词汇学名词解释,复习提纲
词汇学复习提纲
English LexicologyChapter 1 Introduction1. V ocabulary(1) The total number of words that make up a language.(2) All the words used in a particular historical period.(3) All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.2. Importance of V ocabulary(1) An extensive vocabulary aids expressions and communication.(2) V ocabulary size has been directly linked to reading comprehension.(3) Linguistic vocabulary is synonymous with thinking vocabulary.(4) A person may be judged by others based on his or her vocabulary.3. LexicologyThe literal meaning is the “science of the word”. It is a branch of linguistics which deals with English words, their origin, meaning, historical development, morphological structures, semantic structures, sense relations, idioms, formation and application.4. WordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. (TB:p2)5. Sound and Meaning (TB:p3)There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional.6. Sound and FormThe written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the phonemic elements of the spoken language. What causes the differences between sound and form?(1)The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not employ thesystem of one single letter to stand for one sound.(2) The early scribes deliberately changed spelling of words for easier recognition.(3) Dictionaries help to fix the spelling of words, which means the stabilization of spelling, meanwhile, sounds continue to change.(4) English has borrowed many words from other languages, which may not have been assimilated. Some borrowings do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling, such as:7. Classification of Words(1)Criterion : by use frequency: Basic word stock ＆Non-basic vocabulary(2) Criterion: by notion: Content words ＆Functional words(3) Criterion : by origin: Native words ＆Borrowed words(4) Criterion: by morphology: Simple words, Compounds ＆Derived words, etc. 8. Features of Basic Word Stock(1)All national character (2) Stability (3) Productivity (4) Polysemy(5)Collocability9. Content and Functional WordsContent words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary and the number is ever growing, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. Functional words are stable and take a very small part of the vocabulary, i.e. prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles10. Native and Borrowed WordsNative words are not native, but words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words.Chapter 2 Development of English Vocabulary1. Indo-European Language FamilyThere are main three branches in Indo-European language family: Germantic branch, Latin branch and Slavic branch.2. Historical Influence(1) Britons: The early inhabitants of the island we now call Britain were Britons, a tribe of Celts. Their language were dialects of a small branch of the Indo-European language family— Celtic.(2) The Roman conquest: In BC 55-54 Britain was invaded by the Roman conqueror, Julius Caesar. During the 400 years of Roman occupation, the official language of government was Latin.(3) The English conquest: At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.Historical Influence(4) The Danish invasion: King Alfred the Great (849-901) succeeded in driving the Danes off with force. Laying down his sword, Alfred set himself to the task of encouraging education and literature.(5) The Norman Conquest: The French-speaking Normans Duke William came in 1066. When Norman and English intermingled, many terms emloyed by Normans were adopted into English language.3. Historical Phases(1) Old English (450-1160): Old English was a highly inflected language. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowelschanges or both, which differ greatly from the language that we use today.Historical Phases(2)Middle English (1150-1500): The Middle English period was one of great changes,changes more extensive and fundamental than those that had taken place at any time before and since.(3)Modern English (1500 up to now): This period may be divided into two parts: the Early Modern English (1500-1700) and the Late Modern English (1700- now).Early Modern English: The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek on English was great.Late Modern English: With the rapid development of modern science and technology; social economic and political changes; the influence of other cultures and languages, new words today sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time.4. Foreign Elements in English V ocabularyEnglish vocabulary owns most of its words from foreign language, in which Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian stand out as the major contributors. Other languages have also done their part, such as Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese and Celtic, etc.5. Characteristics of English Language(1) Receptivity, Adaptability and Heterogeneity(2) Simplicity of inflection(3)Relatively Fixed Word-order6. Modes of V ocabulary Development: Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change and borrowing.Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words1. MorphemeIt is the smallest meaningful unit of language, consisting of a word or part of a word that can‟t be divided without losing its meaning.2. MorphologyIt is the study of the morphemes of a language and of the way in which they are joined together to make words.3. Types of Morphemes(1) Free and Bound MorphemesMorphemes that can exist as individual words are free morphemes. Others which function only as a word part are bound morphemes.(2) Derivational and Inflectional MorphemesMorphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.(TB:P47)Inflectional morphemes, in contrast, indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.4. Morpheme and Word-formationIn morphology, words can be analyzed into morphemes, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix in word-formation.5. Root, Stem and Base: What are the differences within them?Root is a basic form of a wor d which can‟t be f urther analyzed without total loss of identity. Root cannot be further divided and carries the fundamental meaning.Stem refers to the part after moving inflectional markers.Base is the part that can take affix of any kinds (derivational and inflectional). Chapter 4 Word Formation1. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. The most productive are affixation(30%-40%), compounding(28%-30%) and conversion(26%). The rest of the new words come from shortening(8%-10%), blending(1%-5%) and other means.(P54)2. Affixation (or derivation) is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to roots to supply grammatical or lexical information. The morphological structure of an English word: (prefix) + root + (suffix)3. Prefixation: The process of adding a prefix to the root is called prefixation. English prefixes usually do not change the word class. Types of Prefix (TB:P55)4. Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix to the tail end of a stem, which usually changes the lexical category of the stem. Types of Suffix. Similar to the exception to the prefixes, some suffixes do change or modify the meaning without changing the lexical categories.5. Compounds: The process of combining two or more than two existing words together to form new lexical items is called compounding.6. Characteristics of Compounds(1) According to orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways:1) solid 2) hyphenated 3) open(2) Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.(3) Semantically, compoun ds can often be identified as “having a meaning which may be related to but can not simply be inferred from the meaning of its parts.7. Conversion is a main type of word-formation shifting the base to a different word class with no change of form. Converted words are often short, vivid and expressive,8. Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.9. Clipping refers to a word-formation process which involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.10. Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letter of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase, and initialisms are pronounced letter by letter.11. Acronymy: The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.12. Words From Proper NameIt refers to the coinage of common words from proper names. They come from all sources, from names of scientists, politicians and statesmen, trademarks, names of places, literature, TV films, movies, book titles etc.13. Analogy: A new word or a new phrase is coined by an analogy between a newly created one and an existing corresponding one.Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis1. Word MeaningGenerally speaking, a word is the combination of word-formation and its meaning. …Form‟ refers to both its pronunciation and spelling. …Meaning‟ is what the form stands for. Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between form and referent.2. Semantic TriangleConcept is the general idea or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a person‟s mind.Reference is the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.3. Motivation of MeaningMotivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, which is divided into 4 types. They are phonetic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.(1) Phonetic Motivation (or Onomatopoeic motivation) explains the words whose sounds suggest their meaning, because these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noise.(2) Morphological motivation (or grammatical motivation) concerns the words whose morphological structures suggest the meaning, such as, the meaning of a derived wordor a compound is based on the meaning of the word-building.(3) Semantic motivation is the mental associations based on the conceptual meaning of a word, i.e. the figurative sense of a word suggested by the literal sense.(4) Etymological motivation explains the words whose meanings are closely associated with their origins, i.e. the meanings of the words suggested by their sources.(5) Motivation by Analogy: Words are created in imitation of other words4. Types of Meaning(1) Grammatical & Lexical MeaningGrammatical meaning indicates all the inflectional forms of words, such as singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and so on. Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word.(2) Conceptual & Associative MeaningConceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Associative meaning is a supplement to the conceptual meaning, which is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc.(3) Connotative Meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.(4)Stylistic Meaning: Apart from conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles.(5) Affective Meaning expresses the speaker‟s attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be conveyed simply by the choice of the right words.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative and pejorative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.5. Word Meaning and ContextWord meaning depends upon context. The context determines which meaning out of all the possible meanings is to be attached to the word. Generally speaking, when used literally, words have their original meaning; when used figuratively, words have symbolic meaning.6. Components of word meaningAll lexical items can be analyzed into a set of semantic features or semantic components which may be universal. This semantic theory is called Componential Analysis (CA), such as:horse, cat, machine, chair [+/-animate]water, gas, stone, tree [+/-count]sit, cry, read, give [+/-transitive]road, house, thought, philosophy [+/-concrete]Chapter 6 Sense Relations1. Sense RelationsWords are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as spelling and pronunciation are concerned. Sense relations means all words are related in one way or another. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.2. Types of Sense Relations(1)Polysemy(2) Hyponymy---semantic inclusion(3) Synonymy---semantic similarity(4) Antonymy---semantic opposition(5) Homonymy3. PolysemyWhen a word is first coined, it is always the case that it has only one meaning (monosemic). But in the course of development, the same symbol may be used to express new meanings. The result is polysemy, which shows the economy and efficiency of human languages.4. Meanings of Polysemy(1) A word has two or more meanings in which one is the basic, original meaning (Primary meaning), and the others are derived from the basic meaning (Secondary meaning).(2) It is possible that a word is endowed with different word classes, such as noun, adj., verb.5. Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronic approach is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one word. Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in one historical period of time.6. Concatenation is a process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually from its primary meaning by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the meaning that is finally developed and the primary meaning.7. Radiation is a process in which the primary meaning stands in the center, and the derived meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. All the derived meanings can be traced back to the primary meaning.8. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the general lexical item (superordinate) and the specific lexical items (subordinate). (TB:p137)9. Function of HyponymyThe hyponyms (or specific words) can make our speech and writing more vivid and expressive, while using too much general terms can result in vagueness and triteness. In reading comprehension, cohesion by hyponymy is an important key.10. Synonymy is a relationship of …sameness of meaning‟ that may hold between two words. And synonym refers to a word that means the same as another.11. Discrimination of Synonyms(1) Difference in denotation(2) Difference in connotation(3) Difference in collocation(4) Difference in distribution12. Antonymy is a relationship of …meaning opposition‟ that may hold between two words. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.13. Types of Antonyms(1) Contraries: Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremesCharacteristics of Contraries1) The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.2) They can be modified by very and have comparative and superlative forms.3) The cover term is often used in daily life.(2)Complementaries are forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meaning.(3)Converses: This third type consists of relational opposites, which indicate a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other.(4) Semantic Incompatible is a relationship of …meaning opposition‟ that may hold among several words.14. Function of AntonymyAntonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, and many great writers are fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purposes.15. Homonymy is the relation between two words that are spelled or pronounced in the same way but differ in meaning. Homonyms are often employed to create puns for desired effect of humor or irony for stylistic purposes.16. Semantic Field refers to the phenomenon that vocabulary is an integrated system interrelated in sense and can be divided semantically into related sets or fields. Most languages share same semantic fields, such as time, space, age, kinship, food, color, emotion…17. Application of Semantic Field(1) A very large number of lexemes can be grouped together into fields and subfields in a fairly clear-cut way.(2) It has proved helpful to present learners with sets of related lexemes, rather than with a series of randomly chosen items.(3) Psychology has also shown that young children learn much of their vocabulary by bringing lexemes together in this way.Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning1. Types of Change(1) Extension of Meaning (2) Narrowing of Meaning(3) Elevation of Meaning (4) Degradation of Meaning(5) Transference of Meaning (6) Euphemism2. Extension of MeaningIt is also called generalization. It‟s a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.3. Narrowing of MeaningIt is the opposite of widening, is a process by which a word or wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.4. Elevation of MeaningElevation is the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance.5. Degradation of MeaningA process whereby words of good origin fall into ill manner or non-affective words come to used in pejorative sense.6. Transference of MeaningWords which were used to refer to one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.7. Euphemism is the substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation, such as death, toilet etc.8. Causes of Change(1)Extra-linguistic Factors1) Historical reason 2) Social reason 3) Psychological reason(2) Linguistic Factors: The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system, which occurs mainly in two ways: Ellipsis, Analogy Chapter 8 Meaning and Context1. ContextIn a narrow sense, it consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. In a broad sense, it refers to the whole passage, whole book, entire social or cultural setting.2. Types of Context(1) Linguistic Context refers to words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or whole books in which a word appears.1) Lexical context refers to the items combined with a given polysemous word.2) Grammatical context: In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs. (2) Extra-linguistic Context refers to a particular time, space, or culture in which a word appears.1) Situational context: the actual situation in which communication occurs.2) Cultural context: the social and cultural background.3. The Role of Context(1) Elimination of ambiguity: condition whereby any linguistic form has two or more interpretations.1) Lexical ambiguity: caused by polysemy. 2) Structural ambiguity3) Implied meaning 4) Meaning of the omitted parts(2) Indication of referents(3) Providing clues for inference of meaning: In many cases, when a new word appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints, which might help the readers to grasp the concept or comprehend the idea.。
词汇学名词解释,复习提纲
第一章：A word can be defined as afun dame ntal un it of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of perform ing a give n syn tactic fun cti on The developme nt of En glish Vocabulary. ① Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compo un ds. Some OE compo unds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no Ion ger in use.② Middle En glish (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the str ong in flue nce of French followi ng the Norman Conquest in 1066. (law and gover nmen tal admi nistratio n)③ Moder n En glish (1500-the prese nt)The rapid growth of prese nt-day En glish vocabulary and its causes： A. marked progress of scie nce and tech no logy (software, hardware) B.socio-economic, political and cultural cha nges( credit card, fringe ben efit, pressure cooker) C. in flue nce of other cultures and Ianguages (maotai, sputnik) classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin : native words andloan words 。
词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料词汇学复习资料词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇的构成、分类和使用规律。
对于学习一门语言来说，掌握丰富的词汇是非常重要的。
在这篇文章中，我们将提供一些词汇学的复习资料，帮助读者巩固和扩展词汇量。
一、词汇的构成词汇是语言的基本单位，是由一个或多个音素组成的。
在不同的语言中，词汇的构成方式也有所不同。
例如，英语中的词汇主要由字母组成，而汉语中的词汇则由汉字组成。
1. 字母构词法英语中的词汇通常由字母组成，可以通过添加前缀、后缀和词根来构成新的词汇。
例如，单词“unhappiness”由前缀“un-”（表示否定）和词根“happy”组成。
2. 字形构词法汉语中的词汇由汉字组成，可以通过添加偏旁部首、衍生字和合成字来构成新的词汇。
例如，汉字“学”可以通过添加偏旁部首“子”来构成“字”，表示学习。
二、词汇的分类词汇可以按照不同的分类标准进行分类，例如按照词性、语义和用途等。
下面是一些常见的词汇分类。
1. 词性分类词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
名词用来表示人、事物或概念，动词用来表示动作或状态，形容词用来描述人或事物的特征，副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，代词用来代替名词，介词用来表示位置、时间或方式，连词用来连接词语或句子，感叹词用来表示强烈的情感。
2. 语义分类词汇可以按照词义的相似性进行分类。
例如，可以将名词按照人、动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等进行分类；将动词按照行为、状态、感觉、思维等进行分类；将形容词按照颜色、大小、形状、性质等进行分类。
3. 用途分类词汇可以按照在句子中的作用进行分类。
例如，可以将词汇分为实词和虚词。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词，它们在句子中起到实际的意义；虚词包括代词、介词、连词和感叹词，它们在句子中起到连接或修饰的作用。
三、词汇的使用规律词汇的使用规律是指在特定语境中使用词汇的约束条件。
不同的语言和不同的语境中，词汇的使用规律也有所不同。
词汇学名词解释,复习提纲.pptx
Modern English.About 85% of OE words notch teachers, buzz( telephone call)(5)
are no longer in use.②Middle English technical
words（psychoanalysis,
(1100-1500)ME is characterized by the interlanguage, discovery, assault and
泼 ，带有浓厚的口语色彩(4) -ism(5) -wise: (in terms of, so far as... is concerned)在......方面，就......来说 2.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shift into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero –derivation. Types of conversion 1. ① N to V conversion A. to put in/on N 把 ....... 放 入.......使.......处于....... B. to give N, to provide with N 给予，提 供 C. to deprive of N 去掉 D. to ......with N 用......来做 E. to be/act as N with respect to 像 ...... 那 样 F. to make/change... into N 使......成为......， 把.......改变为......G. to send/go by N H.
2020年整理词汇学名词解释,复习提纲.doc
第一章：A word can be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function The development of English Vocabulary.①Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compounds. Some OE compounds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no longer in use.②Middle English (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.（law and governmental administration）③Modern English (1500-the present)The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes：A. marked progress of science and technology （software, hardware）B.socio-economic, political and cultural changes（credit card, fringe benefit, pressure cooker）C. influence of other cultures and languages（maotai, sputnik）classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin：native words and loan words。
词汇学知识点总结
词汇学知识点总结词汇学是研究词汇的学科，它是语言学的一个重要分支，涉及了语言的构成、变化和使用等方面。
词汇学对于语言的理解和应用具有重要的意义，它不仅可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言知识，还可以帮助我们提高语言运用能力。
在这篇文章中，我们将对词汇学的知识点进行总结，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这一学科。
一、词的定义和分类词是语言中的最小意义单位，是构成句子和表达意思的基本单位。
按照在句子中的功能和语法特征，词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等，它们能够表示具体的事物或抽象的概念；虚词包括代词、连词、介词、助词等，它们通常用来连接或修饰实词，没有明确的词义。
二、词汇的构成词汇的构成是指词的组成方式和形态特征。
在词汇的构成中，我们可以看到一些常见的构词法，如前缀、后缀、派生、合成、转化等。
通过这些构词法，我们可以对词汇进行灵活组合和创造，丰富语言的表达能力。
1.前缀前缀是指加在词根前面的一个字，可以改变词的词义或语法特征。
比如，“un-”表示否定，“re-”表示再次，“pre-”表示在前面等。
2.后缀后缀是指加在词根后面的一个字，同样可以改变词的词义或语法特征。
比如，“-ing”表示进行时，“-ful”表示充满的意思，“-ment”表示名词化等。
3.派生派生是指通过词根和词缀的组合来创造和衍生新的词。
比如，“happy”是一个形容词，通过加上“-ness”后缀就可以派生出名词“happiness”。
4.合成合成是指两个或多个词汇组合在一起，形成一个新的词。
比如，“blackboard”由“black”和“board”两个实词组合而成。
5.转化转化是指一个词汇的词类发生改变，但词形不变。
比如，“work”可以作为动词，也可以作为名词，它的词形都不发生变化。
词汇的构成方式是多种多样的，通过学习这些构词法，我们可以更好地理解和掌握词汇的形态特征，有助于提高我们的语言表达能力。
三、词汇的语义特征语义是指词汇所携带的意义，它是语言交流和理解的基础。
词汇学复习提纲
词汇学复习提纲Lecture One Introduction to English LexicologyRelation to other DisciplinesMorphology (how a word is formed through the morpheme structure),Semantics (the study of meanings),Etymology (the study of the origins and history of the meaning and form of words),Stylistics (the study of style),Lexicography (description of the origins, form, meaning and usage of words)Lecture Two Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1What is a word(1) a minimal free form of a language(2) a sound unity(3) a unit of meaning(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence1.2Sound and meaningArbitrary (conventional) relationship between linguistic unit and its reference1.3Sound and formTheoretically sound and form should agree with each other, but actually there are many differences between the two.Reasons: 1 alphabet was from the Romans, letters do not correspond to each sound.2 pronunciation changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.3 early casualness in spelling4 Borrowing words are not all assimilated.1.4What is V ocabulary?1.5Classification of words1.5.1Basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary (classification via use frequency)1.5.2Content words/notional words and functional words/empty/form words (via notion)1.5.3Native words and borrowed words (via origin)Lecture Three Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary2.1 Indo-European language familyBalto-Slavic: Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Bulgarian, Slovenian, RussianAlbanianIndo-Iranian: Persian, HindiArmenianItalic: Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, FrenchCeltic: Irish, Breton, ScottishGermanic: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish, Swedish, English, GermanHellenic: Greek2.2 A historical overview of the English vocabularyThe first inhabitant of the British Isles is the Celts. Their languages were Celtic. The second major language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. When the Roman empire began to crumble, the Germanic tribes ( Angles, Saxons, and Jutes )came in.2.2.1 Old English (450-1150)Anglo-SaxonAt the end of the 6TH century, Christianity was introduced into Britain.In the 9TH century, there was the invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500)1066, the Norman conquest. Chaucer (1340-1400)Trade with Holland.2.2.3 Modern English (1500-now)Shakespeare (1564-1616)Printing.Early Modern English (1500-1700). RenaissanceThe industrial revolution and the colonization.Borrowing, word formation.( P32, ) table of English development2.3 growth of present-day English vocabulary (pp32-33)2.4 Modes of V ocabulary Developmentcreation, semantic change, borrowingLecture Four Chapter Three Word Formation I.3.1 morphemes3.2 allomorphs, mono-morphemic words3.3 types of morphemesfree morpheme: free rootbound rootmorphemebound morpheme prefixderivationalaffix suffixinflectional3.4 root and stemA root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It is the part of a word that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. (cf. Base/root/stem)Lecture Five Chapter Four Word Formation IIThe most productive means of word formation are affixation, compounding and conversion.PrefixationAffixation (derivation)SuffixationCompoundingWord formationConversionClippingShorteningAcronymyBlendingBack formationProper Names4.1 Affixationderivation, derivativesWhat is affixation? (p50)4.1.1 PrefixationWhat is prefixation? (p50)Classification of prefixes4.1.2 SuffixationWhat is suffixation?(p53)Suffixes mainly change the grammatical function of the stems.ConcreteDenominal nounsAbstract1) Noun suffixesDeverbal nounsDe-adjective nounsNoun and adjective suffixesDenominal suffices2) Adjective suffixesDeverbal suffixes3) Adverb suffixes4) Verb suffixesLecture Six Chapter Four Word Formation III4.2 CompoundingWhat is compounding? (56)Composition, compounds, solid / hyphenated / open4.2.1 Characteristics of Compoundsphonetic featuressemantic featuresgrammatical features4.2.2 Formation of Compounds1)Noun compounds2)Adjective compounds3)Verb compounds.3 ConversionAlso known as functional shift or zero derivation.1)Conversion to nounsa.Verb to nounb.Adjective to noun full conversion & partial conversionc.Miscellaneous conversion2)Conversion to verbsa.Noun to verbb.Adjective to verbc.Miscellaneous conversion4.4 Blendingblends / pormanteau words1)head + tail2)head + head3)head + word4)word + tail4.5 Clipping1)front clipping2)back clipping3)front and back clipping4)phrase clipping4.6 Acronymy: Initialisms / Acronyms4.7 Back formation4.8 Words from Proper NamesLecture Seven Chapter Five Word Meaning5.1 The Meaning of 'Meaning'Reference, Concept and Sense5.2 Motivationonomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation & etymological motivation 5.3 types of meaning5.3.1 grammatical meaning and lexical meaning5.3.2 conceptual meaning and associative meaningLecture Eight Chapter Six Sense Relation and Semantic Field6.1.Polysemy6.1.1.Two approaches to polysemy1.Diachronic approach2. Synchronic approach6.1.2.Two process of development1.Radiation2. Concatenation6.2.Homonymy:1.Perfect homonyms2. Homographs3. Homophones6.2.2. Origins of Homonyms1.Change in sound and spelling2. Borrowing3. Shortening6.2.3. Differentiation of Homonyms from PolysemantsHomonyms refers to different words which happen to share the same formPolysemants refers to the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.Etymology:Semantic relatedness:Lecture Nine Chapter Six Sense Relation and Semantic Field6.3.Synonymy6.3.1.Definition of synonyms6.3.2.Types of synonyms6.3.3.Sources of synonyms6.3.4.Discrimination of synonyms6.4.Antonymy6.4.1.Types of Antonyms1.Contradictory terms.2.Contrary terms.3.Relative terms.6.4.2.Some of the characteristics of Antonyms.6.4.3.The use of Antonyms6.5.Hyponymy.6.6.Semantic Field.Lecture Ten Chapter 7 Changes in word meaning7.1 Types of changesExtension; narrowing; degradation; elevation; transfer7.1.1 Extension is also known as generalization. It is a process by which a word which originally had aspecialized meaning has now become generalized.7.1.2 Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening in meaning.7.1.3 elevation / amelioration7.1.4 degradation / pejoration7.2 Causes of Changes7.2.1. extra-linguistic factors1.historical reason2. class reason3. psychological reason4. linguistic factorLecture Eleven Association and Collocation11.1 AssociationWords association can be handled in terms of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.If a group of words can be substituted by one another in certain linguistic structures, they are said to have paradigmatic relation.If a group of words can be joined together to form a linguistic structure, they are said to have syntagmatic relation. Syntagma: a sentence or a piece of language in use.Paradigm: all the inflectional forms of a word taken as a pattern or example.A new houseThe old carThis beautiful pictureHis small bagYou r … ……11.2 CollocationThe collocation of words refers to syntagmatic relation of words. That is to say, what words can be used together with what other words.We shall look into collocation from co-occurrence and selection restrictions.11.2.1 Co-occurrenc eCo-occurrence refers to the permitted syntagmatic combination of words. Or in Firth’s words, ―the mutual expectancy or words.‖―You shall know a word by the company it keeps.‖11.2.2 Selectional restrictionsThe collocation of words is decided by two points: grammatical rules and the semantic features of the words. The following sentences are grammatically unacceptable:He elapsed the man.He frightened that he was coming.The following sentences, though grammatically correct, is unacceptable from the perspective of semantic features: He elapsed a week ago.The man frightened the idea.Association and Collocation in English Study:Words and expressions should not be memorized in isolation from the linguistic contexts. The safest approach is to make sentences in which individual words and expressions may occur.Lecture 12 Chapter 8 Meaning and Context8.1. Types of ContextNarrow sense --- the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears.(Linguistic context) a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.Broad sense ---physical situation included as well( Non-linguistic, or extra-linguistic context)8.1.1. Extra-linguistic context (pp.161-163)8.1.2. Linguistic context: a. lexical context b. grammatical context8.2. The role of context: 1. Elimination of ambiguity 2. Indication of referents 3. Provision of clues for inferring word-meaningLecture 13 Chapter 9 English Idioms9.1. Characteristics of Idiomsa.semantic unityb. structural stability9.2. Classification of Idioms1. Idioms Nominal in Nature2. Idioms Adjective in Nature3. Idioms Verbal in Nature4. Idioms Adverbial in Nature5. Sentence Idioms / proverbs9.3. Use of Idioms9.3.1. Stylistic featuresColloquialisms / Slang / Literary expressions9.3.2. Rhetorical FeaturesPhonetic manipulation: Alliteration / Rhyme / ReiterationLexical manipulation: Repetition / Juxtaposition ( of antonyms)Figures of speecha.Simileb. Metaphorc. Metonymyd.Synecdochee. Personificationf. Euphemism9.3.3. variations of idiomsReplacement / Addition or deletion / Position-shifting / Shortening / DismemberingLecture 14 Culture and VocabularyCultural Connotations of English WordsEnglish words have very rich cultural connotations, which inflect the various aspects of English and American social life.ColorRed: red is a symbol for happiness, goodness, positiveness in China, but it is a color that can often arouse feeling of blood, killing in the western culture.Pink slip: a notice of firing an employee.White and black: in English, white has a positive meaning while black means something derogative. But in the black means a company has made profit, for the profit is written in black ink. While inthe red means the business is suffering a loss, for that is written in red ink as a rule. AnimalBlack sheep: a member which brings shame to the group.To bell the cat: riskCold fish: a person who is not friendly, lacking affection, often isolated from others.A fish out of water: a person who is in a very embarrassed situationTo teach a fish how to swim:Dog: to work like a dog→ work hard.Lucky dog→ a lucky personMonkey business: unlawful or illegal business, involving cheating or fraud.Straight from the h orse’s mouth: dependable or reliable.Goose bumps: 鸡皮疙瘩。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。
英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。
下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。
•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。
2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。
•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。
3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。
•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。
4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。
•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。
5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。
•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。
6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。
•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。
7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。
•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。
8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。
•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。
9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。
•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。
这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。
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第一章： A word can be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic functionThe development of English Vocabulary.①Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compounds. Some OE compounds involving alliteration have survived in Modern 85% of OE words are no longer in use.②Middle English (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.（law and governmental administration）③Modern English (1500-the present) The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes：A. marked progress of science and technology（software, hardware）, political and cultural changes （credit card, fringe benefit, pressure cooker）C.influence of other cultures and languages （maotai, sputnik）classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin：native words and loan words。
Native words(Anglo-Saxon origin of OE) Loan words(borrowed from other language)features of basic word stock: to form collocations. level of usage(1)Common words: stylistically neutral, appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech(2)Literary words:chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches .A. archaic words: They are sometimes employed in poetry, business letters, legal documents, religious speeches, and proses. words（the deep (the sea), slumber (sleep) maiden( girl), etc.）(3) colloquial words：mainly used in spoken English, or in informal writing.(4) slang words（kick the bucket, top-notch teachers, buzz( telephone call)(5) technical words（psychoanalysis, interlanguage, discovery, assault and coversation） 3. By notion Function words: determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries.Content words: nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs.第二章：The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.The classification of morpheme：and bound morphemes：A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance. It must appear with at least one othermorpheme.2. roots and affixes 1) roots: A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. A. free roots：In English, many roots are free morphemes. B. bound roots：Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, especially from Greek and Latin.2) affixes A. inflectional affixes: plurality, tense, comparative or superlative degree. B. derivational affixes (prefixes and suffixes)第三章：1. Derivation(1)prefixes：Prefixes can be classified into the following categories by their . 表“方式”的前缀（）B. 表“态度”的前缀C. 表“程度”的前缀D. 表“时间”的前缀E. 表“地点”的前缀F. 表“否定”的前缀G. 表“大小”的前缀 (2)suffixes(1) -ee:加于动词后，表示受事者或施事者(2) -eer: 由其构成的名词有时含有贬义，表达作者或说话人对某人的蔑视态度(3）-er: 由其构成的新词在现代英语中显得生动活泼，带有浓厚的口语色彩(4) -ism(5) -wise: (in terms of, so far as... is concerned)在......方面，就......来说is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shift into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero –derivation.Types of conversion 1.①N to V conversion A. to put in/on N 把.......放入.......使.......处于.......B. to give N, to provide with N 给予，提供C. to deprive of N 去掉D. to ......with N 用......来做E. to be/act as N with respect to 像......那样F. to make/change... into N 使......成为......，把.......改变为......G. to send/go by NH. to spend the period of time denoted by N②Adj to this type of verb means "to make/become...adj.”Some adjectives can only be converted into transitive verbs. ③adv. to V （to up. To down）④conjunction to V（to but）2. ①V to N这一类词常与动词have, take, give, make 等词搭配使用形成一个短语2)表示行动的结果（a find, a catch, a cough, etc. ）3) 原动词表示一种行动或行为，转化为名词后表示行为的主体，如：（a bore, a cheat, a sneak, a coach, a good kick）②A to N(1) Partial conversionA. 表示一种类的概念，指具有某种特点的一类人，不指个别人。
B. 以-s, -sh, -se, -ch结尾表示民族概念的形容词转化为名词，与定冠词连用，指整个民族 C.表示抽象概念，指具有某种特点的东西D.最高级形容词转化为名词，其中一些词用在固定词组或英语习语词组中。
E. 过去分词构成的形容词转化为名词。
这类词前面加定冠词，不指一般人，而指特定的人。
(2) Complete conversion3. N to A. 英语中的名词可以直接用作定语修饰另一个名词，既不需要加形容词词尾，也不需要任何格的变化，这样的定语就是名词定语.3. Compounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more words to form a new unit, a compound word. Classification of compounds 1. Noun compounds(1)a+n（hard disk, easy chair, deadline) (2) n+n（mousemat, Dream Team, information highway, etc.)（3) adv+n（after-effect, overburden）(4) gerund+n（chewing gum, reading lamp）(5）present participle+n（ruling class, floating bridge(6) v+n（swearword, driveway）(7) n+v（nightfall, toothpick, watersupply, snowfall）(8) v+adv(show-off, put-off)(9）adv+v(downfall, upset, upstart)2. adjective compounds (1) 由状语转化而成的复合形容词（an off-the cuff opinion(临时想起的一点意见）(2）短语动词（a stand-up collar (竖领）(3）动词不定式（take-home pay(扣除税后的实得工资）a cross-border raid(越界袭击）(4）定语从句压缩（a difficult-to-operate machine）3. verb compounds第四章：Acronymy: Initialism词首字母缩略词and Acronyms首字母缩略词Initialisms(首字母缩略词）Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name a technical term, or a phrase.（BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP(Very Important Person) Three types of letters represent full words: （CIA=Central Intelligence Agency ofthe ）letters represent elements in a compound or just part of a word:（ID=Identification(card)3. A letter represents the complete form of the first word, while the second word is in full form.(V-Day=Victory Day) Acronyms :are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.(SAM=surface-to-air missileSALT=Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Rapid growth of acronyms and initialisms :space-saving and time-saving devicesClipping: 1. Back clippings:(ad=advertisement;gas=gasoline ) clippings:(chute=parachute;) and back clippings:（flu=influenza;fridge=refrigerat or） 4. Phrase clippings:（pub=public house;pop= popular music）Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in it full form or both of which are not in their full . First part of the first word+the last part of the second word:（botel (boat+hotel):汽艇游客旅馆）2. First part of the first word+ First part of the second word:（psywar(psychological+warfare):心理战）3. Whole form of the first word +last part part of the second word:（viedophone (viedo+telephone))4. First part of the first word+ Whole form of the second word:（helipad (helicopter +pad)从文体色彩来看，拼缀词可分为以下三大类：1.俚语或临时语2.科技用语3. 报刊用语Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.Words From Proper Names From names of people From names of places From trdemarks From literature第五章：Word Meaning and Semantic Features1. Conventionality and Motivation Conventionality归略法：Most English words are conventioal, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its Motivation有理据的：Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense.①Phonetic motivation: Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words,whose pronounciation suggests the show a close relationship of sound to sense.（miaow of a cat; roar of a lion; quack of a duck）②Morphological motivation:When a word is morphologically motivated, a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. （anticancer, kilometer, etc.）③Semantic motivation:It refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association.隐喻：在20世纪的绝大部分的时间里，隐喻被认为是语义演变的主要因素。