机械毕业设计英文外文翻译404驱动桥桥壳
附录1
驱动桥桥壳是汽车上的主要零件之一，非断开式驱动桥的桥壳起着支承汽车荷重的作用，并将载荷传给车轮．作用在驱动车轮上的牵引力，制动力、侧向力和垂向力也是经过桥壳传到悬挂及车架或车厢上。因此桥壳既是承载件又是传力件，同时它又是主减速器、差速器及驱动车轮传动装置(如半轴)的外壳。
在汽车行驶过程中，桥壳承受繁重的载荷，设计时必须考虑在动载荷下桥壳有足够的强度和刚度。为了减小汽车的簧下质量以利于降低动载荷、提高汽车的行驶平顺性，在保证强度和刚度的前提下应力求减小桥壳的质量．桥壳还应结构简单、制造方便以利于降低成本。其结构还应保证主减速器的拆装、调整、维修和保养方便。在选择桥壳的结构型式时，还应考虑汽车的类型、使用要求、制造条件、材料供应等。
桥壳的结构型式
桥壳的结构型式大致分为可分式、整体式。
可分式桥壳
可分式桥壳的整个桥壳由一个垂直接合面分为左右两部分，每一部分均由一个铸件壳体和一个压入其外端的半轴套管组成。半轴套管与壳体用铆钉联接。在装配主减速器及差速器后左右两半桥壳是通过在中央接合面处的一圈螺栓联成一个整体。其特点是桥壳制造工艺简单、主减速器轴承支承刚度好。但对主减速器的装配、调整及维修都很不方便，桥壳的强度和刚度也比较低。过去这种所谓两段可分式桥
壳见于轻型汽车，由于上述缺点现已很少采用。
整体式桥壳
整体式桥壳的特点是将整个桥壳制成一个整体，桥壳犹如一整体的空心粱，其强度及刚度都比较好。且桥壳与主减速器壳分作两体，主减速器齿轮及差速器均装在独立的主减速壳里，构成单独的总成，调整好以后再由桥壳中部前面装入桥壳内，并与桥壳用螺栓固定在一起。使主减速器和差速器的拆装、调整、维修、保养等都十分方便。
整体式桥壳按其制造工艺的不同又可分为铸造整体式、钢板冲压焊接式和钢管扩张成形式三种。
驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。
驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求：
（a）所选择的主减速比应能保证汽车具有最佳的动力性和燃料经济性。
（b）外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。
（c）齿轮及其它传动件工作平稳，噪声小。
（d）在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。
（e）在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，应力求质量小，尤其是簧下质量应尽量小，以改善汽车平顺性。
（f）与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构
运动协调。
（g）结构简单，加工工艺性好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。
驱动桥的结构型式按工作特性分，可以归并为两大类，即非断开式驱动桥和断开式驱动桥。当驱动车轮采用非独立悬架时，应该选用非断开式驱动桥；当驱动车轮采用独立悬架时，则应该选用断开式驱动桥。因此，前者又称为非独立悬架驱动桥；后者称为独立悬架驱动桥。独立悬架驱动桥结构叫复杂，但可以大大提高汽车在不平路面上的行驶平顺性。
非断开式驱动桥
普通非断开式驱动桥，由于结构简单、造价低廉、工作可靠，广泛用在各种载货汽车、客车和公共汽车上，在多数的越野汽车和部分轿车上也采用这种结构。他们的具体结构、特别是桥壳结构虽然各不相同，但是有一个共同特点，即桥壳是一根支承在左右驱动车轮上的刚性空心梁，齿轮及半轴等传动部件安装在其中。这时整个驱动桥、驱动车轮及部分传动轴均属于簧下质量，汽车簧下质量较大，这是它的一个缺点。
驱动桥的轮廓尺寸主要取决于主减速器的型式。在汽车轮胎尺寸和驱动桥下的最小离地间隙已经确定的情况下，也就限定了主减速器从动齿轮直径的尺寸。在给定速比的条件下，如果单级主减速器不能满足离地间隙要求，可该用双级结构。在双级主减速器中，通常把两级减速器齿轮放在一个主减速器壳体内，也可以将第二级减速齿轮作为轮边减速器。对于轮边减速器：越野汽车为了提高离地间隙，可以
将一对圆柱齿轮构成的轮边减速器的主动齿轮置于其从动齿轮的垂
直上方；公共汽车为了降低汽车的质心高度和车厢地板高度，以提高稳定性和乘客上下车的方便，可将轮边减速器的主动齿轮置于其从动齿轮的垂直下方；有些双层公共汽车为了进一步降低车厢地板高度，在采用圆柱齿轮轮边减速器的同时，将主减速器及差速器总成也移到一个驱动车轮的旁边。
在少数具有高速发动机的大型公共汽车、多桥驱动汽车和超重型载货汽车上，有时采用蜗轮式主减速器，它不仅具有在质量小、尺寸紧凑的情况下可以得到大的传动比以及工作平滑无声的优点，而且对汽车的总体布置很方便。
断开式驱动桥
断开式驱动桥区别于非断开式驱动桥的明显特点在于前者没有
一个连接左右驱动车轮的刚性整体外壳或梁。断开式驱动桥的桥壳是分段的，并且彼此之间可以做相对运动，所以这种桥称为断开式的。另外，它又总是与独立悬挂相匹配，故又称为独立悬挂驱动桥。这种桥的中段，主减速器及差速器等是悬置在车架横粱或车厢底板上，或与脊梁式车架相联。主减速器、差速器与传动轴及一部分驱动车轮传动装置的质量均为簧上质量。两侧的驱动车轮由于采用独立悬挂则可以彼此致立地相对于车架或车厢作上下摆动，相应地就要求驱动车轮的传动装置及其外壳或套管作相应摆动。
汽车悬挂总成的类型及其弹性元件与减振装置的工作特性是决
定汽车行驶平顺性的主要因素，而汽车簧下部分质量的大小，对其平
顺性也有显著的影响。断开式驱动桥的簧下质量较小，又与独立悬挂相配合，致使驱动车轮与地面的接触情况及对各种地形的适应性比较好，由此可大大地减小汽车在不平路面上行驶时的振动和车厢倾斜，提高汽车的行驶平顺性和平均行驶速度，减小车轮和车桥上的动载荷及零件的损坏，提高其可靠性及使用寿命。但是，由于断开式驱动桥及与其相配的独立悬挂的结构复杂，故这种结构主要见于对行驶平顺性要求较高的一部分轿车及一些越野汽车上，且后者多属于轻型以下的越野汽车或多桥驱动的重型越野汽车。
多桥驱动的布置
为了提高装载量和通过性，有些重型汽车及全部中型以上的越野汽车都是采用多桥驱动，常采用的有4×4、6×6、8×8等驱动型式。在多桥驱动的情况下，动力经分动器传给各驱动桥的方式有两种。相应这两种动力传递方式，多桥驱动汽车各驱动桥的布置型式分为非贯通式与贯通式。前者为了把动力经分动器传给各驱动桥，需分别由分动器经各驱动桥自己专用的传动轴传递动力，这样不仅使传动轴的数量增多，且造成各驱动桥的零件特别是桥壳、半轴等主要零件不能通用。而对8×8汽车来说，这种非贯通式驱动桥就更不适宜，也难于布置了。
为了解决上述问题，现代多桥驱动汽车都是采用贯通式驱动桥的布置型式。
在贯通式驱动桥的布置中，各桥的传动轴布置在同一纵向铅垂平面内，并且各驱动桥不是分别用自己的传动轴与分动器直接联接，而
是位于分动器前面的或后面的各相邻两桥的传动轴，是串联布置的。汽车前后两端的驱动桥的动力，是经分动器并贯通中间桥而传递的。其优点是，不仅减少了传动轴的数量，而且提高了各驱动桥零件的相互通用性，并且简化了结构、减小了体积和质量。这对于汽车的设计(如汽车的变型)、制造和维修，都带来方便。
由于非断开式驱动桥结构简单、造价低廉、工作可靠，查阅资料，可参照国内相关货车的设计。
附录2
Bridge-driven car shell is one of the main parts, non-drive off-shell bridge played a supporting role in the automotive load and load to the wheels. In the role of the drive wheels on the traction, braking force, lateral and vertical forces also spread to fly through the bridge and the shell or inside the frame. Therefore, the bridge carrying both pieces of shell-edge thing is, at the same time it is also the main reducer, and differential wheel drive transmission (such as the axle) of the shell.
In the car, the axle housing to bear the heavy load, the design must take into account the dynamic load under the axle housing have enough strength and stiffness. In order to reduce the spring under the car of lower quality in order to facilitate dynamic load, and improve the car's running smoothly, while ensuring the strength and stiffness on the premise of the bridge should seek to reduce the quality of the shell. Shell structure of the bridge should be simple and easy to create the benefit of lower costs. It should also ensure that the structure of the main reducer of disassembly, adjustment, repair and maintenance easy. Bridge in the selection of the shell
structure, should also be given to the type of car, asked to use, manufacture, supply materials and so on.
A bridge of the shell structure
Bridge of the shell structure can be roughly divided into type There are bridge-shell
There are bridge-shell as a whole from the shell of a bridge into the vertical joints around two parts, each part by the casting of a shell into the outside pressure and a side of the axle casing components. Half shell casing and connected with rivets. In the main reducer, and differential assembly after about two half-bridge through the shell in the joints of the Central Office of the bolt circle into a whole. It features a simple bridge shell manufacturing process, the main reducer bearing stiffness well. But the main reducer of the assembly, adjustment and maintenance are inconvenient, the bridge shell strength and stiffness will be lower. In the past the so-called two-axle housing can be found in the car light, as a result of these shortcomings is now rarely used.
Whole-axle housin
Bridge-shell as a whole is characterized by the entire bridge made of a shell as a whole, the bridge is like a shell of the hollow beam as a whole, its strength and stiffness than
good. Bridge and the shell and the shell will be divided into two main reducer, the main reducer, and differential gears are mounted on the main independent slowdown shell, constitute a separate assembly, later adjusted by the bridge in front of the shell in the central bridge into the shell , And with the axle housing fixed together with bolts. It enables a reducer, and differential of disassembly, adjustment, repair, maintenance and so on is very convenient.
Bridge-shell as a whole according to their different manufacturing process can be divided into a whole-casting, stamping steel plates welded steel pipe and the expansion into three forms.
Bridge drive powertrain in the end, its basic function is to increase the transmission shaft or transmission from the torque and power reasonably allocated to the left and right wheel also bear on the role of road and the frame or body Between vertical and horizontal force strength. Driven by the main bridge in general reducer, and differential, gear wheels and drive axle housing component, and so on.
Drive bridge should be designed to meet the basic requirements are as follows:
（a） choice of the main reduction ratio should be able to ensure
the car has the best power and fuel economy.
（b) smaller size, it is necessary to ensure that the ground clearance.
（c） transmission gears and other pieces of work in a smooth, small noise.
（d) in a variety of speed and load with a high transmission efficiency.
（e） to ensure sufficient strength, rigidity conditions, the quality should be as small, especially the quality of the next spring should be small in order to improve the car ride. （f)-oriented suspension and body movement coordination, the drive to the bridge, but also with the agency to coordinate movement.
（g） simple structure, good process and create easy disassembly, easy adjustment.
Drive bridge structure in accordance with characteristics of the work, can be grouped into two broad categories, namely non-drive off the bridge and drive off the bridge. When the drive wheel of a non-independent suspension, the non-selection should be off-drive axle; when the drive wheel independent suspension, the choice should be off-drive axle. As a result, the former driver, also known as non-independent suspension
bridge; the latter known as the independent suspension bridge driver. Independent suspension bridge structure called complex drive, but will be much more uneven in the car traveling on the road ride comfort.
Non-drive axle disconnect
General non-drive off the bridge, because it is simple, low-cost, reliable, widely used in a variety of truck, bus and a bus, in most of the off-road cars and car parts is also using this structure. Details of their structure, in particular, the shell structure of the bridge although different, but there is a common feature of the bridge is a shell around the drive wheel bearing on the rigid hollow beams, such as transmission gears and axle components to install it. At this time the entire drive axle, wheel and drive shaft are part of the quality of the next spring, next spring the quality of the larger car, which is one of its shortcomings.
Bridge drive size depends largely on the outline of the main type of reducer. In the tire size and drive under the bridge minimum ground clearance have been identified, will be limited to the main driven gear reducer diameter size. In a given ratio of the conditions, if the single-stage main reducer not meet the requirements of ground clearance, with the two-level
structure. In the main two-stage reducer, usually two-stage gear reducer in a shell of the main reducer, can also slow down in the second grade as a round edge gear reducer. The round side reducer: off-road vehicle in order to improve the ground clearance, can constitute a pair of cylindrical gear wheel of the gear reducer at the top of the vertical driven gear; bus in order to reduce the vehicle's center of mass and a high degree of deck A high degree of order to enhance the stability and convenience of the passengers get off, can be round edge of the gear reducer at the bottom of the vertical driven gear; some double-decker bus in order to further reduce the deck height, cylinder gear used in the round edge Reducer, the main reducer, and differential assembly also moved to a wheel next to the driver.
In a small number of high-speed engine with a large bus, Bridge Multi-drive cars and super-heavy-duty truck, sometimes using the main worm-reducer, which not only has the quality in a small, compact size of the case could be a big transmission ratio, as well as the work of Smooth silent advantages, but also to the overall layout of the car easily.
Drive-off bridge
Off-drive off the bridge from the non-drive axle of the
obvious characteristics is that the former do not have a connection about the drive wheels or beam rigid shell as a whole. Drive off-shell bridge is a section, and each other can do relative motion, such as the bridge-off. In addition, it is always with the independent match suspension, it is also known as the independent suspension bridge driver. This bridge in the middle of the main reducer, and differential, and so is mounting in the frame beams inside or on the floor or backbone
frame-linked. The main reducer, and differential part of the drive shaft and the quality of the gear wheels are on the quality of the spring. Both sides of the drive wheel independent suspension as a result can be caused by site as opposed to one another or inside the frame for swinging up and down, and accordingly on the request of the gear wheel drive and its shell casing or swing accordingly.
Flying car assembly and its flexibility in the type of device components and vibration characteristics of the work is to determine a car ride a major factor, and the spring under the car the size of some of the quality of its ride quality is also significant. Off-drive axle of the quality of the spring under the smaller, independent suspension with the match, with the result that drive the wheels on the ground and contacts of
all kinds of terrain and better adaptability, which can greatly reduce the car in the uneven pavement When traveling on the train vibration and tilt to improve vehicle ride and average speed, and reduce the wheel of Axle Load and move on the part of the damage and improve the reliability and service life. However, due to off-drive axle and independent suspension of the match with the structure of the complex, and they were mainly observed in the structure of the smooth running of the higher part of the car and a number of off-road vehicle, and the latter belongs to light more of the following off-road vehicle Bridge or drive the heavy-duty off-road vehicle. Multi-Bridge-driven layout
In order to improve the loading and through, and some heavy-duty vehicles and medium-sized all over the off-road vehicle and are based on the multi-bridge driver, there is often used in 4 × 4,6 × 6,8 × 8, and other types of drivers. In the multi-bridge drivers, power points as actuators to drive the bridge in two ways. The two corresponding power transfer mode, multi-drive vehicle bridge the drive axle of the type of layout is divided into non-through-and through. In order to power by the former sub-actuator to the drive axle, respectively, to be divided by the actuator through the drive
axle own dedicated power transmission shaft, so that not only the increase in the number of drive shaft and caused the driver of the bridge parts in particular Shell Bridge, the main axle, and other parts can not be universal. The 8 × 8 on the car, this non-drive-through is even more inappropriate for the bridge, a difficult layout.
In order to address these problems, and more modern bridges are built on a car driving through the drive-type layout of the bridge.
In the drive-through layout of the bridge, the bridge of the vertical shaft arranged in the same vertical plane and drive the bridge were not Shaft with their own sub-actuator directly connected, but located at the front of the actuator or Behind the bridge of the two adjacent shaft, the layout of the series is. Before and after the driver of the car at both ends of the bridge's driving force is divided by the actuator and through the middle of the bridge and pass. The advantage is not only a reduction of the number of drive shaft, but the driver raised the bridge parts commonality with each other and to simplify the structure, reducing the size and quality. This car's design (such as car variant), manufacturing and maintenance, are convenient.
Due to the non-drive off the bridge structure is simple, low-cost, reliable access to information relevant in the light truck designs.
桥梁工程毕业设计外文翻译箱梁
桥梁工程毕业设计外文翻译箱梁
西南交通大学本科毕业设计（论文） 外文资料翻译 年级: 学号: 姓名: 专业: 指导老师:
6 月
外文资料原文： 13 Box girders 13.1 General The box girder is the most ?exible bridge deck form. It can cover a range of spans from25 m up to the largest non-suspended concrete decks built, of the order of 300 m. Single box girders may also carry decks up to 30 m wide. For the longer span beams, beyond about 50 m, they are practically the only feasible deck section. For the shorter spans they are in competition with most of the other deck types discussed in this book. The advantages of the box form are principally its high structural ef?ciency (5.4), which minimises the prestress force required to resist a given bending moment, and its great torsional strength with the capacity this gives to re-centre eccentric live loads, minimising the prestress required to carry them.
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译460数字控制 (2)
附录 科技译文： Numerical Control Numerical Control(NC) is a method of controlling the movements of machineComponents by directly inserting coded instructions in the form of numerical data(numbers and data ) into the system.The system automatically interprets these data and converts to output signals. These signals ,in turn control various machine components ,such as turning spindles on and off ,changing tools,moving the work piece or the tools along specific paths,and turning cutting fluits on and off. In order to appreciate the importer of numerical control of machines ,let’s briefly review how a process such as machining has been carried out traditionally .After studying the working drawing of a part, the operator sets up the appropriate process parameters(such as cutting speed ,feed,depth of cut,cutting fluid ,and so on),determines the sequence of operations to be performed,clamps the work piece in a workholding device such as chuck or collet ,and proceeds to make the part .Depending on part shape and the dimensional accuracy specified ,this approach usually requires skilled
机械专业毕业论文外文翻译
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
毕业设计外文翻译资料
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译399驱动桥
附录A 英文文献 Drive Axle All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road. Powerflow The drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels. This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels. Rear-wheel drive Rear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaft
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译204机电一体化
附录 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology,
机械类毕业设计外文翻译
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
毕业设计英文翻译
使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计 1．导言 在美国，钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD)，塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。在允许应力设计中，应力计算基于一阶弹性分析，而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。在塑性设计中，结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中，但它们近似细部设计方程。在荷载和阻力系数设计中，含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析，而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查，包括系数K计算。在下面，对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。 结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的，但目前美国钢结构协会（AISC）的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。在目前的实际应用中，结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。 尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的（但不一定共存），应当承认，严格考虑这种相互依存关系，很多结构是不实际的。与此同时，众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定（例如通过调整柱的有效长度）是很困难的。因此，社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中，这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。
在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中，分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。在使用一阶弹性分析时，考虑到二阶效果，一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。在规范中，所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来，他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应，非弹性，残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线，同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。 为了证明单个细部内力对整个结构体系的影响，使用了有效长度系数，如图28.2所示。有效长度方法为框架结构提供了一个良好的设计。然而，有效长度方法的
机械类毕业设计外文文献翻译
沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目：工具盒盖注塑模具设计 外文题目：Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑 系（部）：机械系 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化0801 学生姓名：王宝帅 指导教师：魏晓波 2010年10 月15 日
外文文献原文： Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome
毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.360docs.net/doc/a610729166.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.360docs.net/doc/a610729166.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.360docs.net/doc/a610729166.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
桥梁外文翻译
毕业设计/论文 外文文献翻译 院系城市建设学院 专业班级 姓名 原文出处 评分 指导教师 华中科技大学武昌分校 20 12 年3月1日
Study on nonlinear analysis of a redundant cable-stayed bridge 1．Abstract A comparison on nonlinear analysis of a highly redundant cable-stayed bridge is performed in the study. The initial shapes including geometry and prestress distribution of the bridge are determined by using a two-loop iteration method, it is an equilibrium iteration loop and a shape iteration loop. For the initial shape analysis a linear and a nonlinear computation procedure are set up. In the former all nonlinearities of cable-stayed bridges are disregarded, and the shape iteration is carried out without considering equilibrium. In the latter all nonlinearities of the bridges are taken into consideration and both the equilibrium and the shape iteration are carried out. Based on the convergent initial shapes determined by the different procedures, the natural frequencies and vibration modes are then examined in details. Numerical results show that a convergent initial shape can be found rapidly by the two-loop iteration method, a reasonable initial shape can be determined by using the linear computation procedure, and a lot of computation efforts can thus be saved. There are only small differences in geometry and prestress distribution between the results determined by linear and nonlinear computation procedures. However, for the analysis of natural frequency and vibration modes, significant differences in the fundamental frequencies and vibration modes will occur, and the nonlinearities of the cable-stayed bridge response appear only in the modes determined on basis of the initial shape found by the nonlinear computation. 2. Introduction Rapid progress in the analysis and construction of cable-stayed bridges has been made over the last three decades. The progress is mainly due to developments in the fields of computer technology, high strength steel cables, orthotropic steel decks and construction technology. Since the first modern cable-stayed bridge was built in Sweden in 1955, their popularity has rapidly been increasing all over the world. Because of its aesthetic appeal, economic grounds and ease of erection, the