2017_2018学年高中英语Unit5MeetingyourancestorsSectionⅠWarmingUp&Reading_Pre_reading人教版选修8
【小初高学习]2017-2018学年高中英语 Unit 5 Meeting your ancesto
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Unit 5 Meeting your ancestorsSection Ⅰ— Warming Up,Pre-reading,Reading & Comprehending一、用所给单词的适当形式填空1I wanted to make a trip to London,but I had no money.So I had no (alternatively) but to stay at home.2(regard) of the colour of his skin,every man has the right to live where he wants to.3We (interruption) this programme to bring you a news flash.4I can’t (assumption) anything in this case.5The explorers had to eat unripe fruit to prevent (starve).二、用下列单词或词组的正确形式完成句子1What hotels are there in the small town?2A heavy rain our baseball game so we had to put it off till the next week.3We go to the English Salon now and then, being busy doing our lessons.4She has ripe experience rich knowledge so that she has been accepted.5The farmer tried to shut the door at once to the elephant but he failed.6The robber ran away half a mile.You can catch him if you speed up your car.7If you this kind of vegetable before cooking it,you will lose its vitamin.8Her necklace glass but it looks like a real diamond one.9The policeman offered drinking water to the area where the villagers suffered the terrible flood.10This mountain an ocean millions of years ago.三、词语替换1We have no choice but to do it.2The workmen dug a hole in the wall to let the sewage pipe pass through.3He’s not such a fool as you considered him to be.4The natives of that region still live in ancient straw huts.四、单句改错1We had no alternative but fire Gibson.后加to2The more interruption you must deal with while you are reading,the harder it will be to keep your attention on the task at hand.3This leaves her ample of time to prepare three meals a day.of4You should be encouraged to go on working hard regardless past failures.后加 of5Her voice sharpenered as she became impatient.★五、阅读理解A(导学号58980021)The discovery of a dwarfed(矮个的) “human being” who lived inFlores,Indonesia,up to 18,000 years ago is changing the way we think about the human family.This “Flores Human” was three feet tall and her brain was smaller than that of the average chimp(黑猩猩),yet she and her relatives apparently lived fully human lives.They seemed to have made tools,worked together to find food and cook it,and perhaps even buried their dead with ceremony.It was a major surprise to find tools associated with the new human family member.The tools are like those formerly seen only with European fossils(化石)from our own species,Homo sapiens(智人),and the oldest of them were made 94,000 years ago.Homo sapiens is thought to have arrived in the island about 40,000 years ago,much too late to be responsible for the tools.If this tiny human made the tools,then the inside structure (结构)of its brain must have been more like our own than a chimp’s,despite being just a third the size of ours.This “new human” was suspected to be a dwarfed branch of Homo erectus(直立人).When creatures are separated in regions with rare resources but few enemies,being big is a disadvantage,and evolution tends to shrink them,a process known as island dwarfing.Could natural selection make a human smaller while keeping—even improving—mental abilit y?Quite possibly,believes Christopher Wills of the University of California.Has the “Flores Human” even shown the ability of language?“I find it difficult to imagine that people could make tools,use fire,and kill large animals without fairly advanced communication.”Wills says.Did “Flores Human” possess the basic components of human culture—such as the burying of the dead with ceremony?Emiliano Bruner of the Italian Institute points out that Indonesia’s hot,wet environment is bad for fossilization.It is reasonable to assume,he says,that the 18,000-year-old bones of the most complete Flores woman were well-preserved because she was buried with special care.1What did the dwarfed “human beings” look like?A.They were not small.B.They were very tall.C.They were 30 inches tall.D.They were 36 inches tall.smaller...”看出这些矮人有三英尺高,一英尺等于12英寸。
人教版高二英语选修8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors全单元教案
Unit 5 Meeting your ancestorsThe First Period Warming up一．Aims:Teaching aims 教学目标1．Learning goalsHelp the students learn how to give opinion and describe objects2．Ability goalsEnable the students to talk about the archaeological evidence and knowledge and learn to describe people and practice giving opinions.二．ContentsLead in by talking about the ancient civilization.1.Ask them the four Great Ancient Civilizations.2.Ask them to give some account of each great civilization, for example, speaking China,they can talk about China’s brilliant civilization, like four great inventions (papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass)3. Ask Ss to identify each picture in this part.3.Ask them to have a discussion to complete the task listed in Activity 2 ( to completethe table),4.What is it made of? What’s its use? And today’s alternatives?5. Then make a summary of this and show the PPT of the table list on the screen.Ask the students to find some information about Zhoukoudian.The Second Period Reading一．Aims:Teaching aims 教学目标1. Target language目标语言：重点词汇和短语archaeology, tentative, accuracy, excavate, interrupt, ornament, assume, regardless, sharpen, cut up, scrape, ample, primitive, preserve, bead, botany, botanical, analysis, specific, seashell, specifically2. Ability aims能力目标Enable the Ss to tell the differences between modern people and Peking man and learn how Peking man lived their lives.Content:Step I RevisionCheck the homework.The Ss will how their information about Zhoukoudian Caves in the following steps.Step II Lead in1.Ask the Ss to identify the picture in the pre-reading part. (skullcap)2.Ask Ss to assume what Peking man might have done and use thousands of years ago.3.Then by showing the table following to show whether their assumptions are right or1. Play the tape once, and ask the Ss what they have learned about Zhoukoudian Caves2. Skimming (What is the text about? And three stages of the archaeologist’s part ofthe dialogue: An archeologist is showing a group of students from England around the Zhoukoudian Caves and telling them something bout the caves.)3. Scanning (Ask them to write down the three ways in which the life of early peoplediffers from modern ones. Ask them to work in pairs and discuss the questions. Homes: Peking man lived in Zhoukoudian Caves of rocks and trees.Tools: They used needle that was made of bone sharpened stone tools and scraper made by stones.Dress: They wore clothes form animal skins and they also wore necklace made from seashells or animal teeth.4. Careful readingStep IV Post-readingAsk Ss to fill in the chart on the life and habits of Peking man on page 37 and compare it with the list they made in the pre-reading. What differences are there?And then to clarify Ss’ difficult points in the text.Step V HomeworkWrite a brief introduction to the Zhoukoudian Cave.The Third Period Language Points一．Aims:Teaching aims 教学目标1.Ability aims能力目标Enable the students to use the Present Perfect Continuous tense.2. Learning ability aims 学能目标Help the students lean how to use the Present Perfect Continuous tense.Content 教学内容1. identify vt. 确认，识别，鉴别（1）~ sb. /sth. as sb./ sth.确认，证明某人/某物系某人/某物e.g. She identified the man as her attacker.（2）~ sth. with sth.认为某事物与另一事物等同e.g. One can’t ~ happiness with wealth.扩展：identification n. identification card 身份证2. alternative adj. 供选择的，其他的e.g. The way was blocked ,so we had to go by ~ road.这条路阻塞，我们只能走其他路。
2017-2018学年高中英语 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors Sect
Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors Section Ⅰ Warming Up &；Reading-Pre-readingIt has long been known the ancient Egyptian rulers, or pharaohs (法老), were buried with great ceremony and lavish (大量的) treasures that were to be used in the other world.Unfortunately, until 1922 no remains of any of the pharaohs or their treasures had ever been found. In that year, however, an archaeologist named Howard Carter and his sponsor, Lord Carnavon, were at last successful. They found the tomb of King Tutankhamen, who was buried 3,200 years ago. King Tut's tomb was the first fully preserved burial site to be uncovered in Egypt's Valley of the Kings. The two men found the tomb to contain wonderful treasures. Gold figures and magnificent furniture decorated with gold were found in the myriad (许多) of secret rooms and tunnels within the pyramid.The only disappointment for Howard Carter came when he found that King Tut's body was nothing but dust. Apparently a mistake had been made when the king's remains were mummified (使成木乃伊). Carter did, however, find 143pieces of jewelry within the mummy case, mostly made of gold and precious stones.Actually, despite all the publicity about the remarkable finds in his tomb, Tutankhamen's reign (统治时期) as pharaoh was short and relatively uneventful (太平的). He died when he was just 18 years old.Section_ⅠWarming Up & Reading —Prereading[原文呈现][读文清障]A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAN CAVESAgroupofstudents(S) fromEnglandhascometotheZhoukoudiancaves foravisit. Anarchaeologist①(A) isshowingthemround②.①archaeologist /ˌɑːkI'ɒlədʒIst/n.考古学家美②show sb. round 带领某人参观③archaeology /ˌɑːkI'ɒlədʒI/n.考古学美A：Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China. It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England, who are interested in archaeology③. You must be aware that④it's here that we found evidence⑤ of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world. We've been excavating⑥here for many years and ...④be/become aware that ...意识到；认识到⑤evidence n．证据；证明⑥excavate /'ekskəveIt/vt.挖掘；发掘S 3：What wild animals were there all that time ago?A ：Well, we've been finding ○23 the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies. Now what do you think this tells us about the life of these early people ○24？(showspictureofasewingneedle )S 2：Gosh! That's a needle. Goodness, does that mean they repaired things?A ：What else do you think it might have been used for ○25？ ○25be used for ...被用来…… ○26at (the) most 至多；最多 ○27centimetre/'sentI ˌmi ːt ə/n .厘米美○28wonder vt .&vi .想知道；感到诧异 n ．惊奇；奇迹；奇观 ○29entirely adv .完全地；S4：Let me look at it. It's at most○26 three centimetres○27 long. Ah yes, it seems to be made of bone.I wonder○28 how they made the hole for the ...S2：(interrupting) Do you mean that they made their own clothes? Where did they get the material?A：They didn't have material like we have today. Can you guess what they used?S1：Wow! Did they wear clothes made entirely○29 of animal skins○30？ How did they prepare them? I'm sure they were quite heavy to cut and sew together.,○23have been finding 是现在完成进行时。
安徽省太和中学高中英语《Unit5 Meeting your ancesto
安徽省太和中学高二英语《Unit5 Meeting your ancestors》教案（选修八） "分课时教学设计：The Third Period Learning about languageTeaching goals 教学目标1. Target language目标语言：Grammar: Present Perfect Continuous Tense2. Ability goals能力目标Enable the students to use the Present Perfect Continuous tense.3. Learning ability goals 学能目标Help the students lean how to use the Present Perfect Continuous tense.Teaching important & difficult points教学重难点How to use the Present Perfect Continuous tense.Teaching methods教学方法Explanation and practiceTeaching aids教具准备A computer and a projector, a blackboardTeaching procedures & ways教学过程与方法Step I RevisionCheck the students’ homework and let one read their work.Step II Lead-inAsk the Ss to point out the sentences that contain the structure as “We have been excavating here for many years” in the text.Step III Explanation一、结构形式现在完成进行时是由“助动词have(has) + been+动词的现在分词”构成。
2017_2018学年高中英语Unit5MeetingyourancestorsSectionⅤWr
Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors Section Ⅴ Writing-描述考古发觉一、大体结构第一部份：简单介绍所要描述的考古发此刻历史上的地位。
第二部份：详细介绍该项考古发觉的要紧特点。
第三部份：概要总结该项考古发觉所反映出的文化意义。
二、增分佳句(一)考古发觉的开头经常使用句式——历史地位1．The bronze sword discovered in an ancient tomb in Hunan Province dates back to 2,000 years ago.在湖南省一座古墓中挖掘出来的青铜剑可追溯到2 000年前。
2．The discovery presents to us the skillful technique and vivid imagination of our ancestors, attracting much attention from every corner of the world.这项发觉向咱们呈现了咱们先人的熟练技术和丰硕的想象力，吸引了全世界各地许多的注意力。
3．人们以为这是迄今为止在中国发觉的最先的也是最大的造纸作坊。
①People believe that it is the earliest and largest ancient papermaking workshop site ever found in China.②It is believed to be the earliest and largest ancient papermaking workshop site ever found in China.(二)考古发觉的主体经常使用句式——要紧特点1．This object, which was made of bronze, was unearthed last year.这件去年出土的物品是用青铜器制作的。
课文注释 Unit 5 Meeting your Ancestors
Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors(Notes to the texts)1 Think about what we do and use nowadays, then try a tentative guess about what the Peking Man might have done and used thousands of years ago. 想想我们今天所做之事和所用之物, 试着猜猜几千年前“北京人”可能做的事情和用的东西。
Peking Man“北京人”, 中国华北地区旧石器时代早期的人类化石。
属直立人。
北京人遗址于1921年被发现, 位置在北京市房山区周口店镇龙骨山北侧。
北京人的年代距今约70万至20万年。
“北京人”的发现为研究人类早期的生物学演化及早期文化的发展提供了实物依据。
1941年太平洋战争爆发前后, 1927年以来发现的全部“北京人”、“山顶洞人”化石标本, 落在美国人手中, 至今下落不明。
2 A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAN CAVES周口店洞穴参观记Zhoukoudian周口店, 北京市房山区的一个村庄。
1921年起在该地发现了北京人的头盖骨和其他骨骼化石。
3 We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter. 我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰, 几乎有六米厚。
这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。
句中suggest的含义是“暗示；意味；表明”。
如：The handwriting of the letter suggests that the letter might be from a lady. 从书信的字体上看, 写信人是一位女性。
2017_2018学年高中英语Unit5MeetingyourancestorsSectionⅢ课件新人教版选修8
现在完成进行时 一、现在完成进行时的构成 ①We have been studying here since 2012. 自从2012年以来,我们一直在这里学习。 归纳 现在完成进行时的构成为:have/has+been+动词的-ing形式 二、现在完成进行时的基本用法 ②We have been working on this project for over two months by now. 到目前为止,我们一直在做这个项目,已经花了两个多月了。 归纳 “这个项目”从过去就开始做了,并且一直持续到现在,可能 还要继续下去。
四、各种“进行时态” 表示某个时候正在发生的动作,用进行时态,常与相应的时间状 语连用。现在正在发生的情况,用现在进行时;过去某个时候正在 发生的情况,用过去进行时;将来某个时候正在发生的情况,用将来 进行时。 Who is swimming in the lake? 谁正在湖里游泳?(现在进行时) He was reading when I came in. 我进来时他正在看书。(过去进行时) This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下个星期的这个时候,我们将在那个工厂工作。(将来进行时)
一
二
5.We have so many problems to deal with but time (快用完了). 答案:is running out 6.David (一直在告诉我们)how to respond to the things in life that happen to us. 答案:has been telling us 7.When he realized he (走入)a deep valley,he was too frightened to know what to do. 答案:had walked into 8.Lisa will pass her driving test for she (一直在准备)for it for months. 答案:has been preparing
高中英语 Unit 5 Meeting you rancestors
感顿市安乐阳光实验学校Unit 5 Meeting you rancestors-SectionⅠ一、单词拼写1．I'm sorry，but there is no a______ but to sell the car to pay him back.2．A______ that the proposal is accepted，when do you think we can get the money?3．There are various branches of science and botany falls into the ______(范畴)of biology.4．Our cat likes to s______ her claws on the legs of the dining table.5．Some flatmates are neat and tidy while others are very m______.6．Don't ______(打断……讲话)the speaker now；he will answer questions later.7．______ (分析)of the wine indicated that it contained dangerous additives(添加剂)．8．The ______(意义)of this lies in the fact that he had previously denied all knowledge of the fund.9．I had read about another account(描述)of the story so I began to doubt the ______(准确)of his report.10．He continued speaking，______(不管)of my feelings on the matter.二、用适当的介词或副词填空1．We need to come ______ a conclusion about what we should do.2．Their house is similar ______ ours，but ours has a bigger garden.3．You are always welcome ______ our house.4．Regardless ______ danger，he climbed the mountain.5．He lighted a fire to scare the dangerous animals ______.6．Poets have compared sleep ______ death.7．First he looked carefully at the scrapers and then went to a corner of the cave and pulled ______ more tools.8．He stopped when he felt the scrapers were sharp enough to cut ______ the meat and to scrape the fish.9．You cannot depend ______ the train arriving on time.10．The general worked ______ a new plan of attack.三、用下列词组或单词的正确形式完成句子2．Rain ______ our baseball game so we had to put it off till the next week.3．We go to the English Salon now and then，____________being busy doing our lessons.4．She has ripe experience ____________ rich knowledge so that she has been accepted.5．The farmer tried to shut the door at once to ____________ the elephant but he failed.6．The robber ran away ___________half a mile.You can catch him if you speed up your car.7．If you ____________this kind of vegetable before cooking it，you will lose its vitamin.8．Her necklace ____________ glass but it looks like a real diamond one.9．The policeman offered ____________ drinking water to the area where the villagers suffered the terrible flood.10．This mountain ____________ an ocean millions of years ago.四、语法填空1．After three days without food，the men were close to ______(starve)．2．There are many rubber trees in the ______(botany) garden which can produce a lot of rubber every year.3．The kitchen knife has become dull，so Mother asked me to______(sharp) it.4．This experiment is designed to test the ______(accurate) of the new equipment.5．These apples need another week to ______ (ripe)．五、完成句子1．请把蔬菜切成碎末。
英语选修人教版Unit5Meetingyourancestors
Tools: scrapers, sharpened stone tools, bone needles
Clothes : animal skins sewn together with needles and thread, necklaces.
They might have hung animal s_k_i_n_s at the cave mouth to keep out the cold. Tigers and bears might have been their most dangerous enemies.
Descriptions of Relics
Conclusions
Caves
Human and animal bones, tools and ornaments in those caves.
Early people lived in the caves. They used firestcoakreep warm, cook food and ____ wild animals away. Tbuherynimngight have kept the fire
A household object from Greece This is an oil lamp that was used to give light at night. It was possibly used for parties, housework or study. Olive oil was placed in the body of the lamp to make the light. There was a thread that went from inside the lamp, and when it was lit it provided light.
2017_2018学年高中英语Unit5MeetingyourancestorsSectionⅡWa
[词块]①alternative energy 替代性能源
②face with two alternatives 面临两种选择
2.分词用作介词或连词小结
①assuming 假设；假定
该地域有很多人挨饿受冻。
[辨析比较] suffer from, suffer
suffer(vi.) from
通常表示“遭受战争、自然灾害所带来的苦难”及“患病”之意。suffer from a war/the flood/a headache“遭受战争/洪水/头疼”
suffer(vt.)
意为“遭受痛苦、损失；忍受侮辱”等，其宾语通常是pain, loss, punishment, disappointment等
通过不断提问来打断演讲者是不礼貌的。
③Let's go somewhere where we can talk withoutinterruption(interrupt)．
咱们去找个能够持续交谈而不受打搅的地址吧。
4．(教材P38)So we think it is reasonable toassumethey lived in these caves,regardless ofthe cold.
因此咱们有理由以为他们不顾酷寒，就住在这些洞窟里。
assumevt. 假定；假想
(1)assume sb./sth. to be假定/假设某人/某事为
It is assumed that ...一样以为……
(2Байду номын сангаасassumptionn.假定；假设
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[原文呈现] S3：What wild animals were there all that time ago?
23 the A：Well, we’ve been finding○
[读文清障]
23 have been finding 是现在 ○
完成进行时。 24 ... what do you think this ○ tells us about ...？是复杂 的特殊疑问句，其构成形 式为： wh/how ＋ do you think＋宾语从句。do you think 作插入语， 其后宾语 从句用陈述语序。 除 think 外，可用于此句式的动词 还 有 believe, suppose, imagine, expect, guess 等。
②
[读文清障]
①archaeologist /ˌɑːkI 'ɒlədʒIst /n.考古学家( 美 archeologist)
caves for a visit. An archaeologist① (A) ②show sb. round 带领某人
参观
[原文呈现]
A ： Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China. It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England, who are interested in archaeology . You must be aware that it’ s here that we found evidence
⑤ ④ ③
[读文清障]
③archaeology /ˌɑːkI 'ɒlədʒI /n.考古学( 美 archeology) ④be/become aware that ... 意识到；认识到 ⑤evidence n．证据；证明 ⑥excavate /'ekskəveIt/vt. 挖掘；发掘
of some of the
⑦
[读文清障] ⑦interrupt /ˌIntə'rʌpt/vt.& vi. 打断……讲话；打岔； 暂时 中断或中止 ⑧acute /ə'kjuːt/adj.有观察力的；
敏锐的； 严重的； 深刻的 acute 在句中表示“观察力敏锐”。
⑨as well as “也；又”，连 接并列成分。 ⑩assume /ə'sjuːm/vt.假定；设想 ⑪regardless of 不管；不顾； 不理会 ⑫在 it is reasonable to assume ...中， it 是形式主语， 真正的主语是 to assume ...
S2：(interrupting) Do you mean that they
[读文清障]
29 entirely adv.完全 made their own clothes? Where did they ○
bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies. Now what do you think this tells us about the
24 ？(shows life of these early people○
[读文清障]
25 be used for ...被用来…… ○
26 at (the) most 至多；最多 ○ S4 ： Let me look at it. It ’ s at
26 three centimetres ○ 27 ○ 27 centimetre /'sentIˌmiːtə/n.厘米 most ○
[原文呈现]
S1：I’m sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? There are only rocks and trees. ⑧ A：Good question. You are an acute observer. We have found human and animal bones in those caves ⑨ higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects. So we think it is reasonable to assume⑩ they lived in these caves, regardless of⑪ the cold⑫.
Section Ⅰ Warming Up & Reading — Prereading
[原文呈现]
A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAN CAVES A group of students (S) from England has come to the Zhoukoudian is showing them round .
beasts
⑱
[读文清障]
⑱beast /biːst/n.野兽 ⑲scare ...away 把……吓跑 ⑳as well 还；也。用于肯定 句句尾。
away
⑲
as well . We have
⑳
been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter. We haven ’ t
long. Ah yes, it seems to be
( 美 centimeter)
28 wonder vt.& vi.想知道；感到 28 ○ made of bone. I wonder ○
how they made the hole for the ...
诧异 n．惊奇；奇迹；奇观
[原文呈现]
⑯
定……，肯定……”，表示 对过去情况的肯定推测。 ⑯make fires 生火 ⑰keep them warm 是“keep＋ 宾语＋adj.(宾补)”结构。
That would
⑰
have kept them warm ，
[原文呈现] cooked the food and scared wild
The only disappointment for Howard Carter came when he found that King Tut’s body was nothing but dust. Apparently a mistake had been made when the king’ s remains were mummified ( 使成木乃伊 ). Carter did, however, find 143 pieces of jewelry within the mummy case, mostly made of gold and precious stones. Actually, despite all the publicity about the remarkable finds in his tomb, Tutankhamen’s reign (统治时期) as pharaoh was short and relatively uneventful (太平的). He died when he was just 18 years old.
picture of a sewing needle) S2：Gosh! That’s a needle. Goodness, does that mean they repaired things?
[原文呈现] A：What else do you think it
25 ？ might have been used for○
during the fre了你的讲话。但他们怎么能住在这个地方 呢？这儿只有石头和树木啊。 考：问得好。你是个敏锐的观察者。在高山上的那些洞穴里 我们找到了人骨和兽骨，还有工具和其他物品。因此我 们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。
学 2： 那他们是怎样取暖的呢？他们不可能像我们现在这样有 垫子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了。 考：我们发现在洞穴中央有生火用的地炉。他们用地炉里的 火来取暖、做饭，还可以用火来吓跑野兽。我们一直在 挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有六米厚。这意味着他们可能 整个冬天都在烧火。我们还没有找到门，但我们认为在 天寒地冻的冬季他们可能是用兽皮挂在洞口来防寒的。
Unfortunately, until 1922 no remains of any of the pharaohs or their treasures had ever been found. In that year, however, an archaeologist named Howard Carter and his sponsor, Lord Carnavon, were at last successful. They found the tomb of King Tutankhamen, who was buried 3,200 years ago. King Tut’s tomb was the first fully preserved burial site to be uncovered in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings. The two men found the tomb to contain wonderful treasures. Gold figures and magnificent furniture decorated with gold were found in the myriad ( 许多) of secret rooms and tunnels within the pyramid.