继电保护系统外文文献
继电保护中英文翻译
Fundamentals of protection practiceThe purpose of an electrical power system is to generate and supply electrical energy to consumers. The system should be designed and managed to deliver this energy to the utilization points with both reliability and economy. As these two requirements are largely opposed, it is instructive to look at the reliability of a system and its cost and value to the consumer.One hand ,The diagram mast make sure the reliability in system design,. On the other hand, high reliability should not be pursued as an end in itself, regardless of cost, but should rather be balanced against economy,taking.Security of supply can be bettered by improving plant design, increasing the spare capacity margin and arranging alternative circuits to supply loads. Sub-division of the system into zones. each controlled by switchgear in association with protective gear. provides flexibility during normal operation and ensures a minimum of dislocation following a breakdown.The greatest threat to the security of a supply system is the short circuit,which imposes a sudden and sometimes violent change on system operation. The large current which then flows, accompanied by the localized release of a considerable quantity of energy, can cause fire at the fault location, and mechanical damage throughout the system, particularly to machine and transformer windings. Rapid isolation of the fault by the nearest switchgear will minimize the damage and disruption caused to the system.A power system represents a very large capital investment. To maximize the return on this outlay. the system must be loaded as much as possible. For this reason it is necessary not only to provide a supply of energy which is attractive to prospective users by operating the system ,but also to keep the system in full operation as far as possible continuously, so that it may give the best service to the consumer, and earn the most revenue for the supply authority. Absolute freedom from failure of the plant and system network cannot be guaran- teed. The risk of a fault occurring, however slight for each item, is multiplied by the number of such items which are closely associated in an extensive system, as any fault produces repercussions throughout the network. When the system is large, the chance of a fault occurring and the disturbance that a fault would bring are both so great that without equipment to remove faults the system will become, in practical terms, inoperable. The object of the system will be defeated if adequate provision for fault clearance is not made. Nor is the installation of switchgear alone sufficient; discriminative protective gear, designed according to the characteristics and requirements of the power system. must be provided to control the switchgear. A system is not properly designed and managed if it isnot adequately protected.Protective gearThis is a collective term which covers all the equipment used for detecting,locating and initiating the removal of a fault from the power system. Relays are extensively used for major protective functions, but the term also covers direct-acting a.c.trips and fuses.In addition to relays the term includes all accessories such as current and voltage transformers, shunts, d.c.and a.c. wiring and any other devices relating to the protective relays.In general, the main switchgear, although fundamentally protective in its function, is excluded from the term protective gear, as are also common services, such as the station battery and any other equipment required to secure opera- tion of the circuit breaker.ReliablityThe performance of the protection applied to large power systems is frequently assessed numerically. For this purpose each system fault is classed as an incident and those which are cleared by the tripping of the correct circuit breakers and only those, are classed as 'correct'. The percentage of correct clearances can then be determined.This principle of assessment gives an accurate evaluation of the protection of the system as a whole, but it is severe in its judgement of relay performance, in that many relays are called into operation for each system fault, and all must behave correctly for a correct clearance to be recorded. On this basis, a performance of 94% is obtainable by standard techniques.Complete reliability is unlikely ever to be achieved by further improvements in construction. A very big step, however, can be taken by providing duplication of equipment or 'redundancy'. Two complete sets of equipment are provided, and arranged so that either by itself can carry out the required function. If the risk of an equipment failing is x/unit. the resultant risk, allowing for redundancy, is x2. Where x is small the resultant risk (x2) may be negligible.It has long been the practice to apply duplicate protective systems to busbars, both being required to operate to complete a tripping operation, that is, a 'two-out-of-two' arrangement. In other cases, important circuits have been provided with duplicate main protection schemes, either being able to trip independently, that is, a 'one-out-of- two' arrangement. The former arrangement guards against unwanted operation, the latter against failure to operate.These two features can be obtained together by adopting a 'two-out-of-three' arrangement in which three basic systems are used and are interconnected so that the operation of any two will complete the tripping function. Such schemes have already been used to a limited extent and application of the principle will undoubtedly increase. Probability theory suggests that if a powernetwork were protected throughout on this basis, a protection performance of 99.98% should be attainable. This performance figure requires that the separate protection systems be completely independent; any common factors, such as common current transformers or tripping batteries, will reduce the overall performance.SELECTIVITYProtection is arranged in zones, which should cover the power system completely, leaving no part unprotected. When a fault occurs the protection is required to select and trip only the neareat circuit breakers. This property of selective tripping is also called 'discrimination' and is achieved by two general methods:a Time graded systemsProtective systems in successive zones are arranged to operate in times which are graded through the sequence of equipments so that upon the occurrence of a fault, although a number of protective equipments respond, only those relevant to the faulty zone complete the tripping functiopn. The others make incomplete operations and then reset.b Unit systemsIt is possible to design protective systems which respond only to fault conditions lying within a clearly defined zone. This 'unit protection' or 'restricted protection' can be applied throughout a power system and, since it does not involve time grading, can be relatively fast in operation.Unit protection is usually achieved by means of a comparison of quantities at the boundaries of the zone. Certain protective systems derive their 'restricted' property from the configuration of the power system and may also be classed as unit protection.Whichever method is used, it must be kept in mind that selectivity is not merely a matter of relay design. It also depends on the correct co-ordination of current transformers and relays with a suitable choice of relay settings, taking into account the possible range of such variables as fault currents. maximum load current, system impedances and other related factors, where appropriate. STABILITYThis term, applied to protection as distinct from power networks, refers to the ability of the system to remain inert to all load conditions and faults external to the relevant zone. It is essentially a term which is applicable to unit systems; the term 'discrimination' is the equivalent expression applicable to non-unit systems.SPEEDThe function of automatic protection is to isolate faults from the power system in a very much shorter time than could be achieved manually, even with a great deal of personal supervision. Theobject is to safeguard continuity of supply by removing each disturbance before it leads to widespread loss of synchronism, which would necessitate the shutting down of plant.Loading the system produces phase displacements between the voltages at different points and therefore increases the probability that synchronism will be lost when the system is disturbed by a fault. The shorter the time a fault is allowed to remain in the system, the greater can be the loading of the system. Figure 1.5 shows typical relations between system loading and fault clearance times for various types of fault. It will be noted that phase faults have a more marked effect on the stability of the system than does a simple earth fault and therefore require faster clearance. SENSITIVITYSensitivity is a term frequently used when referring to the minimum operating current of a complete protective system. A protective system is said to be sensitive if the primary operating current is low.When the term is applied to an individual relay, it does not reter to a current or voltage setting but to the volt-ampere consumption at the minimum operating current.A given type of relay element can usually be wound for a wide range of setting currents; the coil will have an impedance which is inversely proportional to the square of the setting current value, so that the volt-ampere product at any setting is constant. This is the true measure of the input requirements of the relay, and so also of the sensitivity. Relay power factor has some significance in the matter of transient performance .For d.c. relays the VA input also represents power consumption, and the burden is therefore frequently quoted in watts.PRIMARY AND BACK-UP PROTECTIONThe reliability of a power system has been discussed in earlier sections. Many factors may cause protection failure and there is always some possibility of a circuit breaker failure. For this reason, it is usual to supplement primary protection with other systems to 'back-up' the operation of the main system and to minimize the possibility of failure to clear a fault from the system. Back-up protection may be obtained automatically as an inherent feature of the main protection scheme, or separately by means of additional equipment. Time graded schemes such as overcurrent or distance protection schemes are examples of those providing inherent back-up protection; the faulty section is normally isolated discriminatively by the time grading, but if the appropriate relay fails or the circuit breaker fails to trip, the next relay in the grading sequence will complete its operation and trip the associated circuit breaker, thereby interrupting the fault circuit one section further back. In this way complete back- up cover is obtained; one more section is isolated than is desirable but this is inevitable in the event of the failure of circuit breaker. Wherethe system interconnection is more complex, the above operation will be repeated so that all parallel infeeds are tripped.If the power system is protected mainly by unit schemes, automatic back-up protection is not obtained, and it is then normal to supplement the main protection with time graded overcurrent protection, which will provide local back-up cover if the main protective relays have failed, and will trip further back in the event of circuit breaker failure.Such back-up protection is inherently slower than the main protection and, depending on the power system con- figuration, may be less discriminative. For the most important circuits the performance may not be good enouugh, even as a back-up protection, or, in some cases, not even possible, owing to the effect of multiple infeeds. In these cases duplicate high speed protective systems may be installed. These provide excellent mutual back-up cover against failure of the protective equipment, but either no remote back-up protection against circuit breaker failure or, at best, time delayed cover.Breaker fail protection can be obtained by checkina that fault current ceases within a brief time interval from the operation of the main protection. If this does not occur, all other connections to the busbar section are interrupted, the condition being necessarily treated as a busdar fault. This provides the required back-up protection with the minimum of time delay, and confines the tripping operation to the one station, as compared with the alternative of tripping the remote ends of all the relevant circults.The extent and type of back-up protection which is applied will naturally be related to the failure risks and relative economic importance of the system. For distribution systems where fault clearance times are not critical, time delayed remote back-up protection is adequate but for EHV systems, where system stability is at risk unless a fault is cleared quickly, local back-up, as described above, should be chosen.Ideal back-up protection would be completely indepen_ dent of the main protection. Current transformers, voltage transformers, auxiliary tripping relays, trip coils and d.c. supplies would be duplicated. This ideal is rarely attained in practice. The following compromises are typical:a. Separate current transformers (cores and secondary windings only) are used for each protective system, as this involves little extra cost or accommodation compared with the use of common current transformers which would have to be larger because of the combined burden.b. Common voltage transformers are used because duplication would involve a considerable increase in cost, because of the voltage transformers themselves, and also because of the increased accommodation which would have to be provided. Since security of the VT output is vital, it isdesirable that the supply to each protection should be separately fused and also continuously supervised by a relay which wil1 give an alarm on failure of the supply and, where appropriate, prevent an unwanted operation of the protection.c. Trip supplies to the two protections should be separately fused. Duplication of tripping batteries and of tripplng coils on circuit breakers is sometimes provided. Trip circuits should be continuously supervised.d. It is desirable that the main and back-up protections (or duplicate main protections) should operate on different princlples, so that unusual events that may cause failure of the one will be less likely to affect the other.继电保护原理发电并将电力供应给用户这就是电力系统的作用。
《变电站电气设计国内外文献综述3100字》
变电站电气设计国内外文献综述1.国外研究现状为了保证电力系统的一致性，欧美中等各个国家在电力的发展上采取了一定的同一措施，例如说力求技术整合标准，统一并共同研讨制定了变电协议基本标准之一的 eiec61850标准。
通过同一个紧密相关的系统功能处理模型，使不同国家不同电厂之间能够很好的进行整合，从而统一的进行质量控制和问题监控。
国外的很多制造商和厂家在这一方面已经做出了出色的成果，他们在不同的变电设备不同的电厂间进行良好的联合，并且生产出来智能的电器仪器设备和二次设备的技术。
我们很容易看到装置是朝着智能化的方向发展的，而且将在未来的很长一段时间都以这个方向进行发展，因为厂家都在寻找适合自己的生产人员，而如何对这些设备进行整合，朝着自动化的方向进步是需要专业人才的。
我们知道一些智能的小型组合开关键和小型智能组合开关柜是小型智能化的一些较特殊的例子，那么在能够看到变电站工作的过程中，就相当于是做了一次网络自动化智能评估。
在整体的个人感受上，经济相差不大，都大大提高了电力变电站的工程技术水平。
有不少的欧美国家把目标放在了智能控制系统上，而中国是在技术和管理得到优化后，再争取能够为正常的此类程序提供服务。
欧美,日本和北美等一些发达国家，他们的电力系统都比较强劲。
除了智能化之外，大多数的变电站都已经实现了无人值守这一特点。
通过统一的调度中心进行管理，所以说当他们的电网真的发生事故的时候，调动中心就可以利用机器来做出最及时的反应和应急处置。
在故障处理和预测方面，欧美国家做的比较先进，他们已经可以通过自动化和调度中心来进行对故障的预判和处理，防范风险等各项工作使得机器能够大规模的增强了可靠性，并可以利用科学的方法进行维护。
2.国内研究现状近些年来随着我们国民经济快速稳定的健康发展,对提高电能生产质量和电力供电系统可靠性建设提出了更高要求,电力工业的快速发展必须充分适应新的发展形势才能满足我们国民经济的快速发展和经济社会的不断进步的新时代要求。
国外继电保护教材
国外继电保护教材Over the past few decades, the field of power system protection has undergone significant advancements, with the development of new technologies and the emergence of sophisticated equipment. Among the various protection systems used in power systems, one of the most critical and widely used is relay protection. Relay protection plays a crucial role in detecting and isolating faults in power systems, thereby ensuring the safety and reliability of the system.In this textbook, we will focus on the concept of relay protection, particularly in the context of international standards and practices. We will delve into the various types of relay protection schemes, their principles of operation, and the different components that make up a typical relay protection system. Additionally, we will explore the latest trends and advancements in relay protection technology, including digital relays, adaptive protection, and wide-area protection systems.Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Relay ProtectionIn this chapter, we will provide an overview of relay protection and its importance in power systems. We will discuss the basic principles of relay protection, including the concept of fault detection, discrimination, and isolation. We will also explore the various types of faults that can occur in power systems and the role of relay protection in mitigating these faults.Chapter 2: Types of Relay Protection SchemesIn this chapter, we will delve into the different types of relay protection schemes used in power systems. We will discuss the characteristics and applications of overcurrent relays, distance relays, differential relays, and other commonly used relay protection schemes. We will also explore the advantages and limitations of each type of relay protection scheme. Chapter 3: Components of Relay Protection SystemsIn this chapter, we will examine the various components that make up a typical relay protection system. We will discuss the role of current transformers, voltage transformers, relays, and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems in relay protection. We will also explore the latest advancements in relay protection components, including the use of microprocessor-based relays and intelligent electronic devices.Chapter 4: Relay Coordination and SettingsIn this chapter, we will delve into the importance of relay coordination and settings in relay protection systems. We will discuss the concept of coordination time curves, relay grading, and settings coordination to ensure proper operation of relay protection schemes. We will also explore the challenges and considerations involved in coordinating relays in a complex power system.Chapter 5: Advanced Technologies in Relay ProtectionIn this chapter, we will explore the latest trends and advancements in relay protection technology. We will discuss the use of digital relays, adaptive protection, and wide-area protection systems in modern power systems. We will also examine the benefits and challenges associated with these advanced technologies and their potential impact on the future of relay protection.ConclusionIn conclusion, relay protection plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and reliability of power systems. By understanding the fundamentals of relay protection, the different types of relay protection schemes, the components of relay protection systems, and the latest advancements in relay protection technology, power system engineers can design and deploy effective protection schemes to safeguard power systems against faults and disturbances. This textbook aims to provide a comprehensive overview of relay protection, with a focus on international standards and best practices, to equip engineers with the knowledge and skills needed to tackle the challenges of modern power systems.。
电力系统继电保护毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
电力系统继电保护论文中英文资料Relay protection development present situation[Abstract ]reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological devil orpiment process，has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement, pro posed the future relay protection technological development tendency will be: Computerizes, n networked，protects, the control，the survey，the data communication integration and the artificial I intellectualization.[Key word ］relay protection present situation development，relay protections future development1 relay protection development present situationThe electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly t he new request，the electronic technology，computer technology and the communication rapid development unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology de velopment，therefore，the relay protection technology is advantageous, has completed the deve lopment 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time。
继电保护装置用中英文对照表
继电保护中英文对照表1－58：A 296－311：G 386－417：M 588－667：S 59－107：B 312－327：H 418－432：N 668－722：T 108－184：C 328－363：I 433－468：O 723－737：U 185－229：D 364：J 469－542：P 738－754：V 230－258：E 365：K 543－545：Q 755－762：W 259－295：F 366－385：L 546－587；R 763－771：Z序号英文全称中文解释1 A lagging power-factor 滞后的功率因数2 A mutualky induced e.m.f 互感电动势3 a retarding torque 制动转矩4 Abnormal operating condition 不正常运行状态5 Abnormal overload 异常过载6 Abnormal overvoltage 事故过电压7 Abnormal state 非常态8 Above earth potential 对地电势9 Abrupt signal analysis 突变信号分析10 Absolute potential 绝对电势11 AC circuit breaker 交流断路器12 AC component 交流分量13 AC directional over current relay 交流方向过流继电器14 AC distribution system 交流配电系统15 AC reclosing relay 交流重合闸继电器16 Accelerating protection forswitching onto fault 重合于故障线路加速保护动作17 Acceleration Trend Relay(ATR) 加速趋势继电器18 Accurate Working Current 精确工作电流19 Accurate Working voltage 精确工作电压20 Activate the breaker trip coil 起动断路器跳闸21 Adaptive features 自适应特性22 Adaptive relay protection 自适应继电保护23 Adaptive relaying 自适应继电保护24 Adaptive segregated directionalcurrent differential protection 自适应分相方向纵差保护25 Admittance relays 导纳型继电保护装置26 AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能27 Air brake switch 空气制动开关28 Air breaker 空气断路器29 Air-blast circuit breaker 空气灭弧断路器30 Air-blast switch 空气吹弧开关31 Air-space cable 空气绝缘电缆32 Alarm 报警33 Alarm relay 报警信号继电器34 Alarm signal;alerting signal 报警信号35 Alive 带电的36 All-relay interlocking 全部继电连锁37 All-relay selector 全继电式选择器38 Amplitude Comparison 绝对值比较39 Analogue 模拟40 Angle of maximum sensitivity 最大灵敏角41 Annunciator relay 信号继电器42 Approximation component 逼近分量43 Arc extinguishing coil 灭弧线圈44 Arc suppressing coil 消弧线圈45 Arc suppressing reactor 灭弧电抗器46 Arcing fault 电弧接地故障47 Armature 电枢48 Asymmetric load 不对称负载49 Asymmetric short circuit 不对称短路50 Asynchronous resistance 异步电阻51 Asynchronous tractance 异步电抗52 Attacted armature relay 衔铁（磁铁）吸合式继电器53 Automatic quasi-synchronization 自动准同步54 Automatic reclosure 自动重合闸55 auto-put-into device of reserve-source 备用电源自动投入装置56 auto-recosing with self-synchronism 自同步重合闸57 Auxiliary contacts 辅助触点58 Auxiliary relay/intermediate relay 辅助继电器／中间继电器59 B sampling function B样条函数60 Back-spin timer 反转时间继电器61 Back-up over-speed governor 附加超速保护装置62 Back-up protection 后备保护63 Back-up ssystem 后备继电保护64 Biased differential relaying 极化差动继电保护系统65 Bi-directional relay 双向继电器66 Bi-stable 双稳态67 Black-out area 停电区68 Black-start 黑启动69 Blinker 继电器吊牌70 Bloching protection 闭锁式保护71 Blocking relay 连锁继电器72 Blocking signal 闭锁信号73 Blow-out coil 灭弧线圈74 Branch coefficient 分支系数75 Breaker contact point 断路器触点76 Breaker pount wrench 开关把手77 Breaker trip coil 断路器跳闸线圈78 Brushless excitation 无刷励磁79 Buchholtz protecter 瓦斯保护80 Bundle factor 分裂系数81 Bundle-conductor spacer 分裂导线82 Bus bar 母线；导电条83 Bus bar current transformer 母线电流变压器84 Bus bar disconnecting swich 分段母线隔离开关85 Bus compartment 母线室；汇流条隔离室86 Bus coupler CB 母联断路器87 Bus duct 母线槽；母线管道88 Bus hub 总线插座89 Bus insulator 母线绝缘器90 Bus line 汇流线91 Bus protection(Bus-bar protection) 母线保护92 Bus protective relay 母线保护继电器93 Bus reactor 母线电抗器94 Bus request cycle 总线请求周期95 Bus rings 集电环96 Bus rod 汇流母线97 Bus section reactor 分段电抗器98 Bus structure 母线支架；总线结构99 Bus tie switch 母线联络开关100 Bus-bar chamber 母线箱101 Bus-bar fault 母线故障102 Bus-bar insulator 母线绝缘子103 bus-bar protection withfixed circuit xonnection 固定联结式母线保护104 Bus-bar sectionalizing switch 母线分段开关105 Bushing 套管106 bushing type xurrent transformer 套管式电流互感器107 Bypass 旁路108 Cable relay 电缆继电器109 Capacitance 电容110 Capacitance effect 电容效应111 Capacitance relay 电容继电器112 Capacitive current 电容电流113 Capacitor 电容器114 Capacitor of series compensation 串补电容115 Capacity charge 电容充电116 Capacity ground 电容接地117 Carrier channel 高频通道118 Carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay 载波或导引线接受继电器119 Carrier receiver 发讯机120 Carrier transmitter 收讯机121 Cascading outages 连锁故障122 Catch net (protecting net) 保护网123 Chatter 颤振124 Circuit breaker 断路器125 Circuit breaker failure protection 断路器失灵保护126 Circuit control relay 电路控制继电器127 Clip-on leads 夹式引线128 Clock 时钟129 Close by local protection 保护合闸130 Close-up fault 近距离故障131 Closing coil 合闸线圈132 Closing relay 合闸继电器133 Coil adjuster 线圈调节器134 Coil curl 线圈135 Coil current 线圈电流136 Coil end leakage reactance 线圈端漏电抗137 Coil factor 线圈系数138 coil inductance 线圈电感139 Combined bus and transformer protection 母线和变压器共用保护140 Commissioning 投运141 Common-mode voltage 共模电压142 Communication channel 通讯通道143 Communication interface 通讯接口144 Compensation theorem(compensation principle) 补偿原理145 Compensation voltage（compensating voltage) 补偿电压146 Compound relay 复合继电器147 Concentrated coil 集中绕组148 Concussion 震动149 Conductance relay 电导继电器150 Configuration control 组态控制151 Connection with 90degree ９０度接线152 Constant 常量153 Contact 触点154 Contact bounce 触点颤动155 Contact multiplying relay 触点多路式继电器156 Continuous load 持续负载157 Continuous rating 连续运行的额定值158 Converter relay 换流器继电器159 Coordination of relay settings 保护的整定配合160 Coordination time interval 保护配合时间阶段161 Core 铁芯162 Counting relay 计数继电器163 Coupler 耦合器164 Critical clearing time 极限切除时间165 Cross-country faults “越野式”双相同时接地故障166 Crystal can relay 晶体密闭继电器167 CT line-break ＣＴ断线168 Current actuated leakage protector 电流起动型漏电保护器169 Current attenuation 电流衰减170 Current balance type currentdifferential relay 电流平衡式差动电流继电器；差动平衡式电流继电器171 Current changer 换流器172 Current compensational ground distance relay 电流补偿式接地远距继电器173 Current consumption 电流消耗174 Current differential criterion 电流差动判据175 Current transformer 电流互感器176 Current transformer phase angle 电流互感器相角177 Current transformer saturation 电流互感器的饱和问题178 Current traveling wave 电流行波179 Current-balance relay 电流平衡式继电器180 Current-limiting relay 限流继电器181 Cut-off of supply 停止供电182 Cut-off push 断路器按钮183 Cut-off relay 断路继电器184 Cut-out relay 短路继电器185 Damping circuit 阴尼电路186 Dash current 冲击电流187 Data medium 数据载体188 Data processing 数据处理189 Data transmission 数据传输190 Dead zone(Blind spot) 死区191 Definite time 定时限192 Definite time relay 定时限继电器193 Delay-action relay 缓动继电器194 Delta 三角形195 Differential mode interference 差模干扰196 Differential motion 差动197 Differential protection 差动保护198 Differential protection withpercentage restraining 具有比率制动的差动继电器199 Differential relay 差动继电器200 Differential relay with fast saturatedcurrent transformer带有速饱和变流器的差动继电器201 Differential relay with RestraintCharacteristic 具有制动特性的差动继电器202 Digital protection 数字式保护203 Digital signal processor 数字信号处理器204 Direct axis 直轴205 Directional contact 方向触点206 Directional distance relay 方向距离继电器207 Directional over-current protection 方向过流保护208 Directional over-current relay 方向过流继电器209 Directional pilot relaying 方向纵联继电保护210 Directional protection 方向保护211 Direct-to-ground capacity 对地电容212 Discharge 放电213 Disconnecting switch 隔离开关214 Discontinuous relay 鉴别继电器215 Discriminating zone 判别区216 Dislocation 损失、故障引起的混乱217 Disruption 瓦解、系统解列218 Distance protection 距离保护219 Distance relay(impedance relay) 阻抗继电器220 Distributed capacitance of long line 长线分布电容221 Distribution feeder 配电馈线222 Diviation character 偏移特性223 Double bus bar protection 双母线保护224 Double-ended clip-on leads 双头夹式引线225 Dropout current 回动电流226 Dry-type transformer 干式变压器227 Dual bus 双总线228 Dynamic attributes 动态特性229 Dynamoelectric relay 电动式继电器230 Earth fault 接地故障231 Earth-leakage protection 对地漏电保护232 Economic dispatch system 经济调度系统233 Electric capacity 电容234 Electric interlock relay 连锁继电器235 Electric reset relay 电复位式继电器236 Electrical apparatus(equipments) 电器设备237 Electrical governing system 电力调速系统238 Electrical network(power network) 电网239 Electrically operated valve 电动阀门240 Electro polarized relay 极化继电器241 electrolyte 电解质242 Electromagnetic brake 电磁制动243 Electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩244 Electromagnetical relay 电磁式继电器245 Electromechanic relay 机电的246 Electromotive force 电动势247 Emergency service 事故运行248 Emergency standby 事故备用249 Energy direction relay 能量方向继电器250 Equivalent circuit 等值电路251 Escapement/interlock/blocking 闭锁252 Excitation-loss relay 失磁继电器253 Expert system 专家系统254 Extermal characteristics 外特性255 Extinction coil 消弧线圈256 Extinguishing voltage 灭弧电压257 Extra high voltage 超高压258 Extra-high-voltage transmission line 超高压传输259 Fail safe interlock 五防装置260 Fail-safe unit 五防261 Failure rate 故障率262 False tripping 误动263 Fast ersponse 快速响应264 Fast-operate slow-release relay 快动缓释继电器265 Fast-release relay 快释放继电器266 Fault clearing time 故障切除时间267 Fault component 故障分量268 Fault detecting relay 故障检测继电器269 Fault diagnosis 故障诊断270 Fault line 故障线271 Fault location 故障定位272 Fault phase selection 故障选相273 Fault phase selector 故障选线元件274 Fault recorder 故障录波器275 Fault type 故障类型276 Fault-component algorithms 故障分量算法277 Faulted phase identification 故障相识别元件278 Faults recorder 故障录波279 Feedback 反馈280 Feeder 馈电线281 Fiber optical communication 光纤通信282 Fiber-Optic Pilot 光纤纵联保护283 Field application relay 励磁继电器；激励继电器284 Field failure protection of generator 发电机的失磁保护285 Field test 实地试验286 Filter 滤波器287 Finger 触点的接点288 Fourier algorithm 傅立叶算法289 Free-standing 独立的；无需支撑物的290 Frequency component 频率分量291 Frequency response 频率响应292 Frequency sensing 频率测量293 Frequency window 频窗294 Full-wave phase comparison protection 全波相位比较保护295 Fuse box(Fusible cutout) 熔断器296 Gaseous shield 瓦斯保护装置297 Gas-Insulater switchgear GIS 气体绝缘组合电器298 Generator 发电机299 Generator cutout relay 发电机断路继电器300 Generator Negative Current Protection 发电机负序电流保护301 Generator out of step protection 发电机失步保护302 Generator protection 发电机保护303 Generator protection for negativesequence current 发电机负序电流保护304 Generator stator single phase earth fault 发电机定子绕组单相接地保护305 Generator stator winding short circuit faults 发电机定子绕组短路故障306 Generator-transformer set 发电机－变压器组307 Graded time settings 阶梯型时间配置308 Grading 等级309 Ground fault relay 接地故障继电器310 Ground-fault of ungrounded system 小电流接地系统311 Grounding apparatus 接地装置312 Half-cycle integral algorithm 半周积分算法313 Hard strap 硬压板314 Harmonic current 正弦电流315 Harmonic restraining 谐波制动316 Healthy phases 非故障相317 Heavy load 重负荷318 Hidden failures 隐形故障319 High impedance busbar differetial protection 高阻抗母线差动保护320 High resistance 高阻321 High sensitive relay 高灵敏度继电器322 High speed impedance relay 高速阻抗继电器323 High speed signal acquisition system 高速数字信号采集系统324 High tension electrical porcelain insulator 高压电瓷绝缘子325 High voltage line 高压线路326 High-frequency direction finder 高频测向器327 High-voltage relay 高压继电器328 Immune to electromagnetic interference 不受电磁干扰329 Impedance circle 阻抗圆330 Impedance compensator 阻抗补偿器331 Impedance converter 阻抗变换器332 Impedance mismatch 阻抗失配333 Impulsing relay 冲击继电器334 Inadvertent energization 过激磁335 Incorrect tripping 误动336 Inductance couping 电感耦合337 Induction coefficient 感应系数338 Induction cup relay 感应杯式继电器339 Induction disc relay 感应圆盘式继电器340 Induction type relay 感应式继电器341 Inductor 电感342 Infeed current 助增电流343 Inrush exciting current of transformer 励磁涌流344 Instantaneous protection 瞬时保护345 Instantaneous under voltageprotection with current supervision 电流闭锁电压速断保护346 Insulation supervision device 绝缘监视347 Insulator 绝缘子348 Insulator arcing horn 绝缘子角形避雷器349 Insulator arc-over 绝缘子闪络350 Insulator bracket 绝缘子托架351 Insulator cap 绝缘子帽352 Insulator chain 绝缘子串353 Inter turn faults 匝间短路354 Interlock 连锁355 Intermittent fault 间歇故障356 Intermittent fillet weld 间接角缝焊接357 Internal fault 内部故障358 Internal resistance 内阻359 Interrupting time 断路时间360 Intertripping underreach protection 远方跳闸欠范围保护361 Inverse phase sequence protection 逆相序保护362 Inverse power protection 逆功率保护363 Isolated neutral system 中性点绝缘系统364 Jumper connection 跳线365 Kalman filter algorithm 卡尔曼滤波算法366 Laplace and Fourier transforms 拉氏和傅里叶变换367 Leased line 租用线路368 LED 发光二极管369 Line trap 线路陷波器370 Load characteristic 负载特性371 Load flow calculations 潮流计算372 Load patterns 负荷形式373 Load schedule according to frequency change 按周波减载374 Load shedding 甩负荷375 Lockout relay 闭锁出口继电器376 Locus of measured impedance 测量阻抗轨迹377 Longitudinal differential protection 纵联差动保护378 Longitudinal differential relay 纵联差动继电器379 Loss of synchronism protection 失步保护380 Low impedance busbar protection 低阻抗母线保护381 Low-frequency component,subharmonic 低频分量,低次谐波382 Low-frequency high-voltage protection 低频高压试验383 Low-voltage protection 低压保护384 Low-voltage rekease relay 低压释放继电器385 Low-voltage relay 低压继电器386 Magnetic flux 磁通387 Magnetic induction 磁感应强度388 Magnetization curve 磁化曲线389 Magnetizing 磁化390 Magnetizing inrush current 劢磁涌流391 Magnitude of current 电流幅值392 Main protection 主保护393 Manipulating organ 操作单元394 Manipulation 操作395 Man-machine interface 人机对话接口396 Margin 裕度397 Measured impedance 测量阻抗398 Measurement 测量399 Measurement signal 测量信号400 Measuring unit 测量元件401 Mechanism latch 机械锁402 Memory circuit 记忆回路403 Metallic fault 金属性故障404 Micro-processor based protective relay 微机继电保护405 Microwave link protection 微波保护406 Minimum load impedance 最小负荷阻抗407 Motor-field failure relay 电动机磁场故障继电器408 Moving coil relay 动圈式继电器409 Muktiole-reclosing breaker 多次重合闸断路器410 Multi-ended circuit protection 多端线路保护411 Multi-finger contactor 多触点接触器412 Multi-phase compensated impedance relay 多相补偿式阻抗继电器413 Multiple earth 多重接地414 Multi-zone rekay 分段限时继电器415 Mutual-induction 互感416 Mutual-induction of zero sequence 零序互感的影响417 Mutually coupled lines 有互感线路418 Negative direction 反方向419 Negative phase relay 负相位继电器420 Negative sequence impedance 负序阻抗421 Negative-phase sequence impendence 负相序继电器422 Network topology 网络拓朴423 Neutral auto-transformer 中性点接地自耦变压器424 Neutral displacement protection 中性点过电压保护425 Neutral-current transformer 零序电流互感器426 Neutral-point earthing 中性点接地427 No-load release 无跳闸428 Non-linear characteristics 非线性特性429 Non-sinusoidal signal 非正弦信号430 Normal inverse 反时限431 Normally closed contacts 常闭节点432 Normally open contacts 常开节点433 Object-oriented 面向对向434 Off-peak 非峰值的435 Off-position 断开位置436 Offset impedance relay 偏移特性阻抗继电器437 Ohm relay 电阻继电器438 Oil-immersed type reactor 油浸式电抗器439 Open-phase relay 断相继电器440 Operating characteristic 动作特性441 Operating eqution(criterion) 动作方程(判据)442 Operating load 运行负载443 Operating time 动作时间444 Operational(internal)over-voltage 操作(内部)过电压445 Optical link protection 光纤保护446 Option board 选择板447 Optoelectronic coupler 光电耦合器件448 Orthogonal 正交的449 Oscillation 振荡450 Oscillator coil 振荡线圈451 Oscillatory reactivity perturbation 振荡反应性扰动452 Oscillatory surge 振荡冲击453 Out flowing current 外汲电流454 Out going line 引出线455 Out of service 退出运行456 Out of step 失步457 Outlet 出口458 Output(executive) organ 出口(执行)元件459 Over current protection 过电流保护460 Over fluxing ptrtection 过励磁保护461 Over head line 架空线462 Over load 过负荷463 Over reach blocking scheme 超范围闭锁式464 Over voltage protection 过电压保护465 Over voltage relay 过压继电器531466 Over-current relay withunder-voltage supervision 低电压起动的过电流保护467 Over-load relay 过载继电器468 Over-load trip 过载跳闸469 Parallel 并联470 Parallel port 并联出口471 Peak value （交变量的）最大值472 Percentage differential protection 比率差动保护473 Percentage differential relay 比率差动继电器474 Permanent fault 永久性故障475 Permissive under reaching transfertrip scheme 欠范围允许跳闸式476 Permissive underreach protection 允许式欠范围保护477 Phase comparison protection 相位比较保护478 Phase comparison relay 相位比较继电器479 Phase segregated protection 分相保护480 Phase to phase fault 相间故障481 Phase-angle of voltage transformer 电压互感器的相角差482 Phase-shifting algorithm 移相算法483 Pilot protection 高频保护；纵联保护484 Pilot protection using distance relay 距离纵联保护485 Platform 平台486 Pneumatic 气动的487 Pockels effect 波克尔斯效应488 Polar characteristics 极化特性489 Polarized voltage 极化电压490 Pole-pairs 极对数491 Porcelain insulator 瓷绝缘子492 Positive sequence impedance 正序阻抗493 Potential transformer 电压互感器494 Power direction relay 功率方向继电器495 Power factlr relay 功率因数继电器496 Power failure 电源故障497 Power line carrier 电力线载波498 Power line carrier channel 高频通道499 Power line carrier protection 电力线载波保护500 Power relay 功率继电器501 Power rheostat 电力变压器502 Power swing(out of step)blocking 振荡（失步）闭锁503 Power system analysis and computation 电力系统分析与计算504 Power system control 电力系统控制505 Power system oscillation 电力系统振荡506 Power system splitting and reclosing 解列重合闸507 Power system transients 电力系统暂态508 Power-angle 功角509 Power-angle curve 功角特性曲线510 Power-transfer relay 电源切换继电器511 Power-transformer relay 电力传输继电器512 Primary 一次侧的513 Primary protection 主保护514 Private line 专用线路515 Proportional Brake LongitudinalDifferential Protection 比例制动式纵差保护516 Protection against overpressure 超压防护517 Protection against unsymmetrical load 不对称负载保护装置518 Protection criterion 保护判据519 Protection device 保护设备；防护设备520 Protection feature 保护特性521 Protection of generator-transformer set 发电机--变压器保护522 Protection reactor 保护电抗器523 Protection screen 保护屏524 Protection switch 保护开关525 Protective cap 保护帽526 Protective casing 保护外壳527 Protective cover(protective housing) 保护罩528 Protective device(protective gear) 保护装置529 Protective earthing 保护接地530 Protective earthing outer insulation 保护接地外绝缘531 Protective equipment 保护设备532 Protective gap 保护间隙533 Protective ground 保护性接地534 Protective link 保护线路535 Protective panel 保护屏柜536 Protective relaying equipment 继电保护装置537 Protective switch 保护开关538 Protective system 保护系统539 Protective transformer 保护变压器540 PT line-break PT断线541 Pulse 脉冲542 Pulse relay(surge relay) 冲击继电器543 Quadrature 正交544 Quadrature axis 交轴545 Quasi-steady state 准稳态546 Rated armature current 额定电枢电流547 Rated burden/Rated load 额定负载548 Rated primary voltage 一次额定电压549 Rated secondary voltage 二次额定电压550 Ratio restrain 比率制动551 Reach(setting)of protection 保护范围(定值)552 Reactance 电抗553 Reactance bond 电抗耦合554 Reactance of armature reaction 电枢反应电抗555 Reactive power cimpensation 无功补偿器556 Reactor grounded neutral system 中性点电抗接地系统557 Receiver machine 收信机558 Reclaim time 复归时间559 Recloser 重合闸560 Rectangular wave 矩形波561 Rectifier bridge 整流桥562 Recursive least square algorihm 最小二乘算法563 Redundancy of relaying system 保护配置的冗余度564 Relay acceleration after auto-reclosing 重合闸后加速保护565 Relay acceleration before auto-reclosing 重合闸前加速保护566 Relay act trip 继电器操作跳闸567 Relay based on incremental quantity 增量(突变量)继电器568 Relay based on transient component 暂态保护569 Relay location 保护安装处570 Relay must-operate value 继电器保证启动值571 Relay overrun 继电器超限运行572 Relay system configuration 保护配置573 Remote backup protection 远后备保护574 Remote controlled 遥控的575 Remote Terminal Unit 远程终端设备576 Remote-control apparatus 远程控制设备577 Reserve bus 备用母线578 Residual current 零序电流579 Residual current relay 零序电流继电器580 Residual magnetism 剩磁581 Resistance grounded neutral system 中性点接地方式582 Resultant torque 合成转矩583 Returning current of protection device 保护装置返回584 Reverse power flows 功率逆潮流585 Rotor 转子586 Rotor earth-fault protection 转子接地保护587 Rwliability 可靠性588 Sampling and holding 采样保持589 Sampling interruption service program 采样中断服务程序590 Satuation detection 饱和检测591 Saturation curve 饱和曲线592 SCADA 监控与数据采集593 Scalarproduct restraint differentrial relay 标积制动式差动继电器594 Scan 扫描595 Sealed transformer 密封式变压器596 Second harmonic escapement 二次谐波制动597 Secondary circuit 二次回路598 Section selectovity of protection 保护的区选择性599 Sectionalizer 分段断路器600 Security 安全性601 Segregated current differential protection 分相电流差动保护602 Selectivity 选择性603 Self excited 自励604 Self reset 自动复归605 Self-check 自检606 Self-energizing 自激的607 Self-induction 自感608 Self-polarize mho 自极化姆欧（导纳）继电器609 Self-polarizing 电流极化继电器610 Semiconductor diode 半导体二极管611 Semi-orthogonal wavelet 半正交小波612 Sensitive polarized 灵敏极化继电器613 Sensitivity 灵敏性614 Sequence of events recorder 事件顺序记录器615 Sequential tripping 顺序跳闸616 Serial port 串行接口617 Series 串联618 Series excited 串励619 Sesitive relay 灵敏继电器620 Setting calculation 整定计算621 Severe gas protection 重瓦斯保护622 Short circuit calculations 短路计算623 Short-term load forecasting 短期负荷预测624 Shunt 旁路；并联625 Shunt excited 并励626 Shunt running 潜动627 Shutter 挡板628 Sigle-phase transmission line 单相传输线629 Single-chip microcontroller 单片机630 Sinusoidal variations 正弦变量631 Slight gas protection 轻瓦斯保护632 Slow-to release relay 缓放继电器633 Soft strap 软压板634 Solenoid relay 螺管式继电器635 Spark gap 火花间隙636 Speed 速动性637 Splitphase transverse differential protection 裂相横差保护638 Spottily excited 他励639 Star 星形640 Start up(Pick up) 起动641 Starting current of protection device 保护装置启动电流642 State estimation 状态估计643 Static distance relay 静态距离继电器644 Static relay 静电继电器645 Stator earth-fault protection 定子接地保护646 Stator ground protection based onzero sequence current 零序电流构成的定子接地保护647 Step-type distance relay 分段距离继电器648 Strap 压板649 Subsystem 子系统650 Successive approximation typw A/D 逐次逼近型A/D651 Superimposed component protection 叠加分量保护652 Surge guard 冲击防护653 Surge impedance 波阻抗654 Surge voltage 冲击电压655 Sustained faults 持续性故障656 Sustained overload 持续657 Switch cabinet 开关柜658 Switch station 开关站659 Switching surge 开关冲击660 Symmetrical 对称的661 Symmetrical comoinents 对称分量662 Synchronization check 同期检查663 Synchronized sampling 采样同步664 Synchronizing by reference parameter vector 参数矢量同步法665 Synchronous condenser 同步调相机666 Synchronous reactance 同步电抗667 Synchronous speed 同步转速668 Tap 分接头669 Telemeter data 遥测数据670 Temperature limiting relay 过热继电器671 Temporary fault 瞬时性故障672 Terminal board 端子排673 Terminal voltage 端电压674 Test-block 试验端子675 Test-plug 试验插头676 The applied voltage 外施电压677 The no-load power factor 空载功率因数678 Thermal protection 过热保护679 Thermostat relay 恒温继电器680 Three phase one shot reclosure 三相一次重合闸681 Three terminal line protection 三端线路保护682 Through-fault 穿越故障683 Thyristor 晶体管684 Tie line 联络线685 Time interval 时间间隔686 Time over-current 时限过电流687 Time pulse relay 定时脉冲继电器688 Time-current characteristic 时间-电流特性689 Time-delay relay 时间继电器690 Time-invariant 不变时的691 Timer relay 延时继电器692 Timing relay(Timed relay) 定时继电器693 Topological information 拓朴信息694 Topology analysis 拓朴分析695 Torque-angle 转矩角696 Torsional vibration 扭转振动697 Tower 杆塔698 Transfer of auxiliary supply 后备电源切换699 Transformation matrix 变换矩阵700 Transformer protection schemes 变压器保护配置原则701 Transient analysis 暂态分析702 Transistor(type)relay 晶体管(型)继电器703 Transition impedance 过渡阻抗704 Transmission line malfunction 输电线路异常运行705 Transmitting relay 发送继电器706 Transverse differential protection 横差保护707 Transverse differential protectionfor Generator turn-to-turn faults 发电机横差保护708 Traveling wave 行波709 Traveling wave protection 行波保护710 Traveling wave relay 行波继电器711 Traveling wave signal 行波信号712 Trigger 触发器713 Trip by lical protection 保护跳闸714 Trip relay 跳闸继电器715 Trip switch 跳闸开关716 Tripping battery 跳闸用蓄电池717 Troidal 环形的；曲面；螺旋管形718 Turn to turn gault 匝间短路719 Two star connection scheme 两相星形接线方式720 Two-phase grounding fault 两相接地短路故障721 Two-phase short circuit fault 两相短路故障722 Two-position relay 二位置继电器723 Ultra-high voltage transmission 超高压输电724 Unavailability 不可用率；失效率725 Unbalance current 不平衡电流726 Unblocking signal 解除闭锁信号727 Under power protection 低功率保护728 Under power relay 低功率继电器729 Under-frequency protection 低频保护730 Under-groind cable 地埋电缆731 Under-impedance relay 低阻抗继电器732 Under-load relay 负载不足继电器733 Under-voltage protection 欠压保护734 Under-voltage relay 欠压继电器735 Under-voltage release736 Under-voltage trip 低电压跳闸737 Unit protection 单元式保护738 Vacuum circuit breaker 真空开关739 Vacuum-tube relay 电子管继电器740 Variable bridge principle protection 变电桥保护741 Vibration 振荡742 Voltage balance relay 电压平衡继电器743 Voltage differential relay 电压差动继电器744 Voltage dip 电压下降745 Voltage inception angle 电压初始角746 Voltage instability 电压不稳747 Voltage regulation 电压调节748 Voltage responsive relay 电压响应继电器749 Voltage selection relay 电压选择继电器750 Voltage sensor 电压传感器751 Voltage traveling wave 电压行波752 Voltage waveform destortion 电压波形畸变753 Voltage-controlled over-current relay 电压控制过电流继电器754 Volt-amphere characteristic 伏安特性755 Wave impedance 波阻抗756 Wave propagation velocity 波速757 Waveform 波形758 Waveform identification 波形识别法759 Wavelet transform 小波变换760 Weak power end protection 弱电源端保护761 Winding-to-winding insulation 绕组间的绝缘762 Window function 窗函数763 Zero drift 零点漂移764 Zero mode component of traveling wave 零模行波765 Zero-power-factor 零功率因数766 Zero-sequence current 零序电流767 Zero-sequence current compensation 零序电流补偿768 Zero-sequence current relay 零序电流继电器769 Zero-sequence current transducer 零序电流互感器770 Zero-sequence impedance 零序阻抗771 Zero-sequence protection 零序保护。
电力常用英语继电保护
电力常用英语继电保护继电保护继电保护 relay protection继电保护装置 protective relaying equipment 继电器保证启动值 relay must-operate value 继电器操作跳闸 relay act trip继电器超限运行 relay overrun电压互感器的相角差 phase-angle of voltage transformer 故障类型 fault type故障选相 fault phase selection 故障诊断 fault diagnosis内部故障 internal fault接地故障 earth fault穿越故障 through- fault永久性故障 permanent fault瞬时性故障 temporary fault接地故障继电器 ground fault relay短路故障 short trouble双相短路故障 double phase fault金属性三相短路故障 bolted three-phase fault 逻辑短路故障 logic short fault相间故障 phase to phase fault主保护(装置) main protection;primary protection 后备保护(装置) back up protection;reserve protection 局部后备保护 local backup 远距离后备保护 remote back-up零序电流 zero-sequence current;residual current 零序电流继电器residual current relay 零序电流互感器 zero sequence current transducer 零序电流补偿 zero sequence current compensation 零序保护 zero-sequence protection 零序电压 residual voltage零序互感的影响 mutual induction of zero sequence 零序电流构成的定子接地保护 stator ground protection based on zero sequence current 热敏继电保护装置 thermal relay (s)电压差动继电器 voltage differential relay 差动保护(装置)differential protection 纵联差动保护 longitudinal differential protection 比率差动保护装置 percentage differential protection 横差动保护 transversal differential protection 差动保护系统 differential protective system 方向差动保护 directional differential protection 分相电流差动保护 segregated current differential protection 自适应继电保护 adaptive relay protectionadaptive segregated directional current differential 自适应分相方向纵差保护 protection逆相序保护 inverse phase sequence protection 电流保护装置 current protection高频保护装置 carrier current protection;pilot protection 高频测向器high-frequency direction finder 过负荷 overload触点多路式继电器 contact multiplying relay 辅助触点 auxiliary contacts辅助继电器 auxiliary relay时间继电器 timer relay中间继电器 auxiliary relay;intermediate relay 极化继电器 electro polarized relay 功率方向继电器 power direction relay 交流方向过流继电器AC directional overcurrent relay 交流重合闸继电器 AC reclosing relay 行波继电器 traveling wave relay 信号继电器 annunciator relay电压控制过电流继电器 voltage -controlled overcurrent relay 载波或导引线接受继电器 carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay 电缆继电器 cable relay限流继电器 current-limiting relay 定时限继电器 definite time relay 偏移特性阻抗继电器 offset impedance relay 增量(突变量)继电器 relay based on incremental quantity 报警信号继电器 alarm relay 报警信号 alarm signal;alerting signal 能量方向继电器 energy directional relay 低阻抗继电器 under-impedance relay 电导继电器conductance relay电动机磁场故障继电器 motor-field failure relay 电动式继电器dynamoelectric relay 电复位继电器 electric reset relay电力传输继电器 power-transformer relay 连锁继电器 electric interlock relay 电流极化继电器 self-polarizing relay 电流平衡式继电器 current-balance relay 电路控制继电器 circuit control relay 电容继电器capacitance relay电压平衡继电器 voltage balance relay 电压响应继电器 voltage responsive relay电压选择继电器 voltage selection relay 电源切换继电器 power-transfer relay 电子管继电器 vacuum-tube relay 电阻继电器 ohm relay 定时继电器 timing relay;timed relay 定时脉冲继电器 time pulse relay方向过流继电器 directional over-current relay 方向距离继电器directional distance relay 方向过流保护 directional over-current protection 方向纵联继电保护 directional pilot relaying 断路继电器 cut-off relay断路器故障保护装置 circuit breaker failure protection 断相继电器open-phase relay 二位置继电器 two-position relay 负相位继电器 negative phase relay 负相序继电器 negative-phase sequence impendence 感应杯式继电器 induction cup relay 感应式继电器 induction type relay 感应圆盘式继电器 Induction disc relay 高灵敏度继电器 high sensitive relay 高速阻抗继电器 high-speed impedance relay 高压继电器 high-voltage relay 功率继电器power relay恒温继电器 thermostat relay 缓动继电器 delay-action relay 缓放继电器slow-to release relay 换流器继电器 converter relay机电继电器 electromechanical relay 鉴别继电器 discontinuous relay 晶体管继电器 transistor relay晶体密闭继电器 crystal can relay 静电继电器 static relay快动缓释继电器 fast-operate slow-release relay 快释放继电器 fast-release relay 失磁继电器 excitation-loss relay 对地漏电保护 earth-leakage protection 多端线路保护 multi-ended circuit protection 发电机断路继电器 generator cutout relay 发电机保护 generator protection 发电机负序电流保护 generator protection for negative sequence current 发送继电器 transmitting relay 反转时间继电器 back-spin timer过电流保护(装置) overcurrent protection;overcurrent protective devicetime-overcurrent protection 时限过电流保护 time-overcurrentprotection 反时限电流保护 inverse time current protection 逆电流保护reverse current protectioninstantaneous undervoltage protection with current 电流闭锁的电压速断保护 supervision电压保护装置 voltage protection过压继电器 over-voltage relay过电压保护 excess voltage protection 低电压保护装置 low voltage protection;undervoltage protection 过电压保护装置 overvoltage protection 方向元件 directional elementcha 方向保护 directional protection 母线保护(装置) bus protection;busbar protection 线路保护 line protection 接地故障保护(装置) earth-fault protection 限制接地故障保护restricted earth fault protection 接地保护 ground guard;groundprotection 接地保护装置 earth fault protection;ground fault protection接地保护继电器 ground(preference) relay 继电接地保护 ground relaying 转子接地保护 rotor earth fault protection 定子接地保护 stator earth-fault protection 短路保护 short-circuit protection 匝间短路 Turn to turn fault;inter turn faults 匝间短路保护 interturn short circuit protection 定子短路保护 stator short circuit protection 暂态分析 transient analysis 逆功率 reverse power逆功率保护 reverse power protection 反向功率继电器; 逆功率继电reverse power relay 器失步 out-of-step失步保护 loss of synchronism protection;out of-step protection轴电流 shaft current外汲电流 out flowing current 助增电流 infeed current变压器保护装置 protection equipment for transformer 瓦斯保护装置gaseous shield轻瓦斯保护 slight gas protection 重瓦斯保护 severe gas protection 阻抗继电器 distance relay; impedance relay 正序阻抗 positive sequence impedance负序阻抗 negative sequence impedance 零序阻抗 zero sequence impedance 阻抗保护 impedance protection 距离阻抗保护 distance impedance protection 距离保护 distance protection 阻抗保护系统 impedance protective system 人机对话接口 man,machine interface 重合于故障线路加速保护动作 accelerating protection for switching onto fault 低压保护 low-voltage protection 低电压跳闸 under-voltage release 低电压自动跳闸 under-voltage trip低负荷运行 under-run低功率保护 under-power protection 低功率继电器 under-power relay 低频保护 under-frequency protection 低频高压实验 low-frequency high-voltage test 低压继电器 low-voltage relay 低压释放继电器 low-voltage release relay 低周波保护 under-frequency protection 导纳型继电保护装置admittance relays 微机保护 microcomputer protection 微机继电保护 micro-processor based protective relay 保护继电器 protective relay;protection relay 三相一次重合闸 three phase one shot reclosure 重合闸 recloser 重合闸继电器 reclosing relay单动重合闸 single acting autoreclosing 单相自动重合闸 single phase autoreclosing 单相自动重合闸 single phase autoreclosing 自动重合闸 auto reclosing自动重合闸装置 auto recloser快速自动重合闸 rapid auto reclosing 重合闸闭锁装置 antipump device重合闸继电器 reclosing relay自动重合闸继电器 automatic reclosing relay 比率差动继电器 percentage differential relay 振荡(失步)闭锁 power swing (out of step) blocking 闭锁重合闸 blocking autorecloser 闭锁 escapement;interlock;blocking 闭锁继电器 lockout relay解列重合闸 power system splitting and reclosing 电磁型继电器electromagnetic relay 负序电流 negative sequence current励磁涌流 Inrush ; Inrush exciting current of transformer励磁继电器 field application relay 过励磁保护 over fluxingprotection 失磁 loss of excitation;loss of fieldfield loss relay ;excitation-loss relay;field protective 失磁继电器relay;field-failure relay 消磁保护 degaussing protection 顺序跳闸sequential tripping 起动 start up;Pick up 隔离开关 disconnecting switch 电流互感器 current transformer 电压互感器 potential transformer 死区dead zone;blind spot 振荡 vibration;oscillation 振荡冲击 oscillatory surge 冲击防护 surge guard冲击继电器 pulse relay;surge relay 潜动 shunt running 五防 fail-safe unit 五防装置 fail safe interlock 跳闸 trip;opening 跳闸开关 trip switch保护跳闸 trip by local protection 保护合闸 close by local protection 保护特性 protection feature 可靠性 reliability灵敏性 sensitivity速动性 speed选择性 selectivity分段距离继电器 step-type distance relay 三段距离继电保护装置 three-step distance relays 延时 time delay反时限 normal inverse 定时限 definite time 分段限时继电器 multi-zone relay 误动 incorrect tripping 软压板 soft strap硬压板 hard strap高阻 high resistance 二次谐波制动 second harmonic escapement CT断线CT line-break PT断线 PT line-break 交流开关电路 AC circuit breaker 二次回路 secondary circuit极化差动继电保护系统 Biased differential relaying 双向继电器 Bi-directional relay 交流方向过流继电器 AC directional over current relay 开关把手 breaker point wrench 断路器跳闸线圈 breaker trip coil 母线; 导电条 bus bar母线电流变压器 bus bar current transformer 分段母线隔离开关 bus bar disconnecting switch 母线室; 汇流条隔离室 bus compartment 母线槽; 母线管道 bus duct固定联结式母线保护 busbar protection with fixed circuit connection 电流衰减 current attenuation 电流起动型漏电保护器 current actuated leakage protector 电流平衡式差动电流继电器;current balance type current differential relay 差动平衡式电流继电器换流器 current changer电流补偿式接地远距继电器 current compensational grounddistance;relay 电流消耗 current consumption 电力调速系统 electrical governing system 电动阀门 electrically operated valve 电流互感器相角current transformer phase angle 电力变阻器 power rheostat 合闸线圈 closing coil线圈电感 coil inductance线圈端漏电抗 coil end leakage reactance 线圈电流 coil current线圈 coil curl线圈调节器 coil adjuster高压电瓷绝缘子 high tension electrical porcelain insulator 振荡线圈oscillator coil功率因素继电器 power factor relay 超压防护 protection against overpressure 保护设备; 保护装置 protection device; protective gear 保护电抗器 protection reactor保护屏 protection screen; protective panel 保护开关 protection switch保护间隙 protective gap保护接地 protective earthing ; protective ground 保护外壳 protective casing保护网 catch net; protecting net 保护系统 protection system保护线路 protective link保护变压器 Protective transformer 不对称负载保护装置 protection against unsymmetrical load 中心点电阻接地方式 resistance groundedneutral system 欠压继电器 under-Voltage relay 采样保持 sampling and holding 采样同步 synchronized sampling 低电压起动的过电流保护overcurrent relay with undervoltage supervision低阻抗母线保护 low impedance busbar protection 保护的整定配合cordination of relay settings 保护范围(定值) rach (setting) of protection 潮流计算 load flow calculations 短路计算 short circuit calculations 保护配合时间阶段 coordination time interval 两相星形接线方式 two star connection scheme 旁路;并联 shunt串联;级数 series并联 parallel饱和 saturation开关柜 switch cabinet 电容 capacitance电抗 reactance内阻 internal resistance 电感 inductor消弧线圈 blow-out coil电容器 capacitor电容效应 capacitance effect 直轴 direct axis交轴 quadrature axis 同步调相机 synchronous condenser 投运commissioning 人工智能 AI (artificial intelligence) 自适应继电保护adaptive relaying 自适应特性 adaptive features 相位比较继电器 phase comparison relays 设备材料清册 equipment and material list 设备清册equipment list设备费 equipment cost 设备基础 equipment foundation 设备利用率equipment utilization ratio 图号 drawing number 图框 border图例 legend图名 drawing title图形符号 graphic symbols 图纸卷 roll of drawing paper 图纸目录 list of drawing 图纸内容 contents of drawings。
文献综述含外文翻译
文献综述【摘要】在我国电力系统继保护技术发展的过程中，概述了微机继电保护技术的成就，提出了未来继电保护技术发展趋势将是：计算机化，电网络化，保护，控制，调查结果显示，数据通信一体化和人工智能化。
[ Abstract ]reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection techno logical development process, has outlined the microcomputer relay protection techno logy achievement, proposed the future relay protection technological development te ndency will be: Computerizes, networked, protects, the control, the survey, the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization【关键词】继电保护现状发展，继电保护的未来发展【Key word】relay protection present situation development，relay protections f uture development1 继电保护发展现状电力系统的迅速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术，计算机技术的快速发展不断为继电保护技术的发展注入新的活力，因此，继电保护技术是有利的，在40多年的时间里已完成发展了4个历史阶段。
建国后，我国继电保护学科、继电保护设计、继电器制造工业和继电保护技术队伍从无到有，在大约10年的时间里走过了先进国家半个世纪走过的道路。
50年代，我国工程技术人员创造性地吸收、消化、掌握了国外先进的继电保护设备性能和运行技术，建成了一支具有深厚继电保护理论造诣和丰富运行经验的继电保护技术队伍，对全国继电保护技术队伍的建立和成长起了指导作用。
继电保护整定计算英文
继电保护整定计算英文Relay Protection Setting Calculation.Relay protection is a crucial aspect of power system operation, ensuring the reliable and safe transmission of electrical energy. It involves the use of relays and associated equipment to detect and respond to abnormal conditions or faults in the system. The relay protection system is designed to isolate the faulted section of the system, minimizing damage and ensuring the stability of the overall power system.Relay protection setting calculation is a vital step in configuring the relay protection system. It involves determining the appropriate settings for relays based on the characteristics of the power system and the requirements of the protection scheme. The accuracy of these settings is crucial as they directly impact the performance of the relay protection system in isolating faults and maintaining system stability.The relay protection setting calculation typically involves several key steps. Firstly, it is essential to gather detailed information about the power system, including the ratings and characteristics of transformers, generators, lines, and other components. This informationis crucial for understanding the system's behavior under normal and abnormal conditions.Next, the calculation of relay settings begins with the determination of the fault levels in the system. Fault levels represent the maximum current or voltage that may flow through the system during a fault condition. These levels are calculated based on the system's impedance, the location and type of fault, and other factors. Accurate fault level calculations are essential for ensuring that the relays can detect and respond to faults effectively.Once the fault levels are determined, the relaysettings can be calculated. Relay settings include parameters such as pickup current, time delay, and other trip characteristics. The pickup current is the minimumcurrent level that must be reached for the relay to activate. The time delay is the time elapsed between the detection of a fault and the activation of the relay. These settings are determined based on the fault levels, the sensitivity requirements of the relay, and the desired system response.In addition to relay settings, it is also necessary to consider the coordination of relays within the system. Relay coordination ensures that when a fault occurs, the appropriate relay will activate and isolate the faulted section, minimizing the impact on the overall system. This coordination requires careful consideration of the relay settings and their interaction with other relays in the system.The relay protection setting calculation is typically performed using specialized software or computer programs. These tools allow engineers to input the system parameters, fault levels, and relay specifications, and then calculate the optimal relay settings based on these inputs. The calculated settings can then be programmed into the relays,configuring them to respond effectively to faults in the power system.It is worth noting that relay protection setting calculation is an ongoing process. As power systems evolve and change, it may be necessary to update or re-calculate relay settings to ensure continued system reliability and safety. Regular monitoring and evaluation of the relay protection system are crucial for identifying any issues or inadequacies and taking appropriate corrective measures.In conclusion, relay protection setting calculation is a crucial aspect of power system operation. It involves the determination of appropriate relay settings based on system characteristics and protection requirements. Accurate calculations are essential for ensuring the effective and reliable operation of the relay protection system in isolating faults and maintaining system stability. By using specialized software and tools, engineers can perform this calculation accurately and efficiently, configuring the relay protection system to meet the specific needs of the power system.。
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Protection relayMicrocomuter-based RlayingA newer development in the of power system protection is the of computers (usually microcomputers) for relaying. Although computers provide the same protection as that supplied by conventional relays, there are some advantages to the use of computer-based relaying. The logic capability and application expansion possibilities for computer-based relaying is much greater than for electromechanical devices. Computer-based relaying samples the values of the current, voltage, and other items covered in the protection scheme several times a second, and by use of A/D converters, change these analog values to digital form and then send them to the computer. In the event of a fault, the computer can calculate the fault’s current values and characteristics, and settings can be changed merely by reprogramming. Computer-based relaying are also capable of locating faults, which has been one of the most popular features in their application. In addition, self-checking features can be built in and sequence of events information can be downloaded to remote computers for fast analysis of relaying operations. Computer-based relying system consists of subsystems with well defined functions. Although a specific subsystem may be different in some of its details, these subsystems are most likely to be incorporated in its design in some form. The block diagram in Figure 13-1 shows the principal subsystems of a computer-based relaying. The processor is the center of its organization. It is responsible for the execution of relaying programs, maintenance of various timing functions, and communicating with its peripheral equipment. Several types of memories are shown in Figure 13-1─each of them serves a specific need. The Random Access Memory (RAM) holds the input sample data as they are brought in and processed. The Read Only Memory (ROM) or Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) is used to store the programs permanently. In some cases the programs may execute directly form the ROM if its read time is short enough. If this is not the case, the programs must be copied form the ROM into the RAM during an initialization stage, and then the real-time execution would take place form the RAM. The Erasable PROM (EPROM) is needed for storing certain parameters (such as the relaying settings) which may be changed form time to time, but once it is set it must remain fixed even if the power supply to the computer is interrupted. The relaying inputs are currents and voltages─or, to a lesser extent─digital signals indicating contact status. The analog signals must be converted to voltage signals suitable for conversion to digital form. The current and voltage signals obtained form current and voltage transformer secondary windings must be restricted to a full scale value of ±10 volts. The current inputs must be converted to voltages by resistive shunts. As the normal current transformer secondary currents may be as hundreds of amperes, shunts of resistance of a few milliohms are needed to produce the desired voltage for Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). An alternative arrangement would be to use an auxiliary current transformer to reduce the current to lower level. An auxiliary current transformer serves another function: that of providing electrical isolation between the min CT secondary and the computer input system. Since the digital computer can be programmed to perform several functions as long as it has the input and output signals needed for those functions. It is simple matter to the relaying computer to do many other substation tasks, for example, measuring and monitoring flows and voltages in transformers and transmission lines, controlling the opening and closing of circuit breakers and switches, providing backup for other devices that have failed, are functions that can be taken over by the relaying computer. With the programability and communication capability, the computer-based relaying offers yet another possible advantage that is not easily realizable in a conventional system. This is the ability to change the relay characteristics (settings) as the system conditions warrant it. With reasonable prospects of having affordable computer-based relaying which can be dedicated to single protection function, attention soon turned to the opportunities offered by computer-based relaying to integrate them into a substation, perhaps even a system-wide network. Integrated computer systems for substations which handle relaying, monitoring, and control tasks offer novel opportunities for improving overall system performance.Computer relaying The electric power industry has been one of the earliest users of the digital computer as a fundamental aid in the various design and analysis aspects of its activity. Computer-based systems have evolved to perform such complex tasks as generation control, economic dispatch (treated in chapter 11)and load-flow analysis for planning and operation , to name just a few application areas. research efforts directed at the prospect using digital computers to perform the tasks involved in power system protection date back to the mien-sixties and were motivated by the emergence of process-control computers a great deal of research is going on in this field, which is now referred to as computer relaying. Up to the early 1980s there had been no commercially availability protection systems offering digital computer-based relays. However, the availability of microprocessor technology has provided an impetus to computer relaying.*Microprocessors used as a replace*and solid state relays non provide a number of advantages while meeting the basic protection philosophy requirement of decentralization. There are many perceived benefits of a digital relaying system: 1. Economics: with the steady decrease in cost of digital hardware, coupled with the increase in cost of conventional relaying. It seems reasonable to assume that computer relaying is an attractive alternative. Software development cost can be expected to be evened out by utilizing economies of scale in producing microprocessors dedicated to basic relaying tasks. 2. Reliability: a digital system is continuously active providing a high level of a self-diagnosis to detect accidental failures within the digital relaying system. 3. Flexibility: revisions or modifications made necessary by changing operational conditions can be accommodated by utilizing the programmability features of a digital system. This would lead to reduced inventories of parts for repair and maintenance purposes 4. System interaction: the availability of digital hardware that monitors continuously the system performance at remote substations can enhance the level of information available to the control center. Post fault analysis of transient data can be performed on the basis of system variables monitored by the digital relay and recorded by the peripherals.The main elements of a digital computer-based relay are indicated in Figure 9-59. The input signals to the relay are analog (continuous) and digital power system variables. The digital inputs are of the order of five to ten and include status changes (on-off) of contacts and changes in voltage levels in a circuit. The analog signals are the 60-Hz currents and voltages. The number of analog signals needed depends on the relay function but is in the range of 3 to 30 in all cases. The analog signals are scaled down (attenuated) to acceptable computer input levels (10 volts maximum) and then converted to digital (discrete) form through analog/digital converters (ADC). These functions are performed in the block labeled “Analog Input Subsystem.” The digital output of the relay is available through the computer’s parallel output port, five-to-ten digital outputs are sufficient for most applications. The analog signals are sampled at a rate between 210 Hz to about 2000 Hz. The sampled signals are entered into the scratch pad (RAM) and are storedin a secondary data file for historical recording. A digital filter removes noise effects from the sampled signals. The relay logic program determines the functional operation of the relay and uses the filtered sampled signals to arrive at a trip or no trip decision which is then communicated to the system. The heart of the relay logic program is a relaying algorithm that is designed to perform the intended relay function such as over currents detection, differential protection, or distance protection, etc. It is not our intention in this introductory text to purse this involved in a relaying algorithm, we discuss next one idea for peak current detection that is the function of a digital over current relay.。