第八讲 英国社会

5. Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England in late 19th. The main tournament is the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis “Grand Slam” tournaments. 尽管网球已打了好几个世纪，但现代比赛却 起源于19世纪末的英格兰。主要比赛是一年 一度的温布尔登两周赛，这是四大满贯网球 锦标赛之一。
5. A full range of hospital services is provided by district general hospital. There are also specialist hospital or units for children, people suffering from mental illness, those with learning disabilities, and elderly people, and for the treatment of specific diseases. 地区普通医院提供全面的医院服务。也有为 儿童，精神病人，有学习障碍者，老人和特 殊病人开设的专门医院或病区。
4. non-contributory social security benefits, it include: (1) war pensions;(2) industrial injuries disablement benefit;(3) child benefit and (4) family credit. 不需要先交费的福利金，包括战争伤亡抚恤 金，工伤致残救济金，儿童补助金，低收入 家庭补助金。
II. social Security 社会保险
1. The social security system is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need. Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social security program which provides financial help for people who are elderly, sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed, bringing up children or on very low incomes.
社会保险制度设立的目的是保障经济困难的 人们的基本生活水平，政府开支的近三分之 一用于社会保险计划。此计划给老人，病人， 残疾人，失业者，寡妇，抚育幼儿者或低收 入者提供经济帮助。
2. Administration in Great Britain is handled by separate executive agencies of the Department of Social Security. In Northern Ireland by the Social Security Agency. 大不列颠的社会保险由社会保险部独立执行机构管 理，在北爱尔兰则是社会保险局。 3. contributory social security benefits, it include:( 1) retirement pension; (2) unemployment pension; (3) sickness and invalidity benefit and (4) Maternity allowance and widows’s benefits. 需要先交费的社会安全福利（个人有工作收入时交， 无收入时领），其中包括：退休金，失业金，病残 福利金，孕产期补助金，寡妇补助金。
不管个人收入如何，国民保健制度为每个居 民提供全面医疗服务。英国ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ1948年确立此 制度。英国国民保健制度82%以下的费用来 自普通税收，其他部分来自（1）国民保险金 中的国民保险金部分；（2）如对家庭一生开 的药单和普通牙科治疗所收的费用；（3）其 他收入，包括出售土地和增收计划的收益。
3. There are proportional charges for most types of HNS dental treatment, including examinations. Sight test are free to children. No one is liable to be charged by the National Health Service for treatment in an accident, emergency or for an infectious disease. Central government is directly responsible for the NHS, which is administered by a range of local health authorities and health boards throughout the U K.
英格兰：曼联、阿森纳、切尔西、利物浦、 米德尔斯堡、朴茨茅斯、阿斯顿维拉、纽卡 斯尔、西汉姆联
3. The game “Rugby” was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century. 拉格比球比赛19世纪初创立于沃尔威克郡的拉格 比学校，因此而得名。 4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches. 板球，是英国人最典型的体育运动，自从16世纪 以来已存在。国际比赛是5天的康希尔决赛。
第八讲 英国社会
Chapter 8： Social Affairs 英国社会
I. Health and Social Services 全国医疗保健计划
1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. This system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security. 英国被认为是福利制度的国家。此制度的所需资金来源于全国 保险税和赋税。在英国，这主要是指国民保健制度，国民保险 和社会保障制度。
国民保健制度中多数牙科治疗都要收取一定 比例的费用，包括检查费。视力检查对儿童 免费。国民保健制度对事故，急诊或传染病 的治疗不收费，中央政府直接负责国民保健 制度，由全国各地的保健机构和卫生委员会 实施。
4. The family health services are those given to patients by doctors, dentists, opticians and pharmacists. In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person must normally be registered on the list of a general practitioner (GP, sometimes knows as a “family doctor”). 家庭保健服务由医生、牙医、眼科大夫和药 剂师提供给病人。为获得国民保健制度的服 务，人们必须在普通开业医生的名册上注册
Sports 体育运动
1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain. 许多国际体育项目是由认真对待休闲时间的 英国人引进的，在英国，人们广泛参与体育。
6. The National Health Service is the largest single employer of labour in the U.K. NHS has suffered from underfunding in recent decades, as a result of which many better-off people have been turning to private medical health care. 国民保健制度是英国最大的用人机构。近几 十年来，因为资金不足，许多比较富裕的人 正逐渐转向私人的医疗保健机构。
2. Football ( or “soccer” as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century. 足球（口语叫”soccer”）,在英格兰和欧洲 是最受欢迎的运动，其传统老家在英格兰， 出现于19世纪。
7. Personal social services in Britain assist elderly people, disabled people, people with learning disabilities or mental illness, children, and families facing special problems. These statutory service are provided by local government social services authorities. 在英国，个人社会服务向老人，残疾人，有 学习障碍者，精神病人，有特殊家庭困难的 人等。地方政府社会服务委员会提供法定援 助。