Translation Studies and Practice
Thetheoryandpracticeoftranslation奈达的翻译理论与实践
Thetheoryandpracticeoftranslation奈达的翻译理论与实践The theory and practice of translationEugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber 1974Contents1.A new concept of translation2.The nature of translating3.Grammatical analysis4.Referential meaning5.Connotative meaning6.Transfer7.Restructuring8.Testing the translationChapter One The old focus and the new focusThe older focus in translating was the form of the message, and the translator too particular delight in being able to reproduce stylistic specialties, ., rhythms, rhymes, plays on words, chiasmus, parallelism, and usual grammatical structures. The new focus, however, has shifted from teh form of the message to the response of the receptor. Therefore, what one must determine is the response of the receptor to te translated message, this response must be compared with the way in which the original receptors presumably reacted to the message when it was given in its original setting.Chapter Two Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. But this relatively simple statement requires careful evaluation of several seeminglycontradictory elements.Reproducing the messageTranslating must aim primarily at “reproducing the message.” To do anything else is essentially false to one’s task as a translator. But to reproduce the message one must make a good many grammatical and lexical adjustments. Equivalence rather than identityThe translator must strive for the equivalence rather than identity. In a sense, this is just another way of emphasizing the reproduction of the message rather than the conversation of the form of the utterance, but it reinforces the need for radical alteration of a phrase, which may be quiet meaningless.A natural equivalentThe best translation does not sound like a translation. In other words, a good translation of the Bible must not be “cultural translation”. Rather, it is a “linguistic translation”. That is to say, it should studiously avoid “translationese”--formal fidelity, with resulting unfaithfulness to the content and the impact of the message.The priority of meaningAs has already been indicted in the definition of translating, meaning must be given priority, for it os the content of the message which is of prime importance for Bible translating.The significance of styleThough style is secondary to content, it is nevertheless important, one should not translate poetry as though it were prose, nor expository material as though it were straight narrative.In trying to reproduce the style of the original one must beware, however, of producing something which is not functionally equivalent.A system of prioritiesAs a a basis for judging what should be done in specific instances of translating, it is essential to establish certain fundamental sets of priorities: (1) contextual consistency has priority over verbal consistency ( or word-for-word concordance), (2) dynamic equivalence has priority over formal correspondence, (3) the aural form of language has priority over the written form, (4) forms that are used by and acceptable to the audience for which a translation is intended have priority over forms that may be traditionally more perspectives.The priority of dynamic equivalence over formal correspondenceIf we look at the translations in terms of the receptors, rather than in terms of their respective forms, then we introduce another point of view; the intelligibility of the translation. Such intelligibility is not, however, to be measured merely in terms of whether the words are understandable, and the sentences grammatically constructed, but in terms of the total impact, the message has on the one who receives it.Dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptor in the sourcelanguage. This response can never be identical, fro the culture and historical settings are too different, but there should be a high degree of equivalence of response, or the translation will have failed to accomplish its purpose.It would be wrong to think, however, that the response of the receptors in the second language is merely in terms of comprehension of the information, for communication is not merely informative. It must also be expressive and imperative if it is to serve the principal purposes of communications.Of course, persons may insist that by its very nature a dynamic equivalent translation is a less “accurate” translation, for it departs further from the forms of the original. To argue in this manner, however, is to use “accurate”in a formal sense, whereas accuracy can only be rightly determined by judging the extent to which the response of the receptor is substantially equivalent to the respond of the original receptors. In other words, does the dynamic equivalent translation succeed more completely in evoking in the receptors responses which are substantially equivalent to those experienced by the original receptors If “accuracy”is to be judged in this light, then certainly the dynamic equivalent translation is not only moe meaningful to the receptors but also more accurate. This assumes, of course, that both the formal correspondence translation and the dynamic equivalent translation do not contain any overt errors of exegesis.Grammatical analysisThere are three major steps in analysis: (1) determining the mining themeaningful relationships between the words and combinations of words, (2) the referential meaning of the words and special combinations of words, idioms, (3) the connotative meaning.Kernel sentencesWe soon discover that we have simply recast the expressions so that events are expressed as verbs, objects as nouns, abstracts (quantities and qualities) as adjectives or adverbs. The only other terms are relationals, ., the prepositions and conjunctions.These restructures expressions are basically what many linguistics call “kernels”; that is to say, they are the basic structural elements out of which the language builds its elaborate surface structures. In fact, one of the most important insights coming from “transformational grammar” is the fact that in all languages there are half a dozen to a dozen basic structures out of which all the more elaborate formations are constructed by means of so called “transformations”. In contrast, back transformation, then, is the analytic process of reducing the surface structure to its underlying kernels.Semantic adjustments made in transferIn transferring the message from one language to another, it is the content which must be preserved at any cost; the form, except in special cases, such as poetry, is largely secondary, since within each language, the rules for relating content to form are highly complex, arbitrary, and variable.Of course, if by coincidence it is possible to convey the same contentin the receptor language in a form which closely resembles that of the source, so much the better; we preserve the form when we can, but more than the form has to be transformed precisely in order to preserve the content. An expressive effort topreserve the form inevitably results in a serious loss or distortion of the message.Obviously in any translation there will be a type of “loss”of semantic content, but the process should be so designed as to keep this to a minimum. The commonest problems of the content transfer arise in the following areas: (1) idioms, (2) figurative meanings, (3) shifts in central components of meaning, (4) generic and specific meanings, (5) pleonastic expressions, (6) special formulas, (7) redistribution of semantic components, (8) provision for contextual conditioning.(8)In other instances one may find it important to employ a descriptive phrase so as to provide some basis for comprehending the significance of the original.It must be further emphasized that one is not free to make in the text any and all kinds of explanatory additions and/or expansions.Testing the translationOnce the process of restructuring has been completed, the next essential step is th e testing of the translation. This should cover the entire range of possible problems: accuracy of rendering, intelligibility, stylistic equivalence, etc. But to do this, one must focus attention not upon the extent of verbal correspondence but upon the amount of dynamic equivalence. This does not mean, of course, that the translation isjudged merely on the extent to which people like the contents. Some people may object strongly to the themes and the concepts which are communicated, but there should not be anything in the translation itself which is stylistically awkward, structurally burdensome, linguistically unnatural, and semantically misleading or incomprehensible, unless, of course, the message in the source language has these characteristics ( the task of the translator is to produce the closest natural equivalent, not to edit or to rewrite). But to judge these qualities one must look to the potential users.The problem of overall lengthIt only means that in the process of transfer from one linguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost inevitable that the resulting translation will turn out to be longer.This tendency to greater length is due essentially to the fact that one wishes to state everything that is in the original communication but is also obliged to amke explicit in the receptor language what could very well remain implicit in the source language text, since te original receivers of this communication presumably had all the necessary background to understand the contents of the message.He analyzes its components builds in proper redundancy by making explicit what is implicit in the original, and then produces something the readers in the receptor language will be able to understand.Types of expansionsThe expansions may perhaps be most conveniently divided between syntactic(or formal) expansions and lexical (or semantic) ones.Lexical expansions in marginal helpsIn making explicit what is fully implicit in the original translation, one can ofter insert material in the text itself without imposing undue strains upon the process of translation.Such information may only be part of the general cultural background shared by the participants in the source language. This type of information cannot be legitimately introduced into the text of a translation, but should be placed in marginal helps, either in the form of glossaries, where information about recurring terms is gathered together in summary fashion, or in marginal notes on the page where the difficulty in understanding occurs.Practical textsTherefore, if a translator really wants to obtain satisfactory replies to direct questions on specific problems, the only way to do so is by supplying people with alternatives. This means that one must read a sentence in two or more ways, ofter repeating such alternatives slowly (and , of course, in context). And then ask such questions as: “which way sounds thesweetest”“which is planner”...Explaining the contentsA secondary very important way of testing a translation is to have someone read a passage to someone else and then to get this individual to explain the contents to other persons, who did not hear the reading.Reading the text aloudPublication of sample materialThe ultimate basis for judging a translation。
翻译与性别——女性主义时代的翻译
radical. They take the subversion of the traditional translation theory based on structuralism as their ultimate goal, which consequently left an exeuse to a variety of criticism.
Demerits
Non-feminist crities believe that feminist theory is narrowly
partisan, with their arguments "too emotional, sectarian, idealistic and subjective", and therefore it can not be true academic researeh.
translation study, and researchers began to issue some
academic essays, Wang Xiaoyuan, Meng Xiangzhen, Liao
Qiyi, Yan Jianhua, Liu Yaru, Liu Yong, Mu Lei, Jiang Xiaohua, to name only a few.
and achieved fruitful researches in the academic field. The
most outstanding achievements in the field of feminist
translation are those of feminist researchers such as Luise von Flotow, Lori Chamberlain, Sherry Simon, Tina Krontiris and so on.
《翻译理论与实践》第二版
翻译的定义
翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语 言表达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播 文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译 语文翻译（intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation) 和符际翻译（intersemiotic translation） 按活动方式分：口译（interpretation)、笔译 （translation) 和机器翻译（machine translation) 按翻译材料的文体分：应用文体、科技文体、论 述文体、新闻文体和艺术文体 按处理方式分：全译、节译、摘译、编译和译述
1919-1949
鲁迅 “宁信而不顺” 《毁灭》《死魂灵》 瞿秋白、茅盾、郭沫若、 朱生豪等
From the founding of P.R.C to the present
中国译协 翻译学科建设 翻译行业
翻译的定义
To turn from one language into another(The Oxford English Dictionary) To turn into one’s own or another language(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language) “把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字 表达出来”（《辞海》）
翻译的标准
所谓翻译标准，亦曰翻译原则，即指导翻 译实践、评价译文质量的尺度。翻译标准 的确立，对于建立科学的翻译理论体系具 有重要意义。
翻译的标准
（ 1 ） A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. （2）The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. （3）A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1791)
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闽江学院《翻译理论与实践》课程（学生课外阅读参考书目）1、 Bell, Roger. T。
1991， 2001. Translation and Translating： Theory and Practice [M］. London：Longman Group UK Ltd.；Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.2、 Benjamin， W。
1993。
The Task of the Translator［A]。
In: L。
Venuti ed. 2000. The TranslationStudies Reader［C]. London ＆ New York: Routledge。
3、 Davis, K. 2004。
Deconstruction and Translation ［M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeignLanguage Education Press。
4、 Hatim, Basil and Mason, Ian. 1990, 2001。
Discourse and the Translator［M］。
London:Longman Group UK Ltd.； Shanghai： Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press。
你买点什么翻译英语作文
你买点什么翻译英语作文Title: What to Buy: Exploring the Art of Translation。
In the realm of translation, the choices one makes can significantly impact the final outcome. From selecting the right words to capturing the essence of the original text, each decision shapes the journey from one language to another. So, when faced with the question, "What to buy?" in the context of translation, the considerations are vast and nuanced.Firstly, investing in language resources is paramount. High-quality dictionaries, both bilingual and monolingual, serve as the bedrock of translation. They provide not only translations of words but also nuanced meanings, idiomatic expressions, and cultural insights. Online platforms like Oxford Languages and Cambridge Dictionary offer comprehensive resources for various languages, aiding translators in their quest for precision and fluency.Additionally, acquiring specialized glossaries and terminology databases can elevate the quality of technical translations. In fields such as medicine, law, and engineering, accuracy is non-negotiable. Therefore, purchasing access to industry-specific terminologyresources ensures that translations meet professional standards and effectively communicate complex concepts across language barriers.Furthermore, subscribing to translation software and tools can streamline the translation process and enhance productivity. Programs like SDL Trados and MemoQ offer features such as translation memory, terminology management, and machine translation integration. While human expertise remains irreplaceable in translation, these tools serve as invaluable aids, especially for large-scale projects and repetitive texts.Investing in language courses and professional development opportunities is another wise purchase for translators. Continuous learning not only improveslinguistic proficiency but also deepens culturalunderstanding and expands subject matter expertise. Workshops, seminars, and online courses conducted by reputable institutions and industry experts provide valuable insights into translation theory, practice, and emerging trends.Moreover, building a personal library of translated works and reference materials can enrich one's translation practice. Studying translations by renowned translators offers valuable lessons in style, tone, and creative adaptation. Additionally, reference books on translation theory and practice, such as "The Translator's Handbook" by Morry Sofer and "Translation Studies" by Susan Bassnett, provide theoretical frameworks and practical guidance for aspiring translators.In the digital age, investing in an ergonomic workstation equipped with high-speed internet, dual monitors, and ergonomic furniture is essential for translators. A comfortable and efficient workspace minimizes distractions and maximizes productivity, allowing translators to focus their energy on the intricacies oflanguage and meaning.Lastly, networking and collaboration are invaluable investments for translators. Joining professional associations like the American Translators Association (ATA) or the International Federation of Translators (FIT) provides access to a supportive community of fellow translators, mentors, and potential clients. Collaborating with other linguists on projects fosters mutual learningand growth, expanding one's skill set and professional network.In conclusion, the art of translation encompasses a myriad of choices and investments. From language resources and software tools to professional development and networking, each purchase contributes to the translator's journey towards excellence. By carefully selecting and investing in the right resources, translators can navigate the complexities of language and culture with confidenceand precision, enriching the world with the beauty of multilingual communication.。
对thetheoryandpracticeoftranslation书中翻译理论的理解概括
对The Theory and Practice of Translation书中翻译理论的理解概括尤金・奈达是美国当代著名的语言学家、翻译家,也是西方语言学派翻译理论的主要代表之一,他发展了英国著名翻译理论家纽马克提出的交际翻译理论。
交际法的翻译理论不仅照顾到语言意义的传递,也考虑到功能的对应,解决了原来的翻译理论从语言本身解决不了的问题。
上世纪80年代初,奈达的翻译理论传到中国并备受推崇。
奈达的翻译理论使我国大多数翻译工作者开始接触西方系统的翻译理论,对中国的翻译理论研究影响非常大,以致在当时中国的翻译界形成了言必称奈达的局面。
80年代末90年代初,对奈达的翻译理论的质颖之声开始出现,90年代中期以后,进而出现了“言必称奈达理论之缺陷”的风潮,大有对其全盘否定之势。
近几年,译界开始了对奈达的翻译理论的冷静反思。
在中国翻译界舆有巨大影响力的翻译理论除了严复的“信、达、雅”外，想必就是奈达的理论ｒ。
自从它传人中图以来，沉寂多年的巾国译坛开始活跃起来，中国的翻译王作者感受羁了一黢算竣翡蘩译瑾沦豹春弧，菝享孛免之一振。
眼界也开阕了，此后的翻泽理沦与实践便出现了畜必称奈达的现象，可见奈达理论的影响之大：奈达的理论属于科学的翻译理论体系，它之所以会在世界范同内有如此大的影响就在于它的科学性。
奈选的翻译思想体现在｛也不同时期的薯住巾，两最能充分体现缝主要，也是较袋熬豹秘译愚怒的怒《赣泽瑾论与实践》一书。
该书获潺裔学的角度对麟译的过程进行了全丽、系统的分析，为翻译实践提供了理沦指导。
全书共分为八章，前两章主要从火体上概述了翻译中常见的同题，剩下的章节具体论述了翻译的过程，即分援、转换、重组、检测。
筹一章楚要套缨了一些关于翻译豹耨观点，如酾译的羹点放语言形式转囱读者反应，这楚奈达翻泽思想的核心内容。
此外．他还认为语言是有共住的．尽管各种语言都有各自的特点，一种语言能表达的枣情也能用另一种讲辫表达。
他在第二章提出了动态对镲的观点，认为翻译怒在译语中爆最切邀丽又最自然的对等渗霉臻源语的傣患，善壳是意义。
翻译_revised
Translation Studies in Theory and PracticeThesis: After half-year study of translation, I have grabbed comprehensive knowledge in this field, which has greatly changed my previous attitude, now I realized that translation is not a simple work every English learner could undertake. In this paper, I demonstrate my understanding towards translation that I have learned from many relative resources, not only my knowledge of translation, but also the translation skills cultivated by those resources. The main purpose is to demonstrate the application of these learning resources to my study and to analyze my understanding of translation by learning these resources.I. Introduction (300w)Good theory is based on information gained from practice. Good practice is based on carefully worked-out theory. The two are interdependent. This perfectly reflects the relationship between translation theory and translation practice.The ideal translation will be accurate as to meaning and natural as to the target language forms used. The reader who is unfamiliar with the source text will understand it well. The success of a translation is measured by how closely you translate to the measurement.The ideal translation should be:1: Accurate: reproducing as exactly as possible the meaning of the source text.2 Natural: using natural forms of the receptor language in a way that is appropriate to the kind of text being translated.3 Communicative: expressing all aspects of the meaning in a way that is readily understandable to the intended audience.Translation is a process based on the theory that it is possible to abstract the meaning of a text from its forms and reproduce that meaning with the very different forms of a second language.Translation, then, consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context.In practice, there is considerable variation in the types of translations produced by translators. Some translators work only in two languages and are competent in both. Others work from their first language to their second language, and still others from their second language to their first language.In the era of information explosion, everyone is faced up with a plethora of resources, from the most traditional media such as books, academic conferences, to the online dictionaries and onlinetranslation software. In this thesis, we will roughly study how these resources influence will be applied to improve our translation.II. The Application of the Translation Resources (800w)A. Application of Theoretic ResourceB. Application of Practical Resourcea. The Understanding of Bilingual Translation Strategyb. The Understanding of Bicultural Translation StrategyC. Application of Translation SoftwareIII. Evaluation of the Influence (500w)A. Influence of Language AbilityB. Influence of Translation SkillC. Influence of Cultural AwarenessIV. ConclusionReferenceEdwin, Gentzler, Contemporary Translation Theories, Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press, China, 2004Feng, Qinghua, The Research in the Art of Translation of ‘The Dream of Red Mansion’, Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press, China, 2006Munday, Jeremy, Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge, USA and Canada, 2001Sakai, Naoki, ‘Translation’ in T heory, Culture & Society, Vol. 23, Issue 2,3, Middlesbrough Yorkshire, London, 2006Ye, Zinan, Advanced English-Chinese Translation Theory and Practice, Tsinghua University Press, China, 2001Zhang, Peiji, A Course in English-Chinese Translation, Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press China, 2003Zhu, Jifang, An English-Chinese Translation Method and Practice, Beijing University Press, China, 2004论点：经过半年多对翻译的研究，我已经获得了这一领域的全面知识，而这极大地改变了我以前的态度，对每一个英语学习者来说它都不是一项可以承担的简单的工作。
翻译理论与实践TranslationtheoriesandPractice
翻译理论与实践（汉译英）Translation Theories and Practice (Chinese-English Translation )Teaching Notes for Senior College Students（2005年9月）刘国忠2578706*************.cnTopics at first:1. 解读汉译英《教学大纲》2. 解读汉译英《考试大纲》3. 汉译英学习指导①重要性②特性③实践性汉译英精典教材：1. 《英汉翻译教程》张培基喻天根《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌喻天根上海外语教育出版社 1980.92.《汉英翻译基础》陈宏薇上海外语教育出版社 1998/23.《英汉互译实用教程》宋天锡等国防工业出版社2000/14.《实用翻译教程》（英汉互译）增订本冯庆华上海外语教育出版社2002/55.《实用汉英翻译教程》曾诚外语教学与研究出版社2002/46.《翻译教学：实务与理论》刘宓庆中国对外翻译出版公司2003/1•汉译英主要内容：•一、汉译英实务教学•二、历届TEM8汉译英试卷评析•三、汉译英练习与评析•—汉英翻译强化训练汉译英实务教学主要内容一、汉英词语对比二、汉英句法基本差异（一）汉英句子的主语比较三、汉英句法基本差异（二）汉语谓语动词的分析和翻译四、被动语态的翻译五、汉译英中的主谓定位六、汉译英中的句子整合问题增补内容：七、如何避免翻译中的Chinglish八、汉英翻译中的文化传递九、公示语的翻译十、历届TEM8汉译英试卷评析十一、汉译英练习与评析—汉英翻译强化训练汉译英学习指导（一）如何保证翻译课的教学效果1.以―正当程序‖保证翻译质量无论英译汉，还是汉译英，译文都需要准确、通顺，这是翻译的基本要求。
表达准确的基础是对原文的准确理解：译者必须准确地理解原文的每个词、每句话和作者的意图。
表达通顺的基础是对译入语的熟练运用。
我们在做汉译英时，存在一个天然的劣势：由于英语不是我们的母语，做到表达的准确和通顺相当困难。
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波斯盖特（J.P.Postgate）是英国翻译理 论家、造诣很深的古文学家。他精通古 希腊语、拉丁语和法语、德语等多种语 言，对翻译终生抱有兴趣，有五十年的 翻译实践经验。1922年，他出版了一本 专著，题为《译论与译文》 （Translation and Translations）。
（1）翻译分两类：“后观式翻译” （retrospective translation）和“前观 式翻译”（prospective translation）。 （2）译文效果应由学者判断。人们一般 都承认，翻译的目标是再现原文的真实 面貌。就是再现在译文中的原文印象， 也就是译文在译文读者身上所产生的印 象。
2. Preparing materials for interpretation before each class time.
Course Plan Unit One Definition I．What is translation ?
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Strictly speaking, Translation is an art. Like painting, translation enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in word, in words of a different language. It is no easy job, not so easy as it is supposed. Do not think that any one who knows a foreign language, say English, can invariably translate well. And this difficulty is greatly multiplied by the wide difference in vocabulary and sentence construction between the Oriental and Occidental languages.
德国、苏联也出现了一些卓有成就的翻译 理论家如沃尔特.本杰明（Walter Benjamin）（德）、科尔涅伊.丘科夫斯 基（苏）、伊凡.卡什金（苏）等。以上 翻译理论家都是从文学翻译的角度对翻译 理论进行探讨。所注重的是译文的文学性 和译文的选词造句等方面的问题，而不涉 及诸如翻译对民族语言的贡献、翻译与思 维的关系、各个民族语言之间的共性、决 定语言的可译性和不可译性的科学根据、 翻译目的和手段之间的关系以及翻译的科 学性和艺术性的关系等方面的问题。
二十世纪上半叶，在主要包括英美的英语 国家，翻译理论的研究更是活跃。其翻译 论著在数量上超出其他西方语种。1901 年，美国教授赫伯特 托尔曼（Herbet Cushing Tolman）撰写了一部题为《翻译 的艺术》（The Art of Translating）的专 著着重阐明两大观点： （1）必须以正确的方法理解原文。 （2）必须如实的反映原文的思想和风格。
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. --Eugene A. Nida and Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation 翻译就是译入语复制出原语信息最接近的 自然等值体, 首先就意义而言,其次就风格 而言.
（3）忠实性是衡量翻译成败的最高标 准。翻译中表达的主要矛盾是言语问题。 在言语形式上，译者首先应当关心的是 使译文合乎习惯；对于一篇中译文的要 求就是它必须是中文，而不是通篇的外 国腔。 （4）词汇分四类。第一类是完全相同的 词（常见于科技词汇）。第二类是不同的 词（翻译这类词只能靠借用外来词）。第 三类词是部分相等的词（这类词较多）。 第四类词是假同义词。
Ⅱ.The Importance of translation 1.A story from Genesis in Bible—The Tower of Babel 2.Translation—communication— development
Ⅲ. Classification
• 1.从译出语(出发语, source language)和译入语 (归宿语target或receptor language)的角度分为: 1) 本族语译外语 2)外语译本族语 • 2.从语言符号(semiology)的角度分为: 1)语内翻译 (intralingual translation) 2)语际翻译(interlingual translation) 3)符际翻译(intersemiotic translation) • 3. 从翻译的手段分为: 口译, 笔译和机器翻译 • 4.从翻译的题材分为: 专业性翻译, 文学翻译 • 5.从翻译的方式分为: 全译(full-text), 摘译 (abridged)和编译(adapted)
5）译作的生命在于更新。在动手翻译之前， 读者最好先了解一下当代通用的语言形式在 何种程度上适应于他的翻译，而不必煞费苦 心地考虑这些词过去的功过。
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英国二十年代的另一位著名翻译理论家是 菲利莫尔（J.S.Philimore）。他发表了 《略谈翻译和译者》（Some Remarks on Translators）被认为是当时最好的英语翻 译论著，比同时代人的见解高出一筹。
翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达 的思维内容准确而完整地表达出来的语言. 张培基《英汉翻译教程绪言》 Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language. 翻译是从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近 而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息. 谭载喜《奈达论翻译》
The Flourishing Periods of Translation in China 第一次翻译高潮(flourishing period) • Buddhist Scripture 安世高, 支娄加谶, 支亮, 支谦, 竺法护, 道安， • 鸠摩罗什 译界第一宗匠 • 鸠摩罗什, 玄奘, 真谛, 我国佛教三大翻译家 (three giants in translating Buddhist Scripture) 第二次翻译高潮—明末清初的科技翻译 • 意大利人 利玛窦 (Matteo Ricci 1552--1610) 徐光启(1562--1633) 欧几里得 (Euclid’s)《几 何原本》, 《测量法仪》
第三次翻译高潮（鸦片战争—五四—民国 的西学翻译） ●严复(1853—1921) ●林纾(1852—1924) ●鲁迅 ●瞿秋白 第四次翻译高潮（文革后） ●87年8月在青岛召开全国第一次翻译理论 研讨会开始了第四次翻译高潮
2. In the West—Five Flourishing Periods
Translation Studies and Practice
(English Education Fengyi Huang)
Necessities:
1. Two note-books: One for class notes; the other for outside curriculum practices.
二十世纪初还有法国著名文学家瓦莱里（Paul Valery,1871-1945）和马鲁佐（J.Marouzeau）。 瓦莱里翻译了维吉尔的作品，对翻译理论也有自 己的主张。他用诗人的眼光看待翻译，强调译者 必须冲破原文形式，特别是原文句法结构的约束， 使译文同原文一样，具有强烈的音乐感、文学感。 马鲁佐在他的《论拉丁语翻译》中对翻译作了言 简意赅论述，该书充分体现了他对翻译具有丰富 的实践经验和深刻的理性认识，其观点为：（1） 翻译首先是一门技巧。要掌握它，主要靠丰富的 实践经验、坚实的语言知识和灵活的翻译方法。 （2）翻译不可不讲究译文清晰、生动、易懂， 以争取尽可能多的读者。
第一次翻译高潮—公元前3世纪《希腊文 旧约圣经》的翻译 第二次翻译高潮—公元4世纪-6世纪之间 第三次翻译高潮—11-12世纪之间 第四次翻译高潮—14-16世纪欧洲文艺复 兴 第五次翻译高潮—第二次世界大战结束 以来的翻译活动
西方现代翻译理论
*传统时期的翻译理论 *新时期的翻译理论
*传统时期—在意大利，美学家、文学评论家克 罗齐（Benedetto Croce,1866-1952）在他的美 学名著《美学原理》（Estetica）中对翻译问题 提出一些精辟见解。他的观点是：（1）翻译不 可能完美地再现原著面貌。这是因为语言凭直觉 产生，语言行为按潜在的思维出现，并对思维加 以扩展和修改，因此，每一语言行为都是无先例 的、创新的。翻译的目的是为了解决言语不可重 复的矛盾，它受语言内在规律的支配，不可能达 到完美的地步。（2）翻译必须靠再创造。由于 完全相等于原作表达方式的翻译不可能存在，翻 译的结果不是比原作少一点，就是多一点。译文 不可能不带有译者风格的痕迹。