英式英语和美式英语的发展和差异的论文
英语语言学论文(优秀9篇)
英语语言学论文（优秀9篇）《浅析美国英语与英国英语的区别及应用》摘要：标准现代英式英语和美式英语，虽然两者互相理解没有很多实质性的差异，但对两者的各方面进行一个大概的比较，还是有很多细微的差别的。
关键词：美国英语；英国英语；分析对比；区别及应用在全球一体化的背景下，英语已成为世界通用语言，在社会生活、交往或交流中都扮演着重要角色。
近年，美式英语风靡全球，尽管美式英语和英式英语都是英语，但是区别甚多。
相对来说美式英语便捷实用，英式英语较为复杂。
英式英语保守、严谨，美国人说英语则是另一种姿态，崇尚可见即可读。
1.两种语言在历史演变、地域文化、社会地位层面的区别。
英语是全世界几千种语言的其中一种，也是印欧语系一百多种语言之一、英国英语距今已有1500的历史了。
而美国英语是在英国英语的基础上发展而来的。
英国和美国在政治、经济、文化等方面的不断发展，造就了它们各自不同的语言特征。
美式英语起源于18世纪70年代，美国的独立战争爆发时，战乱的特殊原因导致绝大多数美国人来自欧洲移民，尤其以英格兰人为主，大多讲英国英语。
近几十年来，由于美国的贸易、军事、科技、国际地位等方面远远超过英国，再加上美国电影风靡全球，促使美国本土的俚语很多已经渗透到了口语之中。
很多因素导致美式英语成为强势语言。
2.发音方面存在的不同。
英语和美语的发音最具代表性的区别是对er的发音的不同。
英语中，短音的er是的浑元音，但长音的er是个拉长了的浑元音，听起来是一个介于“俄”和“啊”的声音。
而美语中，er听起来怎么都是个“儿”音。
ar：除了轻读短音（如singular）和者后连元音（如clarity），英语的ar全部清一色的长音[a：]，而美语中，是“阿尔”。
英语和美语的辅音基本是一致的，但在使用习惯上也有些差别。
如词组clear animosity，英语会读成clear，animosity，而美语会读成clear—ranimosity。
另一个比较明显的区别是d和t。
英式英语和美式英语的发展和差异的论文
英式英语和美式英语的发展和差异的论文摘要英语现在已经发展成一个在全球范围内使用最广泛的语言。
英语作为英美文化信息的载体和表现形式，深深地烙上了英美独有的文化印记。
本文从英式英语和美式英语两种语言在音、形、意三个方面语言的差异追溯其变化原因。
通过比较英式英语和美式英语的差异，可以看出社会文化因素对语言的产生和流传有决定作用,并且通过分析英语的这两大变体，折射了英美的政治经济、社会生活、国家历史、地域文化、各自的文化特异现象等等。
由于英语本身具有词汇量大、包容性大、表达简洁的特点，英语语言的发展趋势将向着共同语与多样化并存的方向发展。
关键词：英式英语、美式英语、变化原因；发展趋势abstractnowadays english has been developing into a global language. as a message carrier, english fully reflects the unique cultures possessed by the british and american countries. the first part of this paper investigates the differences between the british english and its american counterpart from politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. then the underlying causes of the differences are exposed in the second part through which the role cultures have played in shaping as well as circulating a language is highlighted. all in all, since english is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that english will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.key words: british english; american english; cause of change; tendency目前，世界上讲英语的有四亿多人，但作为第一语言，使用人数最多，地域最广的要属是美国和英国。
A Brief Analysis on Differences between American English and British English 浅析英式英语与美式英语
浅析英式英语与美式英语的差异一、课题(论文)提纲二、内容摘要三、参考文献A Brief Analysis on Differences between American Englishand British EnglishAbstractIn today’s global integration, English, as the common language in the world, plays a quite important role both in civilian communication and official communication in our daily life. Owing to the US is the overlord in this world, so American English is getting more popular. American English and British English have become the two relative important languages in English phylum. And American English has already been accepted by British people who are toplofty all the time. At the same time, the British also begin to learn and use this simplified language. Although, American English is almost the same as British English, they still have some differences. There are many different localisms of their own among many English countries and such localisms are always emerging endlessly. Sometimes, of course, misunderstandingbetween them is unavoidable. Meanwhile, the time is a treasure for people in the modern life. And the traditional British English is comparatively complicated while American English is convenient and practical, because American English seems more in accordance with the tide of history. The scholars of many big English-speaking countries such as Britain, America and Canada have been on to the trend. They have also summed up the differences between the two languages from the grammar, vocabulary and using etc.Key Words: British English; American English0. IntroductionFor the 21st century today, the world is becoming smaller and smaller as to the development of high-tech. The world transformed countries one by one into a global village from the navigation century to the high speed conveyance at present. In this huge village, there are many people with different complexion; different agnate and different tongue lived. After lengthy years, English became the primary language in this big family. And the differentiation appeared in the evolvement of English itself, it divided into British English and American English. The following article will analyze the differences of the two English phyla. 1. The history and evolvements of British English and American EnglishIt’s good to comprehend nowadays for study foretime, but the deeplyknowledge of nowadays is also the precondition of compute foretime exactly. This article will try to cast back the context of British English and American English. And in nowadays, the American English is taking the leading place of British English.1.1. The history of British EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to be dominated. The original Old English language was then influenced by two further waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become “mixed” to some degree.Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romancelanguages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a “borrowing”language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary.1.2. The history of American EnglishAmerican English is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States.English is the most common language in the United States. Though the U.S. federal government has no official language, English is considered the de facto, “in practice but not necessarily ordained by law”, language of the United States because of its widespread use. English has been given official status by 30 of the 50 state governments.The use of English in the United States was inherited from British colonization. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America in the 17th century. During that time, there were also speakers in North America of Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Swedish, Scots, Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Finnish, Russian (Alaska) and numerous Native American languages.1.3. The impact of American English on British EnglishWhile British English and American English belong to the same phylum, but during the three hundred years after the first group of Europeimmigrant, the two languages were going their own way. American English has developed a new method of talk, partly is due to the differences of condition of living and the other part absorbed the language of other immigrant. The chief differences between British English and American English are the intonation of talk and rhythm. And there are also many differences in vocabulary. For example, politician has a derogatory sense in American English but not in British English. In American English solicitor means salesman or beggar but it means lawyer in British English. Near the few ten years, because the development of trade, military affairs and technology has made America become more and more strong and important in the world. As to the American film is very popular, the slang in America penetrate to the Spoken English. Nowadays, people who accept the American English most quickly are the younger in British, and the tendency is improving. Obviously, the origin of American English development is the American film, TV program, media and music and so on. For example the RAP music, many young people like that and it is very popular. American English has also influenced the hidebound British English in trope. American English is more acceptable by neoteric.2. The specific differences between British English and American EnglishThe variety of English that was spoken in the USA is calledAmerican English. American English grew out of British English of the 17th century. With the further growth of the United States, American English has evolved from a “colonial branch” to a variant or national standard of English. The characteristics of American English are marked by apparent contradictions: creativeness in enriching the language versus conservativeness in preserving a number of archaic features; the use of short and poignant expressions, including slang, versus fondness of big words; homogeneity manifested by heavy borrowings from other tongues versus relative uniformity which is, in a sense, close to homogeneity; and the use of verbose style in official papers versus plain language in popular writing. These properties combine to make American English a distinctive variety of the English language.2.1. Differences in pronunciationOn a whole, the similarities between the two kinds of pronunciation are greater than the other differences. The nature of the differences in pronunciation between General American and Standard British English has been discussed by many authorities, there are many chief differences in vowel、diphthongs such as fast: |fa:st| (British English) |fest| (American English) ;want |wכnt|(British English) |want| (American English) and so on. As to consonants, in British English the letter “r”is not pronounced before a consonant; at the end of a word, r is pronounced if the next word begins with a vowel such as: farm |fa:m|, door |d כ:|. The digraph “wh” ispronounced |w| in British English, but |hw| in American English. For example, when which in British English, |wen|; American English, |hwen|. Further, different phonemes may be used in the same word. This is found only with individual words. For examples: ate |et| (British English)-|eit| (American English).Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by British and American English. There are, however, a few words that have their stress on a different syllable. For some examples: ad'dress(British English-′address(Am erican English), advertisement (British English)-adver′tisement (Am erican English).Finally, intonation differences, As for the major differences in intonation between British English and American English, some observers report that, to their ears, Englishmen cover a wider range of tone in speaking and carry it higher than Americans, while Americans pitch their voices within a very narrow range and they are in the habit of speaking drawlingly and clearly, that is, Americans speak flatter, slower, and clearer than Englishmen. Statistics tell us that the rate of utterance for average Englishmen is 220 syllables per minute, while that for ordinary Americans is 150-175 syllables. That’s why, to most people, spoken American English seems easier to understand than spoken British English.2.2. Differences in V ocabularyThe differences between British and American English in vocabularycan be grouped into the following three types:1). Words without counterparts:When the English colonists settled in America, they made and borrowed a lot of words and expressions to name the plants, animals, features of landscape and life new to them. These words together with those coming into existence later, esp. since independence, constitute a part of the vocabulary of American English which has no counterpart in British English. Some typical examples are: foothill, gap, bayou, canyon, hickory, logroll, electoral, college, lynch, New Deal, wetback, drive-in, rock-and-roll, etc.2). A same word has different meanings:For the sake of convenience of expressions, the early settlers in America often gave an existing word a new meaning. Further, some meanings of words have become obsolete in Britain, but survived in America. Moreover, a group of words simply changed their meanings in the USA. All these combined to account for the fact that quite a number of same words have different meanings on both sides of the Atlantic. The following examples may be used to illustrate the point: The word “lumber”, which originally meant “disused goods” in Britain, was given the new sense of “timber”; the word“mad”was used in the sense of “angry”in Shakespeare time, later this sense became obsolete and acquired the meaning of “insane” in Britain, but Americans continue touse the word in the old sense; the numeral “billion” means “a million millions” in British English, but Americans have changed it to mean “a thousand million” in the United States. The Americans have also changed the meaning of “bill, enjoin, guy, pressman, veteran, table,” so these words have different meanings in the two countries.3).The same ideas or objects expressed by different words. The most noticeable difference in vocabulary is that the British and Americans use different words to express the same idea or object. This difference covers a very wide range of vocabulary. Here are only some examples: The British English words, “trousers, biscuit, flat, cupboard” are respectively equal to the American English words: “pants, cracker, apartment, closet”.2.3. Differences in spellingGenerally speaking, the differences in spelling between American and British English were brought about by two factors:1). The English which the colonists brought to the new continent allowed great variation in spelling, sometimes the variant which became standardized in America was different from that used in England;2). Noah Webster and eminent persons like Benjamin Franklin proposed numerous reforms on spelling among which some were generally accepted and became the forms peculiar to American English. The American and British systems are essentially the same, except that, as the following differences show, the American variant is simpler than itsEnglish counterpart: our-or, colour-color; ou-o, mould-mold; re-er centre-center; gue-g, dialogue-dialog and so on. There are also some special cases such as cheque-check, cigarette-cigarette and storey-story.All in all, the British and American spelling systems are essentially the same except that the American spelling has some simplified way. Nowadays hundreds of American spellings have won acceptance in British English.2.4. Differences in grammarOn the whole, American and British English use the same grammar system. There are few differences in number and trifling in nature. The following are some main divergences:(1).On the verb phrase，American English prefers to “have got” for possession (Do you have the time? Vs Have you got the time?); answers also tend to vary (I don’t Vs I haven’t); Am erican English prefers such forms and there are some special past tense forms; American English also sometimes uses a simple past tense while British English use a present perfect (I just ate Vs I’ve just eaten).(2) In the noun phrase there are some differences in word order (e.g. Hudson River Vs River Thames, a half hour Vs half an hour) and the use of article “the” (in the future Vs in future, in the hospital Vs in hospital); American English prefers collective nouns in the singular (the government is), whereas British English allows plural also (thegovernment are).(3).Clausal patterns sometimes differ, as in American English (come take a look Vs come and take); American English also makes more use of the subjective, as in (I asked that he go Vs I asked him to go) and prefers were to was in such sentences as I wish she were here.(4).Several differences are existed in prepositions and adverbs for example, American English (It’s twenty of four Vs it’s twenty to four). 3. There are also some differences between American English and British English in practical application.3.1. Differences in letterThere are some differences in letter communication between the two languages. It is a comma after the form of address and underwrote yours faithfully in British English, but it is a semicolon and ended by truly yours in American English.3.2. Divergence in intercommunionThe difference of intercommunion is usually found in the international travel. The traveler and businessmen always make many mistakes and jokes because of the differences of vocabulary and usage. In addition, there is also little difference when people make phones.3.3. Differences in lingoEvery vocation has a different universal term for communication such as the type of equipment, and people must abide by the bylaw,method, terms. It will make lots of mistakes if people don’t know about the differences.4. The status and future of the English languageEnglish language is one of the most widespread languages in the world. The count of English speaker is just less than the Chinese mandarin speaker. In 1970s, there were 280,000,000 person used English as the native language. In addition, there were 120,000,000 person used English as the second language. Nowadays the count is getting to exceed the actual count. The count of people use English as a foreign language is increasing day by day, so we still have no statistic. People regard English as a second language means English is an official language for the government deal with daily civil service. At the same time it is also a language for studying and teaching every day. People regard English as a foreign language in order to communicate well in politics interlocution, commerce, economic cooperation and culture communication people regard English as a foreign language. And regard English as foreign language to deal with scientific research, trade, tour, enjoy literature and invention and so on. At the same time, owing to the state of America is getting stronger and stronger than Great Britain in the world, and together with the American English use conveniently and the grammar is easy to understand. For the popular trend at the present, American English has the possibility to replace the British English. For example, Germany,France, Switzerland, Japan and other countries use English as a foreign language. Teaching in schools mainly use American English, but in China, in order to achieve socialist modernization and to accelerate the integration of the advanced western countries, China also regard English as a foreign language to use and learn. We Chinese still use British English in school, but in the wave of study abroad as well as the e-commerce development, American English has a noticeable development situation in China. Meanwhile, there are Britain, America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand etc. regard English as the first language, most of these countries (except UK) started to learn and use the simpler American English. According to the statistics, there are 1/2 of newspapers, 3/4 of mails and 3/5 of newscasts that take use of English. In which part of the e-mail messages of mails, the usage of American English increased gradually and it possesses the dominant position. It shows that the uselessness value of American English is constantly increasing.5. ConclusionFrom above mentioned we know the differences between British and American English are noticeable in regard to pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, grammar and so on. But we can not take the differences too far, as to the two varieties of English share the basic structure, the basic word stock, grammar and phonetic system. For a non-native learner, it is betterto be receptive to both varieties, know the differences, and be able to communicate with either American or the British. It is good for us to know and command the points and rules of British and American English differences. It will help us to study English and communicate well in English.Bibliography:[1]Albert C Baugh and Thomas Cable, a History of the English Language, Rutledge, 1993.[2]崔更国，英国英语和美国英语语言用法上的不同，石家庄铁路工程职业技术学院，2004.6，第3期。
英美两国英语差别英语作文
英美两国英语差别英语作文Differences between British and American English。
English is the most widely spoken language in the world, and it is spoken differently in different countries. Thetwo main forms of English are British English and American English. While both forms of English share a lot of similarities, there are also some differences between them. In this essay, I will discuss some of the differences between British and American English.One of the most obvious differences between British and American English is the accent. British English has a more formal and traditional accent, while American English has a more casual and modern accent. For example, in British English, the letter "r" is pronounced more strongly than in American English, and the vowel sounds are different. In addition, British English has a wider range of regional accents, while American English is more standardized.Another difference between British and American English is the spelling. There are many words that are spelled differently in the two forms of English. For example, in British English, the word "colour" is spelled with a "u", while in American English, it is spelled "color". Similarly, in British English, the word "centre" is spelled with an "re", while in American English, it is spelled "center". These spelling differences can cause confusion for people who are learning English, as they need to remember which spelling to use in different situations.Grammar is another area where British and American English differ. For example, in British English, collective nouns are often treated as plural, while in American English, they are treated as singular. So, in British English, you would say "The team are playing well", whilein American English, you would say "The team is playing well". Similarly, in British English, the past participleof "get" is "got", while in American English, it is "gotten".Vocabulary is also an area where British and AmericanEnglish differ. There are many words that are useddifferently in the two forms of English. For example, in British English, the word "biscuit" refers to a small,sweet cake, while in American English, it refers to a small, savory cake. Similarly, in British English, the word "boot" refers to the trunk of a car, while in American English, it refers to a type of footwear. These differences in vocabulary can cause confusion for people who are learning English, as they need to learn which words are used inwhich context.In conclusion, while British and American English share a lot of similarities, there are also some differences between them. These differences can cause confusion for people who are learning English, but they also add richness and diversity to the language. As English continues to evolve and change, it will be interesting to see how these differences continue to develop.。
英式英语和美式英语的区别作文
英式英语和美式英语的区别作文英文回答：The main difference between British English and American English lies in the vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. Let's start with vocabulary. In British English, the word "biscuit" refers to what Americans call a "cookie," while "chips" in British English are "fries" in American English. Additionally, the British use the term "boot" for the trunk of a car, whereas Americans use "trunk." These differences in vocabulary can sometimes lead to confusion, especially for non-native speakers.When it comes to spelling, there are several variations between British and American English. For example, words ending in "re" in British English often end in "er" in American English, such as "centre" and "center." Similarly, words ending in "our" in British English are spelled "or" in American English, as in "colour" and "color." These spelling differences can be quite tricky for learners ofEnglish, as they have to remember which version to use in different contexts.Pronunciation is another key difference between the two varieties of English. For instance, the British tend todrop the "r" sound at the end of words, while Americans pronounce it. This can be heard in words like "car" and "water." Additionally, the vowel sounds in certain wordsare also pronounced differently. For example, the word "schedule" is pronounced "shed-yool" in British English and "sked-yool" in American English.In terms of grammar, there are some differences as well. For instance, the use of the present perfect tense is more common in British English, while Americans often use the simple past tense in the same context. For example, aBritish person might say, "I have just eaten," whereas an American would say, "I just ate."Overall, these differences between British English and American English can sometimes lead to misunderstandings, but they also add richness and diversity to the Englishlanguage.中文回答：英式英语和美式英语的主要区别在于词汇、拼写和发音。
英式英语和美式英语的差异讲座作文
英式英语和美式英语的差异讲座作文Here is an essay on the differences between British English and American English, written in English and with over 1000 words. There are no additional titles or unnecessary punctuation marks in the body of the text.The Differences between British English and American EnglishEnglish is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with over 1.5 billion speakers globally. However, the English language is not a monolith – it has evolved and diversified over time, giving rise to distinct regional varieties. The two most prominent and influential forms of the English language are British English and American English. While they share a common linguistic heritage, these two varieties of English exhibit significant differences in vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, and grammar.One of the most noticeable differences between British English and American English is in vocabulary. Many common words have different meanings or connotations in the two varieties. For example, the word "biscuit" in British English refers to what Americans would call a "cookie," while in American English, a "biscuit" is a type ofsavory quick bread. Similarly, the British use the term "lift" to refer to what Americans call an "elevator," and the American "sidewalk" is known as a "pavement" in Britain.Spelling differences also abound between the two varieties of English. While both adhere to the same general principles of orthography, there are consistent variations in the spelling of certain words. British English tends to favor spellings with the letter "u" in words like "colour," "flavour," and "humour," while American English often omits the "u" in these words, spelling them as "color," "flavor," and "humor." Additionally, British English typically uses the "-ise" ending in words like "realise" and "organise," while American English prefers the "-ize" ending, as in "realize" and "organize."Pronunciation is another area where British English and American English diverge. One of the most prominent differences is the treatment of the letter "r." In most varieties of British English, the "r" sound is only pronounced when it precedes a vowel, as in the word "car." In American English, however, the "r" sound is typically pronounced in all positions, including at the end of a word. This results in words like "idea" being pronounced with an "r" sound in American English, while British English speakers would pronounce it without the "r."Furthermore, the two varieties of English have developed distinctintonation patterns and rhythms. British English is often characterized by a more formal, clipped delivery, with a greater emphasis on precise enunciation. American English, on the other hand, is generally perceived as having a more relaxed, "sing-song" quality, with a tendency towards vowel reduction and a less formal tone.In terms of grammar, there are also notable differences between British English and American English. One example is the use of collective nouns. In British English, collective nouns like "team" or "government" are often treated as plural, with the verb agreeing in number (e.g., "The team are playing well"). In American English, these collective nouns are more commonly treated as singular, with the verb agreeing accordingly (e.g., "The team is playing well").Another grammatical difference is the use of modal verbs. British English tends to use the modal verb "shall" more frequently than American English, particularly in formal contexts. American English, on the other hand, favors the use of "will" in these instances. Additionally, the use of the past perfect tense (e.g., "had done") is more common in British English than in American English, where the simple past tense (e.g., "did") is often preferred.These linguistic differences between British English and American English can be attributed to a variety of historical, cultural, and socialfactors. The divergence of the two varieties can be traced back to the colonial era, when the English language was transported to North America by British settlers. As the two regions developed distinct political, economic, and social identities, the English language evolved independently, resulting in the emergence of these distinct forms.Furthermore, the influence of other languages and cultures has also played a role in shaping the differences between British English and American English. For example, the prevalence of French loanwords in British English, such as "garage" and "hors d'oeuvre," reflects the historical ties between Britain and France. Conversely, the influx of Spanish and other immigrant languages in the United States has contributed to the unique vocabulary and idioms found in American English.Despite these differences, it is important to recognize that both British English and American English are valid and respected forms of the language. They are not superior or inferior to one another; they are simply different manifestations of a rich and dynamic linguistic heritage. Ultimately, the diversity of the English language is a testament to its adaptability and the creativity of its speakers.In conclusion, the differences between British English and American English are multifaceted and extend beyond the surface-levelvariations in vocabulary and spelling. These two varieties of English have developed distinct phonological, grammatical, and cultural characteristics, reflecting the unique histories and identities of their respective regions. While these differences can sometimes lead to confusion or misunderstandings, they also contribute to the richness and vibrancy of the English language as a whole.。
英语与美语的文化差异作文
英语与美语的文化差异作文Cultural Differences Between British and American English。
English is the most widely spoken language in the world, with over 1.5 billion people speaking it as their first or second language. However, there are significant differences between the two main varieties of English – British and American English. These differences are not just limited to pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary, but also reflect the cultural differences between the two countries.One of the most noticeable differences between British and American English is the pronunciation of certain words. For example, the British pronunciation of the word‘schedule’ is ‘shed-yool’, while the American pronunciation is ‘sked-yool’. Similarly, the British pronounce the word ‘tomato’ as ‘toe-may-toe’, while the Americans say ‘toe-mah-toe’. These d ifferences in pronunciation reflect the different accents and dialectsthat are prevalent in each country.Another major difference between British and American English is the spelling of certain words. For example, the British spell the word ‘colour’with a ‘u’, while the Americans spell it ‘color’. Similarly, the British spell the word ‘centre’ with an ‘re’, while the Americans spell it ‘center’. These differences in spelling reflect the different spelling conventions that are used in each country.Vocabulary is another area where there are significant differences between British and American English. For example, the British use the word ‘lorry’ to refer to a large truck, while the Americans use the word ‘truck’. Similarly, the British use the w ord ‘biscuit’ to refer to a cookie, while the Americans use the word ‘cookie’. These differences in vocabulary reflect the different cultural contexts in which the words are used.Another area where there are cultural differences between British and American English is in the use ofidioms and expressions. For example, the British use the expression ‘it’s raining cats and dogs’ to describe heavy rain, while the Americans use the expression ‘it’s pouring buckets’. Similarly, the British use theexpressi on ‘Bob’s your uncle’ to mean ‘there you go’, while the Americans use the expression ‘voila’.Finally, there are also differences in the way that British and American English speakers use language insocial situations. For example, the British tend to use more formal language in social situations, while the Americans tend to use more informal language. Similarly, the British tend to be more reserved and polite in social situations, while the Americans tend to be more outgoing and direct.In conclusion, while British and American English are both forms of the English language, there are significant differences between the two. These differences reflect the cultural differences between the two countries, and include differences in pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, idioms and expressions, and social language use. Understandingthese differences is important for effective communication between speakers of British and American English.。
英国美国英语差异英语作文
英国美国英语差异英语作文The Differences between British and American English。
As two of the most widely spoken languages in the world, British and American English have their own unique characteristics. Although they share many similarities,there are also several differences between them that can cause confusion for learners of English. In this essay, Iwill discuss some of the key differences between Britishand American English.One of the most obvious differences between British and American English is pronunciation. While both varieties of English use the same alphabet, they have different ways of pronouncing certain sounds. For example, Americans tend to stress the "r" sound at the end of words, while British English speakers often drop it. Additionally, Americans pronounce the letter "t" more clearly than British speakers, who often replace it with a glottal stop. These differences in pronunciation can sometimes make it difficult forspeakers of one variety to understand the other.Another difference between British and American English is vocabulary. Although the two varieties share many words, there are also several words that are used differently or have different meanings. For example, in British English, a "biscuit" is a type of cookie, while in American English, a "biscuit" is a type of bread roll. Similarly, in British English, "chips" are what Americans would call "French fries," while in American English, "chips" are thin slices of potato that are fried and served as a snack. These differences in vocabulary can sometimes lead to confusion or misunderstandings between speakers of the two varieties.Grammar is another area where British and American English differ. While the basic rules of grammar are the same, there are some differences in usage. For example, in British English, collective nouns (such as "team" or "family") are often treated as singular, while in American English, they are usually treated as plural. Additionally, in British English, the past participle of the verb "get"is "got," while in American English, it is "gotten." Thesedifferences in grammar can sometimes make it difficult for learners of English to know which rules to follow.Finally, there are also differences in spelling between British and American English. While many words are spelled the same way in both varieties, there are several wordsthat are spelled differently. For example, in British English, the word "colour" is spelled with a "u," while in American English, it is spelled "color." Similarly, in British English, the word "centre" is spelled with an "re," while in American English, it is spelled "center." These differences in spelling can sometimes cause confusion or make it difficult for learners of English to know which spelling to use.In conclusion, although British and American English share many similarities, there are also several differences between them. These differences can cause confusion or misunderstandings for learners of English, but they are also what make the two varieties of English unique. By understanding these differences, learners of English canbecome more proficient in both varieties and better able to communicate with speakers from both sides of the Atlantic.。
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英式英语和美式英语的发展和差异的论文摘要英语现在已经发展成一个在全球范围内使用最广泛的语言。
英语作为英美文化信息的载体和表现形式，深深地烙上了英美独有的文化印记。
本文从英式英语和美式英语两种语言在音、形、意三个方面语言的差异追溯其变化原因。
通过比较英式英语和美式英语的差异，可以看出社会文化因素对语言的产生和流传有决定作用,并且通过分析英语的这两大变体，折射了英美的政治经济、社会生活、国家历史、地域文化、各自的文化特异现象等等。
由于英语本身具有词汇量大、包容性大、表达简洁的特点，英语语言的发展趋势将向着共同语与多样化并存的方向发展。
关键词：英式英语、美式英语、变化原因；发展趋势abstractnowadays english has been developing into a global language. as a message carrier, english fully reflects the unique cultures possessed by the british and american countries. the first part of this paper investigates the differences between the british english and its american counterpart from politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. then the underlying causes of the differences are exposed in the second part through which the role cultures have played in shaping as well as circulating a language is highlighted. all in all, since english is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that english will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.key words: british english; american english; cause of change; tendency目前，世界上讲英语的有四亿多人，但作为第一语言，使用人数最多，地域最广的要属是美国和英国。
英语的形成，发展及使用范围也不尽相同。
英语正在成为一种全球性语言。
美国英语承传着英国英语的基本要素，十七世纪在美洲大陆得到了进一步丰富和发展。
由于美国本身、社会和生活的独特性，因此就形成了今天英式英语（british english）和美式英语（american english）。
本文将就语言的发展变化、变化原因、以及语言发展趋势进行阐述。
通过研究，我们从英式英语和美式英语的差异，可以看出社会文化因素对语言的产生和流传有决定作用，通过以上对语言发展的原因和特色的分析，我们可以认识到一些英美文化的特征，而认识和了解这些特征无疑能帮助我们更准确地理解英国和美国,而对英式英语和美式英语的这两大变体的研究也让我们对语言特别是英语语言的发展有了充分的认识。
一、语言的变化“语言总是随着社会的发展和人们生活方式的改变而不断变化。
”[1]（16）语言在很多方面发生变化，比如在词汇、语音、语法以及语义等方面。
英语语言的发展可概括为三方面：“1.英语自身的发展，尽管美国仍沿用英语中的一些旧用法，但英语在英国本土得到了很大的发展。
2.美国的独立发展，美国在吸收词汇的基础上，同时使自身得到了发展。
3.两种语言的相互影响。
它大致可以分为三个阶段：从十七世纪到美国独立战争结束，英国英语占主导地位；从独立战争结束到美国内战，美国已渐渐独立发展起来，尽管英语仍占统治地位；从内战到现在，尤其是第一次世界大战，美国开始影响英语，同时替代了英语中的一些词汇鉴于以上三方面的原因，英美语言出现一些差异是不足为奇的。
”[2]（3）（一）、语音美式英语和英式英语在语音方面的一些不同是显而易见的。
这么一则笑话：一位英国人和美国人在火车站不期而遇。
美国人性格开朗，善于结交朋友，说了几句客套话后就问：“what’s your job?”。
英国人回答说“i’m a clerk. ”美国人听了十分惊讶：“ clock? your job is totick tick all day long? ”同一个词，美国人念［klεrk］,而英国人读［cla:k］。
以上这则笑话就反映了英美两国在语音方面的不同。
英国英语和美国英语发音的差异，表现在某些单词的发音上，没有一定的规律可循。
常见读音差异的单词有：例词be aeate ［et ］［eit ］been ［bi:n ］［bin ］idyll ［ˊidil］［ˊaidl］z ［zed ］［zi ］其次，两国在词重音的处理上也不尽相同且差异较大。
重音的差别在英语单词中，只要是两个以上的音节，其中一个音节总要带重音。
在多音节单词中，通常有两个重音。
be使用者习惯把单词的主重音放在诸音节靠后的音节上，而ae使用者则喜欢把主重音放在前面的音节上。
在许多以-ary,-ory结尾的单词和以-ate结尾的双音节词中，be把主重音放在第二个音节上，而ae则把重音放在第一音节上。
例如：be aeanˊcillary ˊancillarylaˊboratory ˊlaboratorycoˊrollary ˊcorollarydicˊtate ˊdictatemiˊgrate ˊmigrate通常情况下，be 的次重音出现在主重音的前面，而ae的次重音出现在主重音的后面，特别是复合词。
例如：be aefarmˊhouse ˊfarmhouseiceˊcream ˊicecream尽管英式英语和美式英语在发音上有些许不同，但是我们仍然可以很容易的对其进行区分，这也并不会造成我们学习的困难。
（二）、词汇英式英语和美式英语虽同出一源，但在以后的发展中受到的影响不同就产生了拼写上的不同。
“英语基本词汇系统是英国英语和美国英语的共同词汇核心。
离开这样一个核心，无论是美国英语还是英国英语都将不复存在。
[3](3)1、同词异义：相同词既出现在美国英语中，也出现在英国英语中，但分别表示完全不同的概念。
例如：例词be aebiscuit 苏打饼干软饼billion 万亿十亿overall 紧身裤工装裤2、同义异词：英国英语和美国英语分别用不同的词来表示同一概念。
举例来说：be ae 词义lift elevator 电梯tin can 罐头tap faucet 水龙头sweets candy 糖果3、拼写差异：英式英语和美式英语虽属于同一体系，但两国在拼写体系仍略有不同。
举例如下：be ae 词义ardour ardor 热情dialogue dialog 对话aeon eon 永世aesthetic esthetic 审美的analyse analyze 分析inflexion inflection 弯曲sceptic skeptic 怀疑论者mommy mummy 妈妈尽管这两种英语在词汇的拼写、词义有所不同，但他们并不是两种语言，而是一种语言在不同地区的变体。
总之，通过分析可以进一步了解两种语言的特点，丰富关于英语语言的知识，提高英语应用能力。
（三）、语法英语和美语除了发音、拼写和词汇上存在差异外，在语法上也存在差异。
对英式英语、美式英语语法上的差异进行分析对英语学习大有裨益。
以下我举几个英式英语和美式英语在习惯上用法不同的例子。
（1）名词：除上文讨论的词尾变化不同外。
美国英语将其他词类名词化的倾向比英国英语更为明显，特别是那些带介词的短语动词：to cook out →a cook-out ;to know how →the know-how; to run down →the rundown; to be shut in →a shut-in; to stop over →the stopover等。
集合名词做主语时，英国英语的谓语动词可以是单数形式或者复数形式，美国英语几乎总是用单数形式。
例如：be ：they are a family who has been very influential in the history of this country. ae/be: the committee has decided to look into the matter further.名词作定语时，美国英语多用单数形式，而英国英语则常用其复数形式。
例如：be：the worker decided to form a new trades union. ae: the worker decided to form a new trade union.（2）动词have ,get, make当动词have有致使之意时，美国用have;英国对上级用get,对下级用make.英语中的to have 是个词性不明确的动词。
英国人既把它用作助动词又把它用作实义动词；美国人则一律将它当作实义动词来用。
例如：be: i will get someone come.ae: i will have someone come.（3）形容词：在美国英语中，形容词的比较可以跟在all the 之后，表示强调。
而英国英语则使用any 加形容词比较级这一形式来表示强调。
例如：be: can’t you do any better than that?ae: is that all the better you can do?（4）过去时与现在完成时：表示距现在不远的过去所发生或完成的事情，英国英语常用现在完成时，则美国英语则倾向于使用一般过去时。
例如：be：i have studied your report already.ae：i studied your report already.be：now i know what it is! i’ve forgotten its name.ae：now i know what it is! i forgot its name.英国英语和美国英语在语法方面的差异不太多。
两国英语具有共同的语法体系，在语法上的一些细微差别正在逐渐地为对方所容纳，模仿乃至同化。