工业机械手课程毕业设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文出处：《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》
外文资料翻译译文
机械手
机械手是近几十年发展起来的一种高科技自动化生产设备。工业机械手是工业机器人的一个重要分支。它的特点是可通过编程来完成各种预期的作业任务，在构造和性能上兼有人和机器各自的优点，尤其体现了人的智能和适应性。机械手作业的准确性和各种环境中完成作业的能力，在国民经济各领域有着广阔的发展前景。随着工业自动化的发展. 出现了数控加工中心.它在减轻工人的劳动强度的同时. 大大提高了劳动生产率。但数控加工中常见的上下料工序. 通常仍采用人工操作或传统继电器控制的半自动化装置。前者费时费工、效率低; 后者因设计复杂. 需较多继电器.接线繁杂. 易受车体振动干扰.而存在可靠性差、故障多、维修困难等问题。可编程序控制器PLC控制的上下料机械手控制系统动作简便、线路设计合理、具有较强的抗干扰能力. 保证了系统运行的可靠性.降低了维修率. 提高了工作效率。机械手技术涉及到力学、机械学、电气液压技术、自动控制技术、传感器技术和计算机技术等科学领域，是一门跨学科综合技术。
1工业机械手的概述
机械手是一种能自动化定位控制并可重新编程序以变动的多功能机器，它有多个自由度，可用来搬运物体以完成在各个不同环境中工作。在工资水平较低的中国，塑料制品行业尽管仍属于劳动力密集型，机械手的使用已经越来越普及。那些电子和汽车业的欧美跨国公司很早就在它们设在中国的工厂中引进了自动化生产。但现在的变化是那些分布在工业密集的华南、华东沿海地区的中国本土塑料加工厂也开始对机械手表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣，因为他们要面对工人流失率高，以及为工人交工伤费带来的挑战。
随着我国工业生产的飞跃发展，特别是改革开发以后，自动化程度的迅速提高，实现工件的装卸、转向、输送或操作钎焊、喷枪、扳手等工具进行加工、装配等作业自化，已愈来愈引起我们重视。
机械手是模仿着人手的部分动作，按给定的程序、轨迹和要求实现自动抓取、搬运或操作的自动机械装置。
在现实生活中，你是否会发现这样一个问题。在机械工厂里，加工零件装料的时候是不是很烦的，劳动生产率不高，生产成本大，有时候还会发生一些人为事故，导致加工者受伤。想想看用什么可以来代替呢，加工的时候只要有几个人巡视一下，且可以二十四个小时饱和运作，人行吗？回答是肯定的，但是机械手可以来代替它。
生产中应用机械手可以提高生产的自动化水平和劳动生产率;可以减轻劳动强
度、保证产品质量、实现安全生产；尤其是在高温、高压、低温、低压、粉尘、易爆、有毒气体和放射性等恶劣的环境中能够代替人进行正常的工作。想到这里我就很想设计一个机械手，来用于生产实际中。
为什么选着设计机械手用气动来提供动力：气动机械手是指以压缩空气为动力源驱动的机械手。用气压驱动与其他能源驱动比较有以下优点：1.空气取之不竭，用过之后排入大气，不需要回收和处理，不污染环境。（环保的概念）2.空气的沾性很小，管路中压力损失也很小（一般气路阻力损失不到油路的千分之一），便于远距离输送。3.压缩空气的工作压力较低(一般为4～8公斤/每平方厘米)，因此对动元件的材质和制造精度要求可以降低。4.与液压传动相比，它的动作和反应都快，这是气动突出的优点之一。5.空气介质清洁，亦不会变质，管路不易堵塞。但是也有它美中不足的地方：1.由于空气的可压缩性，致使气动工作的稳定性差，因而造成执行机构运动速度和定为精度不易控制。2.由于使用气压较低，输出力不可能太大，为了增加输出力，必然使整个气动系统的结构尺寸加大。
用气压驱动与用其他能源驱动比较有以下优点：
空气取之不竭，用过之后排入大气，不需回收和处理，不污染环境。偶然的或少量的泄漏不致对生产发生严重的影响。
空气的粘性很小，管路中压力损失也就很小，便于远距离输送。
压缩空气的工作压力较低，因此对气动元件的材质和制造精度要求可以降低。一般说来，往复运动推力在1~2吨以下采用气动经济性较好。
与液压传动相比，它的动作和反应都快，这是气动的突出优点之一。
空气介质清洁，亦不会变质，管路不易堵塞。
它可安全地应用在易燃、易爆和粉尘大的场合。又便于实现过载自动保护。
2机械手的组成
机械手的形式是多种多样的，有的较为简单，有的较为复杂，但基本的组成形式是相同的，一般由执行机构、传动系统、控制系统和辅助装置组成。
1. 执行机构
机械手的执行机构，由手、手腕、手臂、支柱组成。手是抓取机构，用来夹紧和松开工件，与人的手指相仿，能完成人手的类似动作。手腕是连接手指与手臂的元件，可以进行上下、左右和回转动作。简单的机械手可以没有手腕。支柱用来支撑手臂，也可以根据需要做成移动。
2. 传动系统
执行机构的动作要由传动系统来实现。常用机械手传动系统分机械传动、液压传动、气压传动和电力传动等几种形式。
3. 控制系统
机械手控制系统的主要作用是控制机械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度进行动作，简单的机械手一般不设置专用的控制系统，只采用行程开关、继电器、控制阀及电路便可实现动传动系统的控制，使执行机构按要求进行动作．动作复杂的
机械手则要采用可编程控制器、微型计算机进行控制。
3机械手的分类和特点
机械手一般分为三类：第一类是不需要人工操作的通用机械手。它是一种独立的不附属于某一主机的装置。它可以根据任务的需要编制程序，以完成各项规定的操作。它的特点是具备普通机械的性能之外，还具备通用机械、记忆智能的三元机械。第二类是需要人工才做的，称为操作机。它起源于原子、军事工业，先是通过操作机来完成特定的作业，后来发展到用无线电讯号操作机来进行探测月球等。工业中采用的锻造操作机也属于这一范畴。第三类是用专用机械手，主要附属于自动机床或自动线上，用以解决机床上下料和工件送。这种机械手在国外称为“Mechanical Hand”，它是为主机服务的，由主机驱动；除少数以外，工作程序一般是固定的，因此是专用的。
主要特点：
(1) 机械手（上下料机械手、装配机械手、搬运机械手、堆垛机械手、助力机械手、真空搬运机、真空吸吊机、省力吊具、气动平衡器等）。
(2) 悬臂起重机（悬臂吊、电动环链葫芦吊、气动平衡吊等）
(3) 导轨式搬运系统（悬挂轨道、轻型轨道、单梁起重机、双梁起重机）
(4) 工业机械手的应用
机械手是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。近年来，随着电子技术特别是电子计算机的广泛应用，机器人的研制和生产已成为高技术领域内迅速发展起来的一门新兴技术，它更加促进了机械手的发展，使得机械手能更好地实现与机械化和自动化的有机结合。
机械手虽然目前还不如人手那样灵活，但它具有能不断重复工作和劳动、不知疲劳、不怕危险、抓举重物的力量比人手大等特点，因此，机械手已受到许多部门的重视，并越来越广泛地得到了应用，例如：
(1) 机床加工工件的装卸，特别是在自动化车床、组合机床上使用较为普遍。
(2) 在装配作业中应用广泛，在电子行业中它可以用来装配印制电路板，在机械行业中它可以用来组装零部件。
(3) 可在劳动条件差，单调重复易子疲劳的工作环境工作，以代替人的劳动。
(4) 可在危险场合下工作，如军工品的装卸、危险品及有害物的搬运等。
(5) 宇宙及海洋的开发。
(6) 军事工程及生物医学方面的研究和试验。
助力机械手:又称平衡器、平衡吊、省力吊具、手动移载机等，是一种无重力化手动承载系统，一种新颖的、用于物料搬运时省力化操作的助力设备.属于一种非标设计的系列化产品。针对客户应用需求，量身定制的个案创作。
一种模拟人手操作的自动机械，它可按固定程序抓取﹑搬运物件或操持工具完成某些特定操作。应用机械手可以代替人从事单调﹑重复或繁重的体力劳动，实现生产的机械化和自动化，代替人在有害环境下的手工操作，改善劳动条件，保证人
身安全。20世纪40年代后期，美国在原子能实验中，首先采用机械手搬运放射性材料，人在安全室操纵机械手进行各种操作和实验。50年代以后，机械手逐步推广到工业生产部门，用于在高温﹑污染严重的地方取放工件和装卸材料，也作为机床的辅助装置在自动机床﹑自动生产线和加工中心中应用，完成上下料或从刀库中取放刀具并按固定程序更换刀具等操作。机械手主要由手部机构和运动机构组成。手部机构随使用场合和操作对象而不同，常见的有夹持﹑托持和吸附等类型。运动机构一般由液压﹑气动﹑电气装置驱动。机械手可独立地实现伸缩﹑旋转和昇降等运动，一般有2～3个自由度。机械手广泛用于机械製造﹑冶金﹑轻工和原子能等部门。
能模仿人手和臂的某些动作功能，用以按固定程序抓取、搬运物件或操作工具的自动操作装置。它可代替人的繁重劳动以实现生产的机械化和自动化，能在有害环境下操作以保护人身安全，因而广泛应用于机械制造、冶金、电子、轻工和原子能等部门。机械手通常用作机床或其他机器的附加装置，如在自动机床或自动生产线上装卸和传递工件，在加工中心中更换刀具等，一般没有独立的控制装置。有些操作装置需要由人直接操纵，如用于原子能部门操持危险物品的主从式操作手也常称为机械手。
机械手主要由手部和运动机构组成。手部是用来抓持工件（或工具）的部件，根据被抓持物件的形状、尺寸、重量、材料和作业要求而有多种结构形式，如夹持型、托持型和吸附型等。运动机构，使手部完成各种转动（摆动）、移动或复合运动来实现规定的动作，改变被抓持物件的位置和姿势......
机械手是在自动化生产过程中使用的一种具有抓取和移动工件功能的自动化装置，它是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。近年来，随着电子技术特别是电子计算机的广泛应用，机器人的研制和生产已成为高技术领域内迅速发展起来的一门新兴技术，它更加促进了机械手的发展，使得机械手能更好地实现与机械化和自动化的有机结合。机械手能代替人类完成危险、重复枯燥的工作，减轻人类劳动强度，提高劳动生产力。机械手越来越广泛的得到了应用，在机械行业中它可用于零部件组装，加工工件的搬运、装卸，特别是在自动化数控机床、组合机床上使用更普遍。目前，机械手已发展成为柔性制造系统FMS和柔性制造单元FMC中一个重要组成部分。把机床设备和机械手共同构成一个柔性加工系统或柔性制造单元，它适应于中、小批量生产，可以节省庞大的工件输送装置，结构紧凑，而且适应性很强。当工件变更时，柔性生产系统很容易改变，有利于企业不断更新适销对路的品种，提高产品质量，更好地适应市场竞争的需要。而目前我国的工业机器人技术及其工程应用的水平和国外比还有一定的距离，应用规模和产业化水平低，机械手的研究和开发直接影响到我国自动化生产水平的提高，从经济上、技术上考虑都是十分必要的。因此，进行机械手的研究设计是非常有意义的。
外文原文
Manipulator
Robot developed in recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment. Industrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations. in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and machines. in particular. reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad prospects for development. With the development of industrial automation. there has been CNC machining center. it is in reducing labor intensity. while greatly improved labor productivity. However. the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material. usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device. The former time-consuming and labor intensive. inefficient; the latter due to design complexity. require more relays. wiring complexity. vulnerability to body vibration interference. while the existence of poor reliability. fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple. circuit design is reasonable. with a strong anti-jamming capability. ensuring the system's reliability. reduced maintenance rate. and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics. mechanics. electrical hydraulic technology. automatic control technology. sensor technology and computer technology and other fields of science. is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology.
First. an overview of industrial manipulator
Robot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functional machine. which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete the work in different environments. Low wages in China. plastic products industry. although still a labor-intensive. mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Electronics and automotive industries that Europe and the United States multinational companies very early in their factories in China. the introduction of automated production. But now the changes are those found in industrial-intensive South China. East China's coastal areas. local plastic processing plants have also emerged in mechanical watches began to become increasingly interested in. because they have to face a high turnover rate of workers. as well as for the workers to pay work-related injuries fee challenges.
With the rapid development of China's industrial production. especially the reform and opening up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the workpiece handling. steering. transmission or operation of brazing. spray gun. wrenches and other tools for processing and assembly operations since. which has more and more attracted our attention.
Robot is to imitate the manual part of the action. according to a given program. track and requirements for automatic capture. handling or operation of the automatic mechanical devices.
In real life. you will find this a problem. In the machine shop. the processing of parts loading time is not annoying. and labor productivity is not high. the cost of production major. and sometimes man-made incidents will occur. resulting in processing were injured. Think about what could replace it with the processing time of a tour as long as there are a few people. and can operate 24 hours saturated human right? The answer is yes. but the robot can come to replace it.
Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor productivity; can reduce labor intensity. ensuring product quality. to achieve safe production; particularly in the high-temperature. high pressure. low temperature. low pressure. dust. explosive. toxic and radioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would like to think of designing a robot to be used in actual production.
Why would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic robot refers to the compressed air as power source-driven robot. With pressure-driven and other energy-driven comparison have the following advantages: 1. Air inexhaustible. used later discharged into the atmosphere. does not require recycling and disposal. do not pollute the environment. (Concept of environmental protection) 2. Air stick is small. the pipeline pressure loss is small (typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of one-thousandth). to facilitate long-distance transport. 3. Compressed air of the working pressure is low (usually 4 to 8 kg / per square centimeter). and therefore moving the material components and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. 4. With the hydraulic transmission. compared to its faster action and reaction. which is one of the advantages pneumatic outstanding. 5. The air cleaner media. it will not degenerate. not easy to plug the pipeline. But there are also places where it fly in the ointment: 1. As the compressibility of air. resulting in poor aerodynamic stability of the work. resulting in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velocity and not easily controlled. 2. As the use of low atmospheric pressure. the output power can not be too large; in order to increase the output power is bound to the structure of the entire pneumatic system size increased.
pneumatic drive and compare with other energy sources drive has the following
advantages:
Air inexhaustible. used later discharged into the atmosphere. without recycling and disposal. do not pollute the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage would not be a serious impact on production.
Viscosity of air is small. the pipeline pressure loss also is very small. easy long-distance transport.
The lower working pressure of compressed air. pneumatic components and therefore the material and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. In general. reciprocating thrust in 1 to 2 tons pneumatic economy is better.
Compared with the hydraulic transmission. and its faster action and reaction. which is one of the outstanding merits of pneumatic.
Clean air medium. it will not degenerate. not easy to plug the pipeline.
It can be safely used in flammable. explosive and the dust big occasions. Also easy to realize automatic overload protection.
Second. the composition. mechanical hand
Robot in the form of a variety of forms. some relatively simple. some more complicated. but the basic form is the same as the composition of the
. Usually by the implementing agencies. transmission systems. control systems and auxiliary devices composed.
1. Implementing agencies
Manipulator executing agency by the hands. wrists. arms. pillars. Hands are crawling institutions. is used to clamp and release the workpiece. and similar to human fingers. to complete the staffing of similar actions. Wrist and fingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down. left. and rotary movement. A simple mechanical hand can not wrist. Pillars used to support the arm can also be made mobile as needed.
2. Transmission
The actuator to be achieved by the transmission system. Sub-transmission system commonly used manipulator mechanical transmission. hydraulic transmission. pneumatic and electric power transmission and other drive several forms.
3. Control System
Manipulator control system's main role is to control the robot according to certain procedures. direction. position. speed of action. a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated control system. using only trip switches. relays. control valves and circuits can be achieved dynamic drive system control. so that implementing agencies according to the requirements of action. Action will have to use complex programmable robot controller. the micro-computer control.
Three. mechanical hand classification and characteristics
Robots are generally divided into three categories: the first is the general machinery does not require manual hand. It is an independent not affiliated with a particular host device. It can be programmed according to the needs of the task to complete the operation of the provisions. It is characterized with ordinary mechanical performance. also has general machinery. memory. intelligence ternary machinery. The second category is the need to manually do it. called the operation of aircraft. It originated in the atom. military industry. first through the operation of machines to complete a particular job. and later developed to operate using radio signals to carry out detecting machines such as the Moon. Used in industrial manipulator also fall into this category. The third category is dedicated manipulator. the main subsidiary of the automatic machines or automatic lines. to solve the machine up and down the workpiece material and delivery. This mechanical hand in foreign countries known as the "Mechanical Hand". which is the host of services. from the host-driven; exception of a few outside the working procedures are generally fixed. and therefore special.
Main features:
First. mechanical hand (the upper and lower material robot. assembly robot. handling robot. stacking robot. help robot. vacuum handling machines. vacuum suction crane. labor-saving spreader. pneumatic balancer. etc.).
Second. cantilever cranes (cantilever crane. electric chain hoist crane. air balance the hanging. etc.)
Third. rail-type transport system (hanging rail. light rail. single girder cranes. double-beam crane)
Four. industrial machinery. application of hand
Manipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process developed a new type of device. In recent years. as electronic technology. especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology. which further promoted the development of robot. allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation.
Although the robot is not as flexible as staff. but it has to the continuous duplication of work and labor. I do not know fatigue. not afraid of danger. the power snatch weight characteristics when compared with manual large. therefore. mechanical hand has been of great importance to many sectors. and increasingly has been applied widely. for example:
(1) Machining the workpiece loading and unloading. especially in the automatic lathe. combination machine tool use is more common.
(2) In the assembly operations are widely used in the electronics industry. it can be used to assemble printed circuit boards. in the machinery industry
It can be used to assemble parts and components.
(3) The working conditions may be poor. monotonous. repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working environment to replace human labor.
(4) May be in dangerous situations. such as military goods handling. dangerous goods and hazardous materials removal and so on.
(5) Universe and ocean development.
(6). military engineering and biomedical research and testing.
Help mechanical hands: also known as the balancer. balance suspended. labor-saving spreader. manual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system. a novel. time-saving technology for material handling operations booster equipment. belonging to kinds of non-standard design of series products. Customer application needs. creating customized cases.
Manual operation of a simulation of the automatic machinery. it can be a fixed program draws ﹑handling objects or perform household tools to accomplish certain specific actions. Application of robot can replace the people engaged in monotonous ﹑repetitive or heavy manual labor. the mechanization and automation of production. instead of people in hazardous environments manual operation. improving working conditions and ensure personal safety. The late 20th century. 40. the United States atomic energy experiments. the first use of radioactive material handling robot. human robot in a safe room to manipulate various operations and experimentation. 50 years later. manipulator and gradually extended to industrial production sector. for the temperatures. polluted areas. and loading and unloading to take place the work piece material. but also as an auxiliary device in automatic machine tools. machine tools. automatic production lines and processing center applications. the completion of the upper and lower material. or From the library take place knife knife and so on according to fixed procedures for the replacement operation. Robot body mainly by the hand and sports institutions. Agencies with the use of hands and operation of objects of different occasions. often there are clamping support and adsorption type of care. Movement organs are generally hydraulic pneumatic electrical device drivers. Manipulator can be achieved independently retractable rotation and lifting movements. generally 2 to 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in metallurgical industry. machinery manufacture. light industry and atomic energy sectors.
Can mimic some of the staff and arm motor function. a fixed procedure for the capture. handling objects or operating tools. automatic operation device. It can replace
human labor in order to achieve the production of heavy mechanization and automation that can operate in hazardous environments to protect the personal safety. which is widely used in machinery manufacturing. metallurgy. electronics. light industry and nuclear power sectors. Mechanical hand tools or other equipment commonly used for additional devices. such as the automatic machines or automatic production line handling and transmission of the workpiece. the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers. etc. generally do not have a separate control device. Some operating devices require direct manipulation by humans; such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous materials used in the master-slave manipulator is also often referred to as mechanical hand.
Manipulator mainly by hand and sports institutions. Task of hand is holding the workpiece (or tool) components. according to grasping objects by shape. size. weight. material and operational requirements of a variety of structural forms. such as clamp type. type and adsorption-based care such as holding. Sports organizations. so that the completion of a variety of hand rotation (swing). mobile or compound movements to achieve the required action. to change the location of objects by grasping and posture.
Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device. which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device. In recent years. as electronic technology. especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology. which further promoted the development of robot. allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation. Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work. to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipulator has been applied more and more widely. in the machinery industry. it can be used for parts assembly. work piece handling. loading and unloading. particularly in the automation of CNC machine tools. modular machine tools more commonly used. At present. the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC. The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell. it was adapted to small and medium volume production. you can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device. compact. and adaptable. When the work piece changes. flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety. improve product quality. and better adapt to market competition. At present. China's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance. application and industrialization of the size of the low level of robot research and development of a direct impact on raising the
level of automation in China. from the economy. technical considerations are very necessary. Therefore. the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.
冲压模具技术外文翻译(含外文文献)
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
机械手机械设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
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械设计”更加广泛，构造设计包括机械设计。在进行运动分析和结构设计时要把产品的维护和外形也考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域，都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实用性，现有的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需能够完全或部分代替以前人的功能，比如计算、装配、维修。 在设计的初级阶段，应该充分发挥设计人员的创意，不要受到任何约束。即使有一些不切实际的想法，也可以在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,必须提出几套设计方案,然后进行比较。很有可能在这个计划最后指定使用某些不在计划方案内的一些想法的计划。 一般当产品的外型和组件的尺寸特点已经显现出来的时候，就可以进行全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能、安全、重量、耐用性，并且成本也要考虑在内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分的平衡。 选择原材料和工艺的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如稳定和反应的能量和摩擦力的利用，动力惯性、加速度、能量；包括材料的弹性强度、应力和刚度等物理特性，以及流体的润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是一个反复与合作的过程，无论是正式的还是非正式的，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。。产品设计需要大量的研究和提升。许多的想法,必须通过努力去研究成为一种理念,然后去使用或放弃。虽然每个工
机器人外文翻译
英文原文出自《Advanced Technology Libraries》2008年第5期 Robot Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration,
机械专业毕业论文外文翻译
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
机械手外文翻译 修改版
密级 分类号 编号 成绩 本科生毕业设计 (论文) 外文翻译 原文标题Simple Manipulator And The Control Of It 译文标题简易机械手及控制 作者所在系别机械工程系 作者所在专业xxxxx 作者所在班级xxxxxxxx 作者姓名xxxx 作者学号xxxxxx 指导教师姓名xxxxxx 指导教师职称副教授 完成时间2012 年02 月 北华航天工业学院教务处制
译文标题简易机械手及控制 原文标题 Simple Manipulator And The Control Of It 作者机电之家译名JDZJ国籍中国 原文出处机电之家 中文译文： 简易机械手及控制 随着社会生产不断进步和人们生活节奏不断加快,人们对生产效率也不断提出新要求。由于微电子技术和计算软、硬件技术的迅猛发展和现代控制理论的不断完善,使机械手技术快速发展,其中气动机械手系统由于其介质来源简便以及不污染环境、组件价格低廉、维修方便和系统安全可靠等特点,已渗透到工业领域的各个部门,在工业发展中占有重要地位。本文讲述的气动机械手有气控机械手、XY轴丝杠组、转盘机构、旋转基座等机械部分组成。主要作用是完成机械部件的搬运工作,能放置在各种不同的生产线或物流流水线中,使零件搬运、货物运输更快捷、便利。 一.四轴联动简易机械手的结构及动作过程 机械手结构如下图1所示,有气控机械手(1)、XY轴丝杠组(2)、转盘机构(3)、旋转基座(4)等组成。 图1.机械手结构 其运动控制方式为：(1)由伺服电机驱动可旋转角度为360°的气控机械手(有光电传感器确定起始0点);(2)由步进电机驱动丝杠组件使机械手沿X、Y轴移动(有x、y轴限位开关);(3)可回旋360°的转盘机构能带动机械手及丝杠组自由旋转(其电气拖动部分由直流电动机、光电编码器、接近开关等组成);(4)旋转基座主要支撑以上3部分;(5)气控机械手的张合由气压控制(充气时机械手抓紧,放气时机械手松开)。 其工作过程为：当货物到达时,机械手系统开始动作;步进电机控制开始向下
外文翻译机械手
Hand Column Type Power Machine Follow with our country the rapid development of industrial production, rapidly enhance level of automation, implementation artifacts of handling, steering, transmission or toil for welding gun, spraing gun, spanner and other tools for processing, assembly operations for example automation, should cause the attention of people more and more. Industrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and machines, in particular, reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad prospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, there has been CNCmachining center, it is in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved labor productivity. However, the upper and lower commonin CNCmachining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device. The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design complexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and computer technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology. Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism. The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism. These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective. The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, limiting the precision and speed of the end-effecter and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks. Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations. Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques. Manipulator institutional form is simple, strong professionalism, only as a loading device for a machine tools, special-purpose manipulator is attached to this machine.
机械类毕业设计外文翻译
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
机械类外文翻译
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机械手设计英文参考文 献原文翻译 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
翻译人：王墨墨山东科技大学 文献题目：Automated Calibration of Robot Coordinates for Reconfigurable Assembly Systems 翻译正文如下： 针对可重构装配系统的机器人协调性的自动校准 T.艾利，Y.米达，H.菊地，M.雪松 日本东京大学，机械研究院，精密工程部 摘要 为了实现流水工作线更高的可重构性，以必要设备如机器人的快速插入插出为研究目的。当一种新的设备被装配到流水工作线时，应使其具备校准系统。该研究使用两台电荷耦合摄像机，基于直接线性变换法，致力于研究一种相对位置/相对方位的自动化校准系统。摄像机被随机放置，然后对每一个机械手执行一组动作。通过摄像机检测机械手动作，就能捕捉到两台机器人的相对位置。最佳的结果精度为均方根值毫米。 关键词： 装配，校准，机器人 1 介绍 21世纪新的制造系统需要具备新的生产能力，如可重用性，可拓展性，敏捷性以及可重构性 [1]。系统配置的低成本转变，能够使系统应对可预见的以及不可预见的市场波动。关于组装系统，许多研究者提出了分散的方法来实现可重构性[2][3]。他们中的大多数都是基于主体的系统，主体逐一协同以建立一种新的
配置。然而，协同只是目的的一部分。在现实生产系统中，例如工作空间这类物理问题应当被有效解决。 为了实现更高的可重构性，一些研究人员不顾昂贵的造价，开发出了特殊的均匀单元[4][5][6]。作者为装配单元提出了一种自律分散型机器人系统，包含多样化的传统设备[7][8]。该系统可以从一个系统添加/删除装配设备，亦或是添加/删除装配设备到另一个系统；它通过协同作用，合理地解决了工作空间的冲突问题。我们可以把该功能称为“插入与生产”。 表1：合作所需的调节和量度 在重构过程中，校准的装配机器人是非常重要的。这是因为，需要用它们来测量相关主体的特征，以便在物理主体之间建立良好的协作关系。这一调整必须要达到表1中所列到的多种标准要求。受力单元和方向的调整是不可避免的，以便使良好的协同控制得以实现。从几何标准上看，位置校准是最基本的部分。一般来说，校准被理解为“绝对”，即，关于特定的领域框架；或者“相对”，即，关于另一个机器人的基本框架。后者被称为“机器人之间的校准”。 个体机器人的校准已被广泛研究过了。例如，运动参数的识别就非常受欢迎。然而，很少有对机器人之间校准的研究。玉木等人是用一种基于标记的方法，在一个可重构的装配单元内，校准机器人桌子和移动机械手之间的相互位置/方向联系。波尼兹和夏发表了一种校准方法。该方法通过两个机械手的机械接触来实现，实验非常耗时，并要求特别小心地操作。
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沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目：工具盒盖注塑模具设计 外文题目：Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑 系（部）：机械系 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化0801 学生姓名：王宝帅 指导教师：魏晓波 2010年10 月15 日
外文文献原文： Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome
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