英语语法讲义

专升本英语语法讲义

Unit One Nouns

一．名词的分类

普通名词（可数，不可数），专有名词

二．名词的数

1.可数名词(1 ) 规则变化

a. cup, desk,

b. bus, box, dish, watch

c. boy, toy; city, lady; stor(e)y

d. life, leaf,

shelf, wife, thief, half, knife, wolf, loaf, self e. photo, radio, piano, bamboo, zoo,;

potato, tomato, hero

（2）不规则变化

man, woman, tooth, foot, child, deer, sheep, fish, goose, mouse, ox, phenomenon, datum, thesis, analysis, crises, basis, criterion

(3) looker-on, passer-by, son-in-law, editor-in-chief, armyman

man-servant, woman-doctor

2.不可数名词(1) a piece of news/chalk/advice/work/paper/meat/coal

a cake of soap; a bottle of milk; a piece/set of furniture

a grain of rice, a large sum of money，a loaf of bread

a bunch of flowers/keys/grapes/bananas

（2）物质名词个体名词抽象名词个体名词

glass a glass玻璃杯youth a youth青年

iron an iron熨斗power a power 大国

copper a copper铜币necessity a necessity 必需品

paper a paper报纸，证件beauty a beauty美人，美的东西

wood a wood树林authority an authority权威人士三．名词的格

1. a boy’s voice; the girl’s bag; the teachers’ reading-room, the students’ dormitory;

men’s clothes, the children’s books, women’s h ats

2.the top of the hill, the title of the book, the pocket of his coat

四．名词的性god/ goddess, emperor/ empress, king/queen, prince/princess, actor/ actress, waiter/waitress, host/hostess, chairman/chairwoman, widower/widow, hero/heroine, nephew/niece, bridegroom/bride, lion/lioness, tiger/tigress, bull/ cow, cock/hen

五．名词在句子中的作用

a)Beijing is the capital of China. / He knows five foreign languages./ We are all

servants of the people./ She is studying in a night school./ The meeting lasted an

hour. / They had to work hard day and night./ She has great concern for us

students./ I consider it an easy problem. / We elected him our monitor.

b)主谓一致 a. These books were borrowed from the library.

b. 表示距离、时间、重量、面积、金额等复数名词后用单数

20,000 dollars is not a small sum./ Twenty years is only a short period in history.

c. there be…, either… or…, neither… nor…; as well as, rather than, with, together

with, along with

Gold as well as silver has recently risen in price.

All the students, along with their teachers, assembled in front of the hall.

d. 集合名词audience, committee, family, crew, class等被看成一个整体时，谓语

动词用单数；若考虑其组成成员时，用复数。

The class is in the laboratory. The class are doing experiment in the laboratory.

Exercise

1.Fossils (化石) of ____ that have been extinct for fifty ____ years have been found near

the Baltic Sea.

A. plant…million

B. plants…millions

C.plants…million

D. plant…millions

2.Encyclopedias (百科全书) may be used to answer ____, to solve problems, or to obtain

_____ on a particular topic.

A.questions…informations

B. questions…information

C. question…information

D. question…information

3.I saw there ____ 80 cattle on the grassland.

A. was

B. are

C. were

D. had been

4.In the United States, inches and ____ are still used as units of measurement.

A. foot

B. foots

C. feet

D. feets

5.Several hundred police ____ on duty at the demonstration yesterday.

A. was

B. were

C. being

D. been

6.Cattle ____ to graze on the village common (公地).

A. are allowed

B. is allowed

C. allows

D. allow

7.The police investigate the ____ about the bank robbery.

A. stander-by

B. standers-by

C. stander-bys

D. standers-by

8.After ten years, all those youngsters became _____.

A. growns-up

B. grown-ups

C. grown-up

D. grown-ups

9.His ____ of the Prime Minister are really good.

A. take-offs

B. takes-off

C. take offs

D. takes off

10.Many ____ prefers to use the word ―Ms‖ instead of ―Miss‖ or ―Mrs.‖ before their names

in business correspondence.

A. woman managers

B. woman manager

C. women managers

D. women

manager

11.The flood has done much ____ to this region.

A. damage

B. damages

C. damaging

D. ruin