英汉互译 第一,二章

有资格打世界大战：
qualified
toຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidufight a
world war ( 应 为 capable of fighting/can afford to/powerful enough to)
西方舆论纷纷预测：
The
public opinion in the West predicts one after another ( 应 为 The Western press has much to say in prediction)
15． Air
is made up of a mixture of gases. 16．He is deeply engrossed in medical research. 17．That chap is infatuated with fame and gain.
18．May
I borrow your bike? 19．May I use you telephone? 20．Excuse me, excuse me! Or: Would you mind stepping to one side, please. Or: Out of the way, please. Or: Please let me pass.
第二章
词的增补
汉译英中的增词现象很多，尤其在
译古代汉语或诗词时，由于汉语用 词十分经济，译为英语时，如不增 加必要的词语而逐字直译，便很令 人费解。
“山雨欲来风满楼” The
wind swept through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountain.
学习知识：
learn
knowledge (应为 acquire) 违反他的意图： violate his intention (应为go against)
严密控制：
close
control (应为strict/rigid) “啊，好票！”: Ah, good ticket! (应为seat)
4
8 ． He
dedicated his whole life to serving the people. 9．The squad leader ordered the men to fix bayonets. 10．Let me know if anything happens. 11．We’re not going to let him bring shame on our collective.
词义的正确选择首先取决于
对原文的确切理解，而对原 文词义的确切理解又取决于 对原文上下文的推敲。有些 词看起来很简单，翻译时一 下子就会想到常用的对应词。 但又是最常用的对应词却不 能准确地表达原作的意思。
还要 努力 读一点历史
和小说。 We should also find time to read some history books and novels.
5．把这些故事看完以后，
用你自己的话讲一遍。 After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words. 6．请原谅，打断你一下。 Excuse me for interrupting you.
（二）连词
汉语中的词、词组、分句或句子
（四）冠词
汉译英时往往需要增补必要的冠词
13．耳朵是用来听声音的器官，鼻
子是用来嗅气味，舌头用来尝滋味。 The ear is the organ which is used for hearing. The nose is used for smelling. The tongue is used for tasting.
（三）
注意词义的褒贬 由于人们对事物的态度 不同，就会使用含有不 同感情色彩的词，或肯 定、赞扬、或否定、鄙 视。这种感情色彩应相 应地在译文中表达出来。
5．我们 应该 从这 里得
出一条 经验 ，就是不要 被假象所迷惑。 We should draw a lesson here: Don’t be misled by false appearances.
11．我们应当逐步消灭
城乡差别。 We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country.
12．你是白天工作还是夜间
工作？ Do you work in the daytime or at night? 13．这些图片你们四个人分。 Divide these pictures among the four of you.
(一）代词
1．“凭舟极目望去，远处是
黛色青山和五彩斑斓的田 野。” Leaning against the boat, you can see dark green mountains and gorgeous fields in the far distance.
2．接到你的来信，非常高兴。
（五）注意词的政治含
义 10．“农民” peasant farmer
11．“侵略”
invasion aggression
12．“自主”
autonomy initiative
13．打得赢就打，打不赢就 走 。 Fight
when you can win, move away when you cannot. 比较： Fight when we can win and run away when we cannot.
9．
男女老少都参加了战
斗。 Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle. 10．他不来我不走。 I shall not go until he comes.
（三）介词 介词是英语中最活跃的词类
之一，英语句子十有八九都 少不了介词。汉语中不需用 介词的地方，在英语中却常 用介词。因此在汉译英时， 增补介词的情况是屡见不鲜 的。
1．
各级领导干部必须 提高领导水平。 Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership.
3.
（一）
注意词的广义与狭义
1． 农业 是国民经济的基础。
Agriculture
is the foundation of the national economy. 2．他从不喝酒。 He never touches wine.
I
was very glad to have received your letter. 3．孩子们天天带午饭到学校 去吃。 The children take their lunches to school every day.
4． 她 用 手 蒙 住 脸 ，
好像是为了保护眼睛。 She covered her face with her hand, as if to protect her eyes.
之间的关系往往通过上下文及语 序来表示，较少用连词。英语通 常需要用连词来表明词与词、词 组与词组以及句与句的逻辑关系。 因此在汉译英时，需要增补连词 的情况会很多，有时是并列连词， 有时是从属连词。
7．虚心使人进步，骄傲使人
落后。 Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 8． 姐姐在等我，我得走了。 My sister is expecting me, so I must be off now.
他的英语水平比我的高。 He knows more English than I. 2．要奋发图强，把我军的军政 素质提高到一个新的水平……。 We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army…
12．Newborn
babies need careful nursing. 13．The committee consists of 15 members. 14．The Party organization is composed of the advanced elements of the proletariat.
16．他醉心于医学研究。
17．那个人醉心于名利。
18．我借一下你的自行车
好吗？ 19．我接一下你的电话好 吗？ 20．借光、借光。
1．Our
cat caught a very big rat last night. 2．The child ran into the street, but a policeman hurried up to seize him by the arm and pulled him back to safety. 3．About five o’clock the next morning there were a few drops of rain in the wind.
强硬政策：
Strong
policy (应为tough)
ground
breaking
theory (创新的理论) mental gymnastics (硬性推销)
student
friend （同窗学友） covert capability （搞情报的能力）
1．我家的猫昨天晚上捉了一只大老鼠。 2．那个小孩闯到马路中间，一个警察赶 紧抓住他的手，把他拉到安全的地方。 3．次日清晨五时许，有风下了几点雨。 4．从那间小屋里传来了微弱的呻吟声。 5．那个瘦惊的小孩紧紧地抓住他母亲的 手。
（二）注意词义的强弱
3．反动派的暴行激起了人民的
极大愤怒。 The atrocities of the reactionaries roused the people to great indignation. 4．孙中山是个好人。 Dr. Sun Zhongshan was a man of integrity.
． Weak groans came from the little room. 5．The frightened child gripped his mother’s hand. 6．His son takes a great interest in mathematics. 7．He was apprehended on a charge of forgery.
（六）
注意词的搭配 汉英两种语言在长期使用 过程中形成了各自的固定 词组和搭配用法，翻译时 必须注意两者的不同，不 能把汉语词的搭配用法生 搬硬套到英语译文中。
战火扩大：
the
flames of war expand (应为spread) 实现自给自足： achieve self-sufficiency (应为reach)
6． 他 们 讲 唯 心 论 ，
我们讲唯物论。 They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.
（四）
注意词的语体色彩 7．别了，司徒雷登！ Farewell, Leighton Stuart! 8．禁止赌博。 Gambling is prohibited. 9．这小伙子干活真冲。 This young fellow does his work with vim and vigor.

6．他的儿子对数学很感兴趣。
7．他因犯伪造罪而被逮捕。
8．他把自己的一生献给为人
民服务的事业。 9．班长命令战士上刺刀。 10．有什么事，告诉我一声。
11．不许他给我们集体脸上
抹黑。 12．新生儿需要细心护理。 13．该委员会由十五人组成。 14．党组织是由无产阶级先 进分子组成的。 15．空气是由多种气体混合 组成的。