关于当前中国城市社区管理现状的研究 毕业论文文献翻译
关于当前中国城市社区管理现状的研究
摘要:当中国城市社会经济进入某一阶段时，积极推进社区管理是一个不可避免的要求。目前,中国的社会经济正处于全面发展的时期,在城市社区的管理方面仍不完善，有些问题急需解决。本文通过分析中国城市社区管理当前所面临的一些问题,并提出有关相应的对策以加强和完善中国的城市社区管理。对中国城市社区管理实践的层面而言，这些建议有一定的参考价值。
关键词：社区，城市社区管理，对策
一、引言
社区作为城市的一个基层组织，是城市的一个重要组成部分。随着中国市场经济体制的快速发展和进一步的深化改革，社区作为一个社会自治的基层组织，其独特的社会功能和作用也越来越明显。社区管理作为城市管理的基石，在充分发挥社区群众的力量,推进经济社会共同进步方面起着十分重要和不可替代的作用。完善的社区管理也有助于构建和谐舒适的生活气氛，进一步提高人们的生活水平和质量。因此，通过提高社区管理水平来加强和改善城市的现代化管理，正日益成为一个重要的手段。
自从中国改革开放以来,社区管理越来越受到重视和关注，已经是城市现代化管理的一个基本特征。因此,在进一步推进城市现代化的过程中，我们必须积极转变中心城市的管理方式，依照城市和地区的现代化水平分解城市管理的一些功能，通过社区管理这个平台来提高城市的现代化管理水平。所以，如何改革旧的城市社区管理体制,建立一个新型的社区管理系统以满足社会经济发展的需要,使社区充分发挥其特有的社会功能对于城市的进一步发展,已经成为一项紧迫的任务。
二、当前中国城市社区管理中存在的主要问题
目前,中国城市社区管理体制的改革,已经有了初步效果。但从构建新型社区管理系统的实践中,我们仍然可以发现一些存在于城市社区管理中的问题。它们主要表现在以下几个方面：
（1）随着“单位制”的消失，大量的城市工人和居民逐渐转变为“社会人”或
者成为自由职业者加强了城市的流动性。源自四面八方不断增加的人口，使城市的人口结构越来越复杂，从而导致社区管理也越来越困难。
（2）失业的风险所带来的自由就业导致的事实是：在某些社区，“贫穷阶层”是不断出现和扩大。他们的社会保障和福利，例如失业补偿、医疗津贴、贫困家庭的儿童教育和社会抚恤金不能得到有效地保证。
（3）市民参与社区管理的意识不足。尤其缺乏关于社区建设的理解。在社区日常事务的管理方面，参与度也不足。
（4）社区管理的职能分工模糊。从横向层面和纵向层面的角度看，社区管理中存在着工作的不协调性。基层社区组织的主体是相关的行政管理部门。他们把自己的精力和物质资源都投入到各自的工作中，但却不能相互合作和相互协调，从而导致管理力度的分散。
（5）由于管理体制等各方面的原因，社区居民委员总是在政府部门的护航下，完善自身的建设和开展他们的工作。因此，城市社区要实现真正的自治，仍然会有很长很艰难的路要走。
（6）社会公共管理和服务的作用并未在日常生活中充分发挥出来，加上基础设施发展的不健全，没有形成一个完整的体系。社区管理普遍存在着服务功能劣质、地址布局不合理和不便于民的问题。
上述提及的一些问题已经变成中国城市社区管理发展的障碍了。
三、中国城市社区管理发展的对策
中央政府已经为城市社区管理设定了相应的目标。要求如下：
（1）符合城市现代化的需要，加强社区党的建设和居民自治组织的建设，基于情感的归属，构建新的社区组织体系。
（2）为了满足社区居民日益增长的物质文化需要，以社区服务的扩展为突破点，促进社区服务的网络化和现代化。
（3）从根本上改革城市管理体制，建立符合社会主义市场经济体制的社区管理体制和运行机制。
（4）坚持政府的指导和公民参与的结合，充分发挥社区的力量，合理分配社区资源，提高整个社区居民的素质和社区的文明程度。与此同时，努力构建新型现代化的社区。
为了达到上述目标的要求，提出以下几点建议来解决中国城市社区管理发展过程中的相关的问题：
3.1严格依据民主的原则管理社区
建立最高权力机构——社区成员的代表大会，它的成员有社区所有居民选举产生。它是一个决策机构，有权处理社区的重大事件，有决策和监督的职能。通过自荐或者民主推荐，选举产生主席和社区居民委员会的成员。社区居民委员会负责管理社区具体事务，并受到社区成员代表大会的监督。而社区的协商组织机构是由著名的人物,全国人民代表大会、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会的成员,社区的代表单位和居民组成的。通过谈判议程，民主监督，提出意见和建议，它能影响重大决策和管理活动；另外，社区也应该设置一些详细的规章制度来保障处理事务的公开性、服务的可信性、公众的支持度等等。当条件成熟的时候，社区自治规则也应该保证社区依法自治的健康运行。
3.2完善社区组织管理的法律体系
（1）建立具有法人资格的机构,比如按照法律法规成立的社区管理委员会，并给与它相应的权利和义务,明确划分它的行为与政府的界限。
（2）通过法律法规成立各种各样的委员会或社区的行政机构,为了让社区充分发挥其有效作用，使相应的功能性组织行使权管理、检查、监督、惩罚的权力。
（3）设置相应组织的最大权限，通过法规使社区的各种组织相互牵制，并建工作的内部和外部的监控体系以确保维护大多数居民的利益。
3.3 提高居民的自我管理意识的方法
政府应该尊重像居民委员会这样的具有法律地位的基层自治组织，支持和保障居民他们的自治活动权力,引导代表居民讨论社区居民关心的主题,并加强民主决策的权利。关于住宅区的建设等重大问题，应该提交给居民委员会或居民会议进行讨论和执行实施。此外,政府应该提高和加强社区的职责，并逐渐将这些职责转移给社区。这不仅能增强社区成员对社区事务的注意力程度，也能减少政府不必要的负担。
3.4积极促进社会福利的社会化和培养社区的服务行业
（1）实现投资主体的多元化。采取国家,集体和个人的多渠道投资,建立一套拥有多种所有权形式的发展模式。
（2）实现服务对象的公共化。社区服务行业应该面对所有社区居民和不断地扩大服务领域,服务范围和覆盖率。
（3）实现多样化的服务方法。以一个更具成本效益的方式开发服务设施和社区福利的网站,建立社区福利服务体系以满足社区居民的多样化需求。
3.5加强社区管理的人员队伍建设以满足城市现代化的需要
在城市社区的建设和管理中，人是最关键的因素。因此，在推进城市社区管理改革和构建城市社区的管理模式的过程中，管理团队的建设是至关重要的。目前，城市社区的管理团队与现代化的城市发展需求仍有很大的差距。主要表现在以下几个方面：年龄结构、文化结构、思想品质、服务和协调的能力等。因此，为了提高他们的整体素质，一方面，要加强现有管理人员的专业培训；而另一方面，我们也可以通过引进人才来调整社区管理团队，从而确保社区管理与城市的社会经济发展相符合。
四、结论
伴随着中国整个社会经济的稳步发展,城市的现代化水平不断提高。根据民主原则，城市社区的管理在政府在采取综合协调的基础上，会逐渐形成一种自助和自我管理的模式。这种模式在未来的中国城市社区管理将是一个必然的发展趋势。
参考文献
[1] Study on Current Situation of China’s Urban Community Management,Baoding, P.R.China,2005 International Conference on Public Administration
[2]Facilitating Community, Enabling Democracy: New Roles for Local Government Managers .John Nalbandian.Public Administration Review.V ol. 59, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1999), pp. 187-197
[3]David. H. The Future Role and Organization of Local Government. Birmingham: The Institute of Birmingham University, 1986: 89-90
[4]Mite Ethicon. The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda. New York: Crown Publishers Inc, 1993: 77-79
[5]Urban Aging Community Building Problems, Causes and Countermeasures: A Case Study of Beibei District, Chongqing, China,2011 International Conference on Public Administration
Study on Current Situation of China’s Urban
Community Management
Abstract :It is an inevitable demand for actively advancing community management when China’s urban social economy enters certain stage. At present, while China's social economy is all-round developing, there are still some urgent problems to be solved in urban community's management. Based on the analysis of current problems faced by Chin a’s urban communities, this paper proposes some relevant countermeasures in order to strengthen and perfect the urban community management in China. The suggestions may be of certain reference value to the urban community management practice in China.
Key words : Community, Urban community management, Countermeasure
1 Introduction
A community is a cell and an important component of the city. With further deepening of the reform of urban economic system and the fast development of market economy of China, community, as a social autonomy organization at the basic level, its unique social function is becoming more and more prominent. Community management, the foundation of city management, plays an extremely important and irreplaceable function to give
full play to the strength of the community masses, advancing the economic society to progress together, building harmonious and comfortable atmosphere and raising life quality of the people undoubtedly. Hence, the strengthening of urban modernization management that relies on community management is becoming an important means to improve the level of urban modernization management.
Since China’s reform and opening-up, the community management was being more and more regarded as the important and basic characteristic of urban modernization management. So,we must shift down the center of city management progressively while continuing advancing city modernization, separate some functions of city management from city and district level in order to raise the level of modernization management of cities based on community management. So how to reform the old urban community management system and set up a new-type community management system in order to meet the developing needs of social economy and make the community give full play to its peculiar social function and establish a solid foundation for the further development of the cities, has already become an urgent task presently.
2 Main problems existed in current urban community management of China
At present, the reform of urban community management system of China has already had preliminary effect, but from the practice of constructing
new-type community management system, we could still find some problems in urban community management. They are mainly shown in the following aspects:
(1)As "system of unit" fades, large quantities of urban workers or residents have already been transited to "social people" or freemen and the urban mobility is strengthened, the population from other places increases, the urban population structure is more and more complicated and the difficulty of community management is increased day by day.
(2)The risk of unemployment brought by free employment led to the fact that in some communities, “under-privileged stratum” is appeari ng and expanding constantly. Their social security and social welfares like unemployment compensation, medical treatment subsidiary, aids for education of poor family's children and social pension could not be assured efficiently.
(3)People's consciousness of community is faint. They especially lack the understanding of community building and it is still insufficient for them to participate in the community's affairs.
(4)Functional demand is unclear in community management and it has caused incongruous work both on horizontal and vertical level. Communities at the basic level are directed by relevant administrative departments. They put their energy and material resources into their own work only but fail to cooperate and coordinate with each other. Therefore, it has led to the
scattering of strength.
(5)Community resident committees still have the tendency of administration in their self-building and carrying out of their work, so there is still a long way for them to go to be real autonomy.
(6) The functions of social public management and public service are not given a full play and the infrastructure does not form a complete set. The problems of inferior service function, the unreasonable overall arrangement in the site and incomplete handy service for the people still exist generally.
Some above-mentioned problems have already become the obstacles for the development of urban community management of China.
3 Countermeasures for urban community management development of China
The central government has set corresponding goals for urban community management as the follows.
(1)Meeting the needs of urban modernization, strengthening the construction of party and resident's autonomy organizations in communities, setting up new-type communities based on an emotion tie and structuring a new community organization system;
(2)Regarding the community service expansion as the tap, promoting community service networking and industrialization in order to satisfy the increasing material and culture demands of community residents constantly;
(3)Reforming urban management system at the basic level, setting up
the community management system and operating mechanism in conformity with socialist market economy system;
(4)Insisting the combination of government’s guidance and participation of the society, giving full play to community's strength, disposing community resources rationally, improving the whole quality of the community residents and civilization degree of the community. Meanwhile, making great efforts to build the new-type modernized community.
At the request of above-mentioned goals, suggestions should be put forward to some relevant problems of the development of urban community management in China:
3.1 Operating community according to the principle of democratic autonomy strictly
Establish the highest authority- community's member's representative assembly which is elected directly by all residents of the community. It is a policy-making body of dealing with community's great affairs and has the decision and supervision function. Produce the director and members of resident committee of the community by representative assembly via self-recommendation, democratic recommendation. The resident committee of the community is the organization which carries out community's concrete affairs , responsible for and supervised by the community's member's representative assembly; Set up consultative organization of the community which is made up by the well-known figures , deputies to the National
People's Congress , members of the CPPCC National Committee , representatives of units and residents in the community.It could influence the great decisions and management activities through negotiation agenda, democratic supervision and putting forward the opinions and suggestions; In addition, the community should set up and amplify such several rules and regulations as handling affairs publicly, service promise, examining appraisal through discussion, etc. When the condition is ripe, community autonomy rules should also be made so as to ensure the healthy operation of the community autonomy according to the law.
3.2 Perfect the legal system of community's organizational management
(1)Establish the status of legal person of newly-set-up decision organization like community management committee in the form of law and give it corresponding rights and obligations and delimit a boundary line between the behaviors of it and the government.
(2)Provide all kinds of committees or executive bodies of the community with certain power through the regulations and rules, make corresponding functional organizations exercise power of management, examination, supervision, punishment in order to make the community give full play to its effects efficiently.
(3)Establish the limits of functions and powers, and inter-reaction of all kinds of organizations in the community through the regulations; and set up the internal and external supervisory system of working to every organization
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Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
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1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
java毕业论文外文文献翻译
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
毕业论文(英文翻译)排版格式
英文翻译说明 1. 英文翻译文章输成word，5号新罗马（New Times Roman）字体，1.5倍行间距，将来方便打印和一起装订；英文中的图表要重新画，禁止截图。 2. 整篇论文1.5倍行间距，打印时，用B5纸，版面上空2.5cm，下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm（左装订）。 3. 论文翻译后的摘要用五号宋体，正文小四号宋体、英文和数字用新罗马（New Times Roman）12、参考文献的内容用五号字体。图和表头用五号字体加粗并居中，图和表中的内容用五号字体。论文翻译的作者用五号字体加粗。 论文大标题………小三号黑体、加黑、居中 第二层次的题序和标题………小四号黑体、加黑、居中 第三层次的题序和标题………小四号宋体、加黑、居中 正文……………………………小四号宋体、英文用新罗马12 页码……………………………小五号居中，页码两边不加修饰符 4. 论文中参考文献严格按照下述排版。 专著格式：序号.编著者.书名[M].出版地: 出版社, 年代, 起止页码 期刊论文格式：序号.作者.论文名称[J]. 期刊名称, 年度, 卷(期): 起止页码 学位论文格式：序号.作者.学位论文名称[D]. 发表地: 学位授予单位, 年度 例子: (1).胡千庭, 邹银辉, 文光才等. 瓦斯含量法预测突出危险新技术[J]. 煤炭学报, 2007.32(3): 276-280. (2). 胡千庭. 煤与瓦斯突出的力学作用机理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2007. (3). 程伟. 煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测及防治技术[M]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学出版社, 2003.
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
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供应商质量管理文献翻译(外文翻译-中英对照)
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毕业论文5000字英文文献翻译
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译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。