语言学专业术语
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释语言学是研究语言的一门学科，涉及语言的结构、功能、变化和发展等方面的研究。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语言中各种语音的产生、传播和感知等方面的学科。
2. 语音语言学（Phonology）：研究语音在特定语言中的音位（音素）和音位组合规则的学科。
3. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言的句法结构、词法结构和语义结构等方面的学科。
4. 句法学（Syntax）：研究语言中句子的结构和组织方式的学科。
5. 语义学（Semantics）：研究语言中词汇和句子的意义、概念和关系的学科。
6. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究语言中词汇的组成、形态、构词规则等方面的学科。
7. 词义学（Semantics）：研究词汇中词义的构成、关系和词义的变化等方面的学科。
8. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在具体语境中的使用方式以及语言的上下文相关性等方面的学科。
9. 文法学（Stylistics）：研究语言使用中的文体、修辞手法、语言风格等方面的学科。
10. 母语（Mother tongue）：一个人从小学会并用于日常交际的语言。
11. 第二语言（Second language）：在学习者的母语之外学习的语言。
12. 语言接触（Language contact）：不同语言之间在社会、文化接触中产生的相互影响和借用的现象。
13. 语言变异（Language variation）：指同一个语言在不同社会、地理和使用者间发生的音、词、句法等方面的变化。
14. 语言变化（Language change）：指语言在漫长的时间内逐渐变化和发展的过程。
15. 语言规范（Language standardization）：制定和规范一个语言的正确用法、标准词汇和语法规则的过程。
16. 语言习得（Language acquisition）：指儿童在自然环境中学习母语的过程。
语言学术语——精选推荐
语⾔学术语abbreviation缩写法acculturation语⾔⽂化移⼊acoustic phonetics声学语⾔学acronym词⾸字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话⼈addressee受话⼈adjacency毗邻Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦⾳Afroasiatic⾮亚语系agreement rule⼀致关系规则allophone⾳位变体alveolar齿龈⾳alveolus齿龈angular gyrus⾓形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词apocope词尾⾳脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者applied linguistics应⽤语⾔学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatory phonetics发⾳语⾳学articulatory variable发⾳变项aspiration送⽓assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语⾳学Austronesian…语系Babbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元⾳Behaviorism⾏为主义Behaviorist learning theory⾏为主义学习理论Behaviorist Psychology⾏为主义⼼理学Bilabial双唇⾳Bilingualism双语现象Black English⿊⼈英语Blending混合法Borrowing借⽤bound morpheme黏着语素brain lateralization⼤脑左右半球侧化branching node分叉点broad transcription宽式⾳标Broca’s area布罗卡区caretaker speech保姆语case格Case Condition格条件case marking格标志causative verb使役动词central vowel中元⾳cerebral cortex⼤脑⽪层cerebral plasticity⼤脑弹性channel渠道classical language古典语⾔clipping略写法closed class word封闭类词code代码code-switching代码切换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词color word⾊彩词combinational rule组合规则commissives承诺类communicative competence交际能⼒comparative reconstruction⽐较重建法competence语⾔能⼒complement补语complement construction补⾜语complementarity互补性反义现象complementary distribution互补分布complex sentence复合句componential analysis成分分析法components of meaning意义成分compound word复合词compounding复合法computational linguistics计算语⾔学concept概念conceptualist view意念观consonant辅⾳constituent成分constituent structure成分结构constraint制约construction结构content word实词context语境;上下⽂contextualism语境论Contrastive Analysis对⽐分析法conversational implicature会话含义co-operative principle合作原则coordinate sentence并列句creativity创造性critical period关键期;临界期cultural transmission⽂化传播declaration宣告类deep structure深层结构dental齿⾳derivation派⽣法derivational morpheme派⽣语素derivative派⽣词descriptive linguistics描写语⾔学design feature识别特征determiner限定词diachronic linguistics历时语⾔学diacritics变⾳符号dialect⽅⾔dialectal synonym⽅⾔同义词dichotic listening test两⽿分听测试diglossia双⾔现象diphthong复合元⾳Directionalilty Parameter⽅位参数Directives指令类Displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctive feature区别性特征D-structure深层结构duality of structur结构⼆重性e double articulation结构⼆重性embedded clause⼦句emotive meaning表情意义entailment含义entity实体epenthesis插⼊⾳Error Analysis错误分析法euphemism委婉语evaluative meaning评价意义expressives表达类factive predicate叙述性谓词family tree谱系树feature symbol特征标记features of meaning意义特征finite clause定式字句finite verb定式动词formalize形式化fossilization语⾔僵化framework框架free morpheme⾃由语素fricative擦⾳front vowel前元⾳function word虚词functional shift功能性转换functor element起功能作⽤成分gender性Generative Grammar⽣成语法Generative Semantics⽣成语义学genetic predispotion基因先天条件genetic relationship亲缘关系glide滑⾳glottal喉⾳glottis声门graddabl opposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammatical meaning语法意义Great Vowel Shift元⾳⼤变位hard palate硬腭head核⼼词hemispheric dominance for language⼤脑半球的语⾔优势hierarchical structure层次结构high variety⾼层次变体historical comparative linguistics历史⽐较语⾔学historical linguistics历史语⾔学holophrastic sentence独词句homography同形homonymy同⾳异义；同形异义homophony同⾳异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词idiolect个⼈语⾔特点illocutionary act⾔外形为inconsistency⾃相⽭盾Indo-European印欧语系infinitive marker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectional morpheme曲折语素input输⼊instrumental motivation⼯具性学习动机intake接受integrativ emotivation介⼊性学习动机interference⼲扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化International Phonetic Alphabet国际⾳标interpersonmal communication⼈际交际intuition语调labeled (unlabeled) tree diagram加标记树形图labial唇⾳LAD语⾔习得机制language acquisition语⾔习得language behavior语⾔⾏为language center语⾔中枢language faculty语⾔机制language family语系language perception语⾔感知language planning语⾔规划language variation语⾔变异larynx喉lax vowel松元⾳level层；平⾯level of language语⾔层次lexical category词类lexical structure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇linear structure线性结构linguistic competence语⾔能⼒linguistic determinism语⾔决定论linguistic lateralization语⾔侧化linguistic performance语⾔运⽤linguistic relativism语⾔相对论linguistic repertoire全部语⾔变体linguistic taboo禁忌语linguistics语⾔学liquid流⾳loan word外来词localization定位locutionary act⾔内⾏为low variety低层次变体manner of articulation发⾳⽅法matrix clause主句maxim of manner⽅式准则maxim of quality质量准则maxim of quantity数量准则maxim of relation关联准则meaning意义meaningfulness有意义meaning relation意义关系mentalism⼼理主义mentalistic theory精神论message信息metathesis语⾳变位Middle English中世纪英语minimal pair最⼩对⽴对Modern English现代英语Monophthong单元⾳Morpheme词素morphlogical rule形态学规则morphology形态学mother tongue母语Move α移动α规则movement rule移位规则naming theory命名论narrow transcription严式⾳标narrowing of meaning词义缩⼩nasal cavity⿐腔nasality⿐⾳化nasalize⿐⾳化natural route of development⾃然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语⾔学家neuron神经元no-place predication空位述谓结构object宾语Old English古英语one-place predication⼀位述谓结构optimum age最佳学习年龄oral cavity⼝腔overextension扩展过度overgeneralization概括过度overt thought有声思维palatal腭⾳paralinguistic副语⾔学的parameter参数performance语⾔运⽤performance error语⾔运⽤错误perlocutionary act⾔后⾏为pharyngeal cavity咽腔phone⾳素phoneme⾳位phonemic contrast⾳位对⽴phonetic feature语⾳特征phonetics语⾳学phonological rule⾳位规则phonology⾳位学phrasal category词组类phrase structure rule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语place of articulation发⾳部位plosive爆破⾳polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元⾳后的pragmatics语⽤学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predication analysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive (grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositional content命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics⼼理语⾔学puberty青春期qualifying predication修饰性述谓结构Received Pronunciation标准发⾳Recursiveness循环性Reference所指语义referring expression所指名词register语域relational opposites关系反义词representation表达；呈现representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷⾆⾳rewrite rule重写规则rounded vowel圆唇元⾳SAE标准美国英语sapir-Whorf hypothesis…假设second language acquisition第⼆语⾔习得segment切分成分semantic anomaly语义异体semantic deviation语义变异semantic broadening语义⼴义化semantic narrowing语义狭义化semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学semantic structure语义结构semantic triangle语义三⾓sense意义sequential rule序列规则setting背景；环境sexist language性别歧视语sibilant咝⾳simple sentence简单句Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系situational dialect语域⽅⾔sociolect社会⽅⾔sociolinguistics社会语⾔学soft palate软腭species-specific capacity物种特有能⼒specifier指⽰语spectrograph频谱仪speech act⾔语⾏为speech community⾔语社区speech variety⾔语变体S-structure表层结构standard language标准语stem词⼲stimulus刺激stop爆破⾳stress重⾳structural constituency结构成分性structural linguistics结构主义语⾔学subject主语subordinate predication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocal predication⽆声⾔语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmental feature超切分特征surface structure表层结构synchronic linguistics共时语⾔synonymy同义词syntactic ambiguity句法歧义syntactic category句法类型syntactic rule句法规则syntax句法taboo word禁忌词target language⽬标语tautology同义反复teeth ridge齿龈隆⾻telegraphic speech电报式⾔语tense and aspect时和体tense vowel紧元⾳tone⾳调；声调tone language声调语⾔topic话题；主题transfer转移Transformational-Generative Grammar转换⽣成语法transformational rule转换规则tree diagram树形图two-place predication双位述谓结构unaspirated不送⽓underextension扩展不⾜Universal Grammar普遍语法Utterance话语utterance meaning话语意义uvula⼩⾆validity有效性variable变项velar软腭⾳velum软腭vernacular本地话；本国语vocal cord声带voiced浊⾳化的voiceless不带⾳的，清⾳的voicing带⾳化，浊⾳化vowel元⾳Wernicke’s area韦尼克区widening of meaning词义扩⼤X-bar theory X标杆理论。
语言学名词解释
一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。
2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。
It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。
3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。
4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。
100个最常用的语言学术语(欧美语言学)
100个最常用的语言学术语（“欧美语言学”课）1.语言language2.语言学linguistics3.语言学家linguist；philologist4.语法grammar5.语法单位grammatical unit6.语法形式grammatical form7.语法意义grammatical meaning8.语法手段grammatical device9.语法范畴grammatical category10.元音vowel11.辅音consonant12.语文学philology13.传统语法traditional grammar14.历史比较语言学historical comparative linguistics15.转换生成语法transformational generative grammar16.结构主义语言学structural linguistics17.应用语言学applied linguistic18.方言dialect19.语言教学language teaching20.语言规划language planning21.语言政策language policy22.语言学习策略language learning strategy23.发现程序discovery procedure24.语境context；language environment25.中介语interlanguage26.音位phoneme27.音节syllable28.语素morpheme29.词法morphology30.句法syntax31.交际法communicative approach32.认知cognition33.习得acquisition34.第二语言second language35.第二语言习得second language acquisition （SLA）36.自由语素free morpheme37.黏着语素bound morpheme38.复合词compound word39.普遍语法universal grammar，UG40.词类part of speech41.直接法direct method42.认同identification43.语言能力language competence44.语言机能language faculty45.交际能力communicative competence46.人工语言artificial language47.外语foreign language48.术语terminology；technical terms49.比较comparison50.对比语言学contrastive linguistics51.词典学lexicography52.母语mother tongue；native language53.语感linguistic intuition54.语料库corpus55.句子sentence56.前缀prefix57.结构structure58.希腊语Greek59.拉丁语Latin60.梵语Sanskrit61.语音学phonetics62.词汇学lexicology；lexics63.语用学pragmatics64.语源学（词源学）etymology65.词典学lexicography66.地理语言学geographic linguistics67.儿童语言学the study of child language68.翻译学translatology69.机器翻译machine translation70.计算语言学computational linguistics71.目的语target language72.普通语言学general linguistics73.社会语言学sociolinguistics74.实验语音学experimental phonetics75.缩略语abbreviation76.统计语言学statistical linguistics77.外来词/外语词loanword；foreign words78.网络语言cyber language；language used on the Internet79.文化语言学cultural linguistics80.心理语言学psycholinguistics81.音译词transliterated word82.语言信息处理language information processing83.语言哲学philosophy of language84.自然语言natural language85.格case86.逻辑学logic；logistics87.修辞学rhetoric88.词word89.相关性relativity90.黏着agglutination91.语言类型学linguistic typology92.音位学phonology；phonemics；phonematics93.构拟reconstruction94.组合关系syntactic relations；syntagma95.聚合关系paradigmatic relations96.功能function97.变体variant98.屈折inflection99.派生derivation100.直接成分immediate constituents （IC）。
语言学名词
语言学名词语言学名词是用来描述和研究语言现象和语言结构的专门术语。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释：1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语音产生、传播和接收的学科，包括音素的分类、语音能力和语音现象等。
2. 语音：语言中的基本声音单位，通过调节声带、口腔和喉咙等发音器官产生。
语音可以被分类为辅音和元音。
3. 辅音（Consonant）：通过喉咙、口腔和鼻腔等部位的阻碍或摩擦，产生的声音单位。
4. 元音（Vowel）：发音器官不受阻碍或摩擦，使空气顺畅通过口腔而产生的声音单位。
5. 语音形式学（Phonology）：研究语音符号在特定语言中的组合和分布规律的学科。
6. 语音规则（Phonological rules）：用来描述声音变化和音系结构的一套规则。
7. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言结构和组织的学科，包括句法、语义和语用等方面。
8. 句法（Syntax）：研究句子结构和成分之间的关系，以及句子的形式和结构组织。
9. 语义（Semantics）：研究词、短语和句子的意义和含义的学科。
10. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在特定语用背景下的使用和理解方式。
11. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究词汇的起源、结构、使用和意义等方面。
12. 词（Word）：语言中的基本意义单位，具有独立的意义和语法功能。
13. 词法（Morphology）：研究词的内部结构、形态变化和构词法的学科。
14. 语素（Morpheme）：语言中的最小意义单位，可以独立存在或者是其他词的构成组成部分。
15. 词义（Word meaning）：词语所表达的概念或事物的内涵。
16. 语篇（Discourse）：由句子和词组组成的扩展语言单位，表达完整的意义。
17. 修辞学（Rhetoric）：研究语言如何用于说服和交流的学科。
18. 语族（Language family）：具有共同源头和结构相似的一组语言。
语言学常用术语
语言学常用术语Language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistics: linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Phonetics: phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonology: phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.（研究语音和音节的结构，分布和序列，将音位视为起点，来处理语音系统）Morphology: morphology, as a part of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.（研究词的内部结构和构词原则）Syntax: syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Semantics: semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning. Pragmatics: pragmatics can be defined in various ways. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Sociolinguistics: sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.Psycholinguistics: psycholinguistics is the study of the mental processes of listening, speaking and acquisition of language by children.Prescriptive:Descriptive:Langue: langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.（语言是指语言系统的整体，这个政体相对比较稳定，言语是指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出来的具体话语）Parole: parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（语言能力是指理想语言使用者有关语言规则的知识储备）Performance: Chomsky defines performance as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（语言应用是指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用）Design features: design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.Arbitrariness: language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.Productivity: language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.Displacement: language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.Cultural transmission: while human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, but instead have to be taught and learned.Phone: a phone is a phonetic unit or segment.Phoneme: a phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but phonetic context.Morpheme: the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Prefix(suffix): it occurs only before other morphemes.(it occurs only after other morphemes)Root: a root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.Category: category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same of similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase of a verb.Transformation: transformation is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.Deep (surface) structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties is called deep structure. Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called surface structure.Performatives (constative): constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable; performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Synonymy: synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.Antonymy: antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.Homonymy: homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.Polysemy: while different words my have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.Hyponymy: hyponymy refers to the tense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.Dialect (7 types): regional dialect, sociolect, language and gender, language and age, ldiolect, ethnic dialect.Register: the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.Field (tenor, mode) of discourse: field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication.Learning strategy (3 types): cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, and affect / social strategies.Personality: a number of personality characteristics have been proposed as likely to affect second language learning, but it has been notoriously difficult to demonstrate the effects in empirical studies, it is largely due to the difficulty in identification and measurement.Culture: culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.Context: the notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.Acquisition: language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.Learning: learning is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about rules.Transfer (2 types): positive transfer, negative transferError (mistake): the errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt.Interlanguage (fossilization): the concept of interlanguage was established as learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. Fossilization is defined as a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.Language aptitude: language aptitude here refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.Motivation (4 types): instrumental motivation, integrative motivation, resultative motivation, and intrinsic motivation.。
普通语言学名词解释
普通语言学名词解释
普通语言学是一门研究语言的学科，它涉及语言的结构、功能和演化等方面。
以下是一些与普通语言学相关的重要术语的解释：
1. 语言：人类沟通和表达思想的系统，通过声音、符号或手势传达信息。
2. 语音：语言中有关音的方面的研究，如语音的产生、感知和分类等。
3. 语法：语言中句子和词汇的组织方式，包括词法、句法和语义等。
4. 语义：研究语言中的意义和概念的学科，涉及词义、句义和篇章意义等。
5. 语用学：关注语言使用情境和交际意图的学科，研究语言在实际交流中的功能和影响。
6. 语境：指语言使用中的环境和背景，包括物理环境和社会文化因素等。
7. 方言：同一语言在不同地区或社群中存在的变体，通常包含词汇、发音和语法等方面的差异。
8. 语族：具有共同历史和语言特点的语言群体，比如印欧语系和汉藏语系等。
9. 句子：语言中表达完整意思的一系列词或短语的组合。
10. 词汇：语言中的基本单位，可以代表具体事物、抽象概念或动作等。
11. 词法：研究词汇构成和词形变化等的学科，包括词根、词缀和派生等。
12. 句法：语法中关于句子结构和组成成分之间关系的研究，包括主语、谓语和宾语等。
13. 语言演化：语言在历史进程中的变化和发展，包括语音演化、词汇变化和语法变化等。
14. 语言习得：人类通过接触和经验逐渐学习掌握语言的过程。
15. 第二语言习得：学习其他语言的过程，通常指非母语的学习。
这些术语是普通语言学研究中常用的概念，有助于我们理解和探索语言的本质和使用。
语言学名词
语言学名词语言学是研究语言系统的科学。
它涉及结构、语音、意义和上下文的方面，以了解语言本质的组成部分如何影响其表示意义。
语法：语法指的是一种语言中有效的结构或句子构造。
它包括词汇、句法、句子结构、修辞格等。
语音学：语音学是研究语言声音特征的科学。
它所涉及的内容不仅包括声调、音节、清晰度、语音模式等，还涉及不同语言的语音差异。
概念学：概念学是一门研究语言中抽象概念的学科。
它着眼于如何理解和使用特定语言中的术语，以达到更深层次的理解。
文化学：文化学是研究语言如何受到文化和社会背景影响的科学。
它主要关注语言在各种文化和社会环境中的发展和使用情况，以及在这种背景下，它如何影响语言使用。
话语理论：话语理论是研究话语和它们之间的关系的科学。
它涉及的主题包括言外之意、对话分析、调节和歧义等。
语义学：语义学是研究语言中单词、句子和文章的含义的科学。
它包括了语义分析、语义论、语义推理和词汇学等。
认知语言学：认知语言学是研究语言和思维之间的关系的科学。
它旨在探讨语言与人们的认知过程——如记忆、思维、行为、感知等——的联系，以及如何通过语言改变人们的思维方式。
语用学：语用学是研究语言使用的科学，以及使用者如何通过语言来表达意图的科学。
它的研究以实际的语言现象为基础，着眼于语言使用的社会和文化背景，以及在不同背景中发生的语言变化。
口头语言学：口头语言学是一门研究口头语言多样性的科学。
它将口头语言作为综合性的社会表现形式，涵盖了语言学、心理学、社会学、传播学等诸多领域的内容。
社会语言学：社会语言学是研究语言在社会语境中的表现形式的科学。
它考察语言和文化、社会结构、语言使用者之间的关系，并运用多种研究方法研究语言如何影响人们的行为和思维。
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语言学专业术语
语言学及应用语言学陈倩雯李学娇徐玮琳殷彦明邓利洁
acquisition习得
Active articulator 积极发音器官
Affixation（词缀）
Allophones音位变体
Alphabet 字母
anthropological linguistics人类语言学
Antonymy(反义关系)
applied linguistics应用语言学
applied sociolinguistics应用社会语言学
Aspect体
associative联想
Bilingual corpus 双语语料库
Bound Morphemes (粘着词素)
Broad transcription 宽式标音
Case-格
category范畴
Category-范畴
Clause-小句\从句
Clean text policy 干净文本原则
Cluster 词簇、词丛
Colligation 类联接、类连接、类联结Collocate n./v. 搭配词；搭配
Collocation 搭配、词语搭配Cognitivegrammars-认知语法
Collocation(搭配）
Compound vowel 韵母
compounding（复合）
computational linguistics计算语言学concept概念
Consonant 辅音
Construction-句子结构
contextual analyses语境分析
context语境
contrastive analysis对比分析
Conversion（转换）
Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学
Corpus 语料库
Comparable corpora 类比语料库、可比语料库corpus linguistics语料库语言学
derivation（派生）
Derivational affixes (派生词缀)
Descriptivegrammars-描写语法
descriptive linguistics描写语言学
diachronic linguistics历时语言学
Discourse analysis-话语分析
Discoursegrammar-语篇语法
Discourse-语篇
experimental psycholinguistics实验心理语言学
Free morphemes (自由词素)
Free variation 自由变体
Functional grammars-功能语法
functional linguistics功能语言学
Gender-性
General (purpose) corpus 通用语料库
Longitudinal/Developmental corpus 跟踪语料库、发展语料库、历时语料库general linguistics普通语言学
generative semantics生成语言学
genre体裁语类
Genre-语类
Grammardescription-语法描写
Head vowel 韵头
historical linguistics历史语言学
Hyponymy (上下义关系)
Idiom(习语，成语）
inflection (构形法)
Initial consonant声母
Intonation 语调
intonation语调
Intonology语调学
label标记
Laryngeals 喉音
Lexeme(词位）
Logogram-语标
Metaphor（隐喻）
metaphor隐喻
metonymy转喻
metre韵律
Monolingual corpus 单语语料库
Multilingual corpus 多语语料库
morpheme(词素)
Morpheme(词素）
Narrow transcription 窄式标音
NLP/Natural Language Processing 自然语言处理Nominative主格
Number-数
Object-宾语
Paradigmatic relations-聚合关系
Parallel corpus 平行语料库、对应语料库
Parole linguistics 言语语言学
Pedagogic corpus 教学语料库
Segmentation 切分、分词
Special purpose corpus 专用语料库、专门用途语料库、专题语料库Passive articulator 消极发音器官
Pedagogical grammar-教学语法
Phonology 音位学
Phrase-短语
Predicate-谓语
prefix（前缀）
Register-语域
Rhyme scheme 韵律
Semiotics-符号学
Sequentialrelations-序列关系
Signified-能指
Signifier-所指
structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学
Subject-主语
Suffix（后缀）
Syllable 音节
Synchronic corpus 共时语料库
synchronic linguistics 共时语言学
Syntactic function-句法功能Syntagmaticrelations-组合关系
Syntax-句法
T ail vowel 韵尾
Tense时
The essential vowel in a compound vowel 韵腹The Expansion of Meaning（词义的扩大）
The narrowing of meaning（词义的缩小）Tokenization 分词
Transcription 转写
Translational corpus 翻译语料库
Web as Corpus 网络语料库
Wildcard 通配符
Tone 声调
Tonetics声调学
Turn话轮
Urrterance-
Voiced consonant 浊辅音
Voiceless consonant 清辅音
Vowel 元音
Word class(词性）
Word definition 单词界定
Word form 词形
Word family 词族
Word list 词表
XML/Extensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言
Word order-词序
Word-formation(构词）。