科技文本翻译例子
《交际翻译理论指导下科技文本翻译实践报告》
《交际翻译理论指导下科技文本翻译实践报告》一、引言随着全球化的推进，科技文本的翻译日益受到重视。
科技文本的翻译不仅要求译者具备扎实的语言基础，更要求其理解并运用适当的翻译理论。
本报告将基于交际翻译理论，分析科技文本的特点及翻译难点，结合具体实践案例，探讨科技文本翻译的策略与技巧。
二、科技文本的特点及翻译难点科技文本具有专业性强、术语丰富、逻辑严密、结构明确等特点。
这些特点使得科技文本的翻译具有一定的难度。
首先，科技文本中的术语往往具有特定的含义，要求译者具备丰富的专业知识。
其次，科技文本的逻辑性和结构性使得翻译过程中需要保持原文的逻辑和结构，以确保译文的准确性。
此外，科技文本的表述往往较为客观，要求译者在翻译过程中保持客观、准确的态度。
三、交际翻译理论概述交际翻译理论是一种以交际为目的的翻译理论，强调翻译的交际功能和目的性。
该理论认为，翻译的目的是使原文的交际意图在译文中得到准确的传达，使译文读者能够理解原文作者的思想和意图。
在科技文本的翻译中，交际翻译理论可以帮助译者更好地理解原文的交际意图，从而更准确地传达科技信息。
四、交际翻译理论在科技文本翻译中的应用1. 术语的准确翻译：在科技文本的翻译中，术语的准确翻译至关重要。
译者需要查阅专业词典、文献资料等，确保术语的准确性和专业性。
同时，译者还需要根据上下文理解术语的含义，以避免产生歧义。
2. 逻辑和结构的保留：科技文本的逻辑性和结构性是其重要特点之一。
在翻译过程中，译者需要保持原文的逻辑和结构，以确保译文的连贯性和条理性。
这需要译者具备扎实的语言基础和良好的逻辑分析能力。
3. 客观、准确的翻译态度：科技文本的表述往往较为客观，要求译者在翻译过程中保持客观、准确的翻译态度。
这需要译者理解原文的交际意图，避免主观臆断和误解。
4. 跨文化交际意识的体现：科技文本的翻译涉及到不同文化背景的交流。
译者需要具备跨文化交际意识，了解不同文化背景下的语言表达习惯和思维方式，以更好地传达科技信息。
文本类型理论视角下的科技日语翻译
文本类型理论视角下的科技日语翻译摘要：本文以德国翻译学家赖斯的文本类型理论为视角，对科技日语的语言特点进行分析和归纳，并结合一些翻译实例来探讨适合科技日语文章的翻译技巧和方法，以期对科技日语翻译提供一定的参考，从而有效提高译文质量。
关键词：文本类型理论；科技日语；翻译方法当今世界，科技发展日新月异，经济全球化已经成为不争的事实。
其中，科技及相关技术产业的全球化是经济全球化的显著特征，人们越来越重视科技创新与发展。
科技类文本的翻译对于吸收和学习先进的理论研究有着重要的作用。
本文以文本类型理论为视角，首先分析科技日语文本的语言特征，然后结合实例浅析科技日语的一些汉译技巧和方法。
一、文本类型理论文本类型理论是由德国翻译学家赖斯于二十世纪七十年代提出的。
赖斯根据文本特点将文本分为信息类、操作类和表情类三种类型。
信息类文本主要侧重于“单纯信息的交流”，首要目的是保证信息的准确性。
操作类文本是通过各种方式感染读者并促使其采取某种行动，目的是“促使行动反应”。
表情类文本是“创造形作品”，核心是创造性的结构和审美价值。
赖斯的这一文本类型理论应用范围广泛，拓宽了翻译的视野，对今后的翻译研究有指导性作用。
二、科技日语文本的语言特征就科技日语文本而言，从词汇、句法以及文体来看，其语言特征如下。
（一）词汇科技日语文本中有大量的专业术语，这些科技术语词汇有些是纯科技词汇，专业性强，具有单一性。
还有一些是半专业词汇，多来源于英语等外来语，同一词语在不同领域的意义不同。
例如：ショック的普通词义是“打击、震惊”，在医学领域词义是“休克”，在机械领域词义是“冲击、震动”，在社科领域词义是“危机”。
ハンドル在机械领域词义是“手柄、手轮”，在汽车领域词义是“方向盘”，在林业领域词义是“手把”。
（二）句法科技日语文本中长句居多，修饰语成分较长，惯用句式较多。
另外，为了客观地反应事实，强调重点，文本中多使用被动句、双重否定句等特殊句式。
《交际翻译理论指导下科技文本翻译实践报告》
《交际翻译理论指导下科技文本翻译实践报告》一、引言在当今全球化的背景下，科技文本的翻译已成为连接不同国家和文化间信息交流的桥梁。
由于科技领域的不断发展和深化，其相关文本翻译具有高度专业性、技术性和交际性等特点。
因此，交际翻译理论（Communication Translation Theory）成为了科技文本翻译中重要且实用的指导工具。
本报告旨在分享本人在交际翻译理论指导下的科技文本翻译实践过程及所得的经验教训。
二、交际翻译理论概述交际翻译理论强调翻译过程中的交际意图和目的，注重原文与译文之间的信息传递和接受者的理解。
在科技文本翻译中，交际翻译理论强调翻译的准确性、专业性和可读性，以使读者能够在理解原作者意图的基础上获取准确的科技信息。
同时，它还注重语境和语域的分析，充分考虑原语与目的语的差异，使译文在语义和语用上都能与原文达到相对的等效。
三、科技文本翻译实践过程1. 文本选择与分析本次实践选择了某篇关于人工智能技术的科技文章作为翻译对象。
在分析原文时，我重点关注了其专业术语、句子结构、语篇逻辑和语境等要素。
对于专业术语，我进行了详细的查证和核对，以确保准确无误；对于句子结构和语篇逻辑，我分析了原文的表述方式，以便在译文中保持一致的逻辑关系；对于语境的分析，我考虑了目的语读者的文化背景和认知水平，以便进行适当的语言调整。
2. 翻译策略与方法在交际翻译理论的指导下，我采用了以下翻译策略与方法：（1）术语统一：对于专业术语，我建立了术语表，确保全文中术语的统一性。
（2）语义翻译与交际翻译相结合：在保证语义准确的前提下，我注重译文的流畅性和可读性，使读者能够更好地理解原文信息。
（3）语域与语境适应：根据目的语读者的语域和语境，我进行了适当的语言调整，以使译文更符合目的语的语言习惯。
（4）注重语篇分析：在翻译过程中，我关注原文的语篇逻辑关系，确保译文的连贯性和一致性。
3. 实践案例分析以原文中的一句为例：“人工智能技术能够通过学习人类行为模式，自动识别和适应不同的环境。
功能对等理论指导下的生态类科技文本英汉翻译实践报告
大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文摘要随着全球经济飞速发展，城市化的速度也在逐渐提升，空气污染、气候变化等问题也成为了当今环境治理方面的两大重要挑战。
中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家，经济发展速度前所未有，而在建设社会主义现代化强国的过程中，生态环境建成为了社会主义现代化建设的重要内涵。
在此背景下，译者决定翻译《蓝绿解决方案》。
本书主要介绍了来自帝国理工学院的科研团队所研发的创新性城市环境治理解决方案，为城市治理提供新的思路。
该方案在许多国家和地区已经开展了试点工作，而在国内的应用仍是空白。
本次翻译实践的主要目的就是通过对本书的翻译，为我国相关领域人员提供更有价值的借鉴与参考，并为生态类科技英文文本的翻译提供一定的参考和启示。
译者通过对于原文本和同类科技文本进行分析，结合科技文本的文体特点和语法特点，在功能对等理论的指导下，分析了科技文本的翻译过程中存在的问题，通过对翻译技巧的探讨，撰写了本篇翻译实践报告。
本报告包括任务描述、翻译过程、案例分析和结论部分。
其中，案例分析部分为此报告的核心。
译者以奈达的功能对等理论作为指导，从词汇，句法，语篇三个层面探讨翻译过程中遇到的问题，并提出相应的解决办法。
在词汇层面，译者提出了增词、减词，以及对于术语和一般词汇进行的直译或通过语境进行翻译。
在句法层面，译者利用词性的转换和语态的转换，根据中英文表达习惯等差异，对于译文的形式进行适当的改变。
为了实现语篇的连贯和对等，译者采用了调序以及增词的方法。
最后，报告将总结在本次翻译实践中总结的翻译方法以及整个工作的总结以及局限性。
关键词：功能对等理论；科技文本翻译；英汉翻译A Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence TheoryA Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance ofFunctional Equivalence TheoryAbstractWith the rapid development of the global economy, the speed of urbanization is gradually increasing, and problems such as air pollution and climate change have become two major challenges in environmental governance. As the largest developing country in the world, China has experienced an unprecedented economic increasing. The construction of the ecological environment has been a core of socialist modernization. Considering the background, the translator decides to translate Blue Green Solutions. This book mainly introduces innovative urban environmental governance solutions developed by the scientific research team of Imperial College to provide new ideas for urban governance. The program has already carried out pilot work in many countries and regions, but its application in China is still blank. The main purpose of this translation practice is to provide a more valuable reference for the relevant fields in China through the translation of this book and to provide reference and inspiration for the translation of ecological EST texts.The translator analyzes the source text and the parallel text combining with the stylistic and grammatical characteristics of the EST text, under the guidance of functional equivalence theory, solves the problems encountered in the translation process and finally writes this translation practice report.This report includes task introduction, translation process, case study and conclusion. The case study is the core of this report. The translator uses Nida’s functional equivalence theory as a guide to explore the problems encountered in the translation process from the three levels of lexical level, syntactic level, and discourse level, and proposes corresponding solutions. At the lexical level, the translator uses addition and omission, as well as literal translation of terms and contextual translation of common words. At syntactic level, the translator uses conversion to make appropriate changes to the form of the translation based on differences in Chinese and English expression habits. In order to achieve coherence and equivalence at discourse level, the translator adopts the method of rearrangement and addition. Finally, the report will have a conclusion of the translation methods in the translation practice and the summary and limitations of the entire work.Key Words：Functional Equivalence; EST Translation; E-C Translation目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Chapter 1 Introduction (1)1.1 Background of the Translation Project (1)1.2 Significance of the Translation Project (2)Chapter 2 Theoretical Basis (3)2.1 EST and EST Translation (3)2.1 Overview on Nida’s Translation Theory (3)2.2 Nida’s Functional equivalence (4)2.3 The Application of Functional Equivalence (6)Chapter 3 Translation Process (7)3.1 Pre-Translation Preparation (7)3.2 Analysis of the Source Text (8)3.2.1 Lexical features (8)3.2.2 Syntactic Features (9)Chapter 4 Case Study (11)4.1 Translation at Lexical Level (11)4.1.1 Literal Translation (11)4.1.2 Contextual Translation (13)4.1.3 Amplification and Omission (14)4.2 Translation at Syntactic Level (15)4.2.1 Nominalizations to Verbs (15)4.2.1 Passive V oice to Active V oice (16)4.3 Translation at Discourse Level (17)Chapter 5 Conclusion (21)5.1 Findings in the Translation Process (21)5.2 Summary and Limitations (22)References (23)Appendix I Term Bank and Abbreviation (25)Appendix II Source Text and Target Text (29)Acknowledgments (88)大连理工大学学位论文版权使用授权书 (89)Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Background of the Translation ProjectUrbanization is characteristic of the modern world. At present, economic and social development is in an important strategic transition period, and urbanization has been given an important historical mission. However, the impact of urbanization on the ecological environment cannot be ignored. How to improve the quality and benefits of urbanization development in accordance with the concept of green development is a challenge faced by China and all countries in the world. As an applied discipline, the translation should make its due contribution to people’s further understanding of the world. It is the mission of our translation students to translate valuable foreign books or materials into Chinese and introduce them to Chinese people to expand international cooperation and promote the better development of our economy.My translation project is a technological report entitled Blue Green Solutions, edited by Čedo Maksimovic and some other contributors. This technological report was fun ded by Climate-KIC, which is a Knowledge and Innovation Community supported by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology. Čedo Maksimovic, the major contributor to this guidebook, is from Imperial College London. His research fields include applied fluid mechanics in urban water systems: storm drainage, urban flooding water supply and interactions of urban water systems and infrastructure with the environment. In addition to lecturing on the MSc and UG courses, Prof. Maksimovic serves as a project coordinator of EPSRC, EU and UNESCO projects in the UK, and other projects in Europe and in other continents dealing with the above topics. This translation project comes from the BGS translation cooperation project that my supervisor discussed with the author at Imperial College.Blue Green Solutions is a guidebook that presents an innovative framework to systematically unlock the multiple benefits of city natural infrastructure [1]. Chapter 1 gives an introduction of Nature Based Solutions (NBS) and Blue Green Solutions (BGS) to prove that the NBS is a mono-function way, which has become increasingly unsuitable for cities nowadays. The Blue Green Dream (BGD) project created a framework for synergizing urban water and plant systems to provide effective, multifunctional Blue Green Solutions (BGS) to support urban adaptation to climatic change. Chapter 2 describes the development process of BGS, the limitations of traditional NBS in urban transitions and the innovative urban transition of BGS. It is pointed out that the BGS is not based on a single discipline to provide solutions for urban transition but is based on the coordination and communication of multiple discipline teams. Chapter 3 describes the design process when planning urban transition with BGS, and reduces the cost to the minimum by coordinating the participation degree of each stakeholder to realizeA Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence Theorythe maximization of the benefits of urban transition. Chapter 4 describes how to quantify the economic and ecological benefits of the blue-green solution. Chapter 5 is a case study of six pilot units.1.2 Significance of the Translation ProjectThis translation project is significant in the following two senses:Academic significance. BGS elaborated on the relationship between urban design and climate change from the perspective of urbanization. Each contributor is an expert in environmental engineering, civil engineering, energy and economics, and explains the whole process of BGS from pre-design to construction to benefit evaluation. After an in-depth study of climate change, they created new solutions that were different from traditional NBSs. Secondly, the study of climate change involves many factors, including science, energy, politics and economy. Therefore, it is not a simple matter to make it clear. This guidebook makes a detailed case study of the communities, campuses and other places that adopt the BGS to realize construction or renovation, then proves the correctness and innovation of the theory with practice. So this guidebook provides a good platform for the target language readers and related researchers.Realistic significance. The special feature of the BGS is that its target group can be a professional group, as well as developers, factory managers, governments, investors and other stakeholders. This paper presents the theoretical knowledge that BGS takes and the benefits that BGS brings. Translating this guidebook into Chinese is valuable for relevant experts and stakeholders to use for reference in designing urban construction or renovation. In addition, translating this paper into Chinese will provide a window for the public to understand the close relationship between urban development and climate change. As the biggest developing country in the world, China will contribute significantly to global environmental protection and economic development by running her own affairs well. Therefore, translating this book into Chinese can provide more reference programs for China in the construction of ecological civilization.大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文Chapter 2 Theoretical Basis2.0 EST and EST TranslationIn the first chapter, the content of the source text is about the new research in the area of environmental engineering, which is typical English for Science and Technology (EST). Many related studies on the translation of EST texts have shown that the style of EST is characterized by standard language, objective statement, strong logic, a large amount of information and a high degree of specialization. Compared with literary translation, scientific translation requires a translation that is accurate and expressive in content, well-structured and well-defined [2,3]. Therefore, when translating EST texts, the translator must analyze the characteristics and language features of the source text.In the translation process, the translator believes that the ultimate purpose of EST translation is using simple, accurate language to express the same concepts and information as the original to promote scientific and technological knowledge. Therefore, in addition to considering the basic concepts of the translation such as “literal translation” and “parallel translation,” it should also pay attention to the equivalence in the function of the target text and the source text to make sure that the reader or audience may have the same response of the source language receptor [4]. Therefore, from the perspective of the requirements of EST translation and the reader’s response, EST translation coincides with Nida's functional equivalence theory.2.1 Overview on Nida’s Translation TheoryNida’s basic translation ideas can be summarized in the following three points. ①Translation is a communicative activity between languages. ②The goal of translation is to transfer the meanings. ③In order to transfer meanings, the form of the source texts can be adjusted [4]. Nida regards translation as a cross-language, cross-cultural communicative activity, which is in line with the purpose of the EST translation, that is, to convey the latest research in related disciplines, and to provide new research methods for the domestic academic circles. For the second point, Nida’s explanation is: To make the source text reader and target text readers communicate with each other, the meaning of the source texts must be clearly transferred. This is also the most basic requirement for translation of the source text. Since the habit of Chinese and English expressions are not the same, in order to achieve translation, the forms of language expressions must be changed. EST has its own textual characteristics, and we must correctly grasp these characteristics in translation, and reproduce the information of the source language with the closest and natural equivalents[5]. This is the core point of functional equivalence theory.A Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence TheoryIn addition to functional equivalence theory, Nida believes that the translation process can be divided into following four stages, namely analysis, transfer, restructuring and test [5]. ①Analysis is mainly to determine the meaning of the original text. The meaning here refers to the meaning of words, phrases, grammar, syntax and discourse structure. That is, the translators must grasp both the meaning of the content and the characteristics of the form. ②Transfer is to transfer the information analyzed from the source language to the target language. ③Restructuring is to reorganize the words, syntax and discourse features to achieve maximum comprehension of the target receptor. ④Test. To expose the deficiency of translation based on testing the reader’s response. Transfer, restructuring and test is a process that needs to be repeated in the translation process in order to do the best translation. Therefore, in the translation process, the characteristics of the original text should be analyzed first. After having a complete grasp of the content and linguistic characteristics of the original text, it should be translated sentence by sentence.2.2 Nida’s Functional equivalenceThe core of Nida’s “f unctional equivalence” theory is to make the translated text arouse the same effect on target readers as close as possible as the source text on its readers [6]. Dynamic equivalence (or functional equivalence) is an approach to translation in which the original language is translated “thought for thought” rather than “word for word” as in form equivalence. For Nida, in translation, the meaning is first, and form is second, namely the priority of functional equivalence over formal equivalence. The “function” of a language refers to the verbal role that a language can play in its use. Different languages must be different in grammar or expression habits, but they can have the same or similar functions to each other. So that the key to translation is the target text can produce the corresponding effect of the source text in the cultural background of the source language in the cultural background of the target language. Nida emphasizes that the key to translation is “equivalence,” “in formation,” “meaning,” and “style” [7].As mentioned earlier, “translation is a communicative activity,” the purpose of translation is to seek the “equivalence” of the source language and target language. The information conveyed by translation is not only superficial textual information but also deep cultural and social information. Nida expounds dynamic equivalence from four aspects: lexical equivalence, syntactic equivalence, textual equivalence and stylistic equivalence [8].(1) Lexical equivalence: The meaning of a word is decided by its use in the language. Find the corresponding meaning in the target language.(2) Syntactic equivalence: Translators must not only know whether the target language has such a structure, but also understand how often this structure is used.大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文(3) Discourse equivalence: In the discourse analysis, we can not only analyze the language itself but also how the language conveys the meaning and function in a specific context.(4) Stylistic equivalence: Translation works of different styles have their own unique language characteristics. Only when mastering both the source and target language characteristics and being proficient in using both languages, can translators create a translation work that truly reflects the source language style.Under the framework of functional equivalence theory, EST translation should follow the following principles [9]:(1) Faithfulness to the original author: in translation, we should pay special attention to the unity of the target text and the original text, and follow the principle of “faithfulness to the original author.” On the basis of this principle, the translator should give full play to the role of the original text, requiring the translator not only to understand the thinking mode of the source text but also to fully understand the communicative function of the source text to the source text.(2) Serving the target language receptors: take full account of the r eader’s understanding of the translation and use the most “natural” form of language translation. This “naturalness,” on the condition that the target language recipient’s understanding needs are satisfied, includes two meanings: the translation should be authentic, and the translation should be read in a natural way, so as to avoid translationese.(3) Fully considering the function of information: in the EST translation, the translator should fully consider the cultural background of the target language, and based on this background, fully consider the information function. If the target readers have strong professional knowledge of related fields, maximally retain the original style and words of science and technology in the text, English professional term will not affect their reading and understanding, the target language reader can completely rely on their professional skills to understand English paragraph means of science and technology. If the target language reader has the weak professional knowledge, the translator should strive to achieve the equivalence from words to sentences as far as possible so as not to affect the target language readers to further understand the meaning and improve their reading experiences.In translation practices, Nida believes that the most important equivalence is the semantic equivalence. For EST translation, the author believes that the translator must first grasp the style of EST, that is, the stylistic characteristics of EST must be clarified in the pre-translation preparation. Secondly, translators should adhere to the principle of lexical equivalence and semantic equivalence in translation, so that the content of the source texts has the same effect as the source texts.A Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence Theory2.3 The Application of Functional EquivalenceAs mentioned above, the core of functional equivalence is that the receptors’ response to the target text is the same as the original response to the source text. Given this, Nida defines translation as “reproducing the source messages in the target language from meanings to stylistic features with the closest natural equivalents[10]”. Guided by functional equivalence theory, the translator of this report tries to seek equivalence as far as possible from perspectives of lexicon, syntax and discourse.First of all, by applying the “functional equivalence theory,” the translator first takes the reader’s response to the text as the most important factor in translation practice from the perspective of the discourse. “Lexical equivalence” emphasizes the equivalence of meaning and part-of-speech in EST translation as well as the equivalence of communication functions by adding and deleting words; “syntactic equivalence” requires translators to get rid of constraints of forms and express the meaning of the source texts clearly and completely. The functional equivalence theory also takes into account the logical relationships between words and between sentences to flexibly change the part of speech. For scientific and technological styles, it is particularly necessary to pay attention to the structures such as passive voice, attributives, adverbials, etc. Based on the first two types of equivalence, translators are required to proceed from the whole passage, reasonably arrange sentence groups, and pay attention to the logical relationship between sentences. “Stylistic equivalence” is the top priority of all equivalence strategies. The writing style of a scientific article should not be similar to literary styles, such as a novel.Secondly, the four steps of translation emphasized in Nida’s theory also play a guiding role in translation practice. The analysis section allows the translator to determine the style and the linguistic features of the source texts before translating. The text analysis before translation facilitates the translator to achieve stylistic equivalence in translation, which is of great significance to the realization of functional equivalence in the EST translation. Transfer and restructuring require translators to flexibly apply various translation strategies in lexical and syntactic translation according to the four translation principles of equivalence and functional equivalence mentioned above, to achieve functional equivalence in translation. In the process of proofreading, the quality of the translated text should be determined according to the standards proposed by the functional equivalence theory, in addition to determining whether the translation achieves four equivalence.The functional equivalence theory points out a way for translators to EST translation, which has great guiding significance for translators’ translation practice.大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文Chapter 3 Translation Process3.1 Pre-Translation PreparationTranslation preparation is necessary for the translation project. For EST translation, according to the functional equivalence theory, the translation should achieve stylistic equivalence with the original text, which requires the translator to have a holistic grasp of the stylistic features of the original text. In this translation practice, the source text has many terms, and consistency of the terms is one of the important criteria to measure the quality of translation and is also one of the important tasks of proofreading. So, it is necessary to have preparation before translation. With careful preparation, the translation work will be effectively completed, and high-quality translation will be delivered in a timely manner. Therefore, after receiving this translation project, the author of this report first makes the following translation preparations.For the terminological consistency, the translator chooses to use computer-aided translation software (hereinafter referred to as CAT). The advantage of CAT is that the same content will not be translated twice, which saves the workload of terminological consistency. In this translation project, the translator uses SDL Trados Studio 2019. Its advantages are shown in the following aspects: translation memory (TM), matching, and termbase (MultiTerm). The memory function and matching function of Trados complement each other. The memory function refers to the automatic storage of the translation and the sorting, establishment and continuous updating of the memory base in the process of translation by Trados, and the matching function refers to the analysis of the source text and the target text with the help of Trados to accurately identify the corresponding sentences and paragraphs, and automatically pop up the matching sentence paragraph when similar sentence paragraphs appear in the following paragraphs. With the help of the memory and matching function of Trados, the source text can be better understood according to the existing translation, qualified translation can be produced, and the consistency of the same type of text can be maintained. MultiTerm can standardize all the professional terms. The translator only needs to establish one or more standard term lists containing the source language and the target language. By opening the corresponding term list in Trados, the system will automatically identify which terms have been defined in the text and give the standard translation, which effectively keeps the terminological consistency and accuracy [11].Because there are a large number of technical terms in “Blue Green Solutions,” the author of this report prepares some dictionaries. In addition to dictionaries, the author prepares relevant translation books, such as A Course in English-Chinese Translation, which is written by Zhang Peiji, Functional Translation Theory and ESP Translation Study written by Wang Miao. In addition, The translator has a preparation of parallel texts. In the EST translation, understandingis the premise. Only when the meaning is understood correctly can a concise and correct translation be produced. English of science and technology covers a wide range of disciplines, and it is difficult for translators to be familiar with or master all the professional terms in various fields. In the process of EST translation, the elaboration and determination of terms require time and effort, and mistranslations often occur due to a lack of professional knowledge and contextual knowledge. By introducing parallel text, the translator can get a general understanding of the common terms and expressions in this field, and turn the terms in the text into his own vocabulary reserve, so as to effectively and accurately solve the problem of term translation[12], so as to ensure accurate and appropriate semantic equivalence during the translation. In addition, Nida’s theory of stylistic equivalence requires that the target text should fulfill the same function of the source text, so as to satisfy the way of expression of the target text. By using parallel text, in addition to the accurate expression of vocabulary, it also contributes to the overall smoothness of the target text and the functional equivalence of the original text. In addition, parallel text can also effectively help translators expand their knowledge, improve their ability to identify various professional terms, and find subtle differences among different meanings with a rigorous attitude, so as to select appropriate translation strategies and convey the original meaning to readers accurately and smoothly. Therefore, the translator prepares relevant parallel texts.3.2 Analysis of the Source TextDifferent from the literary text, the EST text has its own characteristics and features. In order to describe the objective world accurately, the style of science and technology texts should be concise in the form, coherent in the semantic expression, and objective in the use of language.3.2.1 Lexical featuresThe lexical features of the source text include three main points:Terminology. The purpose of science and technology text is to deliver technical information or science facts. To achieve this point, the terminology is widely used in science and technology text to ensure the accuracy of the content. Blue Green Solutions is a technical report which gives a new method in urbanization and city reconstruction, in which numerous terminologies are used to demonstrate the theories proposed in the report. As the following table 1 shows, some terms are demonstrated. The rest of the terms and abbreviations refer to Appendix I.Tab. 3.1 Technical WordsST TTPhotovoltaics 光伏Topography 地形、地貌Adiabatic Cooling 隔热冷却Evapotranspiration 蒸散Semi-technical word. The semi-technical words in the science and technology texts are basically derived from common English vocabulary, which referenced in a professional, scientific and technological field. Most of this type of word polysemy, which has both non-technical and technical meanings [13].Example 1. This means that interventions such as tree pits and green roofs are better equipped to manage, for example, extreme rainfall events.Example 2. A key advantage is that being vegetation based, their construction and operation has a low carbon and materials footprint.In example 1., “green roofs” is not literally referred to as a roof with green color. It is a concept of “planting on rooftops, balconies, walls, the top of underground garages, overpasses, and other special spaces of buildings and structures that are not connected to the ground, nature, and soil [14].”In example 2., “footprints” refers to “The area of a biologically productive area that is needed to maintain the survival of a person, region, or country, or that can accommodate waste emitted by humans [15].”Abbreviation. Abbreviations are easy to write, identify and remember. In science and technology English, there are a large number of vocabulary abbreviations and abbreviations.Example 3. The Blue Green Dream (BGD) project built upon and expanded the SUDS and WSUD Historical development of Blue Green Solutions (BG-S) via SUDS and WSUD concept to produce a systematic, quantitative framework for utilizing the full range of ecosystem services that NBS provide, yielding Blue Green Solutions.3.2.2 Syntactic FeaturesThe syntactic features in the source text include the following two main points:Passive voice. According to statistics, one-third of the verbs in science and technology texts are used in passive forms. The science and technology texts focus on narrative and reasoning. The reader pays attention to the author’s point of view or the content of the invention, not the author himself. To emphasize and highlight the author’s point of view and inventions, more passive voices are used in EST texts than general English texts [16].Example 4. All interactions are therefore systematically mapped, modelled and quantified to enable the design team to make a decision using quantified performance indicators.。
第十二章科技文体翻译教案
课堂实战练习：
产品能量值是加工产品所消耗的总能量，它由加工过程中所用的能源、原材料、劳动力、以及能源和原材料的运输能供的能值所组成。
Energy value of a product,being the total amount of energy consumedin the production of the product, consists ofenergy valuescontributed bymaterials,labours and energies consumed during the processing, as well as the energy values provided by the transportation of energy resources and matters.
E.g.2.
阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。
Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.
在本句中of displacement of water by solid bodies是名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement这一事实。
Cutting tools should be inspected carefully prior to use.
6、自动生产线工作正常。
The automatic production line is found in proper operation.
浅谈功能对等理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以科技英语长句汉译为例
浅谈功能对等理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以科技英语长句汉译为例［摘要］当今世界，科学技术迅猛发展，学习了解国外先进的科学技术对中国的发展至关重要。
我国科技英语翻译在过去二十年里取得了长足的发展，但是科技英语翻译的研究主要限制在理论层面。
奈达的翻译理论对翻译研究产生了重要的影响，功能对等理论是其翻译理论的核心概念之一。
本文将功能对等理论应用于科技英语实际翻译过程中，尤其是对科技英语长句汉译中遇到的问题进行分析。
通过分析科技英语文本在词汇、句法、语篇方面的特点，阐述了功能对等理论在科技英语翻译中的理论和实际应用，并举例分析。
通过讨论，笔者指出运用功能对等理论来指导科技英语长句的翻译，能有效提高科技英语翻译的质量。
［关键词］科技英语翻译；功能对等理论；长句汉译一、引言作为专业英语的一个子范畴，科技英语（English for Science and Technology）于上世纪五十年代出现。
第二次世界大战后，科学技术发展迅猛，英语作为国际语言广泛应用于书写科技文献、交换科研理念等。
随着全球化的发展，世界各国间的科技信息交流与交换、设备引进日趋频繁，科技翻译愈显其重要性。
因此，深入探讨研究科技翻译理论、策略和技巧，以及如何提高科技翻译的质量成为一个具有重要实践意义的课题。
（一）奈达的对等理论尤金·奈达（Eugene Nida）认为“翻译是用最恰当、自然和对等的语言从语意到文体再现源语的信息”。
［1］67奈达指出翻译有两种对等形式：形式对等(formal equivalence)和功能对等(functional equivalence)。
［2］167奈达强调翻译过程中应注意源语语意和形式的双重对等，而非仅仅强调语意对等。
这意味着在翻译过程中，译者在真实准确表达源语信息时，还要兼顾形式、文体等方面的对等。
（二）科技英语文体的特点科技英语作为一种实用性极强的文体，与通用英语有很大的不同。
随其发展，科技英语逐步演变成一个独立分支，具有其独特的特点。
5 文学文本科技文本对比
full-enclosed 全封闭的（双词合成形容词）
feed-back反馈（双词合成名词） work-harden 加工硬化（双词合成词） criss-cross交叉着（双词合成副词） anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反 装甲车导弹（多词合成名词）
Radiophotography 无线电传真（无连字符复合词） Colorimeter 色度计（无连字符复合词） maths (mathematics) 数学（裁减式缩略词） ft (foot/feet)英尺
长句
为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结 构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有 的长句多达七八个词。
• The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations ,and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.
文学文本科技文本对比
"It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job." "A wonderful job." "Are you going to take it ?" "I don't think so." "Why not?' "I don't want to."
运用现代技术手段英译专门科技文本——以航海技术领域论文为例
上海翻译Shanghai J ournal of T r ans l a t or s运用现代技术手段英译专门科技文本——以航海技术领域论文为例汪洋(上海海事大学外国语学院，上海201306)[摘要】在信息时代，翻译工作亦离不开电脑与互联网。
笔者在《航海技术>论文集英译过程中利用电子手段准确查找术语并提升了行文水准。
本文介绍如何利用现代技术英译专门科技文本，不但求其“信达”，而且求其“雅”的做法。
[关键词]网络资源；电子手段；汉译英；专门科技文本[中图分类号]H315．9[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1672-9358(2013)02-0037-05笔者在担任《航海技术》英文版专刊(2012)论文集英译过程中遇到大量航海和轮机方面的术语，依靠现代科技和电子手段克服困难，提高了工作效率和行文水准，笔者就此介绍具体做法和经验。
1灵活使用多种电子工具查找术语在翻译专门科技文本过程中，术语难译。
虽然科技术语是汉英词汇符号系统中语义相符程度最高的子系统(陈宏薇，2009)，但新的说法不断涌现，译者往往无法简单地从词典中找到对应说法，于是求助于网络这个大宝库。
在线资源最大的优势就在于其高效快捷，尤其当综合利用多种工具的特性时，更能为译者省下宝贵时间，笔者将以实例示范其操作。
1．1在线翻译的使用[收稿日期]2013-01—17[作者简介]汪洋，上海海事大学外国语学院讲师，硕士研究生，研究方向为翻译及口译实践研究。
英文报道中常酌情采用拟人的修辞手法，以加强新闻语言的形象表达，提高消息的生动性和趣味性，给读者以亲切感。
在进行财经报道的英译过程中，译者亦应注意到西人对于使用拟人手法的偏好，并酌情予以适当应用，如：华尔街股票直线下跌W al l St r eet t a kes a nos e di ve日元设法抵抗美元的冲击T he Ja pa nes e ye n m anaged t o s t and up agai nst t he dol l ar’S de pr edat i ons．六、结语英语财经报道一方面具有报刊英语的基本特征，另一方面又具有很强的专业性。
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科技文本翻译例子
1、深部煤巷锚杆支护技术的研究与实践
Research and Practice of Bolting Support Technology in Deep Coal Roadways.
2、无约束物体动力学普适方程的变分导出
Derivation of a Universal Equation for Unrestrained Bodies with Calculus of Variations.
3、粗品材料缺陷的超声信号及其小波包分析
Ultrasonic Signal of Defects in A Coarse-grained Material and Its Wavelet Package Analysis.
4、汽车车轮动平衡研究
Research on the Dynamic Balance of Motorcar Wheel.
5、有关取向分布函数计算方法的某些问题
About the Calculus Of the Orientation Distribution Of Function.
6、造纸厂污水对河流污染程度调查
The Survey Paper Mil Waste Water Discharged To the River Pollution.
7、网络环境下的信息素质教育
On Information Retrieval Teaching Under the Network Environment.
8、先进复合材料与航空航天
Advanced Composite Materials and Aerospace Engineering.
9、工艺中树脂固化温度与介电性能
Temperature and Dielectric Properties of Resin during RTM Process RTM.
10、使用毛细电泳仪根据泰勒扩散理论测量纳米粒子的扩散系数
Determination of Nanoparticle Diffusion Coefficients by Taylor DispersionAnalysis Using A Capillary Electrophoresis Instrument.
11、亚马孙雨林对干早的灵敏度
Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rein-forest.。