alert people or create a record of bad news. But no one should use e-mail to blame other people. If you’ve go t a problem with someone, pick up the phone or take it outside (for a coffee, not a fist fight…geez). As for how to respond, e-mail is usually ineffective for resolving conflict. Have a conversation with the sender and explain why his or her approach isn’t the best and what you recommend.Letter 2January 14, 2018 | 9:24 pmIt’s the start of a new year and I believe it’s time for a change. What’s the best way to explain to a prospective employer that you are in need of something new without seeming flighty and without complaining about your current employer?The new year is as good a time as any to take stock, but not the only reason for making a change. At least, that’s not what you communicate to a prospective employer. Your reason for looking for a new job is less important to your new employer than why you want to work there. Needing a change might be the catalyst(催化剂), but the job search is like dating, and you wouldn’t ask someone out and explain you’re just bored in your current relationship, right? At least I hope not, otherwise you’re likely to be as lonely as Barry Manilow sounds w hen he sings “It’s Just Another New Year’s Eve”.60. What is discussed in the first letter?A. How to ask questions in a polite way.B. How to respond to a false charge.C. How to make a correction at work.D. How to handle rude mass emails at work.61. According to Greg, expressing your dissatisfaction with your present job in an interview would be the same as __________.A. talking about your family issues in publicB. complaining about your prior partner on a first dateC. demonstrating your qualifications to your new bossD. bragging about your experience to your partner62. It can be inferred that “go to greg” mainly offers advice on people’s __________.A. career choicesB. social relationshipsC. working problemsD. health problems(C)Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year on medical research is wasted because too often absolutely nothing happens after initial results of a study are published. No follow-up investigations to replicate(复制) or expand on a discovery. No one uses the findings to build new technologies.The problem is not just what happens after publication — scientists often have trouble choosing the right questions and properly designing studies to answer them. Too many studies test too few subjects to arrive at firm conclusions. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not in humans. Drug companies find themselves unable to reproduce promising drug targets published by the best academic institutions. The growing recognition that something has gone wrong in the laboratory has led to calls for, as one might guess, more research on research — attempts to find rules to ensure that peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other stakeholders to fix this problem. We can do so by exploring ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient. These may include collaborative team science, study registration, stronger study designs and statistical tools, and better peer review, along with making scientific data widely available so that others can replicate experiments, therefore building trust in the conclusions of those studies.Reproducing other scientists’ analyses or replicating their results has too often in the past been looked down on with a kind of “me-too” derision(嘲笑) that would waste resources —but often they may help avoid false leads that would have been even more wasteful. Perhaps the biggest obstacle to replication is the inaccessibility of data and results necessary to rerun the analyses that went into the original experiments. Searching for such information can be extremely difficult. Investigators die, move and change jobs; computers crash; online links malfunction. Data are sometimes lost — even, as one researcher claimed when confronted about spurious(伪造的) results, eaten by termites(白蚁).There has definitely been some recent progress. An increasing number of journals, including Nature and Science, have adopted measures such as checklists for study design and reporting whileimproving statistical review and encouraging access to data. Several funding agencies, meanwhile, have asked that researchers outline their plans for sharing data before they can receive a government grant.But it will take much more to achieve a lasting culture change. Investigators should be rewarded for performing good science rather than just getting statistically significant (“positive”) but nonreplicable results. Revising the present incentive(激励) structure may require changes on the part of journals, funders, universities and other research institutions.63. What is the problem reported in those papers in The Lancet?A. Great achievements in medical research failed to get published.B. Money was wasted on follow-up investigations in medical research.C. Too many new research findings are not put into use after publication.D. Few scientists are devoted to building new technologies for mankind.64. Which of the following situation is most similar to the problem described in paragraph 2?A. A high school decides to cut its art programs due to the lack of fund.B. A patient gets sicker because he does not follow the doctor’s advice.C. A marketing firm tests a website with participants that are not target population.D. A drug company fails to produce the new drug due to no access to the latest data.65. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Measures are taken to ensure publication of tested results only.B. Scientific experiments must be replicable to be considered valid.C. Experiment replication is unoriginal and not worthwhile.D. Rewards should be given only to those nonreplicable findings.66. The purpose of this article is to ___________.A. argue that scientific research lacks efficiencyB. explain the result of a recent scientific studyC. introduce some recent progress in medical researchD. highlight the possible problems of research studiesSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.People di scuss their problems with friends in the hope that they’ll gain some insight into how to solve them. And even if they don’t find a way to solve their problems, it feels good to let off somesteam. (67)_______________ How problems are discussed, though, can be the difference between halving a problem or doubling it.The term psychologists use for negative problem sharing is “co-rumination”. Co-rumination is the mutual encouragement to discuss problems repeatedly going over the same problems, anticipating future problems and focusing on negative feelings.(68)________________ In a study involving children aged seven to 15 years of age, researchers found that co-rumination in both boys and girls is associated with “high-quality” and close friendships. However, in girls, it was also associated with anxiety and depression (the same association was not found with the boys). And studies suggest that co-rumination isn’t just a problem for girls. Co-rumination with work colleagues can increase the risk of stress and burn out, one study suggests.(69)________________ In a group of adults, the effects of co-rumination was compared between face-to-face contact, telephone contact, texting and social media. The positive effects of co-rumination were found in face-to-face contact, telephone contact and texting, but not in social media. The negative aspects of co-rumination (anxiety) was found in face-to-face communication and telephone contact, but not texting or social media. Verbal forms of communication seem to enhance both the positive and negative aspects of co-rumination more than non-verbal communication.Discussing problems with friends doesn’t always have to lead to worsening mental health, as long as the discussion involves finding solutions and the person with the problem acts on those solutions. Then, relationships can be positive and beneficial to both parties. (70)________________IV．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.A Workaholic EconomyAlthough the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War Ⅱ. In fact, working hours have increased noticeably since 1970. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.There are mainly two reasons for lost leisure.Since 1970, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. A host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives(诱因) involve the structure of compensation(报酬). The way salaries and benefits are organized makes it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labor an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existing employees harder.For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisu re. “People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms,”Bailyn of Massachusetts Institute of Technology maintains. “It’s taken as a negative signal abou t their commitment to the firm.”He adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their employee s to a firm’s well-being, so they estimate staff productivity in terms of hours worked. Employees know this, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 这次春游为同学们提供了放松的机会。

2018届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题汇编--语法填空--学生版(已经校对)

II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Nook’s arrival, Good or Bad?Booklovers, most of them, will tell you (21)______ a pleasure it is to lend a favorite read to a friend – the novel you stayed up all night to get to the end of; the travel book that made you feel (22)____ ____ you yourself were on a train ride through India. For a while it seemed that e-book users were to be denied this pleasure of lending to friends. You could buy a book or magazine for your reading device, but you couldn’t lend it out.But now, with the Nook, the US book chain Barnes and Noble’s response to Amazon’s Kindle, electronic readers will be able to have their latest literary enthusiasm (23)_____ (press) on their friends, just like readers of physical books can. You simply email the book from your Nook and your friend can read it for two weeks, (24)______ (use) any device with the Barnes & Noble e-book reader software. It’s a big improvement from previous e-book readers.The Nook offers other features too. You read in black and white on the main screen, just like with Kindle. The difference is (25)______ on the lower part of the device there’s a color touch screen, (26)______ allows you to browse through a book or magazine, but goes black when you’re not using it so that you save power.(27)______ exciting thing about the Nook is that it offers Wi-Fi, arguably a big advance on previous e-book readers. Customers in the United States can use the Internet connection (28)______ (read) whole e-books at Barnes and Noble’s hundreds of bookstores for free. None of Barnes and Noble’s competitors can come close to this.But the Nook, ironically, (29)______ (turn out) to be a money-loser for Barnes and Noble, or at least a job-loser for Barnes and Noble’s employees. According to Marian Maneker at The Big Money Website, (30)______ the Nook is successful it might take sales from the company’s bookstores, eventually forcing their closure and the loss of thousands of jobs.Ⅱ. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Wildlife secrets of Nigeria's last wildernessResearchers from Chester Zoo, working with the Nigeria National Park Service, surveyed over 1,000 square kilometres of the national park. Known （21）__ __ its mountain rainforests, savannah woodlands and rolling grasslands, it is home to some of West Africa's most endangered animals.The cameras (22) (spot) some animals that have never been recorded before in the area and others, like chimps, (23) are rarely seen. Stuart Nixon, the Africa Field Programme Co-ordinator at Chester Zoo, said confirmation of the locations of chimps was an important discovery." Gashaka's been regarded for many years as (24)_____ (have) the biggest population of this Nigeria-Cameroon chimp, which is the rarest chimp subspecies," he said." We consider it the most important population - that's really (25)_______we need to count it and see what the status of the chimp is right now - that will ultimately affect what we know about this subspecies elsewhere."The chimp (26)_______(endanger) across its range in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its total population is down to fewer than 9,000 individuals, of which about 1,000 are thought (27)________(live) to live within the borders of the national park. "It's an incredible tool to use these camera traps and to reveal that this park - which is a (28)______(forget)forgotten wilderness, really, for Nigeria - still has a really important reservoir of important species for Nigeria and Africa in general," said Stuart Nixon.Chester Zoo is funding guards for the rangers and providing training in wildlife monitoring and protection. "This work is helping us learn more about the secrets of one of our last wilderness areas and we must continue to work together to ensure (29)________survival for future generations. "(30)_________ all this beauty were lost it would be a terrible tragedy for all."II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into the London Zoo that a wild puma (21)_______ (spot) forty miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts decided to investigate.The hunt (22)_______ the puma began in a small village where a woman (23)_______ (pick) blackberries saw “a large cat” only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being (24)________ it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at (25)_______ place twenty miles away in the evening. (26)_______ it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Several people complained of “cat-like noises” at night and a businessman on a (27)_______ (fish) trip saw the puma up a tree.The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, (28)_______ where had it come from?As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one (29)_______ have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing (30)_______(think) a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.Ⅱ. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.A Great FriendshipThomas Jefferson and James Madison met in 1776. Could it have been any other year? Theyworked together and started to further American Revolution and later to shape the official new plan of the government.(21)_______ (develop) a close friendship, which lasted for 50 years. There were(22)_______ (share) purposes and a common end on both sides. Four and a half months(23)_______ he died, when he was ill and worried about his family, Jefferson wrote to his longtime friend. His words and Madison's reply remind us that friends are friends till death."The friendship which (24)________ (exist)between us for half a century, the harmony of our political principles an pursuits have been sources of constant happiness to me through that long period. it's also been a great comfort to me (25)_______ (believe)that you are engaged in vindicating(证实)to the younger generation the course that we've pursued for preserving to them. If ever the earth has noticed a system of administration conducted with (26)_______ single and keen eye to the general interest and happiness of those committed to, it must be the system protected by truth, to (27)_______ our lives have been devoted. To myself, you have been a great supporter throughout life. Take care of me when dead and be assured that I should leave with you my last affections.”A week later, Madison replied.“You cannot look back (28)_______ the long period of our private friendship and political harmony with more affecting recollections than I do. (29)_______ they are a source of pleasure to you, they are the same to me. We cannot be deprived(失去)of the happy consciousness of the pure devotion to the public good and I have confidence (30)_______ sufficient evidence will find its way to another generation to ensure, after we are gone, whatever of justice may be withheld while we are here.”II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Traveling Frog Stimulates ReflectionA free mobile game about a traveling frog has become a hit in China, (21)________ being available only in Japanese.Called “Tabikaeru: Travel Frog”, the main characte r of the game is a frog that goes on adventures around Japan. Players collect clovers(四叶草) that grow in the frog’s garden (22)________ ________ they can use them to buy supplies for the frog’s journeys. In turn, the frog sends players souvenirs and snapshots from its travels. Users cannot control when the frog chooses to go on its adventures.While news of the game’s appeal among mobile phone users on the mainland was first reported on by local media outlets last week, its popularity hasn’t decreased in any way since: “Travel Frog” on Monday was still ranked first on a list of the most (23)__________(download) games from Apple’s app store in China. It is being widely discussed on social media, (24)__________ users post photos of their frogs’ adventures.Behind the craze is Japanese game developer Hit-Point, which was previously best-known for creating the popular cat-collecting game “Neko Atsume”. Even though (25)__________ is difficult to pinpoint what has driven interest among mainland users in “Travel Frog”, local media outlets reported that the game’s slow natur e was part of its charm.The game was popular as it “tapped the trend among younger generations in China to search out ‘Zen-like’ activities”, China Daily said, (26)_________(add) that those users were taken with its “Buddha-style gameplay”.But not everyone is thrilled about “Travel Frog”. In a post on social media platform Weibo last week, the state-run People’s Daily suggested that people (27)__________ aim to enrich themselves and “avoid being a lonely frog-raising youth”.As an indication of the popularity of the “Travel Frog”, Apple has already had to remove from its store an app that appeared to be the Chinese version of the original, the South China Morning Post reported. That version of the game, which (28)__________(create) by a developer called Song Yang, charged users 30 yuan ($4.74) to download the game. On Monday, another free-to-download app available on the app store claimed it offered strategies and guides in Chinese that players could adopt (29)___________(improve) gameplay.While Hit-Point has not responded to inquiries about (30)_________ it intends to develop versions of the game in other languages or not, the company did put out an English update for “Neko Atsume” in 2015.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Aunt Jane is now well over seventy, but she is still a great cinema-goer. The cinema in our town closed down years ago and sometimes she has to travel twenty miles or more to see a good film. And once a month at least she goes up to London to see (21)________ (late) foreign films. Of course she could see most of these films on television, but the idea does not attract her. "It isn't the same," she says. "For one thing, the screen's too small. Besides, I like going to the cinema!"However, one thing which has always puzzled us is that (22)________ Aunt Jane has lots of friends and enjoys company, she always goes to the cinema alone. We discovered the reason for this only recently-from Mother. "It may surprise you to lean that Aunt Jane wanted to be an actress when she was young, "she told us. "She used to wait outside film studios all day, just (23)__________ (appear)in crowd scenes. Your aunt has probably appeared in dozens of films. Sometimes she did not even know the name of the film they(24)__________ (make). Therefore, she couldn't go to see(25)__________ in the film at the cinema!"All the time, of course, she was looking for a small part in a film. Her big chance came (26)_________ they started to make a film in our town. Jane managed to meet the director at a party and he offered her (27)__________ role as a shopkeeper. It really was a very small part, but it was an important moment for Jane. Before the great event, she rehearsed for days. In fact, she turned the sitting-room into a shop! We all had to help, going to and out of the shop (28)__________ she could remember her words perfectly And(29)__________ the actual day she was marvelous. Jane thought that this was the beginning of her film career!"Unfortunately, in the end, they did not include the shop scene in the film. But nobody told Jane! When the film first appeared in London, she took all her friends to see it. And of course she wasn't in it! It was a terrible blow! She stopped (30)_________ (go)to film studios and gave up the idea of becoming an actress. She still loves the cinema, as you all know, but from that day she hasalways gone alone!"II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Time to End LonelinessUS author Henry Rollins once wrote: "Loneliness adds beauty to life. It puts a special burn on sunsets and makes night air smell better. Indeed, in the eyes of artists, loneliness never seems to go out of style. There are paintings that portray loneliness, songs that (21)_______ (inspire) by loneliness, and many works of literature that center around this theme.In the eyes of UK economist Rachel Reeves, however, loneliness is far from romantic. Instead, it's a "giant evil" that's become a serious problem in the country.On Jan 17, UK Prime Minister Theresa May appointed politician Tracey Crouch as the country’s very first "Minister for Loneliness". Her job is(22)______ (deal) with the loneliness that the country's been feeling—a problem which, according to UK government research, is affecting more than 9 million people in the country, and (23)______be more harmful to one's physical and mental health than smoking 15 cigarettes a day.Back in 2014, the UK was given the title of the "loneliness capital of Europe" by The Telegraph. A survey carried out by the newspaper found that British people were (24)______ (likely) to get to know their neighbors or build strong relationships with people than those from other European countries.But this doesn't mean it is the problem (25)_____ (affect) Britons only. In fact, were all suffering from loneliness now more than ever, in spite of most of the world now being linked to the internet, (26)______ has enabled us to be more connected than ever.(27)________ we need, according to Kim Leadbetter, sister of the late UK politician Jo Cox, is to have "proper human connections"."Our lives nowadays are so busy. We spend the vast majority of our time on our phones, on our laptops. (28)_______ _______ _______ busy we are, we need to press pause on that andactually sit down and speak to human beings," Leadbetter said at an event last year.But the first steps toward (29)_______ (fight) this problem are to accept its existence and not be ashamed or frightened by it. After all, (30)______ loneliness, many beautiful paintings, songs, and literary works wouldn't even exist. Whether it is "evil" or not, being lonely is simply part of the experience of being human.II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Uh-oh, the new year's just begun and already you're finding it hard to keep those resolutions to junk the junk food, get off the couch or kick smoking. There's a biological reason why a lot of our bad habits are so hard to break – they get (21)_______ (wire) into our brains."Why are bad habits stronger? You're fighting against the power of an immediate reward," says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and an authority on the brain's pleasure pathway."We all as creatures are hard-wired that way, to give greater value to an immediate reward as opposed to (22)________ is delayed," Volkow says.How this bit of happiness turns into a habit involves a pleasure-sensing chemical named dopamine. It causes the brain (23)_______ (pursue) that reward again and again strengthening the connection each time – especially when it gets the right cue from your environment.People tend to overestimate their ability to resist temptations around them, thus (24)________ (destroy) attempts to shed bad habits. Even scientists who recognize it (25)_______ show weakness. "I know popcorns are not healthy. But every time I go to the cinema, I have to eat it," Volkow says. "It's fascinating."A movement to pay people for behavior changes may exploit that connection, as some companies offer employees outright payments or insurance rebates for adopting better habits.(26)______ well paying for behavior plays out, researchers say there are still some steps thatmay help fight your brain's hold (27)_______ newly-established habits:Repeat, repeat, repeat the new behavior –the same routine at the same time of day. You decide to exercise. Doing it at the same time of the morning, rather than fitting it in casually, (28)_______(make) the striatum(终脑皮层) recognize the habit, "if you don't keep doing it, you will feel frustrated.Exercise itself raises dopamine levels, so eventually your brain will get a feel-good hit (29)_______ your muscles protest。

上海市青浦区2018届高三英语二模试卷及答案

青浦区2017 学年高三年级第二次学业质量调研测试英语学科试卷2018.04（时间120 分钟，满分140 分）考生注意：1．本试卷共13 页。

满分140 分。

考试时间120 分钟。

2．答题前，考生务必在答题卡（纸）上用钢笔或水笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号，并用铅笔正确涂写准考证号。

3．答案必须全部涂写在答题卡（纸）上。

如用铅笔答题，或写在试卷上也一律不给分。

I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. To the bank. B. To the museum. C. To the clinic. D. To the restaurant.2. A. 10:07. B. 10:30. C. 11:00. D. 11:07.3. A. Use the woman’s phone. B. Pay for the phone call.C. Get some change from Jane.D. Go and look for a pay phone.4. A. He likes to wear clean clothes.B. He changes his job frequently.C. He is careless about his appearance.D. He is ashamed of his present condition.5. A. Whether he has time on Saturday.B. Whether he can get access to the concert.C. Whether the tickets will be too expensive.D. Whether the woman is available on Saturday.6. A. They are complaining. B. They are bargaining.C. They are negotiating.D. They are arguing.7. A. The window smells of fresh paint. B. The man will clean the air-conditioner.C. Sh e’d like to have the window open.D. She prefers keeping the air-conditioner on.C. She has some paper to bury.D. She questions the man’s purpose.10. A. His notebook is missing.B. His handwriting is difficult to read.C. He wasn’t in class this morning either.D. He’s already lent his notes to someone else.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the short passages and the longer conversation. The short passages and the longer conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Photos of polar bears.B. Photos heavily edited.C. Photos of fine quality to appear in print.D. Photos reflecting scientist s’ working life.12. A. A year’s personal subscription to Nature is another award to winners.B. Photos can be uploaded to Twitter with the tag ScientistAtW ork.C. Five winning photos will be published in one issue of Nature.D.All entries have to be sent to photocompetition@.13. A. To encourage people to work with scientists.B. To attract people to participate in a contest.C. To increase the sales of the magazine.D. To teach people how to take pictures.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Because no team invited him to play. B. Because he stopped training for a while.C. Because he appeared to be too tired.D. Because he suffered from a disease.15. A. 8.5. B. 19.2. C. 44. D. 53.16. A. Bosh’s great basketball career in NBA.B. The regular training Bosh took in NBA.C. Bosh’s repeated desire to return to NBA.D. The reason why Bosh couldn’t play at NBA.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.18. A. From his friends. B. From his father.C. From his training.D. From his university.19. A. By attending special schools.B. By getting a private license first.C. By getting into an airline company first.D. By passing a test for commercial license.20. A. His flying hours in total. B. His interview performance.C. His university degrees.D. His private pilot license.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.The kindness of Kiwi Lotto (乐透彩票) winnersWe’ve all dreamed of winning the Lotto but what actually happens when our numbers come up? The answer is rather heart-warming. New research out today from Lotto New Zealand reveals three-quarters of Powerball winners think of sharing (21) spending.One lucky Powerball winner from Tauranga was even thinking of others before his numbers came up. “A week before I won Lotto, I saw an ambulance (22) side bore the name of the donor, and I thought, ‘i f I ever win Lotto, that’s what I will do’ and then 10 day s’ later I w on,” he said. Having won $5.5 million dollars, he’s now spending a part of the money on two ambulances for his local hospital. “The y’r e going to say ‘(23) (donate) by a Lotto winner’ on the side. I hope that it will inspire others to pay it forward if they ever find (24) in a fortunate position like I have.”“My life (25) (save) many years ago by a St John ambulance and it’s a marvellous feeling repaying back that kindness.” It was this kind of behaviour (26) led to Lotto NZ’s inspiring true story of a Kiwi man who won $15 million and, honouring a promise made long ago, went halves with his mate.2017 was the (27) (lucky) year on record for Powerball winners. “Last year, there were 19 different Powerball winners — (28) most of them had in common was the desire to share their good fort une.” said Emilia Mazur, General Manager Corporate Communications.“Another Tauranga man won $10 million with Powerball in July and once he got over the shock of winning, his first thought was his community and he has since shared some of his winnings to upgrade its facilities.”Group players are natural sharers —not only (29) they share the winnings among themselves but they also then want to help out others.“E veryone is just so happy, it’s created an amazing sense of freedom.” s aid one of the group leaders Tina. “For me personally, (30) (know) how much of a significant difference you have made to your family and your circle of friends, I have a feeling that I have never experienced. It’s anunquantifiable feeling — it’s magi c.”Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Swiss village bans tourists from taking photos because it’s too beautiful Located in the Swiss Alps, near the famous resort of St. Moritz, the commune of Bergün is one of the most beautiful mountain villages in Europe. So beautiful, in fact, that photos of it shared on social media may make people feel depressed that they can’t visit, so local authorities banned tourists from taking photos.It may sound like a joke, but it’s actually a new law adopted by the Bergün village council and31 by its mayor. To discourage visitors from taking photos in Bergün, they plan to 32 a symboli c €5 fine for those caught breaking the new rules.According to a statement by the Bergün tourism authority, “It is scientifically proven that beautiful holiday photos on social media make the viewers unhappy because they cannot be there themselves.”However, it seems unlikely that Bergün’s new law was really thought of as a way to 33 Facebook or Instagram users of the depressing experience of seeing the beauty of the village. As the news went 34 online, many assumed that it was actually a clever marketing 35 , a theory that was at least partially confirmed by the village’s director of tourism, Marc-Andrea Barandun.“In the background of course the idea is that everyone is talking about Ber gün,”he told The Local. “So it’s a combination of both — we made the law and also there’s some marketing aim behind it.”To show that they were serious about the law, Bergün authorities 36 photos of the village from its Facebook and Twitter accounts, and declared their intention to delete them from the Bergün website too.If the new law was just a 37 strategy, it actually worked wonders, as people started 38 more photos of the beautiful mountain village soon after news of the photo ban started making news headlines.A few days ago, Mayor Nicolay 39 the debatable photo ban in a video, where he offered people visiting Bergün a special 40 to take photos. He reminded them to think twice before sharing the pictures online, though, as they could be making their friends depressed.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.A cli ché is a phrase that has been used so many times that it comes out of the mouth or the computer without stirring up a wave in the mind of the speaker, the typist, the listener or the reader. The word was part of the technical term of the French printing trade in the 19th century, the name for a plate used in the printing process, and it is still used with that meaning in English and other languages. By the middle of the same century, the word was being used in French, shortly followed by English, as a simile (比喻) for 41__ used expressions.Clichés can be 42 according to whether they were originally idioms, similes and proverbs, expressions from trades or 43 phrases.Many idioms have been so universally overused that they have been 44__ — phrases like far and wide, by leaps and bounds or safe and sound. Our second category could be similes and proverbs that now fall off the 45__ with little meaning, similes like as cool as a cucumber, which 46 around 400 years.A large category is 47 from the terms of trades and professions, sports and games, and other national concerns. Many are 48 clichés, as is fitting for the British, as an island nation, with examples like to leave a sinking ship, to know the ropes, to stick to one’s guns.Our last broad category of cli ché might be phrases which were __49__ when they were first coined, but have become ineffective through constant use. When a football manager, asked how he felt about the __50 of his team, said that he was as sick as a parrot. Since then, it has been so overused that it has lost its 51 . To explore every avenue and to leave no stone unturned are two political clichés of this class. No politician with any sensitivity for language could use either of those phrases 52 , yet you hear them still, all the time.No doubt we could specify the classes of clichés into further subdivisions until the cows come home. But there is no need to. We all agree that clichés are to be 53 by careful writers and speakers at all times, don’t we? Well, actually, no, not I. Life, and language, are so full of clichés that silence will hold the position if you 54 us the use of cliché. So many millions of people have spoken and written clichés so 55__ that it is almost impossible to find ideas and phrases that have not been used many times before.41. A. occasionally B. frequently C. technically D. grammatically42. A. confirmed B. quoted C. inferred D. classified43. A. invented B. customized C. recognized D. underlined44. A. highlighted B. tailored C. weakened D. enriched45. A. nose B. eyes C. lips D. forehead46. A. dates back B. catches on C. takes shape D. gives out47. A. detected B. drawn C. excluded D. initiated48. A. remote B. temperate C. urban D. oceanic49. A. boring B. striking C. entertaining D. annoying53. A. adjusted B. adapted C. adopted D. avoided54. A. deny B. allow C. forbid D. promise55. A. casually B. decently C. reluctantly D. ceaselesslySection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Free to SoarOne windy spring day, I observed young people having fun using the wind to fly their kites. Multicolored creations of varying shapes and sizes filled the skies like beautiful birds racing and dancing. As the strong winds blew against the kites, a string kept them in check.Instead of blowing away with the wind, they arose against it to achieve great heights. They shook and pulled, but the string and the tail kept them attached, facing upward and against the wind. The kites struggled and kept being dragged behind, facing upward and against the wind. As the kites struggled and trembled against the string, they seemed to say, “Let me go! Let me go! I want to be free!” They soared beautifully even as they fought the restriction of the string. Finally, one of the kites succeeded in breaking loose. “Free at last,” it seemed to say. “Free to fly with the wi nd.”Yet freedom from restriction simply put it at the mercy of a cruel breeze. It flew ungracefully to the ground and landed in a messed mass of weeds and string against a dead bush. “Free at last”, free to lie powerless in the dirt, to be blown helplessly along the ground, and to stop lifeless against the first obstruction.How much like kites we sometimes are. The heaven gives us misfortune and limitations, rules to follow from which we can grow and gain strength. Restriction is a necessary companion to the winds of opposition. Some of us resist the rules so hard that we never soar to reach the heights we might have obtained. We keep part of the order and never rise high enough to get our tails off the ground.Let us each rise to the great heights, recognizing that some of the restrictions that we may be annoyed at are actually the steadying force that helps us improve and achieve.56. According to paragraph 2, “Let me go!” is said by .A. the kiteB. the windC. the birdD. the flyer57. Which of the following words has the meaning closest to the underlined word “ob structi on”in paragraph 3?A. destructionB. miracleC. observationD. obstacle58. According to the writer, in what way is man similar to kites?A. Man will never reach the desirable height unless he breaks some rules.B. Man can be empowered by difficulties to go further and higher.C. Man desires freedom but only a few will succeed.D. Man is limited by his surroundings.59. By telling the story of kite flying, the writer wants to share the lesson that .A. rules are made to be brokenB. flying a kite involves skills and patienceC. sometimes difficulties can be potential blessingsD. it’s no use complaining about the difficulties we encounter(B)Products▼Tel:(855)776-7763 Get a Demo Login Sign Up Free ProProfsTour Pricing Solutions Integrations Blog Clients Examples Help KnowledgebaseKnowledge Base Software That Answers Questions Instantly Create help sites, knowledge bases, user guides, manuals, wikis & moreA. users of ProProfs can read the manuals on their mobile phonesB. the service that ProProfs offers to its users is accessible around the clockC. with ProProfs, users can readjust the size of their documentation to their screensD. different users can be grouped together on a central platform to share knowledge62. How does the software ProProfs tighten its security?A. By authorizing different users.B. By creating a central platform.C. By offering single sign-on settings.D. By building private knowledge bases.(C)The largest-ever study of the link between city walkability and high blood pressure has been held up as evidence of the “invisible value of urban desi gn”in improving long-term health outcomes, say researchers.The study of around 430,000 people aged between 38 and 73 and living in 22 UK cities found significant associations between the increased walkability of a neighborhood, lower blood pressure and reduced risk of high blood pressure among its residents.The outcomes remained consistent even after adjustments for socio-demographic (社会人口统计学), lifestyle and changing physical environment factors, though the protective effects were particularly pronounced among participants aged between 50 and 60, women, and those residing in higher density and poor neighborhoods.The paper was published in the International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health this week. With high blood pressure a major risk factor for chronic (慢性的) and particularly heart diseases, researchers at the University of Hong Kong and Oxford University said the findings demonstrated the need to take notice of the health-influencing factor in urban design.“With the increasing pace of urbanization and demographic shifts towards an ageing population, we become more likely to suffer from chronic diseases,” said Dr. Chinmoy Sarkar, an assistant professor at the Healthy High Density Cities Lab of the University of Hong Kong and lead author of the study. “The action taken to improve public health must consider the invisible value of urban planning and design.“We are spending billions of pounds in preventing and curing heart diseases —if we are able to invest in creating healthy cities through small changes in the design of our neighborhoods to make them more activity-friendly and walkable, then probably, we will have significant savings in future healthcare expense s.”To measure a neighborhood’s activity-promoting potential, researchers developed a set of index of walkability containing relevant urban elements, including residential and retail (零售) density, public transport, street-level movement, and distance to attractive destinations.Poorly designed spaces generally reduced walking and physical activity, promoting the lifestyles oflong time sitting down and not moving; and were harmful to social interactions, and as such associated with poorer mental and physical health.Because walkability was “based on the underlying design of the city”,said Sarkar, cities could be modified or designed to encourage it. “Such investments in healthy design are likely to bring in long-term gains as they are enduring and comm on.”63. By considering “invisible value of urban desig n”, people can .A. reduce the ageing populationB. slow down the pace of urbanizationC. promote activity-friendly and walkable citiesD. invest in preventing and curing heart diseases64. What can be inferred from the passage?A. A set of index is essential to ensure that urban design promotes walkability.B.Walkable cities can lower blood pressure and the risk of high blood pressure.C. Chronic diseases are becoming common due to people’s neglect of their health.D. Middle-aged women living in poor areas are less likely to benefit from increased walkability.65. All of the following are the undesirable consequences of poorly-designed neighborhoods EXCEPT.A. failing healthB. unhealthy lifestyleC. fewer social interactionsD. fewer neighborhoods66. According to Dr. Chinmoy Sarkar, .A. cities should encourage the residents to engage in social interactionsB. the design of our neighborhoods should meet people’s needs for retail densityC. money invested in creating healthy cities is money saved in future healthcare expensesD. chronic diseases will be common because of our lifestyle and the physical environmentSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A. I truly express my respect for Shan and his team for their contributions.B. With regard to cultural heritage restoration, Shan said the museum opened a restoration hospital atthe end of 2016.C. A total of 600 people from all walks of life, including over 100 foreign guests, participated in the activity.D. I will learn more about Chinese culture from the magnificent ancient objects.E. Our design teams often study consumer demands and create cultural items that are nice to look at and practical to use.F. Traditional craftsmanship is combined with modern methods, and the lives of ancient cultural objects will be lengthened by the so-called doctors.Make traditional treasures come aliveThe Palace Museum Director Shan Jixiang delivered a cultural heritage speech on Feb 27 in Beijing, which was co-organized by the Beijing Diplomatic Service Bureau and Beijing Housing Service Corporation for Diplomatic Missions. 67On the theme The World of the Palace Museum and the Palace Museum of the World, the 64-year-old director shared his ideas about how to make traditional treasures come alive again. During the speech, which lasted two and a half hours, Shan touched on topics including upgrading museum infrastructure（基础设施）, restoring cultural sites, digitalizing online museums, setting up restoration hospitals, providing better visitor experiences and promoting the Palace Museum’s cultural items.“The abundant collection of cultural objects at the Palace Museum is the inspiration for the creative souvenirs and cultural items availabl e,” Shan said. “68 ” Throughout 2017, the total sales of Palace Museum’s cultural items have been more than 1 billion yuan ($158million). Explaining the huge success of Palace Museum’s cultural souvenirs, Shan said: “The museum opened a shop on the e-commerce website Taobao in 2008, but sales remained neither high nor low for years, as more than 80 percent of the souvenirs sold in stores in the past were not related to our museum.”“Ther efore, I wanted to change the situation. Now, souvenirs from the Palace Museum cover almost every aspect of life. After all, what matters to a museum is not how many visitors they have, but how close they are to people’s daily lives.”69 Around 200 “doc tor s”are employed to analyze, examine, detect flaws or damage inancient objects and restore them using more than 100 pieces of specialized equipment, including 3-D printers and scanners. The restoration hospital covers 13,000 square meters and boasts the nation’s most advanced restoration workshops.John Aquilina, Malta’s ambassador to China said that Shan’s speech showed a totally different Palace Museum to foreign people. “China enjoys a long and profound culture and many of the national treasures have been preserved at the Palace Museum. It is no easy task to preserve them well. 70 ”IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Ban the Bag!Standing in line at the grocery store last week, I watched the woman in front of me buy a tube of toothpaste. As the clerk placed her purchase in a plastic bag, I couldn’t help wondering how long it would take for that bag to end up in the trash. Then I noticed the big purse the woman was carrying and wondered why she had needed a plastic bag at all.People have come to rely on plastic bags as everything from shopping bags for groceries to trash-can bags. Although plastic bags can be recycled, only about one percent of those used in the United States are. Instead, after helping people transport items from one place to another, most are thrown away. They end up in landfills, where it can take a plastic bag up to a thousand years to decay. Some bags end up elsewhere in the environment, sticking to trees and fences, blocking rivers and oceans, or floating along city sidewalks.Plastic bags harm the environment in several ways. First, they break down into particles that pollute our soil and water. Because most plastic bags are made of polyethylene, a product derived from crude oil (原油) or natural gas, they waste nonrenewable resources. Plastic bags can also harm animals. Scientists estimate that more than one million sea animals, including whales, seabirds, and turtles, die each year from intaking or becoming stranded in plastic.People all over the world are starting to recognize the problems associated with plastic bags. Countries such as China, South Africa, Switzerland, and Uganda are taking action and banning the bags. Other nations, including Italy and Ireland, have been trying to restrict the use of plastic bags by taxing them. In the United States more and more communities are ridding themselves of plastic bags. Now more and more people are also purchasing inexpensive, reusable bags and using them when they shop. If we all take this simple step, we can be a part of a “g ree n” revolution.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72．全世界掀起了一股学中文的潮流。

上海市虹口区2018届高三英语二模试卷及答案

虹口区2017学年度第二学期期终教学质量监控测试高三英语试卷2018.04考生注意：1. 考试时间120 分钟，试卷满分140 分。

2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。

所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

3. 答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。

第 I 卷(共100 分)I. Listening ComprehensionII. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: Af t er reading the passage below, f i ll in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, f ill in each blank with the proper f orm of the given word; f o r the other blanks, use one word that best f i ts each blank.Nook 's arrival, Good or Bad?Book l overs, most of them, w i ll tell you(21)a pleasure it is to lend a favorite read to the friend -the novel you stayed up all night to get to the end of ; the travel book that made you feel (22)you yourself w ere on a train ride through India. For a w hile it seemed that e-book users w ere to be denied this pleasure of lending to friends. Y ou could buy a book or magazine for your reading device, but you couldn't lend it out.But now, w ith the Nock, the US book chain Barnes and Noble's response to Amazon's Kind le,electronic readers w ill be ab le to have their latest literaryenthusiasm(23) (press) on their friends,justlik e readers of physical books can, Y ou simply email the book from your Nook and your friend can read itfor tw o w eeks, (24)(use) any device w ith the Barnes& Noble e-book reader softw a re. It's a big improvement from previous e-book readers.The Nook offers other features too. Y ou read in black and w h ite on the main screen. just like w ith Kind le. The difference is (25)on the low er part of the device there's a colour touch screen,(26)allow s you to browse through a book or a magazine , but goes black w hen you're not using it sothat you save pow e r.(27) exciting th ing about the Nook is that it offers Wi-Fi, arguably a big advance on previous e-book readers. Customers in the United States can use the Internet connection (28)(read) w hole e-books at Barnes& Noble for hundreds of bookstores for free. None of Barnes& Noble’s competitors can come close to this.But the Nook,iron i cally,(29)(turn out) to be a money-loser for Barnes& Noble, or at least ajob- loser for Barnes& Noble's employees. According to Marian Maneker at The Big Money Website,(30)the Nook is successful it mighttake sales from the company’s bookstores, eventually forcing their closure and the loss of thousands of jobs.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word cho s en f r om the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. branchB. departmentC. appropriateD. expansionE. w i thdrewF. dominatedG. licensed H. contract I. considerable J. brands K. breakthroughForeign Giants T arget Chinese Milk MarketEuropean dairy products giant Arla Foods has chosen a leading Ch in ese milk manufacture as a business partner for its (31)in China – a clear sign that overseas companies are starting to cultivate huge Ch i na’s dairy market by tying up w i th local players.Ar la signed the cooperation (32), w hich comes into effect this month, w ith Mengn iu Dairy at the end of August to set up a milk-pow der joint venture in Hohhot, capital of North Chin a’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The deal betw een Arle Foods and Mengniu can be seen as a new (33) for Multinat i onal’s re-entry into the sector.Many foreign giants have found it difficult to create ( 34) profits in domestic milk market, especially the liqu id-m ilk sector, w hich is follow ed closely by price w ars and dominated by local (35)---companies like Danone, Kraft and Friesland Coberco have quitted dairy production in China.A few have been successful ---Nestle, Inter, Bristo-Myers Squibb and Wy eth have (36) the high-end milk-formula market in Ch i na.“We w ill w atch the market closely and re-invest here in a(n) (37) time,” an official of the Dutch firm Friesland said w hen it (38) its investment in its Tianjin jo int venture last year after eight years.The company has (39) its Chinese partner to continue using its Dutch lady brand and also sells its imported Friso infant foods, Dutch Lady milk pow der and Dutch lady Calcimex in the Chinese market through its (40) company in Hong Kong.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the f ollowing passage there are f our word s or phra ses marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best f its the context.Our modern w o rking lives are ruled by the concept of competence(能力). The idea that lies behind competence is quite simple: that one can state w hat people should do in behavioral terms, and then 41 w hether a person has succeeded in meeting that task or not. We rarely have a second thought about w hether the idea of measuring and achieving competence is a good one or not. 42 , it is a debatable one.Humans do not learn or w o rk in w a ys that can be measured by the 43 of competence. Take the example of a bar ista w ho is being trained to make coffee. The job title of “bar ista” 44 a degree of skill in making coffee. How ever, baristas in large coffee chains are usually trained through 45 qualifications. One part of these qualifications is to produce a cup of coffee to meet a(n) 46 standard. It might have to achieve a certain taste and appearance. This might seem perfectly reasonable, but there are tw o reasons w h y such an approach to training baristas does not 47 .First, the production of a cup of coffee to a certain standard is a binary(二次元的) 48 . The baristas can either produce a coffee of a certain standard or they cannot. If they happen to produce the best cup of coffee in the w orld, it does not matter, as competence-based training does not rew ard outstanding performance. 49 , producing the w orst cup of coffee w ould be a fail in the same w ay as producing a cup just below the standard. In fact, competence is not interested in the process of producing a coffee at all----only the final b i nary outcome.Second, if the barista does produce a coffee to a certain 50 , competence is not interested in w hy the barista can do that. But humans are not machines that 51 produce binary outcomes. We have bodies and minds w h ich 52 through learning.Y et w e are increasingly forced to 53 competence in our schools and w o rkplace. We are not empty machines that simply produce binary outcomes. If w e w ant to be true human in our learn ing and our w orkplace, w e need to be 54 and special. Learning and innovation invo lve failure in aim i ng for something that is unusually good. Such things simply cannot be 55 by the standard of competence w h ere the mediocre(平凡的) is the gold standard.41. A. question42. A. As a rule B. predictB. As a w h oleC. measureC. In other w o rdsD. confirmD. In fact43. A. impression44. A. suggests45. A. society-based B. conceptB. assumesB. self-basedC. valueC. deservesC. pleasure-basedD. developmentD. inheritsD. competence-based46. A. minimum47. A. last48. A. challenge B. uniqueB. w o rkB. appearanceC. traditionalC. existC. outcomeD. internationalD. changeD. practice49. A. Therefore50. A. agreement51. A. typically B. InsteadB. extentB. simplyC. MoreoverC. standardC. cheaplyD. Likew i se D.description D.occasionally52. A. alter53. A. handle54. A. common B. expandB. classifyB. sociableC. createC. transferC. creativeD. exhaustD. achieveD. mature55. A. judged B. achieved C. restored D. presentedSection BDirections:Read the f ollowing three passages. Each passage is f ollowed by several questions or unf inished statements. For each of them there are f our choices marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that f i ts best according to the inf o rmation given in the passage you have just read.(A)William Herschel w a s born on November 15th, 1738 in Hanover in a fam i ly of musicians. In 1757, hefled to England and began earning a living as an organist and later composer and conductor. In 1772, heconvinced his sister Caroline to join him as a singer. In their spare time the brother-sister team becameoccupied in astronomy. William d ied at his home in Slough, near Windsor on August 25th, 1822, andCaroline on September 1st, 1848.Herschel's first major discoveries w e re to show that Mars and Jupiter exhib i t ax i al rotation( 绕轴自转). Herschel struck fame in1781, w h en on March13th, he discovered the planet Uranus(天王星) w hileengaged in w ork aimed at determining stellar parallax( 恒星视差). This being the first new planetdiscovered since ancient times, Herschel, until then a mere amateur astronomer relat ively unknow n even inEng land, became w orld-famous. Adopting a historically proven strategy, Herschel named the new planetGeorgiumSidum, in honor of the then ruling English king George III. The trick w orked once again, asKing George III gave William and Caroline the titles of "The King’s Astronomer" and "Assistant to theking's Astronomer", an honor w hich came w ith a life's pension for both. In 1782 they moved to Bath, andshortly thereafter to Slough, and from this point on William and Caro line could devote themselves entirelyto astronomy. The Herschels w e nt on to discover tw o moons of Uranus in 1787.While Caroline became increasingly occupied w i th the search for comets at w h ich she w a s quitesuccessful. William became for a time interested in the Sun. Inspired by Wilson’s 1774 w o rk, he put forththe theory of sunspot, an opinion that continued to exist w ell into the nineteenth century. In 1800, hebecame interested in the solar spectrum (太阳光谱), and uncovered the first evidence for solar energyoutput outside of the visible spectrum, in w hat is now know n as the infrared (红外线). In 1801, hepublished tw o papers that effectively started the field of solar influ e nces on Earth’s w e ather.56. Herschel made himself know n to the w o rld mainly byA. discovering the planet UranusB. determin i ng stellar parallaxC. discovering tw o moons of UranusD. uncovering the evidence for the infrared57. It can be inferred from the passage that George IIIA. liked science and technologyB. liked Herschel's naming of the new planetC. w a s interested in astronomyD. gave Herschel a lot of useful suggestions58. What do w e know about Carolin e from the passage?A. She w a s successful in music.B. She w a s titled "The king's AstronomerC. She died later than her brother.D. She published tw o papers59. This passage mainly tells readersA. some information about Herschel and his sisterB. how Herschel and his sister discovered the planet UranusC. Herschel and Caroline got along w e ll w i th each otherD. Herschel and Caroline's major scientific publications(B)OSCAR THEATR EBOOKI NG-in personThe Box Office is open Monday to Saturday, 10 am-8 pm.-by postStating the performance and choice of seats, enclosing a cheque, postal order, or your credit card detailsto Oscar Theatre Box Office, PO Box 220, Main street. All cheques should be made payable to OscarTheatre-by telephoneRing 0844 847 2484 to reserve your tickets or to pay by credit card (V isa, Master Card accepted)-on-lineComplete the on-line book i ng form at www.oscartheatre com.DISCOUNTSSaver: $2 off any seat booked any time in advance for performances from Monday to Thursdayinclusive, and for all matinees (下午场). Savers are availab l e for children up to 16 years old, over 60sand full-time students.Supersaver: half-price seats are availab le for people w ith disabilit ies and one companion. It isadvisab le to book in advance. There is a maximum of eight w heelchair spaces availab le and onw h eelchair space w i ll be held until one hour before the show(subject to availab i lity) Standby: best availab le seats are on sale for $6 from one hour before the performance for peopleelig i b l e(有资格的) for Saver and Supersaver discounts and thirty minutes before for all other customers.Group Book i ngs: there is a ten per cent discount for parties of tw e lve or more.Schools: school parties of ten or more can book $9 tickets in advance and w ill get every tenth ticket free.Please note: w e are unable to exchange tickets or refund money unless a performance is cancelled due to unforeseen circumstance.60. When booking by post, you can pay for a ticket byA. visit i ng the w e bsite of a post officeB. going to your local bank in personC. enclosing your Master Card in an envelopeD. providing your credit card information61. What benefit can bookers enjoy according to the text?A. A group of ten adults going to a performance can claim a discount.B. A school party of 15 persons that book in advance pay $135 in total for aperformance.C. Someone accompanying a w h eelchair user to a performance receives a discount.D. An 18-year-old teenager is elig i b l e for Saver discounts.62. According to the text, can get Standby ticket.A.65-year-olds buying tickets an hour and a half before a performanc e beginsB. full-t ime students buying tickets 45 minutes before a performance beginsC.theatre-goers w h o are unexpectedly unable to be present at a performance.D. anyone w h o buys tickets an hour before a performance begins(C)Here’s the scary thing about the identity-theft ring that the feds cracked last w eek: there w as nothing any of its estimated 40,000 victims could have done to prevent it from happening. This w as an inside job,according to court documents. A low ly help-desk w orker at Teledata Communications, a softw are firm that helps banks access credit reports online, alleged ly stole passw ords for those reports and sold them to a group of 20 thieves at $60 a pop. That allow ed the gang to cherry-pick consumers w ith good credit and apply for all kinds of accounts in their names. Cost to the victims: $3 million and rising.Even scarier is that this, the largest identity-theft bust to date, is just a drop in the bit bucket. More than 700,000 Americans have their credit hijacked every year. It's one of crime's biggest grow th markets. A name, address and Social Security number --w hich can often be found on the Web--is all anybody needs to app ly for a bogus line of credit. Credit companies make $1.3 trillion annually and lose less than 2% of that revenue to fraud, so there's little financial incentive for them to make the application process more secure. As it stands now, it's up to you to protect your ident i ty.The good new s is that there are plenty of steps you can take. Most credit thieves are opportunists, not w ell-organized gangs. A lot of them go Dumpster diving for those millions of "pre-approved" credit-card mailin gs that go out every day. Others steal w allets and return them, taking only a Social Security number. Shredding your junk mail and leav ing your Soc ial Security card at home can save a lot of agony later.But the most effective w a y to keep your identity clean is to check your credit reports once or tw ice a year. There are three major credit-report outfits: Equifax (at ), Trans-Union () and Experian (). All allow you to order reports online, w hich is a lot better than w ading through voice-mail hell on their 800 lines. Of the three, I found TransUnion's w ebsite to be the cheapest and most comprehensive--lay ing out state-by-state prices, rights and tips for consumers in easy-to-read fashion.If you're lucky enough to live in Co l orado, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey or V ermont, you are entitled to one free report a year by law. Otherw ise it's going to cost $8 to $14 each time. A void services that offer to monitor your reports year -round for about $70; that's $10 more than the going rate among th ieves. If you think you're a victim of ident ity theft, you can ask for fraud alerts to be put on file at each of the three credit-report companies. Y ou can also dow nload a theft-report form /idtheft, w hich, along w ith a local po lice report, should help w hen irate creditors come knocking. Just don't expect justice. That audacious help-desk w o rker w a s one of the few e r than 2% of identity thieves w h o are ever caught.63. The expression “inside job”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means .A. a crime that is committed by a person w o rking for the victimB. a crime that should be punished severelyC. a crime that does great harm to the victimD. a crime that poses a great threat to the society64. The creditors can protect their identity in the follow i ng w a y except .A. destroying your junk mailB. leav i ng your Social Security card at homeC. visiting the credit-report w e bsite regularlyD. obtaining the free report from the government65. It is easy to have credit-theft becauseA. More people are using credit service.B. The application program is not safe enough.C. Creditors usually disclose their identity.D. Creditors are not careful about their ident i ty.66. The best title of the text isA. The danger of credit-theftB. The loss of the creditorsC. How to protect your good nameD. Why the creditors lose their identitySection CDirections: Read the passage caref u lly. Fill in each blank with a proper seen given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there aret»o sentences than you need.A. When you are done w i th your task then rew a rd yourself.B. Make sure you only rest for 10 minutes.C. Or you can w o rk harder and start an even bigger project.D. Set a kitchen timer and say to yourself that you only have to do this w o rk for 10minutes.E. When you sort papers，do the laundry or do the dishes, be fully there.F. Y ou don't alw a ys have to do just one thing at a time in silence.Ways to Be More EfficientNot all tasks of the day are inspiring. But you still have to w ash those dishes and take care of those routine tasks at w ork or in school. So w hat can you do not to get lost in procrastination( 拖延)?I’ll share how I do it, how I get some motivation and find more pleasure in w h at may seem to be a boring task.Instead of focusing your mind on how boring a task may feel, focus on your thought on w hy you are doing this and how good it w ill feel w hen you are done w ith it. If needed, sit dow n for a few minutes, close your eyes and see in your mind. Then go to w ork w ith that motivation and those positive feelings in your body.Do it attent i vely. 67 Focus 100% on just the w o rk w i th all your sense-how it feels, looks, and smells –as you are scrubbing it and nothing else. Don’t get lost in daydreams. If you are just there, I have found that even such a simple task becomes more enjoyable and something that can bring inner calm rather than distress.Make a deal w i th yourself and set a timer for 10 minutes. It is often easier to do task like these in small bursts. So make a deal w ith yourself to just spend 10 minutes on your reading or cleaning the house. 68 When the timer rings you can continue doing it if feel like it (this often happens to me because getting started is the hard part) .Or you can stop and go do something more interesting instead.Create a pleasurable d i straction. If possible，try to listen to the radio，your favorite songs，an audio book or w a tch a movie or TV episode w h ile doing your boring task.69 I often listen to music or w a tch an episode of the Simpsons w h ile doing the dishes or other routine w o rk at home.70 Take a w alk in the sun. Move on to more fun or creative task at w ork or in school. Have a tasty treat. This habit can make it easier to get started and to keep going each day. Because you know that you can look forw ard to not just being done and the long-term payoff from that but also your immediate rew a rd right after you are finished.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the f o llowing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own wo r ds as f a r as possible.Clearly if w e are to participate in the society in w hich w e live, w e must communicate w ith other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by the simple means of speech. If w e travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, w e are likely to have conversations w here w e give information or opinions, receive new s or comment and very likely have our view s challenged by other members of society.Face-to face contact is by no means the only form of communication and during the last tw o hundred years the art of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of current society. Tw o things, above others, have caused the enormous grow th of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiv eness has led to advances in printing, telecommunications, photography, radio and televis ion. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission and reception of communications so that local new s often takes a back seat to national new s, w h ich itself is often almost eclipsed (失去优势) by international new s.No longer is the possession of information restricted to a w ealthy minority. In the last century the w ealthy man w ith his ow n library w as indeed fortunate, but today there are public libraries. Forty years ago, people used to go to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to w a tch a program that is being channeled into m i llions of homes.Communication is no longer merely concerned w i th the transmission of information. The modem communication influ ences the w ay, people live in society and broadens their horizons by allow ing access to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all information, education and entertainment, The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all invo l ved w i th informing, educating and entertaining.V.T ranslationDirection:Translate the f o llowing sentence into English,using the words given in the brackets. 72. 应该采取措施阻止新病毒的蔓延。

2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--阅读理解A篇--学生版(精确校对)

Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The Paris climate agreement finalized in December last year heralded a new era for climate action. For the first time, the world’s nations agreed to keep global warming well below2℃.This is vital for climate-vulnerable nations. Fewer than 4% of countries are responsible for more than half of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. In a study published in Nature Scientific Reports, we reveal just how deep this injustice runs.Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate “free-riders”: causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while incurring few of the costs such as climate change’s impact on food and water. In other words, a few countries are benefiting enormously from the consumption of fossil fuels, while at the same time contributing disproportionately to the global burden of climate change.On the flip side, there are many “forced riders”, who are suffering from the climate change impacts despite having scarcely contributed to the problem. Many of the world’s most climate-vulnerable countries, the majority of which are African of small island states, produce a very small quantity of emissions. This is much like a non-smoker getting cancer from second-hand smoke, while the heavy smoker is fortunate enough to smoke in good health.The Pairs agreement has been widely hailed as a positive step forward in addressing climate change for all, although the details on addressing “climate justice” can be best described as sketchy.The goal of keeping global temperature rise “well below”2℃is commendable but the emissions-reduction pledges submitted by countries leading up to the Pairs talks are very unlikely to deliver on this.More than $100 billion in funding has been put on the table for supporting developing nations to reduce emissions. However, the agreement specifies that there is no formal distinction between developed and developing nations in their responsibility to cut emissions, effectively ignoring historical emissions. There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or,importantly, who is responsible for their provision. Securing these funds, and establishing who is responsible for raising them will also be vital for the future of climate-vulnerable countries.The most climate-vulnerable countries in the world have contributed very little to creating the global disease from which they now suffer the most. There must urgently be a meaningful mobilization of the polices outlined in the agreement if we are to achieve national emission reductions while helping the most vulnerable countries adapt to climate change.And it is clearly up to the current generation of leaders from high-emitting nations to decide whether they want to be remembered as climate change tyrants or pioneers.56. The author is critical of the Paris climate agreement because_____________.A) it is unfair to those climate-vulnerable nationsB) it aims to keep temperature rise below 2℃ onlyC) it is beneficial to only fewer than 4% of countriesD) it burdens developed countries with the sole responsibility.57.Why does the author compare the “forced riders” to second-hand smokers?A) They have little responsibility for public health problems.B) They are vulnerable to unhealthy environmental conditions.C) They have to bear consequences they are not responsible for.D) They are unaware of the potential risks they are confronting.58.What does the author say about the $100 billion funding?A) It will motivate all nations to reduce carbon emissions.B) There is no final agreement on where it will come from.C) There is no clarification of how the money will be spent.D) It will effectively reduce greenhouse emissions worldwide.59. What urgent action must be taken to realize the Paris climate agreement?A) Encouraging high-emitting nations to take the initiative.B) Calling on all the nations concerned to make joint efforts.C) Pushing the current world leaders to come to a consensus.D) Putting in effect the policies in the agreement at once.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Away from home, and eating is more than just a way to keep your stomach full. It is a language all its own, and no words can say ‚“Glad to meet you…glad to be doing business with you…” quite like sharing a meal offered by your heart.Clearly, mealtime is not the time for you to say. “ Thanks, but no thanks.” Acceptance of the host, country, and company. So, no matter how difficult it may be to swallow, swallow. Or, as one experienced traveler says, “Travel with a cast-iron stomach and eat everything everywhere.”Often, the food offered represents proudly your host country’s proudest cooking achievement .What would America think of a French person who refused to take a bite of homemade apple pie or sizzling steak? Our discomfort comes not so much from the thing itself; it comes from our unfamiliarity with it. After all, an oyster has remarkably the same look as a sheep’s eye, and a first something you dip in butter and eat. By the way, in Saudi Arabia sheep’s eyes are a delicacy, in par ts of China it’s bear’s paw soup.Can you refuse such food without being rude? Most experienced business travelers say no, at least not before taking at least a few bites. It helps, though, to slice any item very thin. This way, you minimize the texture—gristly（软骨的）,slimy（粘滑的）and so on---and the reminder of where it came from. Or, “Swallow it quickly.” as one traveler recommends, “I still can’t tell you what sheep’s eyeballs taste like.” As for dealing with taste, the old line that “it tastes just like chicken” is often thankfully true. Even when “it” is really rat or snake.Another useful piece of advice is not knowing what you are eating. What’s for dinner? Don’t ask. Avoid glancing into the kitchen or looking at English-language menus. Your host will be pleased that you are eating the food he offers, and who knows? Maybe it really is the chicken in that soup.56. Who is the passage most probably written for?A. Those who are going to have trip abroad.B. Those who want to cook food from another countryC. Those who are going to teach people from different countriesD. Those who want to take part in an international cooking contest57. The phrase “a cast-iron stomach” probably refers to a stomach_____________.A. equipped with iron devicesB. never failing youC. sensitive to various tastesD. not allergic to iron58. Which of the following is NOT suggested by the passage when you are offered some food youdon’t like?A. Cutting it into small piecesB. Swallowing it without hesitationC. Avoid figuring out what it isD. Pleasing the host while eating59. Which of the following can be served as a conclusion for the passage?A. Chicken is a delicacy for everyone.B. “It tastes like chicken” may help.C. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.D. Eating various things can keep you fit.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Conventional wisdom has it that concern for the environment is a luxury only the rich world can afford; that only people whose basic needs for food and shelter have been met can start worrying about the health of the planet. This survey will argue that developing countries, too, should be thinking about the environment. True, in the rich countries a strong environmental movement did not emerge until long after they had become industrialized, a stage that many developing countries have yet to reach. And true, many of the developed world's environmental concerns have little to do with immediate threats to its inhabitants' wall-being. People worry about whether carbon-dioxide emissions might lead to a warmer climate next century, or whether genetically engineered crops might have unforeseen consequences for the ecosystem. That is why, when rich world environmentalists' campaign against pollution in poor countries, they are often accused of naivety. Such countries, the critics say, have more pressing concerns, such as getting their people out of poverty.But the environmental problems that developing countries should worry about are different from those that western pundits have fashionable arguments over. They are not about potential problems in the next century, but about indisputable harm being caused to conventional wisdom, solving such problems need not hurt economic growth; indeed dealing with them now will generally be cheaper than leaving them to cause further harm.In most developing countries pollution seems to be getting worse, not better. Most big cities in Latin America, for example, are suffering rising levels of air pollution. Populations in these countries are growing so fast that improvements in water supply have failed to keep up with the number of extra people. Worldwide, about a billion people still have no access to clean water, and water contaminated by sewage is estimated to kill some 2 million children every year. Throughout Latin America, Asia, Africa, forests are disappearing, causing not just long-term concern about climate change but also immediate economic damage. Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 produced a huge blanket of smog that enveloped much of South-East Asia and kept the tourists away. It could happen again, and probably will.Recent research suggests that pollution in developing countries is far more than a minor irritation: it imposes a heavy economic cost. A Word Bank study put the cost of air and water pollution in China at $54 billion a year, equivalent to an astonishing 8% of the country's GDP. Another study estimated the health costs of air pollution in Jakarta and Bangkok in the early 1990s at around 10% of these cities' income. These are no more than educated guesses, but whichever way the sums are done, the cost is not negligible.56. T he critics of rich world environmentalists’ campaign against pollution in poor countries hold that poor countries should be more concerned about_____________.A. The potential greenhouse effectB. The bad consequences of genetically engineered cropsC. How to get rid of povertyD. How to develop education57. which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Developing countries should worry about the harm caused by polluted water and air.B. Developing countries’ economy will develop more rapidly if they deal with environmentalproblems right now.C. The conventional wisdom holds that dealing with environmental problems now willgenerally cost less.D. The conventional wisdom has it that solving environment problems may hurt economicgrowth.58. The underlined word “pundits” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _____________.A. expertsB. politiciansC. institute’sD. educators59. What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the passage?A. To analyze the difference between the environmental problems in rich and poor countries.B. To explain why developing countries should handle the environmental problemsimmediately.C. To demonstrate what serious damage pollution can do to a country’s economicdevelopment.D. To explain why rich countries’ environmental concerns have little to do immediate threats.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Pacific Science Center Guide◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s StoreDon’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or remember your visit. The store is located upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laster Dome.◆HungryOur exhibits will feed your mind but what about your body? Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonals. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.◆Rental InformationLockers are available to store any belongs during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny W ay entrance. ID required.◆Support Pacific Science CenterSince 1962 Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. T oday Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and beings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over W ashington State.It’s an amazing accomplishment and one cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.56.Where are you buy a at Science CenterA. In Building 1.B. In Building 3.C. At the last Denny.D. At the Denny Way entrance.57.What’s the purpose of the last part of the text?A. To encourage donations.B. To advertise coming events.C. To introduce special exhibits.D. To tell about the Center’s history.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Personality may play only a small part in leadership effectiveness but there is no doubt thatsome leaders have a certain magic that leaves peers envious and followers entranced. If you could bottle this leadership X-factor —charisma- the queue of interested executives would be a long-one. But what qualities can these often highly successful leaders be said to possess?As individuals, charismatic leaders have highly developed communication skills, including the ability to convey emotions easily and naturally to others, says Ronald Riggio, professor of leadership and organizational psychology. “They are able to inspire and arouse the emotions of followers through their emotional expressiveness and verbal skills.”“They, connect with followers because they seem to truly understand others' feelings and concerns.”“And they are great role models because they have the ability to engage others socially and display appropriate role-pla ying skills that allow them to walk the talk,” Professor Riggio says.“One quality we like in our leaders is if they are seen to really represent us. We think someone is more charismatic, the more they represent our collective identity,” Professor Van Knippenberg says. In this way, a charismatic leader is somehow a larger-than-life version of ourselves.Academics say that charismatic leaders also manage to stand out from the crowd. They might do this by being unconventional or by taking a different approach to problem-solving, for example.“They are up for new things, and they are not stuck in the status quo. They are open-to out-of-the-box thin ki ng, etc. An optimistic, energetic quality helps us to see leadership qualities in them and makes us open to their influence,” he says.“A lot of charismatic leadership, and leadership in general, is very contextual. It's really entrepreneurial firms. It's also good for turnarounds if the organization is in a bad state because it Kai Peters, the chief executive of Ashridge Business School.But not every organization needs a charismatic leader. Leaders loaded with the X®1 narcissistic(自恋的)，self-glorifying, exploitative and authoritarian (专制的).As Peters says: “ Where it is a problem is where you have' look at me, I'm a star'.”56.Which word is closest in meaning to charisma in the first paragraph?A.charmB. characterC. gratitudeD. optimism57.The charismatic leaders become great role models due to their___________.A. proper role-playing skillsB. subtle emotional expressivenessC. marvelous problem-solving abilityD. unconventionality in the crowds58. According to Professor Knippenberg, what kind of leaders would be welcomed by us?A. The one who has a heroical image.B. The one who can speak for us.C. The one who is a collective version of us.D. The one who resembles us in characteristic.59.Wha t’s Peters’ attitude towards the contextual feature of charismatic leadership?A. CriticalB. ApprovedC. NeutralD. SuspiciousSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)I was at the funeral of my dearest friend--my mother. She finally had lost her long battle with cancer. The hurt was so intense; I found it hard to breathe at times. Always supportive, mother clapped loudest at my school plays, held a box of tissue while listening to my first heartbreak, comforted me at my father’s death, and prayed for me my entire life.When mother’s illness was diagnosed, my sister had a new baby and my brother had recently married his childhood sweetheart, so it fell on me, the 27-year-old middle to take care of her. I counted it an honor. My place had been with our mother, preparing her meals,taking her to the doctor, reading the Bible together. Now she was in heaven. My work was finished, and I was alone.Deep in sorrow, suddenly, I heard a door open and slam shut at the back of the church. Quick steps hurried along the carpeted floor. A young man looked around briefly and then sat next to me. He folded his hands and placed them on his lap. His eyes started to be filled with tears.“I’m late,” he explained, though no explanation was necessary.After several eulogies, he leaned over and commented, “Why do they keep calling Mary by the name of Margaret?”“Because that was her name, Margaret. Never Mary.” I whispered, wondering who was this stranger anyway?“ Isn’t this the Lutheran church?”“Oh...”“I believe you’re at the wrong funeral, sir.”The solemnness(庄重) of the occasion mixed with realization of the man’s mistake bubbled up inside me and came out as laughter. Sharp looks from other mourners(哀悼者) only made the situation seem stupid. I peeked at the confused, misguided man seated beside me. He was laughing too, as he glanced around, deciding it was too late for an uneventful exit. I imagined Mother laughing.At the final ‘Amen’, we rush ed out a door and into the parking lot. “I do believe we’ll be the talk of the town. By the way, my name is Rick.” he smile d.That afternoon began a lifelong journey for me with this man who attended the wrong funeral, but was in the right place. A year after our meeting, we were married at a country church. This time we both arrived at the same church, right on time.In my time of sorrow, he gave me laughter. In place of loneliness, God gave me love. This past June, we celebrated our twenty-second anniversary. Whenever anyone asks us how we met, Rick tells them “Her mother and my Aunt Mary introduced us, and it’s truly a match made in Heaven.”56. Only author could take care of her mom mainly because___________.A. she was the only child in the family.B. a lovely baby came into her brother’s family.C. she was the only child without a new family’s burden.D. her mom loved her much more than other children.57. What can we infer from the passage?A. The author and Rick met 22 years ago for the first time.B. The author was supposed to have been in Lutheran Church.C. Margaret should be the name of Rick’s aunt.D. The mourners considered the author’s joy improper.58. What could be the best title of the passage?A. Hope Remaining at the FuneralB. A Heavenly EncounterC. Two Funerals at One TimeD. Seeking God’s Everlasting LoveSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become “better” people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are att ending, those who don’t fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other’s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Other find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out—often encouraged by college administrators.Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves—they are spoiled and they are expecting too m uch. But that is a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn’t explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We have been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can’t abso rb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.Some adventuresome educators and watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences.Perhaps collegedoesn’t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things—may it is just the other way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy(异端邪说) to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.56..According to the passage all of the following statements are true EXCEPT____________．A.about half of the high school graduates continue their studies at schoolB.college graduates are believed to be able to earn more moneyC.administrators often encourage college students to drop outD.more and more young people are found unfit for college57.According to the passage, the problems of college education partly originate in the fact that___________.A.society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained graduates.B.High school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education.C.Too many students have to earn their own living.D.College administrators encourage students to drop out.58.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 mean?A．Our college experience proves that those surveys are incorrect．B．The surveys may remind us of our beautiful college experiences．C．The surveys should all be re－examined according to our college experiences．D．Our college experiences may make us misunderstand the results of the surveys．59.What is the main purpose of this passage?A．To argue against the idea that college is the best place for all young people．B．To put forward an idea that college should not be the first choice．C．To value young people’s further education in colleges．D．To persuade young people into working after the completing of high school．Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Sebastian Faulks has written many novels, including Devil May Care, the latest James Bond book. This cutting comes from a very different kind of novel called Charlotte Gray. The setting is a transit (中转) camp near Paris during the Second World War, where a group of people, including two small children, Andre and Jacob, await transport to take them to a concentration camp outside France. Although these people - the ‘deportees’ of the cutting - are not fully aware of this, they face certain death.The Last NightAndre was lying on the floor when a man came with postcards on which the deportees might write a final message. He advised them to leave them at the station or throw them from the train as camp orders forbade access to the post. Two or three pencils that had survived the camps search were passed round among the people in the room. Some wrote with weeping passion, some with great care, as though their safety, or at least the way in which they were remembered, depended upon their choice of words.A woman came with a sandwich for each child to take on the journey. She also had a bucket of water, round which they gathered, holding out food cans they passed from one to another. One of the older boys hugged her in his gratitude, but the bucket was soon empty. When she was gone, there were only the small hours of the night to go through. Andre was lying on the straw, and Jacob leaned close to him for warmth.Five buses had come in through the main entrance, and now stood trembling in the corner of the yard. At a long table …the commandant of the camp himself sat with a list of names that another policeman was calling out in alphabetical order. Andre heard his name and moved with Jacob towards the bus. From the other side of the courtyard, from windows open on the dawn, a shower of food was thrown towards them by women crying and calling out their names.Andre looked up, and in a chance angle of light he saw a woman’s face in which the eyes were fixed with terrible fierceness on a child beside him. Why did she stare as though she hated him? Then it came to Andre that she was not looking in hatred, but had kept her eyes so intenselyopen in order to fix the picture of her child in her mind. She was looking to remember, for ever….56. What can we learn from the first part of the passage?A. The background and the situation of World War Ⅱ.B. The transit camp and the transportation in Paris.C. The author, the setting and the main characters.D. The main idea and the names on the list.57. Which of the following is true about the things going on in the transit camp?A. The deportees were eager to leave their final messages.B. A humble breakfast was served to children late that morning.C. Andre happened to witness the deportees’ routine camp life.D. The camp commandant stood by a long table calling the roll.58. The woman stared at her child fiercely probably because _____ .A. she found her child was trembling and crying for foodB. she thought she would never see her child any moreC. she was filled with an attempt to escape from deathD. she was driven mad by the life in the transit campSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)How Would Y ou Like to Pay?How do you pay for your coffee?Is it with change?I use my tap-and-go card.I don't even need to enter my PIN number or a signature to approve payment.It's quicker and everybody in the queue is happy.Contactless payments are gaining popularity.Those concerned about security will be pleased to know that the amount of money you can spend in one-go is limited—in the UK it's currently ￡30.But if the card is used a few times in a row,a PIN number will be needed.If a thief gets hold。

2018届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题汇编--选词填空--学生版(已校对)

Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Foreign Giants Target Chinese Milk MarketEuropean dairy products giant Arla Foods has chosen a leading Chinese milk manufacturers as a business partner for its 31 in China—a clear sign that overseas companies are starting to cultivate huge China’s dairy market by tying up with local players.Arla signed the cooperation 32 , which comes into effect this month, with Mengniu Dairy at the end of August to set up a milk-powder joint venture in Hohhot, capital of North China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The deal between Arle Foods and Mengniu can be seen as a new 33 fo r Multinational’s re-entry into the sector.Many foreign giants have found it difficult to create 34 profits in domestic milk market, especially the liquid-milk sector, which is followed closely by price wars and dominated by local 35 —companies like Danone, Kraft and Friesland Coberco have quitted dairy production in China.A few have been successful—Nestle, Intel, Bristo-Myers Squibb and Wyeth have 36 the high-end milk-formula market in China.“We will watch the market closely and re-invest here in a(n) 37 time,” an official of the Dutch firm Friesland said when it 38 its investment in its Tianjin joint venture last year after eight years.The company has 39 its Chinese partner to continue using its Dutch Lady brand and also sells its imported Friso infant foods, Dutch Lady milk powder and Dutch Lady Calcimex in the Chinese market through its 40 company in Hong Kong.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Why India's Pink City' is a Photographer's HeavenThe city of Jaipur is one of India's wonders. It ___31_____ some of the country's most decorative royal palaces-elegant structures designed hundreds of years ago that still attract visitors today. Largely built in the 1700s, Jaipur is surrounded by a city wall and several ____32___ castles. Considered as a commercial center, it was ahead of its time due to the use of grid iron (网格状) city planning.A romantic dusty pink type-which has _____33____ the city since 1876, after it was painted pink towel come Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert-gives Jaipur its ___34_______ as the "Pink City". This ___35_____beauty is what first brought Hong Kong-based photographers Victor Cheng and Samantha Wong to Jaipur.Walking in glass skyscrapers for century-old royal palaces and historic castles, the pair-who have 130,000 Instagram followers between them-said that the images they ____36_____in Jaipur received a lot of response online. "A lot of our followers hadn't seen this side of India, so we're happy we were able to show this side of the country." Cheng said.For the photographers, one of the city's most fascinating features is the light pink coloring of its buildings. “The first gate you see when you enter are pink,” said Wong. “Once you’re through, everything around you varies in different ______37____ of the color-from bright pinks to reddish browns."The building is a(n) _____38_____ of the City Palace, and its windows allowed royal women to observe street life without appearing in public. One of Cheng's most striking photos shows a straight front of the building and its hundreds of windows. The building's lively coloring also pushed Cheng to take a different ______39____ to editing than with images of other cities. "Itoned down my usual editing process because the pink was so bright in reality," he said, "I wanted the photos to _____40__the actual color I was seeing myself and to maintain its tone."Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A multicultural person is someone who is deeply convinced that all cultures are equally good, enjoys learning the rich variety of cultures in the world, and most likely has been exposed to more than one culture in his or her lifetime.You cannot motivate anyone, especially someone of another culture, until that person has accepted you. A multilingual salesperson can explain the advantages of a product in other languages, but a multicultural salesperson can motivate foreigners to buy it. That’s a(an) (31)________ difference.No one likes foreigners who are arrogant(自大的) about their own culture. The trouble is, most people are arrogantly monocultural without being aware of it and even those who are can’t hide it. Foreigners sense monocultural arrogance at once and set up their own cultural barriers, which may effectively (32)_______ any attempt by the monocultural person to motivate them.Multiculturalism is a(an) (33)_______ that has been neglected too often in hiring managers for international positions. Even if your company is not a multinational one, chances are you’re in touch with foreign customers or manufacturers. Do you have the right employee to build up the (34)_______?For 20-odd years, I’ve run an executive-search firm from Brussels. When clients ask us to find the right person for a new pan-European sales or management position, I start by asking them to (35)_______ the qualifications their ideal candidate would have. Most often they list the same qualities they would want for a domestic position, but with the (36)_______ requirement that the new manager be fluent enough in English, German and French to cope with faxes and email. It sometimes takes me hours to persuade clients that the linguistic(语言的) abilities they see ascrucial are not enough.Of course, it’s far more difficult to (37)_______ candidates’ multiculturalism than it is to check their language skills --- but it’s also a far mo re important (38)_______ to success. I remember a company that asked me to check out a salesman they were planning to send to Mexico. He’d studied Spanish, and had grown up in New York City --- the most (39)_______ diverse place in America. But when I interviewed him, he turned out to have no concept of the great pride Mexicans took in their culture, and moreover he was (40)_______ about Mexican restaurants and markets being dirty and unsafe. I rejected him --- just as Mexican buyers would have if he’d been selected for the job.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.He Is KindlyThe other evening at a dancing club a young man introduced me to Mr. and Mrs. F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Scott seemed not to have changed from the first time I met him at Princeton, when he was an eager undergraduate trying his best to _ 31 himself into a great author. He is still trying hard to be a great author. He is at work now on a novel which his wife 32 far better than This Side of Paradise, but like most of our younger novelists, he finds it 33 to produce a certain number of short stories to make the wheels go around. That The Vegetable, his play, did not receive a Manhattan presentation seems to have disappointed rather than discouraged him. He is still 34 light-hearted.I have always considered him the most brilliant of our younger novelists. No one else can touch his style, nor the superb quality of his satire(讽刺). He has yet to put them in a novel with carefulness of conception and 35 of character. He can become almost any kind of writer thathis peculiarly restless character will 36 .Born in St. Paul, he attended Princeton, served in the Army, wrote his first novel in a training camp, achieved fame and fortune, married a Southern girl, has a child and lives in New York. At heart, he is one of the kindliest of the younger writers Artistry means a great deal to F. Scott Fizgerald, and into his own best work he 37 great efforts. He demands this in the work of others, and when he does not find it, he criticizes with passionate earnestness. I have known him, after reading a young fellow-novelist's book, to take what must have been hours of time to write him a lengthy, careful_ 38 .Just what he will write in the future remains_ 39 . With a firmer reputation than that of the other young people, he yet seems to me to have achieved rather less than Robert Nathan and rather more than Stephen Vincent Benet, Cyril Hume. His coming novel should mean a definite prediction for future work. It is to be hoped that from it will be 40 the seemingly unavoidable modern girls.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Before science became professionalized in the 19th century, __(31)__ naturalists were collecting information and helping us understand the natural world. A 2009 study found that nearly 50% of UK __(32)__ feed wild birds. The National Trust has more than 5 million members, and 60,000 active volunteers helping to protect the countryside as well as historic __(33)__. Now, with our environment arguably under greater threat than ever and species declining at a(n) __(34)__ rate, volunteers are once again at the forefront of efforts to limit the damage.Volunteers and enthusiasts can be powerful drivers for big changes. On the Isle of Man, more than 8,000 people (nearly 10% of the population) are involved in regular weekend beach cleans. At one recent event, 123 volunteers turned up and removed 183 bags of litter in just a couple ofhours. Thanks to __(35)__ such as this, the island shares Unesco biosphere reserve status with the Galápagos, Yellowstone in the US, Uluru in Australia, and hundreds of other sites.Recreational divers are making a real difference underwater too. They monitor the spread of __(36)__ species, and record how native species respond. Divers also __(37)__ levels of marine litter and other human impacts. Volunteer divers have played an important role in collecting information about marine conservation zones. Volunteers have also made a vital contribution to the conservation of basking sharks. The work of a citizen science Basking Shark Project in the 1980s and 90s was __(38)__ in getting these sharks on the protected species list in the UK, while satellite tagging __(39)__ the first recorded transatlantic crossing by a basking shark.Volunteers and enthusiasts can be powerful drivers for big changes. No one can know better, or care more about, our most special places than the people who live in them and give up their free time to look after them. As a group of divers and __(40)__ residents who lived on the shores of the bay, they took their campaign on to national and international stages and continue to inspire people who might otherwise feel powerless when faced with threats to the places that matter to them.Section BDirection: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Whether you're trying to be good at Photoshop, or step up your tennis game, or master a banjo (班卓琴) song, you' re probably 31 following the age-old advice that practice makes perfect. However, contrary to popular belief, doing the same thing over and over again might not be the most efficient way to learn foreign concepts.Traditionally, we're taught using the "blocking" strategy. This instructs us to go over a single idea again and again until we've mastered it, before 32 to the next concept. But several newneurological(神经学的) 33 show that an up and coming learning method called "interleaving" improves our ability to keep and perform new skills over any traditional means by leaps and bounds.What interleaving does is to space out learning over a longer period of time, and it 34 the information we encounter when learning a new skill. So, for example, instead of learning one banjo chord at a time until you 35 it, you train in several at once and in shorter bursts.One of the practical ways you can use interleaving to train your brain to pick up new skills quickly and effectively is to practice multiple 36 skills at once.Whether you’re trying to improve your motor skills or cognitive(认知的) learning abilities, the key to 37 how your brain processes new your brain processes new information is to break out of the habit of learning one part of a skill at a time. The advantage of this method is that your brain doesn't get comfortable or store information in your short-term memory. Instead, interleaving causes your brain to 38 focus and problem-solve every step of the way, resulting in information getting stored in your long-term memory instead.Interleaving doesn't cut any comers, so your brain is always on 39 . Think of the difference between blocking and interleaving like a boxer who practices one 40 over and over again versus a boxer who practices by sparring in the ring. In the ring, you have to be ready for anything. It makes you faster and sharper.Section BDirection: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Robots Writing NewspapersWhether it's robots working as hotel receptionists or artificial intelligence creating poetry, it'sbecoming more and more common to read about technology doing the jobs of humans. And now, it seems that software is even 31 of writing news stories—such as the very one you're reading.BBC News 32 reported that the Press Association(PA), a UK news service, has created a computer program that's competent to create articles that are almost impossible to tell apart from those written by human journalists. Called "robo-journalism" by BBC News, such software "teaches" itself by 33 thousands of news stories written by humans. The PA's software is already so advanced that many UK newspapers and websites publish articles created by it.According to the Reuters Institute of Journalism, many publishers are using robo-journalism to 34 interesting information quickly, from election results to official 35 on social issues. For example, US news organization The Washington Post has its own robo-journalism software, Heliograf.According to tech website Digiday, Heliograf "wrote" over 850 articles in 2017, as well as hundreds of social media 36 .So what does this mean for regular journalists? "We're naturally cautious about any technology that could replace human beings." Fredrick Kunkle, a Washington Post reporter, told Wired. "But this technology seems to have taken over only some of the work that nobody else wants to do."Indeed, it appears that robo-journalism software is 37 to help humans, rather than take away their jobs."In the future, Heliograf could do things like searching the web to see what people are talking about, checking The Washington Post to see if that story is being 38 , and, if not, alerting editors or just writing the piece itself, Wired reporter Joe Keoha wrote.However, Joshua Benton at Harvard university's Nieman Journalism Lab believes that while robo-journalism is 39 going to become more present in newsrooms, nothing can replace traditional human creativity."Good journalism is not just a matter of inputs and outputs, it is a craft that has developed over decades," he told BBC news."The really difficult part of what professional journalists do—carefully 40 information and presenting balanced, contextualized(全景式的) stones—will be very hard for machines tomaster."Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.As the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat stress, longer droughts(干旱), and more intense rainfall events linked t o global warming continue to upset our daily weather, we often forget they also ____31____ the quantity, quality, and growing locations of our food. Many foods have already ____32_____ top spots on the world's "endangered foods" list. Indicating their possibility to become scarce within the next 30 years.To start with what is ____33____ in many people’s lives, we are disappointed to find that coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii are all being threatened by rising air temperatures and erratic(不稳定的) rainfall patterns, which invite disease and invasive species to _____34____ the coffee plant and ripening beans. The result? Significant cuts in coffee output.And Coffee's culinary cousin, cacao (aka chocolate), is also suffering stress from global warming's rising temperatures. But for chocolate, it isn't the warmer climate alone that's the problem. Cacao trees actually prefer warmer climates as long as that warmth is paired with high humidity and _____35____ rain . However, the problem is that the higher temperatures projected for the world's leading chocolate-producing countries are not expected to be ____36____ by an increase in rainfall. Therefore as higher temperatures sap more moisture from from soil and plants, it's unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to make up for loss.A notably nutritious plant, the peanut plants grow best when it gets five months of continuous warm weather and 20 to 40 inches of rain. Anything less and plants won't survive. That isn't good news when most climate models agree the climate of the future will be the ____37____, including droughts and heatwaves.The world has already caught a glimpse of the peanut's future fate when last year a serious drought across the peanut-growing Southeastern U.S. led many plants to die. According to a financial report, the dry ____38____caused peanut prices to rise by as much as 40 percent!Finally, in the world of sea, as air temperatures rise, oceans and waterways absorb some of the heat and undergo warming of their own. The result is the _____39_____ in fish population. Warmer waters also encourage toxic marine bacteria, like Vibrio, to grow and cause illness in humans.And that satisfying "crack" you get when eating crab(蟹) be ____40____ as shellfish struggle to build their calcium carbonate(硫酸钙) shells, a result of ocean acidification.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Bob Dylan Wins a Nobel Prize in LiteratureBob Dylan has won the 2016 Nobel Prize in literature. The productive musician is the first Nobel winner to have followed a career primarily as a singer-songwriter. What’s more, he’s also the first American to have won the prize in more than two decades. Not since novelist Toni Morrison won in 1993 has an American 31 the prize.Dylan earned the prize “for having 32 new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition,” according to the statement by the Swedish Academy, the committee that annually decides the winter of the Nobel Prize. The academy’s permanent secretary, Sara Danius, announced the news Thursday.The win comes as something of a(n) 33 . As usual, the Swedish Academy did not announce a shortlist of nominees(被提名者), leaving the betting markets to their best 34 .And while Dylan has enjoyed favor as an outside shot for the award, the 35 that the musician would be the one to break the American s’ long dry period was regarded as unlikely---especially because he made his career mainly on the stage, not the 36 page.Yet few would argue Dylan has been anything but 37 , both in the U. S. and beyond its borders. The productive singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist has produced dozens of albums. Dylan, who was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in 1941, “has the status of an idol(偶像),”the Swedish Academy wrote. “His influence on contemporary music is significant, and he is the object of a steady stream of 38 literature.”In an interview following the announcement, Danius 39 the Swedish Academy’s decision: “He is a great poet in the English-speaking tradition, and he is a wonderful sampler—a very original sampler,” Danius explained. “For 54 years now he has been at it and reinventing himself, constantly creating a new identity.”And for his work, he has been 40 by critical community. Dylan has won Grammys, an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the U. S. Now, to the honors Dylan has added a Nobel.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Mentally and Intellectually HarmfulLast month, the Indian Medical Association declared a public health emergency in New Delhi because of high levels of air pollution. Schools were shut and emergency traffic restrictions put in place.New Delhi is far from alone. Our research into the___31___ of air pollution in China shows that, in addition to the more obvious physical price, air pollution can also have serious negative effects on mental health and cognition (认知),___ 32___ reducing a person’s happiness and their scores in verbal and mathematical tests.Such harmful mental effects have serious negative consequences for livelihoods and human capital development, suggesting that development___33____ should go beyond the traditional focus of boosting GDP in the developing world.India's recent pollution emergency is the most___34___ incidence(发生率)of dangerous air pollution, but smoggy skies have been a cause of growing___35____ in most developing countries.Major cities across the developing world---from Thailand to Brazil, to Nigeria---___36____ experience pollution at several times the WHO safe limits. In fact, 98% of cities with more than 100.000___37___ in low and middle-inc ome countries fail to meet the WHO’s air quality guidelines.India’s extreme levels of air pollution are well recognized, and examining the effects provides clear warnings for other countries seeking fast growth through rapid industrialization.We used nationally ___38___ longitudinal (纵向)surveys on mental health and cognition, matched with daily air quality data for the time and place of interviews, to see what pollution does in a given time to individual happiness and cognitive performance. Because each person in our survey was __39___multiple times, we can control for the effect of individual characteristics on the outcome variables.We found that worsening air quality led to a decrease in happiness that day__40___to about 10 percent of the reduced happiness one would experience form a negative major life event such as divorce.Section BDirections: Complete the passage with the words given in the table. Each word can be used onlyonce. There is an extra one that you will find no use for.Can Indoor Plants Really Purify the Air?Plants are very important to human life. Through photosynthesis (光合作用), they transform carbon dioxide into fresh oxygen. They are said to ___31___ toxins from the air we breathe — but is this true?One famous NASA experiment, published in 1989, found that indoor plants can clean the air by removing cancer-causing pollutants like formaldehyde and benzene. Later research has found that soil micro-organisms in potted plants also play a part in cleaning indoor air.Based on this research, some scientists say house plants are ___32___ air purifiers, and the bigger and leafier the plant, the better. “The amount of leaf surface area can ___33___ the rate of air purification,” says Bill Wolverton, a former NASA research scientist who conducted that 1989 plant study.Other experts, however, say the ___34___ that plants can effectively accomplish this feat is far from conclusive.“There are no definitive studies to show that having indoor plants can ___35___ increase the air quality in your home,” says Luz Claudio, a professor of environmental medici ne and public health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. There’s no question that plants are capable of removing volatile chemical toxins from the air “under laboratory conditions,” according to Claudio. But in the real world — in your home or in your office space — the notion that putting a few plants together can ___36___ your air doesn’t have much hard science to back it up.Most research efforts to date, including the NASA study, placed indoor plants in small, sealed environments in order to ___37___ how much air-purifying power they have. But those studies aren’t really ___38___ to what happens in a house, says Stanley Kays, a professor of horticulture at the University of Georgia.In many cases, the air in your home ___39___ turns over — that is, exchanges places with outdoor air —once every hour. “In most instances, air exchange with the outside has a far greatereffect on indoor air quality than plants,” Kays says.Many people may be disappointed by what Kays said, but the professor also made it clear that he believes house plants are ___40___ — they are not only pleasant living companions, but also provide a number of health benefits. Studies have shown plants can knock out stress by calming the sympathetic nervous system, and can also make people feel happier. More research shows spending time around nature has a positive effect on a person’s mood and energy levels.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.He is kindlyThe other evening at a dancing club a young man introduced me to Mr. and Mrs. F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Scott seemed to have changed a lot from the first time I met him at Princeton, when he was an eager undergraduate trying his best to __31__ himself into a great author. He is still trying hard to be a great author. He is at work now on a novel which his wife __32__ me is far better than This Side of Paradise, but like most of our younger novelists he finds it __33__ to produce a certain number of short stories to make the wheels go around. That The Vegetable, his play, did not receive a Manhattan presentation seems to have disappointed rather than discouraged him. He is still __34__ light-hearted.I have always considered him the most brilliant of our younger novelists. Not one of them can tough his style, nor the superb quality of his satire(讽刺). He has yet to put them in a novel with carefulness of conception and __35__ of character. He can become almost any kind of writer that his peculiarly restless character will __36__.Born in St. Paul, he attended Princeton, served in the Army, wrote his first novel in a trainingcamp, achieved fame and fortune, married a Southern girl, has a child and lives in New York. At heart, he is one of the kindliest of the younger writers. Artistry means a great deal to F. Scott Fizgerald, and into his own best work he __37__ great efforts. He demands this in the work of others, and when he does not find it he criticizes with passionate earnestness. I have known him, after reading a young fellow-novelist’s book, to take what must have been hours of time to write him a lengthy, careful __38__.Just what he will write in the future remains __39__. With a firmer reputation than that of the other young people, he yet seems to me to have achieved rather less than Robert Nathan and rather more than Stephen Vincent Benet, Cyril Hume. His coming novel should mean a definite prediction for future work. It is to be hoped that from it will be __40__ the seemingly unavoidable modern girls.Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Parents have been concerned about their kids’use of technology since the dawn of technology—or at least since the invention of the transistor radio in the 1950s. today, technology is everywhere, and kids are growing up___31___to their smartphones, tablets and laptops in ways that 50s moms and dads could never have dreamed of. Parental concern has grown along with this tech__32___. But now, even those in the industry are wondering if technology has taken a truly__33___hold on all of us ---and especially children.No less than Melinda Gates, wife of Microsoft founder Bill Gats, wrote an editorial in the Washington Post last summer expressing regret for the Pandora’s Box she and her husband helped open. “I spent my career in technology. I wasn’t prepared for its effect on my kids.” She wrote. “Phones and apps aren’t good or bad by themselves, but for adolescents who don’t’ yet have the。

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Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)William Herschel was born on November 15th, 1738 in Hanover in a family of musicians. In 1757, he fled to England and began earning a living as an organist and later composer and conductor. In 1772, he convinced his sister Caroline to join him as a singer. In their spare time the brother-sister team became occupied in astronomy. William died at his home in Slough, near Windsor on August 25th,1822, and Caroline on September 1st,1848.Herschel’s first major discoveries were to show that Mars and Jupiter exhibit axial rotation (绕轴自转). Herschel struck fame in 1781, when on March 13th, he discovered the planet Uranus (天王星) while engaged in work aimed at determining stellar parallax (恒星视差). This being the first new planet discovered since ancient times, Herschel, until then a mere amateur astronomer relatively unknown even in England, became world-famous. Adopting a historically proven strategy, Herschel named the new planet Georgium Sidum, in honor of the then ruling English king George III. The trick worked once again, as King George III gave William and Caroline the titles of “The King’s Astronomer” and “Assistant to the King’s Astronomer”, an honor which came with a life’s pension for both. In 1782 they moved to Bath, and shortly thereafter to Slough, and from this point on William and Caroline could devote themselves entirely to astronomy. The Herschels went on to discover two moons of Uranus in 1787.While Caroline became increasingly occupied with the search for comets at which she was quite successful, William became for a time interested in the Sun. Inspired by Wilson’s 1774 work, he put forth the theory of sunspot, an opinion that continued to exist well into the nineteenth century. In 1800, he became interested in the solar spectrum (太阳光谱), and uncovered the first evidence for solar energy output outside of the visible spectrum, in what is now known as the infrared(红外线). In 1801, he published two papers that effectively started the field of solar influences on Earth’s weather.56.Herschel made himself known to the world mainly by __________.A. discovering the planet UranusB. determining stellar parallaxC. discovering two moons of UranusD. uncovering the evidence for the infrared57. It can be inferred from the passage that George III __________.A. liked science and technologyB. liked Herschel’s naming of the new planetC. was interested in astronomyD. gave Herschel a lot of useful suggestions58. What do we know about Caroline from the passage?A. She was successful in music.B. She was titled “The King’s Astronomer”.C. She died later than her brother.D. She published two papers.59. This passage mainly tells readers .A. some information about Herschel and his sisterB. how Herschel and his sister discovered the planet UranusC. Herschel and Caroline got along well with each otherD. Herschel and Caroline’s major scientific publicationsSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The cold northern wind here in the streets of Petersburg strengthens my nerves and fills me with delight. I cannot think of the Pole as cold and empty;in my imagination it is a region of beauty and delight. Who knows what strange landscapes and creatures we may find there. I shall satisfy my curiosity with the sight of an unknown part of the world-and walk where no man has before.Thinking of it, I feel the same joy a child feels when he sails his little boat on a voyage of discovery up his native river.This voyage was the favorite dream of my early years. My education was neglected, yet I was passionately fond of reading. Uncle Thomas's library contained only books about exploration, which I read day and night. Finally my thoughts comes to the idea of making a voyage of discovery.Six years have passed since I decided on the present voyage. I can, even now, remember the hour when I committed myself to this great enterprise. I began by making my body used to hardship. I went on whale hunting voyages to the North Sea; I voluntarily endured cold, hunger, thirst, and lack of sleep. I often worked harder than the common sailors during the day. Then, at nights, I studied mathematics, the theory of medicine,and sciences of practical importance for a seagoing adventurer. Twice I took jobs as an officer on a Greenland whaling ship. I felt a little proud when my captain asked me to remain with the ship, so valuable did he consider my services. And now, do I not deserve to achieve some great task? My life might have been passed in ease and comfort, but I preferred glory to every pleasure that wealth placed in my path.56.What does the author think of the Pole?A.It reminds him of his childhood.B. It must be a region full of surprises.C. It would fulfil his dream to be an adventurer.D. It's too cold a destination with almost nothing.57. To realize his childhood dream, the author got _______.A. physically prepared by experiencing great sufferingB. spiritually prepared by gaining captain's recognitionC. academically prepared by reading books on explorationD. financially prepared by serving on a whale hunting ship.58. According to the passage, the author is definitely a person full of _______.A. curiosityB. fancyC. perseveranceD.prideSection CDirections：Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.(A)In 1982, I had responsibility for Stephen Hawking’s third academic book for the Press, Superspace and Supergravity. This was a messy collection of papers from a technical workshop on how to devise a new theory of gravity. While that book was in production, I suggested he try something easier: a popular book about the nature of the Universe, suitable for the general market.Stephen hesitated over my suggestion. He already had an international reputation as a brilliant theoretical physicist working on rotating black holes and theories of gravity. And he had concerns about financial matters: importantly, it was impossible for him to obtain any form of life insurance to protect his family in the event of his death or becoming totally dependent on nursing care. So, he took precious time out from his research to prepare the rough draft of a book.At the time, several bestselling physics authors had already published non-technical books on the early Universe and black holes. Stephen decided to write a more personal approach, by explaining his own research in cosmology and quantum theory.One afternoon, in the 1980s, he invited me to take a look at the first draft, but first he wanted to discuss cash. He told me he had spent considerable time away from his research, and that he expected advances and royalties(定金和版税) to be large. When I pressed him on the market that he foresaw, he insisted that it be on sale, up front, at all airport bookshops in the UK and the US. I told that was a tough call for a university press. Then I thumbed the typescript. To my dismay, the text was far too technical for a general reader.A few weeks later he showed me a revision, much improved. Eventually, he decided to place it with a mass market publisher rather than a university press. Bantam published A Brief History of Time in March 1988. Sales took off like a rocket, and it ranked as a bestseller for at least five years. The book’s impact on the popularization of science has been incalculable.56. What suggestion did the writer give to Stephen Hawking?A. Simplifying Superspace and Supergravity.B. Formulating a new theory of gravity.C. Writing a popular book on the nature of the universe.D. Revising a book based on a new theory.57. Which of the following was Stephen Hawking most concerned about?A. Financial returns.B. Other competitors.C. Publishing houses.D. His family’s life insurance.58. The underlined word “thumbed” is closest in meaning to _______.A. praisedB. typedC. confirmedD. browsed59. The greatest contribution of the book A Brief History of Time lies in _______.A. bringing him overnight fame in the scientific worldB. keeping up the living standard of his familyC. making popular science available to the general publicD. creating the rocketing sales of a technical bookSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Warning from ExpertsA growing amount of human- made orbital debris(太空轨道残骸)---from rocket stages and out-of-date satellites---- is circling the Earth. Scientists say the orbital debris, better known as space junk, poses an increasing threat to space activities. “This is a growing environmental problem,”said Nicholas Johnson, the chief scientist and program manager for orbital debris at NASA(美国航空航天局) in Houston, Texas.Johnson and his team have developed a computer model capable of simulating past and future amounts of space junk. The model predicts that even without future rocket or satellite launches, the amount of debris in low orbit around Earth will steady through 2055, after which it will increase. While current efforts have focused on limiting future space junk, these scientists say removing large pieces of old space junk will soon be necessary.Since the first launch of satellite in 1957, humans have been generating space junk. The U.S. Space Surveillance Network is currently tracking over 13,000 human-made objects larger than ten centimeters in diameter orbiting the Earth. “Of the 13,000 objects, over 40 percent came from breakups of both spacecraft and rocket bodies,” Johnson said. In addition, there are hundreds of thousands of smaller objects in space. These include everything from pieces of plastic to bits ofpaint. Much of this smaller junk has come from exploding rocket stages. Stages are sections of a rocket that have their own fuel or engines.These objects travel at speeds over 35,000 kilometers an hour. At such high speed, even small junk can tear holes in a spacecraft or disable a satellite by causing electrical shorts that result from clouds of superheated gas.Johnson believes it may be time to think about how to remove junk from space. Previous proposals range from sending up spacecrafts to grab junk and bring it down to using lasers to slow an objects orbit to cause it to fall back to Earth more quickly. Given current technology, those proposals appear neither technically nor economically practical, “Space junk is like any environmental problem,” Johnson admits. “I t’s growing. If you don’t deal with it now, it will only become worse, and the solutions in the future are going to be even more costly.”56. What is this passage mainly talking about?A. Advanced technology is used to remove space junk.B. NASA is responsible for the environmental problem.C. Cleaning up the space junk is greatly needed.D. Human activities generate much orbital debris.57. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?A. Rocket launches produce more debris than satellite launches.B. Space junk is endangering human beings' space activities.C. It's necessary to clean up the large pieces of old space junk.D. Even a tiny piece of space junk can destroy a spacecraft58. What does John think of the previous proposals to grab space junk and bring it down to the earth?A. Reasonable.B. Unbelievable.C. Reliable.D. Impractical.Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Have you ever had the experience of talking to someoneand you think they are lying? Well, you are not alone. We’veall had that feeling. But did you know that there are severalthings you can look for to see if you are being lied to?Sometimes you can tell if a person is lying by observing what they do with their body. When people are lying they tend not to move their arms, hands or legs very far from their body. They don’t want to take up very much space because they don’t want to be noticed. Sometimes a person who is lying will not look you in the eyes. Other times people who lie try to look at you in a strong way because they want to convince you they are telling the truth.Liars also use deflection. For example, if you ask a liar t he question “Did you steal Fatima’s bag?”, they may answer with something like “Fatima is my friend. Why would I do that?” In this situation the person is telling the truth, but they are also not answering the question. They are trying to deflect your attention. Liars may also give too many details. They may try to over-explain things. They do this because they want to convince you of what they are saying.Often when a person is lying, they do not want to continue talking about their lie. If you think someone is lying, quickly change the subject. If the person is lying, they will appear more comfortable because they are not talking about their lie any longer. A little later, change the subject back to what you were talking about before. If the person seems uncomfortable again, they may be lying.It’s very hard for a liar to avoid filling silence created by you. He or she wants you to believe the lies being woven; silence gives no feedback on whether or not you’ve bought the story. If you’re a good listener, you’ll already be avoiding interruptions, which in itself is a great technique to let the story unfold.Just because a person is showing these behaviors, it does not mean they are lying. They might be shy or nervous. But, if you think someone is lying, you might want to use some of these techniques. Hopefully, you won’t need to very often.56. By saying “Liars also use deflection”, the writer means that liars may __________.A. tell great storiesB. change tone of voiceC. ask a question in replyD. avoid direct answers57. According to the passage, a person could be lying if he or she ____________.A. offers more information than necessaryB. appears to be shy or nervousC. changes the subject of the conversationD. speaks very fast and vaguely58. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. Liars always try to avoid direct eye contact when they tell lies.B. We can make people lie by changing the subject in a conversation.C. Liars are often expansive in hand and arm movements while talking.D. We make liars uncomfortable by giving no feedback in a conversation.59. The passage mainly talks about __________.A. who deceives usB. why people tell liesC. how to detect liesD. what to do with liarsSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AIf a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen(氦)dissolved in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles accumulate(累积) In a joint,, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs(鱼龙).That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world's natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen(标本)showed evidence of that sort of injury.If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly-and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr. Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (掠食性动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物)as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.56. Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?A. A twisted bodyB. A gradual decrease in blood supply.C. A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.D. A drop in blood pressure57. The purpose of Rothschild's study is to see___.A. how often ichthyosaurs caught the bendsB. how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompressionC. why ichthyosaurs bent their bodiesD. when ichthyosaurs broke their bones58. Rothschild's finding stated in Paragraph 4_____.A. confirmed his assumptionB. speeded up his research processC. disagreed with his assumptionD. changed his research objectives59. Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs_______.A. failed to evolve an anti-decompression meansB. gradually developed measures against the bendsC. died out because of large sharks and crocodilesD. evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost itSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AOne Friday morning, before Michael was leaving for work he told his wife that he had finally determined to ask his boss for a salary raise. All day Michael felt nervous and anxious as he thought about the upcoming showdown. What if Mr. Duncan refused to grant his request? Michael had worked so hard in the last 18 months and brought some great benefits to Braer and Hopkins Advertising Agency. Of course, he deserved a wage increase.The thought of walking into Mr. Duncan's office left Michael weak in the knees. Late in the afternoon he was finally courageous enough to approach his superior. To his delight and surprise, the ever- frugal (一惯节省的) Rowland Duncan agreed to give Michael a raise!Michael arrived home that evening-despite breaking all city and state limits-to a beautiful table set with their best china, and candles lit. His wife, Cassie, had prepared a delicate meal including his favourite dishes. Immediately he thought someone from the office had tipped her off!Next to his plate Michael found a beautiful lettered note. It was from his wife. It read: "Congratulations, my love! I knew you'd get the raise! I prepared this dinner to show just how much I love you. I am so proud of your accomplishments!" He read it and stopped to think about how sensitive and caring Cassie was.After dinner, Michael was on his way to the kitchen to get dessert when he observed that a second card had slipped out of Cassie's pocket onto the floor. He bent forward to pick it up. It read:"Don't worry about not getting the raise! You do deserve one! You are a wonderful provider and I prepared this dinner to show you just how much I love you even though you did not get the increase."Suddenly tears swelled in Michael's eyes. Total acceptance! Cassie's support for him was not conditional upon his success at work.The fear of rejection is often softened and we can undergo almost any setback or rejection when we know someone loves us regardless of our success or failure.56. What was Michaels plan that Friday?A. To find a job with the Braer and Hopkins Advertising Agency.B. To ask for a wage increase from his boss.C. To celebrate his success.D. To ask his boss to come for dinner.57. On his way back home, Michael______.A. felt weak in the kneesB. was punished by the traffic policemanC. was too anxious to share the news with his wifeD. couldn't wait to enjoy a meal58. Which of the following statements about the story is FALSE?A. Michael was afraid that his request would lead to a disaster.B. Michael had worked very hard and done his part for the company.C. Michael's boss agreed to his request.D. One of Michael's colleagues had told his wife the good news.59. According to the passage, which of the following can best describe Michael's wife, Cassie?A. Passionate, thoughtful and talented.B. Considerate, generous and reliable.C. Decisive, optimistic and energetic.D. Caring, tolerant and supportive.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.(A)Last October, I was on a diving holid ay in the Philippines with with seven other advanced divers. I dived off the boat, slowly sinking to about 20m.After nearly 45 minutes, the sound of my breathing was drowned out by a low rumble like an engine, and I felt deep, powerful vibrations(震动), as if a big boat with a propeller was passing overhead. The dive instructor's eyes were wide with confusion too. We both swam next to each other, staying close to the side of the reef(礁石). The situation felt sinister.Then we were enveloped by clouds of white sand that mushroomed up around us, Could it be an underwater bomb? A giant turtle raced past us and into the deep; they are normally slow movers, so this was very weird behaviour. The vibration became so intense that I could feel it in my bones, and the sound turned into a deafening roar. Suddenly, a few meters below us, breaks began forming and the sand was sucked down. That's when I realized it was an earthquake. The noise was the sound of the Earth splintering open and grinding against itself.The instructor and I held hands and looked into each other's eyes; I felt comforted by his presence. I was numb(麻木的) for terror but clear-headed. My body went on high alert, ready to react. But I have no power over whatever this is. The only option is to stay very still and let it do whatever it's going to do.It took enormous willpower to resist the urge to swim to the surface, which is not sensible as situation on the surface at that time was ambiguous with potential threats pending. Soon we saw other divers.The sound and vibration lasted only two or three minutes and when they stopped I heard the swoosh of sand falling over the seabed. We all held hands before resurfacing to avoid decompression sickness, which can be fatal. When up,It was a huge relief to see all the divers and we all shared incredulous looks before pulling out our breathing apparatus and shouting, "What was that?"Back on the boat, we rushed to check the news and discovered we had witnessed a huge earthquake, measuring 7.2 on the Richter scale. It released more energy than 30 Hiroshima bombs, though it seemed that we were not at at the epicentre(震中). I was high and felt lucky surprisinglynot because of my recent survival miracle, but to have experienced nature at its most stunning and its most frightening.56. How did the author realize that they met with an earthquake?A. By feeling the violent shake under the sea.B. By witnessing a normally-slow turtle quickly moving by.C. By seeing the seafloor crack.D. By checking the news and be informed of the event.57. Why didn’t the author rise to the surface before the vibration stopped?A. Because the instructor gestured him not to rise.B. Because he was numb in body.C. Because he could sense the unclear water situation.D. Because he tried to avoid unexpected danger above.58. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. At the beginning of the event, a big boat passed by causing big vibration.B. All the divers used the reef as the protection against the violent vibration.C. I felt relieved as the instructor was experience in handling situations like this.D. Powerless to fight nature, I was tame when under the water.59. Why did the author feel fortunate on the boat?A. Because he was not at the epicenter of the earthquake.B. Because he finally survived a huge earthquake.C. Because he could witness a rare natural phenomenon.D. Because he didn’t suffer from decompression sickness.Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)In the world of higher education in the United States, competition seems more common than schools working together. Every college and university competes for students, as well as the bestteachers and money for research programs.But one thing almost every school has in common is the difficulty they face in serving low-income students. The National Center for Education Statistics reports that low-income college students are less likely to complete their study programs than other students.It was only natural that the leaders of Michigan State University and ten other universities discussed this issue when they met in 2014. The 11 schools are spread across the United Sates and serve different populations and needs. But their leaders all saw improving graduation rates for all students as the biggest problem facing American higher education.So the group created an organization called the University Innovation Alliance or UIA for sharing information related to this problem. Its main goal is to get 68,000 more students at the member schools to graduate by 2025, with at least half of those students being low-income. The 11 schools now say their number of graduates has increased by over 7,200 in just three years. This includes an almost 25 percent increase in the number of low-income graduates.How were they able to make this happen? It began with each university looking at its own situation and finding out what it had been doing right and what it had been doing wrong.For example, before joining the UIA, academic advising at Michigan State mostly involved reacting to problems students faced after the problems had already arisen. Then school officials heard about a computer program that fellow UIA member Georgia State University was using. This computer program follows decisions students make about their classes and the progress they are making in their studies. It then sends academic advisors messages whenever a student shows signs that they are making mistakes or facing difficulties. Hat way the advisors can try to help students before the problems become too serious. Michigan State began using the computer program and it has meant a world of difference. Michigan States has not only received useful information from its parents. It has also shared helpful information of its own.Bridget Burns, the executive director for the UIA, says efforts like this have never been as successful. “There are rankings that measure all kinds of things,” Burns said. “But how well you do for low-income students has not historically been highlighted.”56. What led to the setting up of the UIA?A. The low graduation ratesB. The great need of low-income students.C. The inefficiency of learningD. The severe competition between schools。