Commercial Law_Tutorial 2
法律英语知识点归纳
法律英语知识点归纳法律英语是指在法律领域中使用的英语语言和术语。
对于从事国际商法、国际仲裁、国际贸易等方面的工作人员来说，掌握法律英语是非常重要的。
本文将详细介绍一些常用的法律英语知识点。
一、法律体系及法律原则1. Common Law（普通法）：源于英国的法律制度，以判例为基础，注重司法判决的先例。
2. Civil Law（民法）：法律体系以法典为基础，强调通过法典和条例规范法律事务。
3. Statute（法令）：由立法机关制定通过的具有法律效力的规定。
4. Case Law（判例法）：法院对特定案件的判决和裁决形成的先例，对类似案件具有法律约束力。
5. Precedent（先例）：判决或裁决后的法律准则，被认为可以指导类似案件的判决。
6. Hierarchy of Laws（法律等级）：指不同法律的优先级别，一般按照宪法、法令、法律、法规、命令、条例等顺序排列。
二、合同法1. Contract（合同）：双方达成的协议，包括权利和义务。
2. Offer（提议）：要约，表明愿意与他人达成协议。
3. Acceptance（接受）：对提议的同意。
4. Consideration（对价）：作为一方履行合同义务的回报。
5. Breach of Contract（违约）：未能按照合同约定履行义务。
6. Force Majeure（不可抗力）：无法预见或控制的事件，免除违约责任。
7. Jurisdiction（管辖权）：法院对案件有管辖权的能力。
8. Damages（赔偿金）：违约方需支付给另一方的经济损失补偿。
9. Termination（终止）：合同约定的条件下，解除合同关系。
三、知识产权法1. Intellectual Property（知识产权）：由创造性思维产生的无形资产。
2. Copyright（版权）：保护个人作品的权益。
3. Patent（专利）：保护新发明的独特性和可产业化的权益。
4. Trademark（商标）：区分商品来源的标志。
美国统一商法典
美国统一商法典(中英文第2A-215至2A-311款）(2014-11-05 13:06:12)转载▼标签：分类：法规公约条约诉讼仲裁公证美国商法典§ 2A-215. CUMULATION AND CONFLICT OF WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.明示担保或默示担保之效力的叠加和冲突.Warranties, whether express or implied, must be construed as consistent with each other and as cumulative, but if that construction is unreasonable, the intention of the parties determines which warranty is dominant. In ascertaining that intention the following rules apply:（a） Exact or technical specifications displace an inconsistent sample or model or general language of description.（b） A sample from an existing bulk displaces inconsistent general language of description.（c） Express warranties displace inconsistent implied warranties other than an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose.无论为明示或默示担保，均应作相互一致的解释，且效力有叠加效果，如果此种解释不合理，以当事人的意图确定何项担保为主。
Flotherm_8.2-Tutorial_3
备注:这种方式创建组件，可以在选择的立方体相同 的位置放置组件。一个很方便的捷径！
FloTHERM V8.2 Revision 01
© 2009 Mentor Graphics Corporation
Commercial-in-Confidence
Page 10
FloTHERM V8.2 Introductory Training Course Tutorial 3 – Improve Model With Increased Printed Circuit Board Detail 左键按住名为‘board’的新 PCB 组件，拖放到新的组 件‘Electronics’中。
Commercial-in-Confidence
Page 3
FloTHERM V8.2 Introductory Training Course Tutorial 3 – Improve Model With Increased Printed Circuit Board Detail 我们继续关注一个板子上对散热要求比较严格的部 件，定义其模型等级。 在图形视图中左击 大的、蓝色的方形芯片 (U18)， 在特性页的部件类型中下拉双热阻(2 Resistor)选项
FloTHERM V8.2 Revision 01
© 2009 Mentor Graphics Corporation
Commercial-in-Confidence
Page 9
FloTHERM V8.2 Introductory Training Course Tutorial 3 – Improve Model With Increased Printed Circuit Board Detail 现在，详细的 PCB 模型导入到 flotherm 中，我们需 要重新定位。 在绘图板窗口(Drawing Board)中观察其默认位置。
国际商法双语版 ch3 CISG
Issue: is CISG applicable? Decision: No. the French Law on Protecting Consumer’s Rights and Interests is applicable
Example: consumer goods
Facts: Seller – a computer retailer in France, receives an order for a computer from buyer, a resident of China. The order is for a powerful, expensive computer of the sort commonly bought for use in business firms. When a dispute arises, Issue: is covered by CISG or law on protecting consumer?
Introduction to CISG
CISG? Transactions covered in CISG
CISG?
CISG = The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
CISG?
Are they defined as International
legal tranlstion outline
THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONGDEPARTMENT OF TRANSLATION2014–2015COURSE OUTLINECOURSE CODE/TITLE: TRAN6103 Translation of Legal WritingsDESCRIPTIONThis course aims at familiarizing students with the language used in legal documents in both English and Chinese and developing their skills in translating these documents. Students are required to do home and class assignments. Group discussions are held to study issues related to legal translation.TOPICS COVERED∙Language and discourse in legal settings∙Various types of legal writings: Public and private legal writings∙Two main kinds of problems in legal translation: first-order problems and second-order problems∙Tackling first-order problems: knowledge, skills and techniques required for legal translation ∙Tackling second-order problems: the theoretical issues in legal translationLEARNING OUTCOMESThe aim of this course is twofold. Firstly, it provides students with the basic knowledge, skills and techniques in handling the variety of writings that commonly need translating in legal settings. Secondly, it sensitizes students to the problems inherent in legal texts and equips them with the conceptual tools for tackling such problems.Upon completion of the course, students are expected to:∙be able to analyze, describe and explain the lexical, textual, discoursal and stylistic features ofa variety of legal writings and the problems they pose for translation;∙demonstrate their ability in translating legal writings of various types;∙demonstrate their analytical ability and critical attitude in tackling the specific problems confronting them in legal translation;∙have acquired the essential research tools and skills for legal translation.LEARNING ACTIVITIESLecture Tutorial Others:Hours per week Hours per weekHours per week2 hrs 15 minutesASSESSMENT SCHEMETask nature Weight∙Translation assignments∙ 1 short term paper of approximately 2,500 words on an issue relating to legal translation∙End-of-term examination 50% 20% 30%LEARNING RESOURCES FOR STUDENTS1.Background knowledge of the common lawBaker, J. H. An Introduction to English Legal History. 3rd ed. London: Butterworths. A scholarly, standard introduction to the history the major principles and institutions of the common lawfrom 1066 to the present day.Clegg, Leonard J. (1939). The Common Law. London: Heath Cranton Ltd. A succinct account of the development of the common law against its historical background with special emphasison its significant role in safeguarding individual freedom. Written in clear language with astrong sense of English humour. 甘寶琦等譯（1992），《普通法》。
法律英语名词解释
Constitution宪法public law 公法private law 私法common law 普通法civil law 罗马法, 大陆法; 民法case law 判例法statutory law 制定法equity law 衡平法Provisions of Oxford 牛津条例writ 令状writ upon the case 本案令状court of chancery 衡平法院injunction 强制令binding interpretation 具有约束力的法律解释civil suit 民事诉讼action 法律诉讼,诉讼行为the Bar 律师业，司法界barrister 诉讼律师, 大律师, 出庭律师solicitor 非诉律师, 诉状律师, 事务律师advocacy 出廷辩护，代理诉讼single practitioner 单独开业者house counsel 专职法律顾问public prosecutors 公诉人，检察官attorney 律师；检察官Attorney General 司法部长；检察总长Chief Justice 首席大法官litigation 诉讼litigant 诉讼当事人Juris Doctor (JD) 法律博士Master of Laws (LLM) 法学硕士Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD) 法学博士curriculum 课程required course 必修课elective course 选修课the case method 案例教学法the Socratic method 苏格拉底式教学法old boy networks 老哥们关系网the modern regulatory nation 现代规制国家Federal Court System 联邦法院系统: The Supreme Court 最高法院Courts of Appeals上诉法院District Courts地区法院Special Courts特别法院Three-tiered model 三级（审判）体制：trial court （审判法院；初审法院）appellate court , court of appeals（上诉法院）supreme court 最高法院Litigant 诉讼当事人capital punishment死刑writ of certiorari调案调卷令be on the bench担任法官career judiciary职业法官popular vote普选gross misconduct严重的过失行为doctrine of constitutional supremacy宪法至上原则malfeasance 渎职行为judicial interpretation 司法解释judicial review 司法审查constitutionality 合宪性impeachment 弹劾associate justice 陪审大法官administrative law 行政法agency action 行政行为adjudication 裁定；裁决sub-constitutional 准宪法性；亚宪法性statutory law 制定法Formal adjudication 正式裁决Informal adjudication 非正式裁决Formal rulemaking 正式规章制定Informal rulemaking 非正式规章制定Criminal Law 刑法Model Penal Code 标准刑法典Criminal liability刑事责任Capital punishment 死刑Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护Homicide 杀人罪Self-defense 自卫；正当防卫forcible felony暴力性重罪gross negligence严重过失criminal homicide 有罪杀人Malice恶意Murder谋杀Death penalty死刑Felony重罪co-felons重罪共犯first degree murder一级谋杀罪manslaughter非恶意杀人；非预谋杀人criminal sanction刑事惩罚conviction rate定罪率acquittal 宣告无罪gross negligence严重过失reckless homicide疏忽大意杀人negligent homicide过失杀人civil rights law 民权法invidious discrimination 嫉恨式歧视Magistrate治安法官；司法官summary judgment motion即决审判动议cause of action诉因Contract Law合同法Agreement-in-fact事实协议Agreement-as-written书面协议Uniform Commercial Code统一商法典Offer要约Acceptance承诺Consideration对价Contract performance合同履行Tangible property有形财产Intangible property无形财产Conveyance of property财产权的转让Primary authority首要法源Secondary authority次要法源Tax evasion逃税Restatements of the Law法律重述汇编Stare decisis遵从前例Tort Law 侵权法intentional tort故意侵权negligence or negligent tort过失侵权contingent fee 成功酬金tortfeasor 侵权人intangible damage 无形损害conversion of propertyfalse imprisonment 非法拘禁defamation 诽谤invasion of privacy侵犯隐私products liability 产品责任duty of care照看义务contributory negligence 共同过失comparative negligence 比较过失strict Liability 严格责任medical malpractice 医务渎职property law 财产法tangible property 有形财产intangible property无形财产security transaction 担保交易deficiency judgment不足额判决foreclosure 取消赎回权mortgage holder 抵押权人secondary financing 间接融资Corporation Law公司法individual proprietorships个体业主partnerships 合伙Uniform Partnership Act统一合伙条例Model Business Corporation Acts标准商务公司条例Securities Exchange Act证券交易条例Blue Sky Laws 蓝天法Federal Antitrust Laws 联邦反托拉斯法separate legal entities 独立法人实体general partnerships 一般合伙Limited partnerships 有限合伙publicly held corporations公众持股公司close corporations 内部持股公司Insurance Law保险法group insurance 团体保险insurance policy 保险单accident insurance 意外保险liability insurance 责任保险insurance proceeds 保险收益buy-out agreement (股权）承买协议premium 保险费stock retirement plan 赎股计划Commercial Law商法The Uniform Commercial Code 统一商法典commerce clause 商业条款complete grant of power 完全授权commerce power 商务权力Modern Commerce Power Tests现代商务权力检验标准Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine现代授权原则rulemaking 规章制定due process 正当程序学习好资料欢迎下载。
法学专业英语教程(精编版)课件 (1)[56页]
-- The judicial process deals with real controversies. -- The community is interested in the resolution of these
The Federal Court System
Federal courts are courts of limited subject matter jurisdiction -- diversity case jurisdiction -- federal question jurisdiction -- cases in which the federal government is a party
authority of a ruler over those ruled. Comment on this definition of law. • What are the main areas of private law if we classify it according to subject matter? • Classify contract law—Is it substantive or procedural, public or private, statutory or case law? • How many types of law are there under the American legal system if we classify it according to its sources? What are they? What is the order of priority among them?
国际私法_英文名解汇总
国际私法英文名解汇总纲目版Civil and commercial legal relations with(involving) foreign elements = international civil and commerciallegal relations 具（含）有涉外（国际）因素的民商事法律关系/跨国民商事法律关系/国际民商事法律关系/涉外民商事法律关系Conflict rules = rule of application of law = choice of law rules = rule of private international law 冲突规范/法律适用规范/法律选择规范/国际私法规范Substantive rules 实体规范Conflict of laws 法律冲突/法律抵触Interregional conflict of laws 法律的区际冲突Personal supremacy 属人优越权Territorial supremacy 属地优越权Uniform substantive rules 统一实体法规范The Hague Conference of Private Internatioal Law 海牙国际私法会议autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Category = Object of connection = classification of issue = operative facts 范围/连接对象/问题的分类/起作用的事实Attribution 系属Unilateral conflict rules 单边冲突规范Bilateral conflict rules = all-sided conflict rules 双边冲突规范Double rules for regulating the conflict of laws 重叠适用的冲突规范Choice rules for regulating the conflict of laws 选择适用的冲突规范Point of contact = connecting factor = connecting ground 连接点/连接因素/连接根据Formula of attribution 系属公式Lex personalis 属人法Lex patriae 本国法/国籍国法Lex domicilii 住所地法Habitual residence 惯常居所Lex rei sitae = lex loci situs = lex situs 物之所在地法Lex loci actus 行为地法Locus regit actum 场所支配行为Lex loci contractus 合同缔结地法Lex loci solutionis 合同履行地法Lex loci delicti 侵权行为地法Lex loci celebratiois 婚姻举行地法Lex voluntatis 当事人合意选择的法律Autonomie de la volonté=L'autonomie de la volonté= autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex fori 法院地法Law of the flag 旗国法Law of the place of the most significant relationship 最密切联系地法Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Rule of law 法律规范Preliminary question = incidental problem 先决问题/附带问题Principal question 主要问题/本问题Jurisdiction-selecting rules 管辖权选择方法Substance 实体问题Procedure 程序问题Right 权利（问题）/实体问题Remedy 救济（问题）/程序问题Statues of limitation 时效问题Burden of proof 举证责任Presumptions 推定Presumptions of fact 事实的推定Presumptions of law 法律的推定Characterization = qualification =classification = identification 识别/定性/分类Movable property 动产Immovable property 不动产Personal property v. Real property Renvoi 反致Remission = renvoi au premier degr é直接反致/一级反致/狭义反致Transmission = renvoi au second degr é转致/二级反致Indirect remission 间接反致/大反致Double renvoi = foreign court theory 双重反致/外国法院说Evasion of law = fraude a la loi = fraudulent creation of points ofcontact 法律规避/法律欺诈/僭窃法律/欺诈设立连接点The reservation of public order 公共秩序保留制度Substantial contact 实质的联系The ascertainment of foreign law = proof of foreign law 外国法（内容）的查明/外国法的证明Nationality 国籍dependency 法定住所/从属住所Residence 居所Habitual resident 习惯居所/惯常居所Legal person 法人Public body 公共团体State immunity 国家豁免Immunity from jurisdiction =immunity ratione personae 司法管辖豁免/属人理由的豁免Immunity from execution/immunity ratione materiae 执行豁免/属物理由的豁免The doctrine of absolute immunity 绝对豁免理论The doctrine of relative or restrictive immunity 限制豁免论/职能豁免论Immunity of state property 国家财产豁免National treatment 国民待遇Most-favoured-nation treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇Preferential treatment 优惠待遇Non-discriminate treatment 非歧视待遇Capacity for right （民事）权利能力Allgemeine Rechtsf?higkeit 一般权利能力Besondere Rechtsf?higkeit 特别权利能力Declaration of absence 宣告失踪Declaration of death 宣告死亡/推定死亡Right in rem 物权Lex loci rei sitae = lex situs = Lex rei sitae物之所在地法Shares 股份Nationalization 国有化Requisition 征用Confiscation 没收Expropriation 征收Trusts 信托Trust property 信托财产Bills of exchange 汇票Promissory notes 本票Cheques 支票Intellectual property 知识产权/智慧产权Industrial property 工业产权Patent 专利Trade mark 商标Priority of registration “注册在先”原则Priority of use “使用在先”原则Copyright 著作权/版权Droit de autear 作者权理论Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权的巴黎公约》The doctrine of the most significant relationship 最密切联系原则The most real connection 最真实联系Contracting states 缔约国Reservation 保留Production sharing contract 产品分成合同The service contract 服务合同The law of the place of the tort 侵权行为地法The place of acting 加害行为实施地The place of injury 加害结果发生地The law of the forum 法院地法A mixture of the lex fori and the lex loci delicti = Rule of double actionability重叠适用侵权行为地法和法院地法/双重可诉原则Unjust enrichment 不当得利Negotiorum gestio = voluntary agency 无因管理Quasi-contractual obligation 准合同之债True successor 真正的继承人International civil procedure 国际民事诉讼International commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC = The Court of Arbitrationof China Chamber of International Commerce = CCOIC Court of Arbitration 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院Agreement of international commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁协议Principal contract 主合同Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁协议书Litigation 排除诉讼Capacity （仲裁当事人的）资格The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 《承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约》/《纽约公约》Exclusive jurisdiction 排他的管辖权Substantive law 实体法Adjective law 程序法Rules of procedure of arbitration 仲裁程序规则Mandatory rules 强制性规则Agency agreement 代理协定Home state 本国Direct line直接适用的法International jurisdiction = competence generale = competence internationale 国际管辖权/一般的管辖权Local jurisdiction = competence speciale = competence interne国内管辖权/特别的管辖权Competence generale directe 直接的一般管辖权Competence generale indirecte 间接的一般管辖权International judicial assistance incivil matters 国际（民事领域）司法协助Service = evidence abroad 司法协助Commissioner 特派员取证Public summons 公共传票Forcible service 强制送达Non-forcible service 非强制送达Nonformal service 非正式送达Arbitration 仲裁/公断Arbitrability 争议可仲裁性Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission to arbitration agreement 提交仲裁协议书Ad hoc arbitration agency 临时仲裁机构/特别仲裁机构/专设仲裁机构Institutional arbitration 机构仲裁Arbitration Court of International Chamber of Commerce = ICC国际商会仲裁院Arbitral proceedings 仲裁程序London Court of International Arbitration = LCIA 伦敦国际仲裁院Charted Institute of Arbitration 特许仲裁员协会China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院China Maritime Arbitration Commission = CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Final award 最后裁决Preliminary award 初裁决/预裁决Partial award 部分裁决Default award 缺席裁决No proper notice 未给予适当通知Unable to present the case 未能提出申辩。
Tutorial4_5.1 chinese
TUTORIAL 4: 带散热器的场效应管（FET）产生的辐射
在本教程中我们用FLO/EMC 来研究一个安装在散热器上的开关场效应管（FET）的辐射特性。
我们要讨论的是影响FET和散热器之间耦合的因素以及散热器的辐射能力。
我们还将用FLO/EMC来展示由于为噪声源FET提供了更好的回路路径从而有效减少了散热器的辐射。
本教程指导用户一步步地来建模型并对结果来进行分析。
1.建模型
2.定义网格、激励源、材料以及输出
3.求解并对结果进行分析
4.在初步分析结果的基础上来提供一个改进方案
5.对改进方案进行评估
来启动
‘Location’
来打开它。
)
，并两次点
来重新运行后处理以及傅立叶变换，此时并不需要重。
国际商法(英)复习14、12
The Final ReviewQuestion types:Section I: True or False. (Mark T for True, F for False in the blank provided) (20 %)SectionⅡGive brief answers to the following questions. (30 %) Section III: Read the Case carefully and answer the following questions. (20%)Section IV: Read the Case carefully and answer the following questions. (30%)Content:1. The establishment of the contract:a valid contract is an agreement that contains all of the essential elements of a contract which are: (1) it is an agreement between the parties entered into by their mutual assent; The mutual agreement is reached through the bargaining process, between offferor and offeree until the offeree accepted the offer. In other words, a contract isn’t formed until the offer is accepted by the offeree. (2) the parties must have legal capacity ; (3) the contract must not be for illegal purposes or to carry on an activity that is illegal or contrary to public policy. The above tell us that which essential elements are contained by a valid contract.Offer: an offer is a statement by one party of a willingness to enter into a contract on stated terms, provided that these terms are, in turn, accepted by the party or parties to whom the offer is addressed. An offer takes effect when it reaches the offereeCISG: A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.Requirement of Offer:under the CISG an offer must be sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound. (1) the contract law of most nations hold that an offer must be addressed to one or more specific persons ; (2)A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price.(3) an offer becomes valid when it arrives at the offeree. This tells us that an offer must has theconditions.An invitation to offer or invitation to treat is simply an expression of willingness to enter into negotiations which, it is hoped, will lead to the conclusion of a contract at a later date.The distinction between offer and invitation to offer is the intention; that is, did the maker of the statement intend to be bound by an acceptance of his terms without further negotiation or did he only intend his statement to be part of the continuing negotiation process. Under CISG rules, an advertisement is presumed to be an invitation unless the contrary is clearly indicted by the person making the proposal.In an auction sale, when the auctioneer invites the bids from the public, is it deemed as an offer made to the prospective buyers? or an invitation to offer?The Binding of an Offer: As a general rule, an offer is binding the offeror and not binding on the offeree.CISG states: (1) until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance; (2) however, an offer c an’t be revoked: (a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable or (b) if it was reasonable for offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.It is not correct that the offer shall be cancel before the offeree to accept without exception under the CISG. The above told us that what circumstances an offer may be revoked under the CISG..An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn(撤回) if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer. 要约被撤回; What circumstances an offer may be withdrawn under CISG? The above answered the question.An offer did not take effect because its withdrawal notice already reached the offeree before its offer reach offeree, which withdrew effectively its offer. So the agree of the other party is not the acceptance. There is no contractual relationship between the parties.Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance. 要约被撤销The acceptance is the offeree’s manifestation of the intention to be bound to the terms of the offer. Under the CISG, an acceptance may take the form of a statement or any other conduct by the offeree that indicates the offeree’s intention to be bound to the contract.1) The acceptance must be made by offeree to offeror.2) An acceptance must be made within the period of validity;3)The acceptance must be unconditional and absolute, with samecontents as the offer;A purported acceptance which does not accept all the terms and conditions proposed by the offeror but which in fact introduces new terms is not an acceptance but a counter-offer, which is then treated as new offer. The effect of the counter-offer is to kill off the original offer so that it cannot subsequently be accepted by the offeree.Under the CISG, an acceptance containing new terms that do not materially alter the terms of the offer becomes a part of the contract , unless the offeror promptly objects to the change.However, an acceptance that contains additional or different terms that do materially alter the terms of the offer would constitute a rejection of the offer and a counteroffer. No contract would arise at all unless the offer in return accepts all of the terms of counteroffer.Under CISG an acceptance of the counteroffer may arise by assent or by performance.Sales excluded from CISG:1) Consumer goods sold for personal, family or household use. 2) Goods bought at auction. 3）Stocks, securities, negotiable instruments or money. 4）Ships, vessels, or aircraft.5) Electricity. 6) Assembly contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced wherein the buyer provides a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production.7) Contracts that are in preponderant(主要的) part of the supply of labor or other services. 8）Liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods. 9）Contracts where the parties specifically agree to opt out of the convention or here they chose to be bound by some other law.2. breach and remediesWhat’s meaning of anticipatory repudiation or anticipatory breach?One type of breach of contract occurs when the promisor indicates before the time for his performance that he is unwilling or unable to carry out the contract. This is called actual breach, is that correct?A party may declare the contract avoided: if the failure by the other party to perform any of his obligations under the contract and this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract.What are the consequences of material breach under the CISG? The party who is injured by a material breach has the right to withhold his own performance. He is discharged from further obligations under the contract and may cancel it. He also has the right to sue for damages for total breach of contract.What is the difference between the remedies for material breach of contract and nonmaterial breach? The party who is injured by a material breach has the right to withhold his own performance. He is dischargedfrom further obligations under the contract and may cancel it. He also has the right to sue for damages for total breach of contract. By contrast, the non-breaching party may sue for only those damages caused by the particular breach. In addition, he does not have the right to cancel the contract, although a nonmaterial breach can give him the right to suspend his performance until the breach is remedied. Once the breach is remedied, the non-breaching party must go ahead and render his performance, minus any damages caused by the breach.As long as the seller fails to perform the contract within the prescribed time limit without exempt cause, the buyer can announce to cancel the contract. Is that correct?The CISG provide, if the seller is not fulfill his obligations within the time stipulated in the contract and does not constitute a fundamental breach of contract, the buyer can give the seller a reasonable additional time to continue his performance under the contract, and can't take conflicts with the remedies such as terminate the contract during this period of time.Specific performance: an order of specific performance is an order of the court which requires the party in breach to perform his primary obligations under the contract.In common law countries, specific performance are seldom adopted by the court and are subject to the following conditions: specific performance is generally unavailable where it would cause severe hardship to the defendant, where the contract is unfair to the defendant, where the conduct of the claimant demonstrates that he does not deserve the remedy, where the claimant has sought to take advantage of a mistake by the defendant, where the performance is impossible, where the contract is one of personal services, such as contract of employment……So, is it correct that specific performance will be granted by most of the courts in case of contract breach in common law countries as it helps remedy the plaintiff from unfaithful conducts? Performance of contracts under CISG: Seller’s obligation: deliver the goods, it may be actual or constructive; hand over any documents relating to them and ensure that the goods conform with the contract. The above tell us that what obligations a seller is required under the CISG.Place for delivery: under the CISG, if the seller is not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place, his obligation to deliver consists: (1) the first carrier’s place of business if the contract involves the carriage of goods or (2) the place where the parties knew the goods were located or were to be manufactured or produced. ( the time of theparties knew the place was when the conclusion of the contract); (3) in other case –in placing the goods at the buyer’s disposal at the place where the seller had his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contractImplied warranties under CISG: The seller must deliver goods that(1) are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used; (2) are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly make known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract. So, it is correct that the seller must deliver goods that are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used.The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property, of which under the law of the state where the goods will be resold or otherwise used, if it was contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the goods would be resold or otherwise used in that state; or (b) in any other case, under the law of the state where the buyer has his of business.the obligation of the seller does not extend to cases where: (a) at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of the right or claim; or (b) the right or claim results from th e seller’s compliance with technical drawings, designs, formulas or other such specifications furnished by the buyer; the above tell us that is not correct about the obligation of seller that must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property under CISG does not discharge in any case.unless the buyer agreed to take the goods subject to that right or claim.The passing of the risk：Passage of risk is defined as the shifting of responsibility for loss or damage from the seller to the buyerWhen a contract requires the seller to deliver the goods to a carrier for shipment and does not require the seller to deliver them to a particular place, the risk passes then the goods are handed over to the first carrier.According to the CISG provisions, If the contract has no provision on bearing the loss of goods, and involved transportation of the goods, then the risk transfer from seller to buyer when the delivery of the first carrier for delivering buyer in according with the contract.Sometimes goods are sold after they are already aboard a carrier. In such a case, the risk passes to the buyer at the time the contract isconcluded.The risk of loss of the goods which be sold in transit transfer to buyer when the contract is concluded in any case under CISG. Is that correct? The goods are sold after they are already aboard a carrier. In such a case, the general rule is that the risk passes to the buyer at the time the contract is concluded. if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought to have known that the goods had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer, the loss or damage is at the risk of the seller.The risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract. At this time, the risk of loss of goods shall be borne by whom?Partnership and corporation: The general partners have joint and several liability for the debts of the partnership. The limited partners have limited liability, meaning they are only liable on debts incurred by the firm to the extent of their registered investment. A partner need not to be responsible for the debts of the partnership When the partner withdraws from the partnership. Which is correct? In chinaLimited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liability. In an LLP one partner is not responsible or liable for another partner's misconduct or negligence. This is an important difference from that of an unlimited partnership. Limited liability partnerships are distinct from limited partnerships in some countries, which may allow all LLP partners to have limited liability, while a limited partnership may require at least one unlimited partner and allow others to assume the role of a passive and limited liability investorPreincorporation Contracts: In common law system, the promoter may sign a contract in the corporate name when in fact the corporation has not yet been formed. Many cases say that such a promoter is personally liable.The circumstances when piercing the corporate veil:It is not sufficient to show that there is only one shareholder when challenging the independence of corporate personality. There must be an improper use of the corporation.Transactions beyond business scope: Is the contract void in China if it is executed by a Corporation beyond its business scope registered in the Articles? (1) The transaction is effective if it needs no special permission from the government;(2) The transaction is not effective if it needs special permissionIn United States and England: i n history, it’s not effective due to the principle of Ultra Vires (越权无效原则）;nowadays, it’s usuall y effective。
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Commercial Law_Tutorial 2 1 Commercial Law Tutorial 2 In this session you will: Answer the Multiple choice questions in the text book Short answer and problem solving questions Solve case study problems
Multiple choice questions Multiple Choice Questions from Chapter 1 pp23
Short answer and problem solving questions 1. a. Explain the origins of common law, equity and statute law. …………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………................................................... 2 Commercial Law_Tutorial 2
b. Explain in plain English, the following “maxims” i. “He who seeks equity must do equity.” ii. “He who comes to equity must come with clean hands” iii. “Time defeats equities”
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c. “Common law and equity are now fused!.” Explain what this means. …………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................................................................…………………………………......................................... Commercial Law_Tutorial 2 3
2. Distinguish between: i. common law and equity, ii. common law and statutory law, iii. common law and civil law systems of law, iv. criminal law and civil law, v. ratio decidendi and obiter dicta,
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