美国文学简史笔记常耀信

A Concise History of American LiteratureWhat is literature?Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages.Chapter 1 Colonial PeriodI.Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down fromgeneration to generation.(3)Total depravity(4)Limited atonement: Only the “ elect ” can be saved.2.Influence(1) A group of good qualities —hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful)influenced American literature.(2)It led to the everlast ing myth. All literature is based on a myth -garde n of Ede n.(3)Symbolism: the American puritan ' s metaphoricaolfmpeordc e ption was chieflyinstrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plainand honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of theBible.II.Overview of the literature1.types of writingdiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period(1)Anne Bradstreet(2)Edward Taylor(3)Roger Williams(4)John Woolman(5)Thomas Paine(6)Philip FreneauIII.Jonathan Edwards1.life2.works(1)The Freedom of the Will(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(3)The Nature of True Virtue3.ideas -pioneer of transcendentalism(1)The spirit of revivalism(2)Regeneration of man(3)God' s presence(4)Puritan idealismIV.Benjamin Franklin1.life2.works(1)Poor Richard A'lmsanac(2)Autobiography3.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven ”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man —“ Jack of all trades ” . Herman Melville thusdescribed him “master of each and mastered by none ”.Chapter 2 American RomanticismSection 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?An approach from ancient Greek: PlatoA literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)Schlegel Bros.I.Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1.subjectivity(1)feeling and emotions, finding truth(2)emphasis on imagination(3)emphasis on in dividualism -pers onal freedom, no hero worship, n atural good ness of humanbeings2.back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1)unrestrained by classical rules(2)full of imagination(3)colloquial language(4)freedom of imagination(5)genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3.back to naturenature is “breathing living thing ” (Rousseau)II.American Romanticism1.Background(1)Political background and economic development(2)Romantic movement in European countries Derivative -foreign influence2.features(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “areal new experienceand contained “an alien quality ” for the simple reason that “the spirit o was radically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authorstended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than theyentertained.(3)The “ newn ess of America ns as a n atio n is in connection with America n Romanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was bothimitative and independent.III.Washington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American literature2.life3.works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognitionwith the publication of this.)(3)The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5)The Alhambra4.Literary career: two parts(1)1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique(2)1832~1859: back to US5.style -beautiful(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2)avoiding moralizing - amusing and entertaining(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4)vivid and true characters(5)humour -smiling while reading(6)musical languageIV.James Fenimore Cooper1.life2.works(1)Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen Pride and Prejudi'ces)(2)The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3)Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3.point of viewthe theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs.democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights4.style(1)highly imaginative(2)good at inventing tales(3)good at landscape description(4)conservative(5)characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6)language and use of dialect not authentic5.literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the Americanfrontier forever westward, then Cooper Leatherstockin'g sTaleseffectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West.He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.Section 2 Summit of Romanticism -American TranscendentalismI.Background: four sources1.Unitarianism(1)Fatherhood of God(2)Brotherhood of men(3)Leadership of Jesus(4)Salvation by character (perfection of one 's character)(5)Continued progress of mankind(6)Divinity of mankind(7)Depravity of mankind2.Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3.Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “ oversoul ”4.PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismII.Appearance1836, “ Nature ” by EmersonIII.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.n ature -symbol of spirit/God garment of the oversoul4.focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV.Influence1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that humancan be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles ofcustoms and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly Americanculture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy whereopportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get omn or”al obscured thnecessity for rising to spiritual height.3.It helped to create the first American renaissance -one of the most prolific period inAmerican literature.V.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.life2.works(1)Nature(2)Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3.point of view(1)One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the“ oversoul ”.(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, andadvocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine inhimself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “theinfinitude of man ”.(4)Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes theworld by making himself.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2)True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3)The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4)As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him alone poem in itself.5.his influenceVI.Henry David Thoreau1.life2.works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2)Walden(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3.point of view(1)He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspokenon the point.(2)He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.(3)Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative,healthy influence on man 's spiri-tubaelinwge. ll(4)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5)He was very critical of modern civilization.(6)“ Simplicity …simplify! ”(7)He was sorely disgusted with “ theinundations of the dirty institutions of men' s odd-fellow society ”.(8)He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men. Section 3 Late RomanticismI.Nathaniel Hawthorne1.life2.works(1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2)The Scarlet Letter(3)The House of the Seven Gables(4)The Marble Faun3.point of view(1)Evil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne ”(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation togeneration (causality).(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4)He has disgust in science.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on whichhis mind grows to fruition.(2)He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. To tell thetruth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.5.style -typical romantic writer(1)the use of symbols(2)revelation of characters ' psychology(3)the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4)his stories are parable (parable inform) - to teach a lesson(5)use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty -multiple point ofviewII.Herman Melville1.life2.works(1)Typee(2)Omio(3)Mardi(4)Redburn(5)White Jacket(6)Moby Dick(7)Pierre(8)Billy Budd3.point of view(1)He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of“ Everlasting Nay ” (negative attitude towards life).(2)One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away from each other).Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death),rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19cidea of progress4.style(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing thetechnique of multiple view of his narratives.(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon andpraised.(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5)He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes onboard the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)Romantic PoetsI.Walt Whitman1.life2.work: Leaves of Grass (9 editions)(1)Song of Myself(2)There Was a Child Went Forth(3)Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4)Democratic Vistas(5)Passage to India(6)Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking3.themes - “ Catalogue of American and Europeanthought ”He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment, idealism,transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson 'sindividualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything): equality of things and beings divinity of everything immanence of God democracy evolution of cosmos multiplicity of nature self-reliant spirit death, beauty of death expansion of America brotherhood and social solidarity(unity of nations in the world) pursuit of love and happiness4.style: “ free verse ”(1)no fixed rhyme or scheme(2)parallelism, a rhythm of thought(3)phonetic recurrence(4)the habit of using snapshots(5)the use of a certain pronoun “I ”(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7)use of conventional image(8)strong tendency to use oral English(9)vocabulary -powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong(10)sentences -catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5.influence(1)His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2)He took over Whitman 's vision of the p-poreotphet and poet-teacher and recast it in a moresophisticated and Europeanized mood.(3)He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4)Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence. II.Emily Dickenson1.life2.works(1)My Life Closed Twice before Its Close(2)Because I Can 't Stop for Death(3)I Heard a Fly Buzz -When I died(4)Mine -by the Right of the White Election(5)Wild Nights -Wild Nights3.themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion -doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love -suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature -kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibility4.style(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters -emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification -make some of abstract ideas vividparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, itsexpansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “AmericanRenaissance ”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking freeof the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedomin form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of theindividual.(2)Whereas Whitman is “national ” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional(3)Dickinson has the “cataloguetechnique (”direct, simple style) which Whitman doesn 't have. Edgar Allen PoeI.LifeII.Works1.short stories(1)ratiocinative storiesa.Ms Found in a Bottleb.The Murders in the Rue Morguec.The Purloined Letter(2)Revenge, death and rebirtha.The Fall of the House of Usherb.Ligeiac.The Masque of the Red Death(3)Literary theorya.The Philosophy of Compositionb.The Poetic Principlec.Review of Hawthorne T'wicse-told TalesIII.Themes1.death -predominant theme in Poe 's writing“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe 's writings is dead.2.disintegration (separation) of life3.horror4.negative thoughts of scienceIV.Aesthetic ideas1.The short stories should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression and finality.2.The poems should be short, and the aim should be beauty, the tone melancholy. Poems should not beof moralizing. He calls for pure poetry and stresses rhythm.V.Style -traditi on al, but not easy to readVI.Reputation: “the jingle man ”(Emerson)VII.His influencesChapter 3 The Age of RealismI.Background: From Romanticism to Realism1.the three conflicts that reached breaking point in this period(1)industrialism vs. agrarian(2)culturely-measured east vs. newly-developed west(3)plantation gentility vs. commercial gentility2.1880 ' s urbanization: from free competition to monopoly capitalism3.the closing of American frontierII.Characteristics1.truthful description of life2.typical character under typical circumstance3.objective rather than idealized, close observation and investigation of life“Realistic writers are like scientists. ”4.open-ending:Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves.5.concerned with social and psychological problems, revealing the frustrations of characters in anenvironment of sordidness and depravityIII.Three Giants in Realistic Period1.William Dean Howells - “ Dean of American Realism ”(1)Realistic principlesa.Realism is “fidelity to experience and probability of motive ”.b.The aim is “talk of some ordinary traits of American life ”.c.Man in his natural and unaffected dullness was the object of Howells 'fisctionalrepresentation.d.Realism is by no means mere photographic pictures of externals but includes acentral concern with “motives ” and psychological conflicts.e.He condemns novels of sentimentality and morbid self-sacrifice, and avoids such themes asillicit love.f.Authors should minimize plot and the artificial ordering of the sense of something“desultory, unfinished, imperfect ”.g.Characters should have solidity of specification and be real.h.Interpreting sympathetically the “commonfeelings of commonplace people ”was best suited asa technique to express the spirit of America.i.He urged writers to winnow tradition and write in keeping with current humanitarian ideals.j.Truth is the highest beauty, but it includes the view that morality penetrates all things.k.With regard to literary criticism, Howells felt that the literary critic should not try to impose arbitrary or subjective evaluations on books but should follow the detached scientistin accurate description, interpretation, and classification.(2)Worksa. The Rise of Silas Laphamb. A Chance Acquaintancec. A Modern Instance(3) Features of His Worksa. Optimistic toneb. Moral development/ethicsc. Lacking of psychologicaldepth2.Henry James(1)Life(2)Literary career: three stagesa.1865~1882: international themeThe AmericanDaisy MillerThe Portrait of a Ladyb.1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some plays Daisy Miller (play)c.1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back tointernational themeThe Turn of the ScrewWhen Maisie KnewThe AmbassadorsThe Wings of the DoveThe Golden Bowl(3)Aesthetic ideasa.The aim of novel: represent lifemon, even ugly side of lifec.Social function of artd.Avoiding omniscient point of view(4)Point of viewa.Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousnessb.Psychological realismc.Highly-refined language(5)Style - “ stylist ”nguage: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurateb.Vocabulary: largec.Construction: complicated, intricate3.Mark Twain (see next section)Local Colorism1860s, 1870s~1890sI.Appearance1.uneven development in economy in America2.culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists3.magazines appeared to let writer publish their worksII.What is “ Local Colour ”?Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)Garland, Harte -the westEgglest on Tn dia naMrs StoweJewett -MaineChopin - LouisianaIII.Mark Twain -Mississippi1.life2.works(1)The Gilded Age(2)“the two advantages ”(3)Life on the Mississippi(4) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court(5)The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug3.style(1)colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects(2)local colour(3)syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammatical(4)humour(5)tall tales (highly exaggerated)(6)social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)parison of the three “ giants ” of American Realism1.ThemeHowells -middle classJames -upper classTwain -lower class2.TechniqueHowells -smiling/genteel realismJames -psychological realismTwain -local colourism and colloquialismChapter 4 American NaturalismI.Background1.Darwin 's theory: “natural selection ”2.Spenser 's idea: “social Darwinism ”3.French Naturalism: ZoraII.Features1.environment and heredity2.scientific accuracy and a lot of details3.general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societyIII.significanceIt prepares the way for the writing of 1920s ' “lost generation ” and T. S. Eliot.IV.Theodore Dreiser1.life2.works(1)Sister Carrie(2)The trilogy: Financier, The Titan, The Stoic(3)Jennie Gerhardt(4)American Tragedy(5)The Genius3.point of view(1)He embraced social Darwinism -survival of the fittest. He learned to regard manas merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the“fittest o”st ,ruththelemss, survive.(2)Life is predatory, a “game”of the lecherous and heartless, a jungle struggle in which man,being “awaif and an interloper in Nature ”a, “wispin the wind of social forces ”is, amere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no power whatever to assert his will.(3)No one is ethically free; everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms and bythe forces of social pressure.4.Sister Carrie(1)Plot(2)Analysis5.Style(1)Without good structure(2)Deficient characterization(3)Lack in imagination(4)Journalistic method(5)Techniques in paintingChapter 5 The Modern PeriodSection 1 The 1920sI.IntroductionThe 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is considered “ thesecond renaissance ”of American literature.The nicknames for this period:(1)Roaring 20s -comfort(2)Dollar Decade -rich(3)Jazz Age -Jazz musicII.Backgrounda)First World War -“ a war to end all wars ”(1)Economically: became rich from WWI. Economic boom: new inventions. Highly-consuming society.(2)Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation.b)wide-spread contempt for law (looking down upon law)1.Freud ' s theoryIII.Features of the literatureWriters: three groups(1)Participants(2)Expatriates(3)Bohemian (unconventional way of life) -on-lookersTwo areas:(1)Failure of communication of Americans(2)Failure of the American societyImagismI.BackgroundImagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature “ haiku ”II.Development: three stages1.1908~1909: London, Hulme2.1912~1914: England -> America, Pound3.1914~1917: Amy LowellIII.What is an “ image ”?An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in aninstant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas ” “endowed with energymust bring the effect of the object be fore the reader as it had presented itself to the poet the time of writing.IV.Principles1.Direct treatment of the “thing ”, whether subjective or objective;2.To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;3.As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of ametronome.V.Significance1. It was a rebellion against the traditional poetics which failed to reflect the new life of the newcentury.2.It offered a new way of writing which was valid not only for the Imagist poets but for modernpoetry as a whole.3.The movement was a training school in which many great poets learned their first lessons in thepoetic art.4.It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern English and American poetry. VI.Ezra Pound1.life2.literary career3.works(1)Cathay(2)Cantos(3)Hugh Selwyn Mauberley4.point of view(1)Confident in Pound ' bselief that the artist was morally and culturally the arbiter and the“saviooufrthe”race, he took it upon himself to purify the arts and becamethe prime mover of a few experimental movements, the aim of which was to dump the old intothe dustbin and bring forth something new.(2)To him life was sordid personal crushing oppression, and culture produced nothing but“ intangible bondage ”.(3)Pound sees in Chinese history and the doctrine of Confucius a source of strength and wisdomwith which to counterpoint Western gloom and confusion.(4)He saw a chaotic world that wanted setting to rights, and a humanity, suffering fromspiritual death and cosmic injustice, that needed saving. He was for the most part of hislife trying to offer Confucian philosophy as the one faith which could help to save theWest.5.style: very difficult to readPound'esarly poems are fresh and lyrical. The Cantos can be notoriously difficult in somesections, but delightfully beautiful in others. Few have made serious study of the long poem;fewer, if anyone at all, have had the courage to declare that they have conquered Pound; and many seem to agree that theCantos is a monumental failure.6.ContributionHe has helped, through theory and practice, to chart out the course of modern poetry.7.The Ca ntos - “ the in tellectual diary si nee 1915 ”Features:(1)Language: intricate and obscure(2)Theme: complex subject matters(3)Form: no fixed framework, no central theme, no attention to poetic rulesVII.T. S. Eliot1.life2.works(1)poemsThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Waste Land (epic)Hollow ManAsh WednesdayFour Quarters(2)PlaysMurder in the CathedralSweeney AgonistesThe Cocktail PartyThe Confidential Clerk(3)Critical essaysThe Sacred WoodEssays on Style and OrderElizabethan EssaysThe Use of Poetry and The Use of CriticismsAfter Strange Gods3.point of view(1)The modern society is futile and chaotic.(2)Only poets can create some order out of chaos.(3)The method to use is to compare the past and the present.4.Style(1)Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm(2)Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and allusions(3)Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absence of bridges5.The Waste Land: five parts(1)The Burial of the Dead(2) A Game of Chess(3)The Fire Sermon(4)Death by Water(5)What the Thunder SaidVIII.Robert Frost1.life2.point of view(1)All his life, Frost was concerned with constructions through po etry. “ a momentarystay against confusion ”.(2)He understands the terror and tragedy in nature, but also its beauty.(3)Unlike the English romantic poets of 19 th century, he didn ' t believe that man could findharmony with nature. He believed that serenity came from working, usually amid naturalforces, which couldn 'bte understood. He regarded work as “ significant toil ”.3.works -poemsthe first: A Boy ' s Willcollections: North of Boston, Mountain Interval (mature), New Hampshire4.style/features of his poems(1)Most of his poems took New England as setting, and the subjects were chosenfrom daily life of ordinary people, such as “ mending wall ”, “ picking ap(2)He writes most often about landscape and people -the loneliness and poverty ofisolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature. He also describes some abnormalpeople, e.g. “ deceptively simple ”, “philosophical poet ”.(3)Although he was popular during 1920s, he didn 'etxperiment like other modern poets. He usedconventional forms, plain language, traditional metre, and wrote ina pastured tradition.IX. e. e. cummings“a juggler with syntax, grammar and diction individualism”, - “painter poet ”Novels in the 1920sI. F. Scott Fitzgerald1.life - participant in 1920s2.works(1)This Side of Paradise(2)Flappers and Philosophers(3)The Beautiful and the Damned(4)The Great Gatsby(5)Tender is the Night(6)All the Sad Young Man(7)The Last Tycoon3.point of view(1)He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called “ American Dream ”is false in nature.(2)He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of moneyon the emotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth altered people ' scharacters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money brought only tragedy andremorse.(3)His no vels follow a patter n: dream -lack of attract ion —failure and despair.4.His ideas of “ American Dream ”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.5.StyleFitzgerald was one of the great stylists in American literature. His prose is smooth, sensitive,and completely original in its diction and metaphors. Its simplicity and gracefulness, its skillin manipulating the relation between the general and the specific reveal his consummate artistry.6.The Great GatsbyNarrative point of view -NickHe is related to everyone in the novel and is calm and detected observer who is never quick tomake judgements.Selected omniscient point of viewII.Ernest Hemingway1.life2.point of view (influenced by experience in war)(1)He felt that WWI had brok en America 's culture and traditions, and separated from itsroots. He wrote about men and women who were isolated from tradition, frightened, sometimesridiculous, trying to find their own way.(2)He condemned war as purposeless slaughter, but the attitude changed when he took part inSpanish Civil War when he found that fascism was a cause worth fightingfor.(3)He wrote about courage and cowardice in battlefield. He defined courage as instinctivemovement towards or away from the centre of violence with self-preservation and self-respect, the mixed motive ”H.e also talked about the courage with which to face tragedies。