英文电影台词中委婉语的构成与表征
英剧《是首相》中的委婉语分析
文学评论·影视文学英剧《是，首相》中的委婉语分析彭军 长春理工大学摘 要：委婉语是为了达到理想的交际效果而采用的一种策略，具有重要的交际功能。
本文以经典英剧《是，首相》为语料，对其中的委婉语做了具体分析。
以期使观众更好地理解剧中巧妙的语言运用。
关键词：《是，首相》；委婉语；分析作者简介：彭军（1993-），女，汉，河北邢台人，长春理工大学英语语言文学研一硕士在读，研究方向为英语教学与语言学。
[中图分类号]：J8 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2017)-18-144-01一、引言委婉语是人类社会普遍存在的一种语言现象，指在特定的言语交际环境制约或作用下，为适应社会文化传统规范、风俗习惯和交际主体的心理需要，表达者不直言其事或直说本意，而选用具有与直接语所指或含义相同的语言手段或言语手段来替代或转换表达。
简言之，在日常生活中为了达到有效甚至高效交际，人们往往用一些模糊的、令人愉快的或礼貌的表达方式以避免一些话语所引起的人们情绪上或心理上的不适，这种语言现象就是委婉表达法。
委婉语作为一种社会文化现象，渗透在日常生活的方方面面。
本文拟从《是，首相》这一语料出发，探讨委婉语这一普遍存在的语言文化现象, 进一步揭示委婉语的内在结构和重要性。
二、委婉语在《是，首相》中的体现1.关于神灵的委婉语。
剧中首相的言语比较直白，语气也较为随意，语气词运用较多。
在第一季第一集中，首相用blimey来表达他对电报机用途的惊讶。
以及在第一季第二集中用good lord来体现其民调中反对征兵的人数的百分比。
实际上这两个委婉语都是由My God发展而来，这些委婉语传达给人的信息是：上帝的名字是神圣的。
在英语中，God, Gosh, Our Father等词语都可以拿来描述上帝。
2.关于体型和外貌的委婉语。
人们通常会采用较为委婉的语言对人的身体进行描述，如用 slim代替bony lady，用plump形容过于肥胖的人。
影片《阿甘正传》委婉语论略
影片里珍妮和阿甘在珍妮公寓里有 过 一 段 对 话,珍 妮 问 阿甘有没有 跟 女 孩 子 在 一 起 过. 珍 妮 使 用 了 委 婉 语,用 “be
１１６
withagirl”婉指 发 生 男 女 关 系. 阿 甘 说 他 在 学 校 上 家 政 课 的时候曾经有过,很显然他只听懂了字面 意 思 并 没 有 听 明 白 珍妮的真正意思.中尉在越南战争中 受 了 重 伤,失 去 了 生 育 能力.他的 朋 友 质 问 他 时 (Didyouloseyourpacketinthe warorsomething?),用 了 “packet”一 词 委 婉 表 达 性 器 官 .
按照委婉语的构 成 手 段,可 以 将 委 婉 语 分 为 “语 音 类 委 婉语”“词汇语义 类 委 婉 语”“语 法 类 委 婉 语 ”.«汉 语 委 婉 语 词典»(张拱贵等,１９９６)按 照 婉 指 对 象,将 委 婉 语 分 为 “宗 教 与迷信”“死亡与殡 葬”“疾 病 与 伤 残”“分 泌 与 排 泄 ”“性 爱 与 生育”“身 体 器 官 与 生 理 变 化 ”“犯 罪 与 惩 罚 ”“职 业 与 境 遇 ” “战乱与灾祸”“政治与经济”“缺点与错误”“家 庭 与 婚 配”“人 际关系与称谓”“品质与性情”“动植 物 名 称”等. 委 婉 语 目 的 主要包括避 讳、礼 貌、掩 饰、文 雅、诙 谐 等. 大 多 数 委 婉 语 都 是出于避讳目的.“性爱与生育”是日 常 生 活 的 禁 忌,人 们 通 常 避 免 直 接 提 及,出 于 避 俗 求 雅 的 目 的,会 使 用 委 婉 语,如 “trialmarriage”“freelove”“beintimatewith”“haveanaffair with”“go to bed with”“have relationship with”“zipper gate”等 .
英语电影对白中的委婉语
英语电影对白中的委婉语Euphemism in English film dialogue s 摘要：英语电影对白中的委婉语是电影常见的一种语境，对委婉语的研究同研究任何语言的表达方式一样，需要进行深入的剖析、科学的探研，本文也是立足于深入、科学的角度出发，从英语电影对白中使用委婉语的作用、英语电影对白中委婉语的表现方式、英语电影对白中委婉语的文化分析和英语电影对白中委婉语的语言魅力等四个方面，进行全面的展开和深刻的诠释，为的是让大家对英语电影对白中的委婉语有一个较为彻底的研究和理解。
关键词：电影；英语对白；委婉语Abstract: English movie white in the of euphemism language is movie common of a context, on euphemism language of research with research any language and speech as, needs entered in-depth of analysis, and science of exploration Institute, this is based Yu in-depth, and science of angle departure, from English movie white in the using euphemism language of role, and English movie white in the euphemism language of performance way, and English movie white in the euphemism language of culture analysis and English movie white in the euphemism language of language charm, four a aspects, for full of expand and deep of interpretation, To allow everyone to euphemism in English film dialogues for a more thorough study and understanding.Key words:The movie； Film in English; euphemism1.英语电影对白中使用委婉语的作用要想论证出英语电影对白中使用委婉语的作用，首先还是要解析委婉语的概念，即英语电影中委婉语的概念。
电影《阿甘正传》中委婉语的文化透视
电影《阿甘正传》中委婉语的文化透视［摘要］语言是文化的载体，是社会生活的反映。
委婉语是人类社会中普遍存在的一种语言现象，是人们语言交际的“润滑剂”。
它不仅是一种社会语言现象，更是一种文化现象。
通过委婉语，人们可以了解不同民族的语言、思想以及文化。
委婉语在各个领域都有广泛的应用，对于我们学好英语，进行有效的跨文化交际有很大的帮助。
美国电影《阿甘正传》中使用大量委婉语来表现出人们内心的焦虑、害怕、虚伪、羞怯等，由此体现出不同民族的文化、习俗及价值观。
［关键词］ 《阿甘正传》；委婉语；文化《阿甘正传》（ Forrest Gump ），是一部根据美国作家温斯顿•格鲁姆的同名小说改编的美国电影。
在1995年度第67届奥斯卡金像奖角逐中，该片最终获得最佳影片、最佳导演、最佳男主角、最佳改编剧本、最佳剪辑、最佳特技效果六项大奖,获得了巨大的成功。
时至今日，当我们再次回味这部电影的时候，依然能感受到它对人们心灵的震撼和冲击。
电影《阿甘正传》取得如此成功的因素之一是其语言的设计和使用。
“与一般语言不同，电影语言是一种直接诉诸观众的视听感官，以直观的、具体的、鲜明的形象传达含义的艺术语言，具有强烈的艺术感染力。
”［1］简单地说，电影语言一般是经过艺术加工的口头语言，大多是面对面地口头交际，带有明显的口语特点。
而在日常的口语表达中，委婉语有着较高的使用频率。
本文从社会语言学的视角，来分析《阿甘正传》中所使用的委婉语及其所蕴含的丰富文化。
世界上几乎每个民族的文化中都有一些令人尴尬或不愉快的话题，但是这些话题，作为语言的一部分，又不得不提到，因此产生作为这些话题的替代——委婉语。
人类使用委婉语的历史非常悠久，这一语言现象的传统性历史渊源，英语词euphemism最早来自古希腊语。
“eu”在希腊语中的意思是“well”或“sounding well”，即“好”，“听起来好”；“phone”意为“speech”，即“说话”，合起来其意思便是“说话好听”［2］。
唐顿庄园中委婉语的研究
唐顿庄园中委婉语的研究《唐顿庄园》是一部备受欢迎的英国电视剧，讲述了该庄园主人家族的生活和争端。
在剧中，观众可以听到许多深奥而委婉的说话方式，这些说话方式既反映了时代背景，又反映了不同社会阶层的交际方式。
本文将围绕“唐顿庄园”中的委婉语进行探讨。
一、社会阶层的交际方式在《唐顿庄园》中，不同社会阶层的人物之间，表达思想的方式是有所不同的。
例如，在与同阶层的人交流时，贵族们往往使用更为正式、华丽的语言，以展现自己的高贵身份。
而在与低阶层的人交流时，他们则往往使用更为平易近人、直率的语言。
由此可见，社会阶层对于交际方式有着极大的影响。
无论是用华丽的语言表示尊重，还是用平易近人的语言表达友好，都是基于阶层差距的社交规则。
二、传统文化的影响在剧中，许多角色的对话方式反映了所受的传统文化影响。
例如，爵士爷爷和女佣艾尔玛经常使用古老的口音和方言。
这种使用传统语言的方式表明他们的身份和文化背景，也反映了维护传统文化的态度。
同时，这些说话方式也透露出当时的社交习俗和礼仪。
例如，许多角色在表达感谢或请求时都会使用委婉语，这是一种尊重对方的方式，也是传统文化中的一种习俗。
三、时代背景下的委婉语时代背景对于委婉语的使用也有着重要的影响。
在电视剧中，主人公们身处的时代是20世纪早期，这是英国社会逐渐转型，社会阶层开始融合的时期。
因此，许多角色的语言方式都反映了这种变革。
例如，许多贵族人物更多地使用委婉语，表现出一种与时俱进的态度。
同时，随着工业革命、科技发展等社会变革的影响，不同行业的人之间的交际方式也发生了变化。
四、结论总体来说，《唐顿庄园》中的委婉语反映了当时英国社会的特点和社交规则。
这些说话方式基于社会阶层、传统文化以及时代背景等因素。
了解这些委婉语的含义和用法，不仅让观众更好地理解影片，更能实现跨文化交际。
英文电影台词中委婉语研究以电影阿甘正传为例
英文电影台词中委婉语研究以电影阿甘正传为例摘要委婉语是一种普遍的现象，不仅仅是语言现象，还是一种社会文化现象。
人们在日常的社交活动中常常会使用一些委婉语含蓄地表达自己的某些想法，从而避免交流时的尴尬，缓解对方的不悦。
委婉语是人们协调人际关系的一种重要手段。
在日常生活中适当使用委婉语不仅有利于保持相互间和谐的关系，而且能促进双方的交流效果。
本文主要以电影《阿甘正传》为例，在真实的语境下研究委婉语现象。
本文认为，委婉语是不可能独立出现而存在的，它一定是存在于某个语境中、某个背景下的。
而且，委婉语其实并不仅限于词汇与词组层面，它还有可能是某个语境中的一句句子、一段话等等。
只要它符合委婉语含蓄、隐晦的特点，它也可以称之为委婉语。
本文精心挑选了电影《阿甘正传》中的一些经典委婉语，从文化背景以及交际语境等方面分析，研究委婉语的特点、类型、未来发展等。
关键词: 委婉语、英文电影、《阿甘正传》AbstractEuphemisms is a common phenomenon, not only a language phenomenon, but also a social and cultural phenomenon. In the daily social activities, people often use some euphemismsss to express some of their own ideas implicitly, so as to avoid the embarrassment of communication and ease each other’s displeasure. Euphemisms is an important means of coordinating interpersonal relationships. Appropriate use of euphemisms in daily life not only is conducive to maintaining a harmonious relationship between each other, but also can promote the communicative effect of both sides.This paper mainly takes the movie “Forrest Gump” as an example and research the phenomenon of euphemisms in the real context . In this paper, euphemism is impossible to exist independently and it must exist in a context or a background. Moreover, euphemism is not only limited to the level of vocabulary and phrase, but also exist in a sentence, a passage and so on in a context. As long as it conforms to the subtle and obscure features of euphemisms, it can also be called euphemisms. This paper carefully selected some classic euphemisms in the movie “Forrest Gump” and study the characteristics, types, future development, etc. of euphemisms from the cultural background ,the context of communication and other aspects.Key words: euphemism, English movie, Forrest GumpContentsChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction of Euphemisms 11.2 Theoretical Significance of Euphemisms 2Chapter 2 Literature Review 42.1 Study of Euphemisms in China 42.2 Study of Euphemisms abroad 52.3 Status Quo of the Study of Euphemisms 6Chapter 3 Euphemismss in English Movies 73.1 Pragmatic Study of Euphemisms in English Movies 73.2 The Future Development of Euphemisms in English Movies 12Chapter 4 Euphemisms in English Movies in the Case of Forrest Gump 144.1 Euphemisms of Death in Forrest Gump 144.2 Euphemisms of Sex in Forrest Gump 154.3 Euphemisms of Army in Forrest Gump 164.4 Other Euphemisms in Forrest Gump 17Chapter 5 Conclusion 18WORKS CITED 19Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction of euphemisms1.1.1 Brief Introduction of EuphemismsEuphemism is a kind of linguistic phenomenon which is prevalent in human society, and it is an important means for people to develop interpersonal relationship in language use. It is also the interpersonal lubricant. Euphemism exists in many languages, reflecting different social and cultural connotations. This paper expounds the phenomenon from the language expression of euphemism and its manifestation of pragmatic principles, so as to reveal the influence of linguistic nature and pragmatic factors on it.1.1.2 Types of EuphemismsFrom the expression, English euphemisms can generally be divided into two types. They are traditional euphemisms and stylistic euphemisms. The so-called traditional euphemism refers to the ones that are raw, sick, dead, buried, sex, naked, pull, withdrawal or other taboo things. If it is expressed directly, it will be taboo and give the people feelings of rough and blunt. On the contrary, if it is expressed indirectly, it will be called euphemism and give people the impression of elegant, subtle and polite. As a matter of fact, the so-called stylistic euphemism is complimented, with complacent words, and taboo is not related. In the process of communication, in order to express the courtesy, in order to avoid the stimulus, or in order to fight for cooperation, people sometimes use the exaggerated approach for some unpleasant things in good faith.From the frequency of use, we can divide euphemisms into two types. They are general euphemisms and temporary euphemism. In general, euphemism is a ready-made language unit that is popular in a language community for a certain period of time. Temporary euphemisms that we know literally are obviously “temporary” and “individual”.From the scope of euphemisms, it can be divided into the following types. They are euphemisms of death, euphemisms of disease, euphemisms of body, euphemisms of war, euphemisms ofgovernment, euphemisms of diplomatic and so on.1.1.3 Characteristics of EuphemismIn the first place, euphemism keeps pace with times. When the times are changing, the language is changing with the pace of it. In the process of the changing of times and language, new words are emerging and old words are gradually disappearing. As a matter of fact, euphemisms are the same. With the expansion of the scope of use and after being recognized by people and became fixed euphemisms, a small number of euphemisms used in some cases are temporary. There is no doubt that fixed euphemisms are relative, because over time, euphemisms will gradually lose the characteristics of euphemisms. With the development of the African American human rights movement, in the United States, we have changed our call on the people with dark skins from “Negro” to “black people”. The present euphemism of “African American” is enough to show the mark of its age.In the second place, euphemism is regional. In history, different regions has different culture and its traditional taboo is also different. This difference is reflected in the language of the geographical differences. For example, the British called the condom as “a French thing”, at the same time, the French called the condom as “a British thing”. What is the same is that they both have a social habit to avoid things, however,what is different is that the different regions have different argument.In the third place, euphemism is algebraic. In different contexts, or even in the same context, different ages, identities, status, or different levels of education are not the same. For example, on the aspect of going to the toilet, the lady may say “to powder one’s nose”; the men may say “to go to the toilet to relieve oneself” because nature calls for nature’ s urgency; while the children may say “go to the pot”.Last but not least, euphemism has ambiguity. There are many vague elements in euphemismss, and euphemism is the use of the ambiguity of this language, so that some words expand. People often use euphemisms or vocabulary to vaguely refer to some things that they do not want to say, such as a variety of sadness and disease. Therefore, euphemisms of this ambiguity can cover up the brutal reality. What’ s more, some linguists even point out that euphemisms are replaced by less accurate or semantically more vague words to replace those much more accurate words.1.2 Theoretical Significance of EuphemismsEuphemism is a linguistic phenomenon prevalent in human society. It is a kind of language that uses the harmless or sweet words to replace those words which are more direct or abrupt, and conceal the facts in good faith. Adjusting the interpersonal relationship is one of the important means. It is a rhetoric and cultural phenomenon. Because euphemism has a strong convincing and a good modification effect, people from all over the world and all works of life like using it. In addition, English euphemism has become a part of English culture which can not broken away. As a matter of fact, English euphemism is not only one of the most important parts of English, but also one of the most important topic in cross-cultural communication. What’s more, English euphemism is not only a kind of social language phenomenon, but also a kind of cultural phenomenon. With the progress of society, the development of human civilization, euphemismss is always accompanied by the whole society of speech communication process, and fullydemonstrated its communication function. euphemism is widely used in various fields, so understanding the communicative function of euphemism is of great help to learn English well and to carry out effective cross-cultural communication.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Study of Euphemisms in ChinaEuphemisms firstly appeared in The Book of Songs, so it has a long history in China. However, there is not much research on it. In 1976, Chinese scholar Chen Wangdao defined euphemisms in his book Rhetoric, and studied euphemisms from the perspective of rhetoric. From the beginning of Mr. Chen Wangdao, in a long period of time, our language researchers on euphemisms do the research mainly from the perspective of rhetoric. Their research broke through the word, the word level of the study, the concept of euphemisms extended to the sentence, and even the level of the chapter. In the 1970s and 1980s, foreign sociolinguistic theory was introduced into China. The special social function of euphemisms has been influenced by scholars who are engaged in sociolinguistic research. In 1983, The social linguistics published by Chen Y uan, starting from the profound historical and social psychological background of euphemism reveals the social essence of the phenomenon of euphemisms, and analyzes the euphemisms from the example of euphemisms. Characteristics and the use of features, the study of euphemisms has an important reference value. Since then, the study of euphemisms in Chinese can be divided into two categories. One is inherited a long history of taboo phenomenon, Mr. Chen Beijiao published Chinese language taboo in 1991. As the representative of the other is inherited the study of euphemism in rhetoric, and continued to study euphemism as a rhetoric. After a series of studies in the eighties in China to carry out Five Stresses Four Beautiful in the linguistic study of language beauty activities focused on a number of results, scattered in all kinds of rhetorical papers published.In the second year of “Chinese Language Learning”, Shu Dingfang published the euphemism in Modern Chinese. The first attempt was to describe and explore the structure and scope of euphemism in modern Chinese from the perspective of modern linguistics. In addition, it is worth mentioning that, with the social psychology and culture in the rise and development of our country, some people began to try from the perspective of culture and social psychology of the causes of euphemism to explore. During this period, some scholars in our foreign language circles were inspired by the study of euphemism, and published some papers. As Aaron published in the second issue of 1984, Foreign Language Journal on the contemporary English euphemism, Li Guonan published in the third issue of 1989, Foreign Language on the “English euphemisms and so on. These papers on the English euphemism in the composition of the way or use of the characteristics of a more systematic induction and finishing was to help people to better understand the phenomenon of euphemisms and have a certain impact.2.2 Study of Euphemisms abroadWestern scholars have a long history of studying euphemism, such as taboo’s attention and description in many adventurers and anthropologists in the narrative everywhere. As early as the early 1870s, British writer George Blunt pioneered the word euphemism and defined it as a good or favorable law of a bad word. Since then, many Western scholars have made great contributions to the study of euphemism. The American linguist Menken in The American Language combined with the historical and cultural background of American society, discussedhundreds of English euphemism generation and popular causes, for the euphemism study left a valuable legacy. In 1981, the British linguist Hugh Rawson compiled and published A Dictionary of euphemism and Other Double Talk, embodies the Anglo-American linguists over the years on euphemism research results, especially in the dictionary up to dozens of pages of preface. However, so far Chinese and foreign scholars to study euphemism in a variety of papers in the most outstanding one. This book not only traces the history of euphemism, but also discusses the characteristics of euphemism, the definition of euphemism, the classification of euphemisms, the scope of euphemism and so on. It is regarded as the classic study of euphemisms, and its theoretical significance is difficult to evaluate. The British linguist Leech proposed the principles of politeness as the principle of euphemism in the book of Principles of Pragmatics, as well as the principles of appropriateness, tolerance, praise, humility, consent and compassion. euphemism is one of the most polite languages, that is to say, to regulate human language in terms of politeness. Leach argues that the principle of cooperation should be complementary to the principle of politeness and form a complete theoretical system of the theory of the meaning of conversation. The United States of America Neaman and Silver published Kind Words, which was not only a treasures of euphemisms, but also a set of euphemisms for the masterpiece, has an important reference value. Another important book was “Fair of Speech”, which was published by Enright in 1985. In addition, The Uses of euphemism is a collection of euphemism and each paper only focuses on the use of euphemism in a certain aspect. Allan and Burridge published a book named euphemism and Dysphemism, which was written from the perspective of pragmatics euphemism.2.3 Status Quo of the Study ofEuphemismsHowever, there is no doubt that Despite the fact that the ancient and modern scholars on euphemism research has made some achievements, there still left a lot of shortcomings.In the first place, in the guiding ideology, people have not been fully aware of the proportion of euphemism in language usage and the importance of euphemism to reveal the essential characteristics of human communication.In the second place, in the specific research process, simple repetition is more serious, at the same time, many articles remain in the shallow presentation did not do in-depth and meticulous research.In the third place, the reference literature is relatively simple and there are few monographs on euphemism in China and abroad.In the fourth place, we are lacking of the scientific definition of euphemisms because many euphemism can not distinguish between both rhetoric and linguistic phenomena and dynamic speech processes and static speech outcomes. In addition, there are still a lot of problems of the definition, scope, structure and use of euphemism characteristics, research objectives and methods. In summary, many experts and scholars on the in-depth study of the English euphemisms have discussed a lot about its communication function. Their consensus is that English euphemism is an important rhetoric that is ubiquitous in all the aspects, and it is a lubricant that regulates the relationship between people. It has a taboo and courtesy, and cover the other functions. On the basis of predecessors’ theory, this paper analyzes the communicative function of English euphemism and puts forward their own opinions. I hope that English learners will improve their communicative competence and understand some cultural knowledge of western countries better.Chapter 3 Euphemisms in English Movies3.1 Pragmatic Study of Euphemisms in English MoviesLanguage communication is an important means for people to maintain social relations and interpersonal relationships. Therefore, in specific communication situations, people usually avoid using the language which will cause both sides to disrupt the relationship between the two sides, and take a tortuous way to the table.In the theory of conversational meaning, the American philosopher H. P. Grice argues that verbal communication has the desire to cooperate with each other and achieve the success of communication.Therefore, in order to make the communication smoothly and successfully, the two sides of the communication should jointly follow some principles such as truth, fullness, association and clarity, which are the principles of cooperation. These principles consist of four criteria: quantitative criteria, qualitative criteria, relations norms and guidelines. In other words, the speaker’s words should contain the information which is needed for the purpose of the conversation. That is to say, the speaker’s words should not exceed the information needed or show the meaning that the self is false or lack of sufficient evidenceEuphemisms, as a linguistic phenomenon, should also be influenced by the Grace Conversation Criteria. However, in a certain context, euphemism is contrary to the principles of these conversational cooperation. Euphemism, from the view of the violation of the principle of cooperation, results in the generation of conversational meaning. At the same time, they achieve the purpose of communication and the hidden and polite function. In the movie “Forrest Gump”, there exists many euphemisms which are contrary to the principles of conversation, to achieve the purpose of maintaining all the aspects of communication.3.1.1 Rules contrary to the numberThe number of guidelines dictates that we should provide the right amount of information when we speak, and that we should say nothing more. It mainly contains two aspects.The first one is the degree of detail required to achieve the words (the current purpose of the conversation);The second one is making the words that you do not exceed the information you need. The lack of information or the provision of excess information is contrary to the number of criteria.In the first place, in order to provide inadequate information to receive good communication effect, euphemisms will be taken as needed to omit the means to make its semantic ambiguous or faint vulgar, harsh or impolite part. Therefore, euphemism violates the quantitative criteria to a certain extent. For example, let us see the following conversation in Forrest Gump.Forrest Gump: Will you marry me? I’d make a good husband, Jenny.Jenny: Y ou would, Forrest.It is very obvious that for Forrest Gump’s proposal, Jenny deliberately violated the number of guidelines, that is not to provide the right amount of information. She intends to take the first question: Are you willing to marry me? She only responded to the second sentence of Forrest Gump, saying, “Y ou will (become a good husband)”. As a matter of fact, Jenny rejected the Forrest Gump’s proposal indirectly. However, this simple answer may be better than the direct answer of “No, I will not marry you, Forrest Gump.”Obviously, it is a kind of euphemism. For Forrest Gump, it may be the more suitable answer. As a matter of fact, if Jenny blindly follow the principle of cooperation, she will certainly hurt the heart of Forrest Gump. And then both sides of the conversation will get into an embarrassing situation. In the second place, euphemisms can help to provide excessive information. The so-called excessive information refers to that the speaker provides more information than the listener needs. In the actual process of communication, euphemism is contrary to this. Let me take an example. Diner: Do you have ducks here?Waiter: No, sir, but we can catch only duck and anger it, and then burn you to eat.In this conversation, the waiter only answered “no” on the diner’s question, but he deliberately said some more words. It was obvious that he violated the amount of the standard, but he used euphemisms to answer the question to a certain extent and made a humor effect to not only ease the atmosphere,but also to leave the diner a good impression. Now let us take a look at the conversation between Forrest Gump and his mother, Mrs. Gump, who will die. Mrs. Gump: I’m dying, Forrest, come on in, sit down over.Forrest Gump: Why are you dying momma?Mrs. Gump: It’s my time. It’s just my time. Oh, now do not you be afraid, sweetheart. Death is just a part of life. It’s something we all destined to do I did not know it, but I was destined to be your momma. I did the best I could....Mrs. Gump: Y ou’re gonna have to figure that out for yourself. Life is a box of chocolates. Forrest, you never know what you’re gonna get. I’ll miss you, Forrest.In the conversation, Forrest Gump asked why Mrs. Gump would die. Mrs. Gump replied: “It’s my time. ” In addition, she also said a lot to encourage Forrest Gump. For example, she told Forrest Gump not to be afraid and death was part of life. It was obvious that Mrs. Gump’s words violated the number of criteria for the second time, exceeding the required information than required the message is much more detailed. However, such a tactful answer for Forrest Gump would not have a fear of death, but the hope for life. That is to say, Forrest Gump would feel the endless love of his dearest mother. Supposed that Mrs. Gump simply answered the question of Forrest Gump, Forrest Gump would have the fear of death and the confusion of the future, which showed a wise and kind care and thought of the mother.3.1.2 Rules contrary to the qualityThe quality standard specifies the authenticity of the speech, that is to say, the speaker is required to tell all the truth and not tell any lies. However, euphemism violates this criterion. As a matter of fact, it either overstates the facts, or low-key statements of the original situation of the shortcomings or deficiencies. (Xu Haiming, 1996) The purpose of doing so is to convey some invisible information to the hearer, expressing implicit meaning. Let’s take a look at the conversation between Forrest Gump’s mother, Mrs. Gump and the school’s staff, Mr. Hillcock.Mr. Hillcock: We’re a progressive school system. We do not want to see anybody left behind. Is there a Mr. Gump, Mrs. Gump?Mrs. Gump: He is on vacation.First of all, Mr Hillcock would like to know if Mr. Gump is at home, but he felt it straight to askthis question of the sudden. Therefore, he used euphemism to ask this sensible question. He used “Is there a Mr. Gump, Mrs. Gump?” instead of “Is Mr. Gump at home?” Of course, Mrs. Gump understood his true intentions, but she did not want someone else or Forrest Gump to know that Mr. Gump was dead, or did not want to mention her husband’s death. For fearing of her son’s entry as a normal child, she replied that “He is on vacation ” instead of “Y es” or “No”. It was obvious that she intends to avoid telling the truth that she was a widow. And this euphemism is contrary to the principle of quality. Let me take another conversation as an example. In this conversation, Forrest Gump asked his mother a question.Forrest Gump: Mama, what’s “vacation” mean?Mrs. Gump: V acation?Forrest Gump: Where daddy went?Mrs. Gump: V acation is when you go somewhere and you do not ever come backForrest Gump asked his mother, Mrs. Gump, what “vacation” means. Mrs. Gump answered that the vacation was “when you go somewhere and you do not ever come back”. Mrs. Gump deceived Forrest Gump and told him the information which was not true. However, it was a white lie, which also violated the quality standards. Mrs. Gump’s use of this euphemismss was to make Forrest Gump feel that his father was still alive in the world and he was just not with him and his mother. There are far more euphemisms in violation of the principle of quality in Forrest Gump. Let me take an example of Dan.Dan: I got an air strike in bounds right now. They’re going to nape the whole area. Gump, you stay here. God damn it. That’s an order.In this conversation, Dan used “air strike” to describe the war and the euphemism is intended to overstate the facts, violate the principle of quality, but dilute the cruelty and terror of the war. The use of the euphemism is to cover up the seriousness of things in order that people can get psychological comfort on it.3.1.3 Rules contrary to the associationThe association criteria stipulates that the words to be addressed are not related to the topic, and the words spoken by the speaker are related to the response of the listener, otherwise the conversations between the two parties can not proceed. However, in the actual process of communication, people often use euphemisms and some seemingly irrelevant words, intending to avoid the topic. This is through the violation of the association criteria to express euphemismss. Let me take an example.Person A: How do you like my coat?Person B: Oh, it is red.It seems that person B didn’t answer person A’s question and person B only expressed the meaning that person A’s coat is red. As a matter of fact, person B didn’t like person A’s coat. However, person B didn’t expressed his feeling directly. Person B just expressed the meaning of “I do not like your coat” to change the topic of the conversation indirectly and politely in order to avoid the embarrassment.What’s more, in the movie Forrest Gump, Forrest Gump and Jenny had a conversation like this. Jenny answered Forrest Gump respectively and it is the conversation that reflected theeuphemisms on the association criteria violation.Forrest Gump: I want to be your boyfriend.Jenny: That uniform is a trip, Forrest, you look handsome in it. Y ou do.In this conversation, Forrest Gump told Jenny to be her boyfriend. However, Jenny had her own ideals and pursuits, and she did not want a plain life like Forrest Gump. As for Jenny, she wanted to be a famous singer and what she wanted was freedom. When the repression brought, Forrest Gump is not the best candidate for Jenny. In order to avoid embarrassment and not to hurt Forrest Gump’s sincere and persistent love, Jenny made her best to give a positive answer and statement, saying that Forrest Gump looked so good in this uniform. As a matter of fact, Jenny could not bear to refuse Forrest Gump directly. She really loved Forrest Gump, but she might not be the most suitable wife for Forrest Gump. They had different life goals and aims. What Jenny wanted was exciting and surprising life of being a famous singer, however, what Forrest Gump wanted was the plain life in the countryside with his beloved families. Therefore, Jenny indirectly expressed the meaning of “I do not want to be your girlfriend” with a strategy that violated the association criteria, providing an excuse and an escape route for herself.In addition, the following Conan and unfamiliar black women’s conversation also violated the association criteria.Forrest Gump: Those must be comfortable shoes. I’ll bet you could walk all day in shoes like that and not feel a thing. I wish I had shoes like that.Nurse: My feet hurt.Forrest Gump: Momma always says there’s an awful lot you could tell about a person by their shoes. Where they’re going, where they’ve been.In this conversation, Forrest Gump greedy black women wearing a pair of comfortable shoes, saying: “I also want to have a pair of such shoes”. However, the black women said, “My foot hurt.” Her answer was not related to the words of Forrest Gump, so it violated the association criteria. What she really wanted to express was that this pair of shoes was not comfortable or she did not want to continue to talk with Forrest Gump. Forrest Gump, after hearing the black woman’s answer, did not talk about her feet, but continued to talk about her topic. In this conversation, Forrest Gump violated the association guidelines, but he still continued the conversation.3.1.4 Rules contrary to the methodThe way the guidelines in the expression of the request is to ask the speaker concise straightforward and not to use semantic vague words. However, the euphemism deviates from the way to avoid obscure, to avoid long-winded, to avoid redundant words over the sentence of the three times, the performance of the language fuzzy, derogatory praise, the value of the language and other characteristics.For example: a doctor sent a death notice that you had better get your affairs in order. From the surface form, contrary to the principle of avoiding long-winded, but it euphemistically transmitted the patient’s death information, and reduce the harm to the patient’s family.Let me take an example, Forrest Gump’s headmaster Mr. Hillcock said to Forrest Gump’s mother that:“Y our boy’s different, Mrs. Gump. His I. Q. is 75.”。
英文委婉语在美剧《绝望主妇》中的应用探讨
195科技资讯 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INFORMATIONDOI：10.16661/ki.1672-3791.2108-5042-6761英文委婉语在美剧《绝望主妇》中的应用探讨魏斯佳(成都锦城学院 四川成都 610031)摘 要：随着人际交往的日益频繁，英语委婉语俨然已经成为一种普遍存在的语言现象。
作为一种典型的语用现象，委婉语在人际关系中的“润滑”作用达到了举足轻重的地位；更为重要的是，它反映着英美国家的价值观念和文化传统，因此了解委婉语对于熟悉英美文化、实现跨文化交际有着重要的意义。
该文在简要介绍英语委婉语定义的基础上，简要阐述委婉语的语用现象，对美剧《绝望主妇》中所出现的委婉语的应用进行分析探讨。
关键词：英文委婉语 交际功能 语用特征 绝望主妇中图分类号：I207.352 文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-3791(2021)08(b)-0195-04On the Application of English Euphemism in American TVSeries Desperate HousewivesWEI Sijia（Chengdu Jincheng College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610031 China)Abstracts: With the increasing frequency of interpersonal communication, English euphemism has become a common language phenomenon. As a typical pragmatic phenomenon, euphemism plays an important role in the lubrication of interpersonal relations. More importantly, it ref lects the values and cultural traditions of British and American countries. Therefore, the understanding of euphemism is of important signif icance for us to get familiar with the Western culture and to put the cross-cultural communication into practice. In the American TV series Desperate Housewives, euphemisms have been used a lot as the way to express feelings such as fear, anxiety, shyness, vanity, which ref lect culture, customs and values from different ethic group. On the basis of the def inition, this thesis gives a brief analysis of the euphemism used in American TV series Desperate Housewives .Key Words: Euphemism; Communicative function; Pragmatic feature; Desperate Housewives作者简介：魏斯佳（1989—），女，硕士，助教，研究方向为英语教育。
美剧《生活大爆炸》中委婉语分析
三 、 婉 语 的 特 征 委
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的、 尴尬 的或令人不愉快的语言表达 ， 转而使 用间接 的、 和 温
的、 委婉表达方式 。通过委 婉语 ， 我们 既能 掌握英 语 日常交 际的准则 ， 又可 以了解英语 国家 的文化习俗 。 委婉语使用之 广是 大家难 以想 象的 ， 正如 美 国学 者 休．
［ 作者简介］徐艳丽 ， ， 女 内蒙古科技 大学外 国语学院教师。
词语替代那些较直接 的 、 唐突 的言词 ， 善意 的话语 把事 实 用
掩盖起来 的修饰手段 。它不仅是一种社会 语言现象 ， 更是 一
种文化现象 。委婉语是典型的礼貌语言 ， 是故 意违反合作 原
则的某些准则 ， 交谈 中不用直 接 的方式 ， 是通过 某种方 在 而 式间接地 、 转弯抹角” 表达 自己的语用 现象 ， “ 地 是现代 交 际 的趋势。在当今和谐社 会里 ， 人们 都尽 量避 开直接 的 、 粗俗
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美国 ，生 活大爆炸》 《 吸引 了无 数年轻 好学 的青年人 ， 该剧 是
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部以“ 学天 才” 背景 的情 景 喜剧。主人 公 Ｌｏ ａ 科 为 ｅｎ ｒ ｄ和
ｐｓｅ ｗ ｙ （ ａｓｄａ ａ ” 你叔叔 已离我们 而去 ） 这也是 汉语经 常 用来 ， 指代死亡的词组 ： 走了” “ 。在英语 中表达死亡 的词组大 部分 和宗教有 关 ， 比如 ，ｏｔ ｅｖｎ 上 天堂 ） ｇ ｉ ｔｅｈ ａ— ｇ ｈａｅ （ Ｏ ，ｏｔ ｊ ｎ ｈ ｅｖ ｏｏ ｅｌ ｈｉ 加入天 堂唱诗 班 ） ｏｍ ｅ ｏｅ ｓＭａｅ（ ｎｙｃｏｒ （ ，ｔ ｅｔ ｎ ’ ｋ ｒ 去见 上
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万方数据
万方数据
英文电影台词中委婉语的构成与表征
作者：范冰
作者单位：浙江传媒学院国际文化传播学院,浙江,杭州,310018
刊名：
电影文学
英文刊名：MOVIE LITERATURE
年，卷(期)：2010(14)
1.赵艳芳认知语言学概论 2001
koff G;Johnson M Metaphors We Live By 1980
3.李国南辞格与词汇 2001
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2.李玲影视英语中委婉语的社会文化透视[期刊论文]-电影评介2009(20)
3.罗雷.张春阳浅析英汉广告中的委婉语[期刊论文]-商场现代化2008(18)
4.杨港解读英语禁忌语与委婉语的关联性:从西方电影对白谈起[期刊论文]-电影文学2007(18)
5.付丹枫.Fu Dan-feng浅析委婉语在冯小刚电影中的运用[期刊论文]-电影评介2009(24)
6.李青苗.LI Qing-miao《左传》委婉语的隐喻和转喻特征[期刊论文]-古籍整理研究学刊2010(3)
7.尹群.Yin Qun汉语委婉语与其他语言替代现象的区别[期刊论文]-语文研究2007(4)
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