A case study of innovative population-based algorithms in 3D modeling
河南驻马店经济开发区2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题
河南驻马店经济开发区2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题一、阅读理解World’s Good Places to VisitBora BoraThis French Polynesian island may not be large in size, but it makes up for tropical beauty. Here you will find charming beaches, green jungles and luxury resorts on the surrounding islands. The island’s extinct volcano, Mount Otemanu, is a great choice for taking photos or hiking. Although a trip to Bora Bora is expensive, most travelers say it’s worth the money.Glacier National ParkSnow-capped peaks, alpine meadows (高山草甸) and blue lakes are just a few reasons why Glacier National Park is one of America’s most remarkable parks. In winter, you can enjoy snowshoeing and skiing, while, during the summer, vacationers can go whitewater rafting on Flathead River and other popular activities. For those who’d rather admire their surroundings from their cars, a scenic drive along Going-to-the-Sun Road can’t be missed.Swiss AlpsSnow-capped mountains, charming towns and flower-filled meadows make the Swiss Alps a year-round fairytale destination. In winter, you can visit world-class ski resorts such as exclusive St. Moritz and charming Zermatt, choose to hike through the green valleys of the Swiss National Park during the warmer months or attend the lively festival in the foothill city of Montreux.MauiWhether you’re driving along the Road to Hana, enjoying a bird’s-eye view of Maui’s lush coastline from a helicopter, snorkeling (潜水) with sea turtles or simply relaxing on white or black sand beaches, you’ll find that this Hawaiian island is unlike any other tropical destination. Don’t miss a chance to visit Haleakala National Park, which is home to one of the world’s largest dormant volcanic craters and boasts fantastic sunrises.1．What can visitors do in Bora Bora?A．Witness volcano eruption.B．Go on a boat tour.C．Witness skiing racing.D．Go for an outing.2．What do Glacier National Park and Swiss Alps have in common?A．Both provide snow-capped peaks and winter sports activities.B．Both are known for their lively festivals in summer.C．Both feature charming towns and flower-filled meadows.D．Both offer opportunities for whitewater rafting.3．Which is appealing to marine life lovers?A．Bora Bora.B．Glacier National Park.C．Swiss Alps.D．Maui.Cancer is a tough disease. When someone hears they have cancer, words of support often feel empty. In such times, actions can show support more powerfully than words. After Lauren’s husband was diagnosed with cancer, she decided to shave his head. But before starting, she shared a heartfelt message.Lauren is a hairdresser, and hair is a big part of her life. Under her post, she wrote, “Hair is my art, my passion, and my way of making others feel beautiful, confident, and seen. It’s a reflection of who we are, how we feel, and how we present ourselves to the world. But today, I’m choosing to let go of it all, not because hair doesn’t matter, but because some things matter so much more.”Before shaving her husband’s head, Lauren did something surprising. She turned the clippers on herself. Her husband was shocked and said, “No. No, no, no.” As she continued, his expression changed. He realized that his wife was ready to stand by him through this tough journey. She made a second and a third shave, cutting off large sections of her long hair. At one point, her husband asked, “Why?” Eventually, Lauren sat in the chair, and her husband helped to finish shaving her head. When she was done, she looked like a fuzzy cue ball. Then, her husband sat down, and she shaved his head. They hugged many times during this moment of solidarity.Lauren’s final words were powerful. She said, “This act isn’t just about hair. It’s about standing with him in his fight, showing him that we are in this together, every step of the way.” She also reflected on the importance of hair, saying, “Yes, hair is important, and it will always be a part of who I am, but at this moment, it’s just hair. What truly matters is the bond we share, thefight we fight, and the love that carries us through.”4．What did Lauren decide to do after her husband was diagnosed with cancer?A．Cut her own hair.B．Shave her husband’s head.C．Write a heartfelt message.D．Take her husband to the hospital.5．Why is hair particularly significant to Lauren?A．Because of her profession.B．Because she likes long hair.C．Because of her husband’s love.D．Because she thinks hair is a necessity. 6．What was Lauren’s husband’s initial reaction when she started shaving her head?A．He felt disappointed with Lauren.B．He laughed and found it amusing.C．He was supportive and encouraged her.D．He was surprised and tried to stop her. 7．How did Lauren feel about shaving her head?A．She regretted doing it.B．She felt indifferent to it.C．She believed it was a small act.D．She saw it as a symbol of unity and support.The warning signs are all there: record-breaking heat, failing health, vanishing ice sheets, and more unpredictable weather. And yet we’re still pumping increasing amounts of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, threatening our very survival.A new study by an international team of experts highlights how global methane (甲烷) emissions have been rising rapidly since 2006, particularly since 2020. We’ll perpetuate the trend unless we do something extreme very soon. The study’s authors have then outlined some strategies countries can use to take action, and developed an online tool to help with this.This continual climb in methane emissions is largely due to the ongoing use of fossil fuels in preference to cleaner alternatives. It’s directly produced by oil, gas, and coal drilling and processing. The increasing release of methane from natural wetlands, caused by a hotter climate, is now also contributing.“Worldwide efforts to limit climate change are rightly focused on carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary driver,” the team writes in their published paper. “However, since humanity has failed to adequately address climate change for several decades, keeping warming below agreed goals now requires that we address all major climate pollutants.”There is currently much less methane in our atmosphere than CO2, but methane is astronger greenhouse gas. We know that methane is a major contributor to the warming of the world, trapping heat like CO2 does. It also contributes to the formation of ozone at ground level, increasing the risk of death through diseases related lungs and heart.All these different methane sources need to be urgently looked at. The study finds: Methane reduction targets should be applied alongside CO2reduction targets, and new technologies and policies need to be introduced.“A change in thinking from governments and organizations is required,” said one of the researchers. “We have created a new online tool to help with the reduction of methane emissions. This tool should help to target reductions effectively and monitor expected improvements.”8．What does the underlined word “perpetuate” in paragraph 2 mean?A．prevent.B．control.C．continue.D．recognise. 9．What is the main cause of the continuous rise in methane emissions?A．More emission of CO2.B．Ongoing animal farming.C．Continued use of fossil fuels.D．Modern agricultural development. 10．According to the study, what may increasing methane emissions bring about?A．Health risks caused by ozone.B．Limiting the formation of ozone.C．A decrease in global temperatures.D．An increase in risk of brain disorder. 11．What is the researcher’s attitude to the new online tool?A．Critical.B．Confident.C．Cautious.D．Disappointed.A study co-led by Professor Rong from City University of Hong Kong (CityUHK) and Professor Ke from The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) Faculty of Medicine has confirmed the presence of number sense in rats. This discovery is essential as it establishes an animal model that could help researchers investigate the neural bases of numerical ability and disability in humans.The research team devised an innovative approach, combining a novel numerical learning task with brain handling techniques and AI modeling. This method was crucial in resolving debates on whether rats possess a natural sense of numbers. The study’s findings offer a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that support numerical cognition.Number sense is a vital cognitive ability that aids animals in understanding theirenvironment and enhances their survival prospects. It is also a fundamental aspect of mathematical talent, which is a key component of human intelligence. About 3 % to 7 % of people suffer from dyscalculia, a learning disability that affects the ability to learn arithmetic and mathematics of people of normal intelligence. A shortage in number sense is one of the major symptoms.To separate the influence of numbers from continuous amount, the research team conducted careful quantitative analyses. The study demonstrated that rats, even without prior numerical experience, could develop number sense when trained with sounds representing specific quantities. Remarkably, the rats consistently used the number of sounds, rather than the sounds’ continuous amount, to make choices associated with food rewards.Professor Ke expressed her excitement about the study’s potential impact. “This research not only uncovers the mystery of how the brain processes numbers but also opens new avenues for studying the neural circuits involved in numerical processing in animals,” she said. “It also reveals light on the genetic factors associated with mathematical ability.”The findings have broader effects, particularly in the field of AI, where the neural network modeling could inform the development of smarter algorithms (算法). Moreover, the enhanced understanding of the brain’s numerical processing mechanisms could contribute to creating interventions for individuals who struggle with numbers.12．What is the author’s main purpose in writing paragraph 1?A．To describe the methods used in the research.B．To highlight the discovery of number sense in rats.C．To introduce the researchers involved in the study.D．To explain the significance of number sense in animals.13．What is the characteristic of people with dyscalculia?A．Abnormal intelligence.B．Difficulty with languages.C．A lack of number sense.D．Strong mathematical ability.14．How did the study show rats developed number sense?A．By counting training.B．By brain scans during tasks.C．By food rewards for numbers.D．By wild behavior observation.15．What is the best title for the text?A．Do Animals Have Number Sense?B．Is AI Used to Model Neural Networks?C．Does Dyscalculia Affect Arithmetic Learning?D．Are Mathematical AbilitiesEssential to Animals?Extensive scientific research has underlined the deep impact of gratitude on human mental and physical health. Studies have consistently shown that individuals who consciously count their blessings are happier and less likely to be depressed. 16 . It can also enhance physical health, leading to fewer aches and pains and promoting healthier lifestyle choices such as regular exercise and check-ups.Gratitude also plays a critical role in stress management and emotional resilience. 17 . Over time, this helps manage daily stress and enhances our mental resilience, allowing us to recover more quickly from hurt.One of the most effective ways to foster gratitude is to keep a journal about the things you’re grateful for. 18 . Writing them down not only reinforces these feelings but also serves as a reminder of the positive aspects of your life, especially useful during tougher times.19 . This could be thanking colleagues for their help on a project, friends for their support, or family members for their love and care. Expressing gratitude strengthens relationships and opens up a cycle of positivity and appreciation that benefits both the giver and the receiver.Take a few minutes each evening to review the events of the day and identify moments of joy and accomplishment. This reflection can help you end the day on a positive note, regardless of the challenges you face. 20 .A．Think back to a challenge you faced this weekB．But the benefits of gratitude go beyond emotional well-beingC．Another impactful practice is to express gratitude to others in wordsD．Appreciating what we have relieves stress-related negative emotionsE．What’s more, it can also significantly improve your overall well-beingF．This includes noting moments, people, or possessions that bring joy or comfort G．Expressing gratitude to others can make them feel deeply valued and appreciated二、完形填空Peter Warner is a dedicated bus driver for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. On June 19, while 21 his regular route through Willowbrook on Staten Island, he 22 a little boy standing alone on the road. Then the little boy was running down the middle of the street, wearing no shoes. Recognizing the 23 , Peter immediately stopped the bus and 24 blocked the intersection to ensure safety for both the child and other drivers. He then 25 the boy calmly, taking him into his care.After ensuring the child was 26 , Peter called the MTA’s Bus Command Center, his union, and 911. Thanks to his quick 27 , the boy was soon reunited with his 28 family. It turned out that the child had 29 away while his father was sleeping and his mother was at work. The boy’s family expressed their deep gratitude to Peter, who felt a sense of 30 and happiness that everything had turned out well.In the days that followed, Peter and the boy’s father connected on social media, developing a new 31 . The incident was widely reported, and the community commended Peter for his caution and 32 . His quick thinking not only ensured the boy’s safety but also 33 a potential tragedy. This act of heroism 34 a powerful reminder of how a single moment of care and responsibility can make a 35 difference in someone’s life. 21．A．operating B．guiding C．enjoying D．driving 22．A．arranged B．noticed C．imagined D．kept 23．A．danger B．point C．case D．sight 24．A．proudly B．patiently C．quickly D．fearfully 25．A．found B．pushed C．grasped D．approached 26．A．afraid B．safe C．small D．lovely 27．A．action B．message C．answer D．struggle 28．A．bored B．puzzled C．amazed D．worried 29．A．broken B．pulled C．wandered D．faded 30．A．relief B．gratitude C．loss D．risk 31．A．reward B．friendship C．position D．frame 32．A．freshness B．curiosity C．richness D．kindness 33．A．released B．melted C．avoided D．absorbed34．A．served as B．took in C．aimed at D．jumped to 35．A．little B．sensitive C．single D．significant三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
英语在线教育案例分享(2篇)
第1篇Introduction:In recent years, online education has become increasingly popular, especially in the field of language learning. English, being a global language, has witnessed a surge in demand for online English education. This case study aims to share a successful example of online English education and explore the benefits and challenges it offers.1. Background:The case study revolves around a hypothetical online English learning platform, “EnglishMaster,” which was launched in 2018. The platfo rm offers a variety of English courses, including general English, business English, and exam preparation. It has gained significant popularity among students and professionals worldwide.2. Course Offerings:EnglishMaster provides a wide range of courses catering to different needs. Here are some of the key course offerings:a. General English: This course aims to enhance the overall English proficiency of learners. It covers essential language skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing.b. Business English: This course is designed for professionals who want to improve their English communication skills in a business context. It focuses on business vocabulary, email writing, and presentations.c. Exam Preparation: EnglishMaster offers courses specifically tailored for popular English language proficiency tests like IELTS, TOEFL, and PTE. These courses help learners prepare for the exams by providing practice tests, tips, and strategies.3. Teaching Methods:EnglishMaster employs various teaching methods to ensure effective language learning. Some of the key methods include:a. Interactive Video Lessons: The platform offers high-quality video lessons featuring native English speakers. These lessons are engaging, interactive, and include real-life examples.b. Live Classes: EnglishMaster conducts live classes with qualified teachers, allowing learners to interact in real-time. This method provides immediate feedback and helps learners overcome language barriers.c. Gamification: The platform incorporates gamification elements, such as quizzes, challenges, and rewards, to make learning fun and motivating.d. Personalized Learning: EnglishMaster utilizes AI algorithms to recommend personalized learning paths based on the individual needs and progress of each learner.4. Success Stories:EnglishMaster has helped numerous learners achieve their language goals. Here are some success stories:a. John, a young professional, enrolled in the Business English course to improve his communication skills. Within a few months, he noticed a significant improvement in his ability to negotiate deals and present ideas confidently.b. Maria, a university student, wanted to enhance her Englishproficiency for her upcoming IELTS exam. By following the exam preparation course offered by EnglishMaster, she scored a high band score and secured a place in her dream university abroad.c. Rahul, a school student, struggled with English writing. By joining the General English course, he learned effective writing techniques and improved his overall language skills, which positively impacted his academic performance.5. Benefits of Online English Education:a. Flexibility: Online English education allows learners to study at their own pace and convenience, making it suitable for busy individuals.b. Access to Quality Resources: Online platforms offer a vast array of resources, including video lessons, interactive quizzes, and practice tests, enabling learners to access quality content anytime, anywhere.c. Global Reach: Online English education breaks geographical barriers, allowing learners from different parts of the world to connect and learn from each other.6. Challenges and Solutions:a. Lack of Personal Interaction: One of the challenges of online English education is the absence of face-to-face interaction. To overcome this, EnglishMaster emphasizes live classes and discussion forums, fostering a sense of community among learners.b. Technical Issues: Technical difficulties can hinder the learning experience. EnglishMaster addresses this by providing technical support and ensuring a seamless user interface.Conclusion:The case study of EnglishMaster highlights the benefits and challenges of online English education. By offering a diverse range of courses, employing innovative teaching methods, and addressing common challenges, online English education platforms like EnglishMaster have become an effective tool for language learning in the digital era. As technology continues to evolve, online English education is expected to play an even more significant role in shaping the future of language learning.第2篇Introduction:In recent years, the rapid development of information technology has brought about a significant transformation in the field of education. Online education has emerged as a popular and effective way to deliver educational content to learners around the world. This case study explores the success of an English online education platform and how it has transformed the learning experience for its users.1. Background:The English online education platform in question is called "Global English Academy" (GEA). GEA is a cloud-based platform that provides English language learning services to individuals of all ages and proficiency levels. The platform offers a wide range of courses,including grammar, vocabulary, listening, speaking, reading, and writing. GEA aims to help learners achieve their language goals by offering flexible, personalized, and high-quality learning experiences.2. Challenges Faced:Before the establishment of GEA, traditional English language learning methods faced several challenges, such as:a. Limited access to quality resources: Many learners had difficulty accessing high-quality English language learning materials, especiallyin rural or underprivileged areas.b. Inflexible learning schedules: Traditional classroom settings often had fixed schedules, making it difficult for learners to attend classes regularly.c. Lack of personalized learning: Teachers in traditional classrooms often had to cater to the needs of a large group of students, which made it challenging to provide individualized attention and support.d. High cost of learning: Traditional English language courses could be expensive, making it unaffordable for many learners.3. Solution: GEA's ApproachTo address these challenges, GEA implemented the following strategies:a. High-quality content: GEA partnered with experienced English language educators to create engaging and interactive course materials. The content covered a wide range of topics and was designed to cater to different learning styles.b. Flexible learning schedule: GEA offered learners the freedom to access course materials at any time and from any location. This allowedlearners to study at their own pace and fit learning into their busy schedules.c. Personalized learning: The platform utilized advanced algorithms to analyze learners' progress and suggest appropriate learning resources. This helped learners to focus on their areas of weakness and improvetheir language skills effectively.d. Cost-effective learning: GEA offered various subscription plans, making the courses affordable for a wide range of learners. Additionally, GEA provided free trial periods to allow learners to explore theplatform before committing to a subscription.4. Impact of GEA on Learners:The introduction of GEA has had a significant positive impact on English language learners. Some of the key benefits include:a. Increased access to quality resources: Learners from all over the world can now access high-quality English language learning materials through GEA, regardless of their geographical location.b. Improved learning outcomes: GEA's personalized learning approach has helped learners to achieve better learning outcomes by focusing on their individual needs.c. Enhanced flexibility: Learners can now study at their own pace and schedule, making it easier to balance learning with other commitments.d. Cost-effective learning: GEA's affordable subscription plans have made English language learning more accessible to a wider audience.5. Conclusion:The case study of GEA demonstrates the potential of online education in transforming the learning experience for English language learners. By addressing the challenges faced by traditional learning methods, GEA has provided a platform that offers high-quality, flexible, and personalized learning experiences. As technology continues to evolve, onlineeducation platforms like GEA are likely to play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of education.。
虚拟钻孔控制的三维地质体模型构建方法_林冰仙
虚拟钻孔控制的三维地质体模型构建方法林冰仙，周良辰*，闾国年（南京师范大学虚拟地理环境教育部重点实验室，南京210023）摘要：在三维地质体模型构建过程中所采用的数据多为钻孔数据，而研究区域内原始钻孔数据通常数量有限且分布不均，难以构建出既能够准确地反映研究区域地质构造，又具有良好可视化效果的三维地质体模型。
针对此问题，本文对虚拟钻孔概念进行延伸，提出了用于三维地质体建模不同阶段的三种虚拟钻孔概念，并基于此设计了一种虚拟钻孔控制的三维地质体模型构建方法。
首先，根据原始钻孔数据空间分布特征，自适应地确定插值点位，并采用克里金插值算法构建插值加密虚拟钻孔；其次，根据尖灭规则构建尖灭处理虚拟钻孔，采用改进的自适应蝴蝶细分算法构建细分光滑虚拟钻孔；最后，利用原始钻孔、插值加密虚拟钻孔、尖灭处理虚拟钻孔,以及细分光滑虚拟钻孔构建研究区域内符合地统计学规律且具有C 1几何连续性，可视化效果良好的三维地质体模型。
与将虚拟钻孔作为专家知识补充手段的传统建模方法不同，该建模方法将虚拟钻孔引入三维地质体构建的各个环节中作为核心的算法中间单元，有效简化了建模算法的实现过程，确保了算法的稳定性与高效性。
关键词：三维地质体建模；虚拟钻孔；空间插值；地层尖灭；细分算法DOI ：10.3724/SP.J.1047.2013.006721引言自然界地质现象极其复杂，经过三维地学可视化建模，地质体的显示会更真实、更直观、更清晰、更有立体感，有助于为矿产资源调查、地质灾害预测、国土资源调查、大型工程项目选址等提供科学依据。
在三维地质体模型构建过程中，采用的数据源多为钻孔数据，而研究区域内原始钻孔数据通常数量有限且分布不均，有的区域相对密集,有的区域则非常稀疏甚至没有任何数据，直接利用原始钻孔数据难以构建出既能够准确地反映研究区域地质构造又具有良好的可视化效果的三维地质体模型。
因此，人工干预和专家经验在建模的各个阶段显得尤为重要，甚至是必须的。
生成式人工智能技术 英语
生成式人工智能技术英语Generative Artificial Intelligence TechnologyThe rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized various industries, and one of the most exciting developments in this field is the emergence of generative AI technology. This innovative technology has the ability to create new and original content, from images and text to music and even computer code, opening up a world of possibilities for both personal and professional applications.At the core of generative AI is the concept of machine learning, where algorithms are trained on vast datasets to recognize patterns and generate new content. Unlike traditional AI systems that are primarily focused on analysis and decision-making, generative AI models are designed to create something entirely new, often surpassing human capabilities in certain tasks.One of the most prominent examples of generative AI is the language model, which can generate human-like text on a wide range of topics. These models, such as GPT-3 and its successors, are trained on massive corpora of text data, allowing them tounderstand the nuances of language and generate coherent, contextually relevant content. This technology has numerous applications, from writing assistance and content generation to chatbots and virtual assistants.Another area where generative AI is making a significant impact is in the realm of image creation. Tools like DALL-E and Midjourney have the ability to generate unique, photorealistic images based on textual prompts. These models are trained on vast collections of images and their accompanying descriptions, enabling them to understand the relationship between visual elements and the language used to describe them. This technology opens up new possibilities for creative expression, product design, and even scientific visualization.Beyond text and images, generative AI is also being applied to the creation of music, 3D models, and even computer code. Music generation models, such as Jukebox and MuseNet, can compose original melodies and harmonies, while 3D modeling tools like Stable Diffusion and DALL-E can generate intricate, realistic 3D objects and scenes. In the realm of software development, models like Codex and AlphaCode have demonstrated the ability to write functional code based on natural language instructions, potentially revolutionizing the way we approach programming tasks.The implications of generative AI technology are far-reaching and profound. In the creative industries, generative AI can empower artists, writers, and designers to explore new avenues of expression and push the boundaries of their craft. In education, this technology can be used to generate personalized learning materials and support individualized instruction. In the business world, generative AI can streamline content creation, facilitate product development, and enhance customer interactions.However, the rise of generative AI also raises important ethical and societal considerations. As these models become more sophisticated and their output becomes increasingly indistinguishable from human-created content, there are concerns about the potential for deception, the impact on creative industries, and the displacement of human labor. Additionally, there are questions about the transparency and accountability of these systems, as well as the potential for the amplification of biases and the spread of misinformation.To address these challenges, researchers and policymakers are actively exploring ways to develop ethical frameworks and regulatory guidelines for the responsible development and deployment of generative AI. This includes measures to ensure transparency, accountability, and the protection of intellectual property rights, as well as the development of tools and techniques to detect andmitigate the misuse of this technology.Despite these challenges, the potential of generative AI to transform and enhance various aspects of our lives is undeniable. As the field continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more remarkable advancements that push the boundaries of human creativity and problem-solving. By embracing the opportunities presented by generative AI while addressing the associated risks, we can unlock a future where technology and human ingenuity work in harmony to create a better world.。
Geometric Modeling
Geometric ModelingGeometric modeling is a branch of mathematics that deals with the representation of objects in space. It is a fundamental tool in computer graphics, computer-aided design (CAD), and other applications that require the creation of 3D models. Geometric modeling involves the use of mathematical equations and algorithms to create and manipulate objects in space. In this essay, we will explore the different aspects of geometric modeling, including its history, applications, and challenges.The history of geometric modeling can be traced back to the early 19th century when mathematicians began to study the properties of curves and surfaces. In the early 20th century, the development of calculus and differential geometry led to the creation of new methods for representing complex objects in space. The introduction of computers in the mid-20th century revolutionized the field of geometric modeling, making it possible to create and manipulate 3D models with greater precision and ease.Today, geometric modeling is used in a wide range of applications, including computer graphics, animation, video games, virtual reality, and CAD. In computer graphics and animation, geometric modeling is used to create realistic 3D models of objects, characters, and environments. In video games, geometric modeling is used to create the game world and characters. In virtual reality, geometric modeling is used to create immersive environments that simulate real-world experiences. In CAD, geometric modeling is used to create precise 3D models of mechanical parts and assemblies.One of the biggest challenges in geometric modeling is the representation of complex shapes and surfaces. Many real-world objects, such as cars, airplanes, and human bodies, have complex shapes that are difficult to represent using simple geometric primitives such as spheres, cylinders, and cones. To overcome this challenge, researchers have developed advanced techniques such as NURBS (non-uniform rational B-splines), which allow for the creation of complex curves and surfaces by combining simple geometric primitives.Another challenge in geometric modeling is the optimization of models for efficient rendering and simulation. As the complexity of models increases, so doesthe computational cost of rendering and simulating them. To address this challenge, researchers have developed techniques such as level-of-detail (LOD) modeling,which involves creating multiple versions of a model at different levels of detail to optimize rendering and simulation performance.In conclusion, geometric modeling is a fundamental tool in computer graphics, animation, video games, virtual reality, and CAD. Its history can be traced backto the early 19th century, and its development has been closely tied to the advancement of mathematics and computer technology. Despite its many applications and successes, geometric modeling still faces challenges in the representation of complex shapes and surfaces, as well as the optimization of models for efficient rendering and simulation. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that new techniques and approaches will emerge to overcome these challenges and pushthe field of geometric modeling forward.。
Geometric Modeling
Geometric ModelingGeometric modeling is a fundamental concept in the field of computer graphics and computer-aided design (CAD). It involves creating digital representations of objects and scenes using mathematical and computational techniques. Geometric modeling plays a crucial role in various industries, including architecture, engineering, manufacturing, and entertainment. This technology enables designers and engineers to visualize and analyze complex shapes and structures, facilitating the creation of innovative and efficient products and designs. One of the key aspects of geometric modeling is the representation of 3D objects in a virtual environment. This process involves defining the shape, size, and position of the objects using mathematical equations and algorithms. There are various techniques for representing 3D objects, including boundary representation (B-rep), constructive solid geometry (CSG), and polygonal mesh. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations, and the choice of representation depends on thespecific requirements of the application. Geometric modeling also encompasses the manipulation and transformation of 3D objects. This includes operations such as translation, rotation, scaling, and deformation, which are essential for designing and engineering applications. These operations are typically performed using geometric transformations, which involve applying mathematical formulas to the vertices and edges of the 3D objects. Geometric transformations are the foundation of many advanced modeling techniques, such as parametric modeling and procedural modeling, which enable designers to create complex and realistic shapes with ease. In addition to representing and manipulating 3D objects, geometric modeling also involves the creation of surfaces and curves. This is essential for generating smooth and continuous shapes, such as those found in industrial design, automotive design, and animation. There are various mathematical techniques for defining surfaces and curves, including B-splines, NURBS (non-uniform rational B-splines), and Bezier curves. These techniques provide a high degree of flexibility and precision, allowing designers to create organic and aesthetically pleasing shapes. Furthermore, geometric modeling plays a crucial role in simulation and analysis applications. By creating accurate digital representations of physical objects and environments, engineers and scientists can simulate real-world scenarios andanalyze the behavior of complex systems. This is particularly important in fields such as structural engineering, fluid dynamics, and virtual prototyping, where the ability to model and analyze the behavior of physical objects is essential for innovation and problem-solving. Moreover, geometric modeling is also integral to the field of 3D printing and additive manufacturing. The ability to create precise and detailed digital models is essential for producing high-quality physical objects using 3D printing technology. Geometric modeling enables designers to create intricate and customized designs that can be manufactured with a high degree of accuracy and efficiency. This has revolutionized the manufacturing industry, allowing for the production of complex and lightweight components that were previously impossible to create using traditional manufacturing methods. In conclusion, geometric modeling is a versatile and essential technology that has revolutionized the way we design, engineer, and manufacture products and structures. Its impact is evident across a wide range of industries, from architecture and engineering to entertainment and manufacturing. By enabling the creation of accurate digital representations of 3D objects and environments, geometric modeling has facilitated innovation, efficiency, and creativity in countless applications. As technology continues to advance, the role of geometric modeling will only become more significant, driving further advancements in design, engineering, and manufacturing.。
应用力学与数学英文版
应用力学与数学英文版全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Applications of Mechanics and MathematicsIntroductionMechanics and mathematics are two fundamental fields that have applications in various aspects of science and engineering. Mechanics provides a framework for understanding the behavior of physical systems, while mathematics provides the tools for analyzing and solving complex problems. When these two disciplines are combined, they can be used to model and predict the behavior of a wide range of systems, from simple mechanical structures to complex biological processes.In this document, we will explore some of the key applications of mechanics and mathematics in different fields, such as engineering, physics, and biology. We will discuss how these disciplines are used to study and understand the behavior of systems in these areas, as well as the challenges and opportunities that arise from applying them in practice.Applications in EngineeringMechanics and mathematics play a crucial role in engineering, where they are used to design and analyze structures, machines, and systems. Engineers use principles of mechanics, such as Newton's laws of motion and the theory of elasticity, to predict how different materials will behave under various conditions. Mathematics is then used to solve complex equations and optimize designs to meet specific performance requirements.One example of the application of mechanics and mathematics in engineering is in the design of bridges and buildings. Engineers use principles of structural mechanics to determine the forces acting on a structure and ensure that it can support its own weight and any additional loads. By using mathematical modeling techniques, engineers can predict how a structure will deform under different conditions and optimize its design to improve its performance and durability.Another example is in the field of aerospace engineering, where mechanics and mathematics are used to design aircraft and spacecraft. Engineers use principles of fluid mechanics to study the behavior of air and other fluids around an aircraft, while mathematics is used to model and optimize the aircraft's aerodynamic performance. By combining these disciplines,engineers can design aircraft that are both efficient and safe to operate.Applications in PhysicsMechanics and mathematics are also used in physics to study the behavior of particles, fluids, and electromagnetic fields. Physicists use principles of mechanics, such as the laws of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics, to understand how different systems interact and evolve over time. Mathematics is then used to solve complex equations and make predictions about the behavior of these systems under various conditions.One example of the application of mechanics and mathematics in physics is in the study of celestial bodies, such as planets, stars, and galaxies. Physicists use principles of classical mechanics and gravitational theory to predict the motion of these bodies and analyze their interactions. By using mathematical models, physicists can predict phenomena such as planetary orbits, solar eclipses, and the formation of black holes.Another example is in the field of quantum mechanics, where mechanics and mathematics are used to study the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic level. Physicists use principles of quantum mechanics to understand the behavior of particles such as electrons, protons, and photons,while mathematics is used to solve complex equations and make predictions about their properties. By combining these disciplines, physicists can explain phenomena such asparticle-wave duality, quantum entanglement, and quantum teleportation.Applications in BiologyMechanics and mathematics are also used in biology to study the behavior of biological systems, such as cells, tissues, and organisms. Biologists use principles of mechanics, such as the theory of elasticity and fluid dynamics, to understand how biological structures deform and flow under different conditions. Mathematics is then used to model and analyze the behavior of these systems and make predictions about their properties.One example of the application of mechanics and mathematics in biology is in the study of biomechanics, where mechanics and mathematics are used to understand how organisms move and interact with their environment. Biologists use principles of biomechanics to study the forces acting on an organism's body, while mathematics is used to model and analyze its movement patterns. By combining these disciplines, biologists can predict how organisms will behave in different environments and design experiments to test their hypotheses.Another example is in the field of computational biology, where mechanics and mathematics are used to study the behavior of biological systems at the molecular and cellular level. Biologists use principles of molecular mechanics and mathematical modeling to understand how molecules interact and form complex structures, such as proteins and DNA. By using mathematical techniques, biologists can predict the behavior of these systems and design drugs and therapies to treat diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's.Challenges and OpportunitiesWhile the applications of mechanics and mathematics in different fields are numerous and varied, there are also challenges and opportunities that arise from using these disciplines in practice. One challenge is the complexity of the systems being studied, which can make it difficult to develop accurate mathematical models and predict their behavior. Another challenge is the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, as applying mechanics and mathematics often requires expertise from multiple fields, such as physics, biology, and computer science.However, there are also opportunities to overcome these challenges and make new discoveries by combining mechanicsand mathematics in innovative ways. For example, advances in computational modeling and simulation techniques have made it possible to study complex systems in more detail and make more accurate predictions about their behavior. By developing new mathematical algorithms and numerical methods, researchers can overcome the limitations of traditional analytical approaches and explore new frontiers in science and engineering.ConclusionIn conclusion, the applications of mechanics and mathematics are wide-ranging and diverse, with implications for fields such as engineering, physics, and biology. By combining these disciplines, researchers can study and understand the behavior of complex systems in new and innovative ways, leading to advancements in science and technology. While there are challenges to applying mechanics and mathematics in practice, there are also opportunities to overcome these challenges and make new discoveries that benefit society as a whole. As these fields continue to evolve and expand, there is no doubt that the future holds exciting possibilities for those who are willing to explore the intersections of mechanics and mathematics.篇2Application of Mechanics and MathematicsIntroductionMechanics and mathematics are essential fields in the study of physical phenomena and the development of various technologies. The application of mechanics and mathematics plays a critical role in understanding how objects move, interact, and behave under different conditions. This article will discuss the various applications of mechanics and mathematics in different fields, including engineering, physics, and biology.Engineering ApplicationsOne of the primary applications of mechanics and mathematics is in engineering. Engineers use principles of mechanics and mathematics to design and analyze structures, machines, and systems. For example, in civil engineering, mechanics is used to calculate the stresses and strains in buildings, bridges, and roads. Mathematic formulas are used to determine the load capacity of structures and the optimal materials to use in construction.In mechanical engineering, mechanics is applied to design engines, turbines, and other machines. Mathematics is used tomodel the behavior of fluids, solids, and thermal systems. Engineers use mathematical formulas to optimize the performance of machines, reduce energy consumption, and ensure the safety of equipment.Physics ApplicationsMechanics and mathematics are fundamental to the study of physics. Physics is the science that seeks to explain the behavior of matter and energy in the universe. Mechanics is used to describe the motion of objects, the forces acting on them, and the energy transformations that occur. Mathematics is used to develop mathematical models that predict the behavior of physical systems.In classical mechanics, the laws of motion formulated by Sir Isaac Newton are used to describe the motion of objects in space. Mathematics is used to solve differential equations that describe the motion of particles, fluids, and electromagnetic fields. In quantum mechanics, mathematical techniques such as linear algebra and probability theory are used to describe the behavior of subatomic particles and the interactions between them.Biology ApplicationsMechanics and mathematics are also applied in the field of biology. Biomechanics is the study of the mechanical properties of living organisms and their movements. Mechanics is used to understand how animals move, how cells deform under stress, and how tissues respond to external forces. Mathematics is used to model the behavior of biological systems and predict their responses to different stimuli.In biomechanics, mechanics is used to study the forces acting on the body during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. Mathematics is used to analyze the data collected from motion capture systems, force plates, and electromyography sensors. By combining mechanics and mathematics, researchers can gain insights into the biomechanics of human movement and develop new technologies for rehabilitation and sports performance.ConclusionThe application of mechanics and mathematics is vital in a wide range of fields, including engineering, physics, and biology. By using principles of mechanics and mathematics, researchers and engineers can understand how objects move, interact, and respond to external stimuli. By developing mathematical models, scientists can predict the behavior of physical and biologicalsystems and design new technologies that improve our quality of life. As our understanding of mechanics and mathematics continues to grow, so too will our ability to solve complex problems and push the boundaries of scientific knowledge.篇3Application of Mechanics and MathematicsIntroduction:Mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of those bodies on their environment. Mathematics, on the other hand, is the study of patterns and relationships, and provides powerful tools for analyzing and predicting the behavior of physical systems. The combination of these two disciplines has led to significant advancements in a wide range of fields, from engineering to biology to economics.Applications in Engineering:One of the most common applications of mechanics and mathematics is in the field of engineering. Engineers use principles of mechanics and mathematics to design structures, machines, and systems that meet specific performance criteria. For example, civil engineers use mechanics to analyze the forcesacting on a bridge or building, and mathematics to determine the optimal design that meets safety and efficiency requirements. Mechanical engineers use mechanics to understand how forces and motion affect the performance of a machine, and mathematics to model and simulate the behavior of the machine under different conditions.Applications in Biology:Mechanics and mathematics also play a crucial role in the field of biology. Biomechanics, a subfield of biology, uses principles of mechanics to study the mechanical properties of biological systems, such as the movement of muscles and bones in the human body. Mathematics is used to model the behavior of biological systems, such as the growth of a population of cells or the spread of a disease through a population. By combining these two disciplines, researchers can gain insights into complex biological processes and develop new technologies for diagnosing and treating diseases.Applications in Economics:In the field of economics, mechanics and mathematics are used to analyze and predict the behavior of financial markets, businesses, and consumers. Econophysics, a subfield of economics, applies principles of mechanics to study thedynamics of economic systems, such as the fluctuations in stock prices or the spread of information through a network of traders. Mathematics is used to model and simulate the behavior of economic systems, allowing researchers to test different economic theories and make predictions about future trends.Conclusion:The application of mechanics and mathematics has had a profound impact on a wide range of fields, from engineering to biology to economics. By combining these two disciplines, researchers can gain insights into the behavior of complex systems and develop new technologies for solving real-world problems. As our understanding of mechanics and mathematics continues to advance, we can expect even more exciting applications in the future.。
Geometric Modeling
Geometric ModelingGeometric modeling is a crucial aspect of computer graphics and design that involves creating mathematical representations of physical objects in a virtual environment. This process allows designers and engineers to visualize and manipulate complex shapes and structures with precision and accuracy. Geometric modeling plays a significant role in various industries, including architecture, manufacturing, animation, and video game development. One of the key benefits of geometric modeling is its ability to facilitate the design and analysis ofintricate geometries that would be challenging or impossible to create by hand. By using mathematical algorithms and computer software, designers can easily create and modify complex shapes, surfaces, and volumes with a high degree of control and precision. This enables them to explore different design options, evaluate performance characteristics, and optimize the final product before physical prototyping or production. In addition to its practical applications, geometric modeling also plays a crucial role in fostering creativity and innovation in the design process. By providing designers with a versatile set of tools andtechniques for creating and manipulating 3D models, geometric modeling empowers them to think outside the box, experiment with new ideas, and push the boundaries of traditional design conventions. This creative freedom not only leads to the development of unique and innovative designs but also inspires new ways ofthinking and problem-solving in various fields. Furthermore, geometric modeling serves as a powerful communication tool that allows designers to convey theirideas and concepts effectively to clients, colleagues, and stakeholders. By presenting realistic 3D visualizations of their designs, designers can effectively communicate the intended look, feel, and functionality of a product or structure, helping to ensure that everyone involved is on the same page and aligned with the project goals. This clear and precise communication is essential for successful collaboration and decision-making in the design and development process. Moreover, geometric modeling plays a crucial role in the simulation and analysis of physical phenomena, such as structural integrity, fluid dynamics, and thermal behavior. By creating accurate geometric models of objects and environments, engineers and scientists can simulate how these systems will behave under various conditions,identify potential issues or weaknesses, and optimize their performance. This predictive capability is invaluable for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and reliability of products and systems in a wide range of industries. Overall, geometric modeling is a versatile and powerful tool that offers numerous benefits to designers, engineers, and researchers across various disciplines. From enabling the creation of complex geometries and fostering creativity to facilitating communication and analysis, geometric modeling plays a critical role in the design and development process. By leveraging the capabilities of geometric modeling, professionals can unlock new possibilities, streamline their workflows, and ultimately bring their ideas to life in ways that were previously unimaginable.。
Autodesk Research - 生成式设计入门指南说明书
SD229074Getting Started with Generative Design for AECKean WalmsleyAutodesk ResearchLearning Objectives•Understand the core concepts behind generative design across industries•See examples of how Autodesk Research is using generative design in AEC•Learn how Dynamo can be used with Refinery to implement generative-design workflows•Become familiar with Autodesk's plans for generative design in the AEC spaceDescriptionMuch of the early work around generative design at Autodesk was focused on manufactured products. Increasingly, though, it is being applied to design problems in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC). Autodesk Research—mainly through its New York-based architectural studio, The Living—is exploring how one can use generative design to solve a variety of problems in the AEC space. Recent examples include Project Discover, where survey data from Autodesk's Toronto-based employees was used to help choose the layout for our new office in the MaRS Discovery District. Generative design was also used in the design of the Autodesk University 2017 exhibit hall. During this session we'll take a look at the tools available from Autodesk to apply generative design in the AEC industry. And we'll show how to get started with generative design by driving Dynamo with Refinery, Autodesk's new optimization engine.SpeakerKean Walmsley is a Platform Architect and Evangelist working for Autodesk Research. Blogs and tweets about developing with Forge, AutoCAD and other Autodesk technology, especially with respect to IoT, VR and AR.**************************https://https:///keanwGenerative DesignGenerative design is a framework for combining digital computation and human creativity to achieve results that would not otherwise be possible. It involves the integration of a rule-based geometric system, a series of measurable goals, and a system for automatically generating, evaluating, and evolving a very large number of design options. This approach offers many benefits for designing buildings and cities – including managing complexity, optimizing for specific criteria, incorporating a large amount of input from past projects and current requests, navigating trade-offs based on real data, structuring discussion among stake-holders about design features and project objectives, offering transparency about project assumptions, and offering a “live model” for post-occupancy adaptation. The framework consists of three main components: 1. generate a wide design space of possible solutions through a bespoke geometry system; 2. evaluate each solution through measurable goals; 3. evolve generations of designs through evolutionary computation.The generative design workflowGenerative Design is a flexible and scalable framework. It can be applied to a wide range of design problems and scales: from industrial components all the way to buildings and cities.Autodesk Research into Generative DesignThe Bionic Partition | Generative Design for ManufacturingThe Bionic Partition is a next generation airplane component designed for Airbus through the application of generative design. It involved creating a custom algorithm using bio-logical rules and two measurables goals: weight and maximum displacement. The result is a metal 3D printed component that is almost 50% lighter and almost 10% stronger than traditional partitions.Final metal 3D printed partitionMacro and micro optimization and metal 3D printing processAutodesk MaRS Office | Generative Design for ArchitectureArchitecture can often become a more challenging problem than engineering ones. In fact, architecture, unlike engineering projects, involves qualitative aspects of the experience of space that are less tangible and more difficult to measure. In 2017 The Living pushed the boundaries of generative design and applied this framework to architecture for the design of the new Autodesk offices in the MaRS Discovery District in Toronto. The geometric system incorporated several levels of constraints including the size of the space, the number of amenities and meeting rooms and fixed locations for cores and mechanical rooms. The goals combined qualitative aspects of human experience (such as ‘workstyle preferences’ and ‘adjacency preferences’) with quantitative measures (such as ‘daylight’, ‘buzz’ and ‘productivity’). The process allowed the designers to go beyond the one-size-fits-all type of approach to workspace design and offer a space that was diverse and rich in features. Through ongoing monitoring of the space and survey-based data collection, generative design can be used to suggest new design options and the scoring algorithms can be improved.Design goals: adjacency preferences; workstyle preferences; buzz; productivity; daylight; views to outside.Geometric system: (0) incorporate constraints; (1) define generative and non-generative zones; (2-3) subdivide space into neighborhoods; (4) generate ‘amenity bars’; (5) generate ‘test fit’; (6) assign teams; (7) evaluate solution.Alkmaar Residential Neighborhood | Generative Urban DesignVan Wijnen is an innovative Dutch development and construction company that seeks to change the way buildings are designed and made. In 2017 they partnered with The Living to apply generative design at the scale of the city. The project involved the design of a geometric model that could meet the local building code constraints (such as number and location of access streets, setbacks, parking rules etc.), and satisfy the developer’s requirements (such as amount of two-story residential units and apartment buildings). Urban design problems generally present many stakeholders, often representing conflicting requirements and interests, thus intensifying the complexity of the design. Generative design is able to aid the management and structuring of such complexity through the definition of the goals. In this case the project involved seven distinct goals, including financial ones (revenue and construction cost), environmental ones (such as solar gain and views), as well as more architectural ones (such as variety).For urban design problems, the generative design framework can aid the management and structuring of complexity through the definition of goals that can represent the interest of different stakeholders.units; (5) place apartment buildings.Evolutionary process.Implementing Generative Workflows using Dynamo and RefineryAutodesk Research has engaged in some interesting projects related to Generative Design in the AEC space, but what technologies are available outside of research to do something similar?The good news is that Autodesk customers can start working on these workflows today with a combination of two tools: Dynamo for Revit and Refinery. The latter one is currently still in Beta, but the link to join the Beta has been provided during the class.Most people will already be familiar with Dynamo: it’s the node-based, visual programming tool that’s commonly used for computational design.In this session we’re going to use a relatively simple Dynamo graph with Refinery. This graph takes a floorplan – that’s exported from AutoCAD – and attempts to fit tiles into it in an optimal fashion. The inputs are the angle of the tile and the offsets in X and Y. The outputs we will measure are the number of complete tiles, partial tiles, and the area of tile that will be discarded.Refinery installs as an extension to Dynamo and adds various capabilities to execute many different instances of your Dynamo graph, essentially enabling generative workflows in Dynamo. To prepare your graph for use with Refinery, you need to make sure the inputs you want Refinery to control are numeric slider nodes with their “Is Input” flag set to true.The outputs need to be Watch nodes that have been given a nickname and have their “Is Output” flag set to true.Once you’ve installed Refinery you can get access to it from Dynamo’s view menu (in this case I’m using Dynamo Sandbox independently from Revit):On launching Refinery for the first time, you should see an empty browser window.Clicking on New Study will allow you to explore designs created in various ways. The first one you should try is a random study. This will create solutions throughout the design space, allowing you to explore the trade-offs between the various input parameters.When using the Randomize option, you can choose the number of designs to generate along with a seed for the randomization. (The random numbers aren’t truly random: if you use the same seed it should generate the same results for the same sized run.)The results of this method are, as you might expect, randomly distributed through the design space.Changing the axes and color/size allow you to fine other ways to make sense of the results:When you find a view that works for you, clicking the individual solutions will transfer the settings to Dynamo. Here we’re selecting the top-right view that shows the largest number of complete tiles:Here’s that design inside Dynamo:If you’re more interested in “optioneering” – much as was made possible with Project Fractal – then you’ll want to try the Cross Product generation method. This will take the specified number of items (spaced evenly inside the parameter space) for the various parameters and combine them to perform a more systematic exploration of the design space.As you might expect, the standard display of the results is very evenly spaced!As you tweak the axes you start to see things a bit differently, of course.Taking a look at the option with the fewest partial tiles and most complete tiles, we get a slightly different (but also very similar) solution to the one we had previously.The generation method that really allows you to make use of generative design in its broadest sense is Optimize. This will tell Refinery to employ a genetic algorithm to find interesting solutions.How does Refinery work? It uses NSGA-II optimization, which is a meta-heuristic algorithm for multi-objective optimization. Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on bio-inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection. A genetic algorithm is a population-based optimization, in that maintains and improves multiple candidate solutions, often using population characteristics to guide the search. Each round of the optimization processed in the genetic algorithm is called a generation. So, when you set the generation value to 40, the process of selection, crossover, and mutation happens 40 times for each population of (say) 40 designs.While when optioneering we focused on the inputs, deciding how to vary them during the generation process, in this case we’re going to focus on the outputs, saying which ones we want to optimize for and whether the system should maximize or minimize them.When we look at the results, we see that there are far fewer results, as the optimization process has selected a subset with characteristics that interest us.Refinery really comes into its own when dealing with more complex scenarios with goals that aren’t so closely interconnected, but this should hopefully give at least some sense of its power.。
山东省滨州市滨城区北镇中学2024-2025学年高二上学期开学英语试题
山东省滨州市滨城区北镇中学2024-2025学年高二上学期开学英语试题一、阅读理解Natural Life E- Books by Education Expert Wendy PriesnitzBeyond School: Living As If School Doesn’t ExistThis is a long- awaited fourth book about life learning. It’s a collection of 17 essays about how families and individuals can live and learn without struggles, and with trust, respect, and dignity. Together, they create ways to help children learn about today’s world while becoming equipped to live in tomorrow’s.Green & Healthy HomesThe book will help you and your family make your home greener and healthier, and save money too. It includes tips on making your own cleaning supplies and advice on how to conserve water, avoid dangerous household chemicals and use organic materials for your home.Life Learning: Lessons From the Educational FrontierThis is a unique collection of 30 essays about the story of learning written by parents and young people who have experienced it first-hand. It includes learning to read and do math without being taught, learning what’s wrong with education at present, learning in the real world, and much more.Challenging Assumptions in Education: From Institutionalized Education to a Learning SocietyThis book explains why life learners help their children live and learn, and provides inspiration and support for families who have chosen that exciting path. It also challenges open-minded readers — including teachers, parents, and lawmakers — to transform the public education system, using what homeschoolers know about how children learn.★ We’ re pleased to offer you free PDF downloads of these e-Books.★ PDF digital format only. Click here for more information and a limited-time free download.1．What do we know about Beyond School?A．Its teaching methods are from schools.B．It’s about survival skills outside school.C．It focuses on making your life greener.D．It better prepares kids for the future world. 2．Which book features real life examples?A．Beyond School.B．Green & Healthy Homes.C．Life Learning.D．Challenging Assumptions in Education. 3．Where is the passage most probably taken from?A．A website.B．A magazine.C．A report.D．A textbook.I tried not to look down. My palms (手掌) were sweating. All I could concentrate on was the man below who was keeping the ladder steady. The tiny people waved up at me, but I couldn’t see them clearly.When I got to the top, some sort of supernatural force brought my feet to the edge of the platform. I was going to slip off the board. The line holding me was going to break, and I was once again going to be thrown to death. Down was the only direction my eyes would go.I begged to go back down the ladder, but the stupid man tried to convince me. The tiny dots below shouted encouragingly, saying they would run with me as I flew. I was going to slide off that platform. I couldn’t think; the tears stopped my brain. Why wouldn’t he let me go back? The message replayed in my mind, “You’re going to die…”Like a blown-up balloon, I was let go just before it could be knotted at the bottom. I went in every direction, tension escaping from my body as I fell. The breeze hit my face and cooled my sweaty body. I could see clearly now, and I was flying.Today, I am still terrified of heights. It would be nice to say that I conquered my fear and found something I loved. I owe my zip line (飞索) experience to the Englishman who pushed me off the platform. I am grateful for the experience because I love adventure. Trying new things has always appealed to me. Some of the most rewarding experiences I have had, like flying, have come out of conquering what at first appears to be frightening and impossible. While my days of aerial escapades are over, I look forward to the future and the question of fear of flying and will continue to create questions wherever I go.4．How did the author feel when he was on the ladders?A．Exhausted.B．Frightened.C．Annoyed.D．Excited.5．Why did the Englishman push the author off platform?A．To teach him to fly.B．To push him to death.C．To develop his courage.D．To test his ability to climb.6．Through the zip line experience, the author learns that ________.A．everyone can enjoy flying wellB．trying difficult things is his favoriteC．looking back on the old days is awful for himD．something that seems impossible can be conquered7．What does the underlined phrase “aerial escapades” in Paragraph 5 refer to?A．The author’s zip line experience.B．The author’s difficulty in life.C．The author’s failure in adventure.D．The author’s dreams about his future.The human voice is a delicate thing. Each person’s distinctive voice is produced when air from the lungs causes the vocal cords (声带) to vibrate (震颤). These vocal cords can easily get damaged. According to a 2005 study, 30% of the population will experience a voice disorder at some point in their life.In a study published in the journal Nature Communications this week, a group of bioengineering researchers from the University of California have put forward an attractive solution. They have designed and tested a soft patch (小片) that can be stuck onto a person’s neck, where it will pick up muscle movements and, with the help of machine-learning algorithms (算法) that process the signals, translate them into speech.When a person loses their voice today, the easiest fix is to turn to typing, texting, or writing notes to communicate. Typing can be slow and convenient, says Jun Chen, the paper’s lead author, and writing notes is only possible in good lighting. The new solution would therefore be able to clear all these hurdles.Dr. Chen’s device works based on something called the magnetoelastic effect. Essentially, when tiny magnetic (磁性的) bits are placed into soft materials, their magnetic properties can change as the material is stretched.When the throat muscles move under the soft patch, the resulting magnetoelastic effects can be changed into electrical signals. In a test with eight participants, the variations can be changedby electrical signals.Researchers recorded the signals as the subjects spoke and mouthed five different sentences. They then trained a machine-learning model which was then able to predict which of the five sentences the participants spoke-whether aloud or in silence-with more than 90% accuracy.There is a way to go yet, for now the device can only recognize the five phrases it was trained on. Plus, to make it practical at scale, the researchers will need to collect a lot more data. 8．In paragraph 1, the author mainly wants to tell us that____.A．lungs are easily damagedB．the human voice is uniqueC．vocal cords vibrate to produce soundD．voice disorders are a problem worthy of attention9．Why does the author mention the biometric effect?A．To explain the working principle.B．To present a solution.C．To introduce the challenge.D．To make a comparison.10．What is the function of the soft patch?A．Predicting five different sentences.B．Destroying the background magnetic field.C．Slowing the movements of throat muscles.D．Helping turn muscle movements into electrical signals.11．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．Predicting the Importance of Voice RestorationB．Using Algorithms in Bioengineering ResearchC．Overcoming V oice Loss with an innovative PatchD．Finding the Principle of Communication DevicesAn AI robot has beaten humans at a Labyrinth marble (迷宫弹珠) game, the first time a machine has shown it can master both physical flexibility and learning.The game, which involves controlling a marble around a series of obstacles while stopping the ball falling into multiple holes, requires skill, patience and a delicate touch. Currently, Sweden’s Lars Goran Danielsson, who has played the game for 35 years, holds the record forcompleting the maze (迷宫) in 15.41 seconds. But a robot called CyberRunner, built by Swiss researchers at ETH Zurich, clocked a time of 14.48 seconds after just six hours of practice.A professor at ETH Zurich said, “It’s not just about beating humans at a game. It’s beating humans at a game that requires direct physical skill and flexibility. The first model that allowed a machine to beat a human at a game was instrumental. Now what we’ re doing here isn’t just to change the type of challenge. We’re adding dimensions, adding multiple boundaries to be broken.”In the game, which was first brought to market by British company Brio in 1946, the movement of the marble is controlled through two handles. While a relatively straightforward game, it requires fine motor skills and spatial reasoning abilities, and humans require great amounts of practice to become dexterous at the game. The robot uses two motors to move the handles and watches its progress through a camera fixed above the board. Just like humans, CyberRunner learns through experience, recognizing which strategies and behaviors are more promising, so that it gets better run after run, using model- based reinforcement (加强) learning.Computer scientists were interested to find that CyberRunner’s first reaction was to cheat, finding quicker ways by skipping parts of the maze. Thomas Bi, another professor, said, “Interestingly during the learning process, CyberRunner naturally discovered shortcuts. It found ways to ‘cheat’ by skipping certain parts of the maze. We had to step in and exactly instruct it not to take any of those shortcuts.” Experts said the new breakthrough marked the world’s first physical application of AI where it beat a human.12．How did CyberRunner perform in the game?A．It showed flexibility both physically and mentally.B．Its mental state was disturbed frequently.C．It showed no interest in playing games.D．It showed a breakthrough in human performance.13．What does the underlined word “dexterous” in paragraph 4mean?A．Excited.B．Nervous.C．Expert.D．Overjoyed. 14．What does Thomas BI mean by his words?A．Experts should give CyberRunner more tips.B．CyberRunner is good at solvingproblems.C．The application of AI is falling behind.D．CyberRunner won by cheating.15．Which is the most suitable title for the text?A．ETH Zurich’s Robot Breaks Chess Records B．A Smart Robot Wins in a Marble Game C．CyberRunner: A Robot Race Winner D．Humans Shine in a Marble GameWe often close ourselves off when painful events happen in our lives. Instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to ignore the hurt and pain, but we can’t hide from ourselves. 16 The following are four tips on opening your heart fully and completely.Accept the pain.Whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to face it instead of running away.17 . When the sadness strikes, take a deep breath and accept it. By using our breath, we soften our experiences and allow more newness.18We’ re often confused about the next step to take. Actually, we can try a new decision-making process. To start this process, we may ask, “Heart, what decision should I make here? What action feels the most right?” See what comes up, then put it into practice and evaluate the outcome.Spend time alone.For most-of our lives we are surrounded by people: our friends, family members, and strangers. 19 When you spend time in solitude (独处),you are free from the influences of other people, which might be painful at first, but eventually you will add a whole new layer of depth and understanding to your life.Get outside of yourself.20 . But in reality, they actually work hand in hand. After you’ve explored the depths of yourself, you come away with a new understanding. Now, it is time to share that — not t through telling others, but through being with others.A．Have a light heart.B．Ask your heart what it wantsC．Is there anything I’m hiding from myself?D．How often do we really spend time alone?E．This may seem a little contradictory to the last tip.F．We should open our hearts and take action to heal the wounds.G．When we run away from sadness, it gets stronger and more real.二、完形填空It was a busy Monday morning as usual. While the children were enjoying “free play”, I 21 to the doorway of the classroom to take a break. Suddenly, I 22 a movement of the heavy wooden door. This was the very door I 23 guided the children through to ensure their 24 from the cold. I felt a chill go through my body.25 , I pushed the door open. There stood one of my kindergarteners who I thought was 26 that day! He had been dropped off at school late and was 27 to open the door. He must have been waiting there for quite a while! Without a word, I 28 him to the hospital. He was treated for frostbite on his hands. He’d need time to 29 , and wouldn’t come for class the next day, I thought.The next morning, one of the first to 30 was my little frostbitten boy. Not only did he run in with energy, but his 31 could be heard as loud as ever! I gave him a warm hug and told him how 32 I was to see him. His words have stayed with me and 33 me to do better all these years, “I believe you would open the door.”That cold Monday morning, he waited a long, long while for adults to 34 . To a child, every minute feels like forever. He didn’t attempt to walk back home; he waited and trusted. This five-year-old taught me a powerful lesson in 35 .21．A．ran B．stepped C．jumped D．turned 22．A．noticed B．caused C．checked D．imagined 23．A．excitedly B．worriedly C．cheerfully D．carefully 24．A．studies B．joy C．safety D．shelter 25．A．Curious B．Worried C．Amazed D．Annoyed 26．A．content B．absent C．special D．cold 27．A．courageous B．frightened C．unwilling D．unable 28．A．invited B．contacted C．rushed D．brought29．A．recover B．restore C．change D．charge 30．A．settle B．gather C．arrive D．react 31．A．intention B．courage C．complaint D．laughter 32．A．fortunate B．delighted C．disappointed D．nervous 33．A．remained B．warned C．reminded D．instructed 34．A．show up B．give up C．hold up D．come up 35．A．gratitude B．belief C．forgiveness D．kindness三、语法填空语法填空In the final of the men’s 100m freestyle at the 2024 Paris Olympics, Chinese athlete Pan Zhanle achieved 36 astonishing time of 46.40 seconds, breaking the world record and successfully winning the gold medal. This is the 37 (nine) gold medal for the Chinese delegation at this Olympics and also the first time a Chinese athlete 38 (win) an Olympic championship in the men’s 100m freestyle event.Foreign media have given high praise to Pan Zhanle’s victory. He has become the fastest man in the world at present and the 39 (shining) Asian star in the swimming pool, vindicating the Chinese swimming team.Pan Zhanle’s achievement means a lot. He not only won honor for the Chinese swimming team 40 proved the power of Chinese athletes in the short- distance freestyle event. His success inspires more Chinese swimmers 41 (pursue) excellence continuously and win more honors for the country. It has 42 (significant) lifted the Chinese team’s spirit following a series of near-misses of the podium top-spot in earlier events.After the competition, Pan Zhanle said that this gold me dal is 43 great significance to the country. “I just swam. The race perfectly today and made a strong 44 (impress) for Chinese swimming. I hope this gold could boost the morale of the whole team,” Pan said at the post-final news conference. 45 (recognise) how he managed to achieve such a consistent improvement, Pan said it is all about hard working honestly under the right guidance.46．If you (follow) my advice, you would not have failed in the exam. (所给词的适当形式填空)47．is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. (用适当的词填空)48．There are many good websites you can check out the latest in the science world. (用适当的词填空)49．It was not until yesterday I was told that he was ill in hospital. (用适当的词填空) 50．Though (lack) money, her parents managed to send her to college. (所给词的适当形式填空)51．It is time that we (take) action to protect our environment. (所给词的适当形式填空) 52．The man with his daughters and sons (be) watching TV at this moment yesterday. (所给词的适当形式填空)53．It is already getting dark. I doubt he will come back on time. (用适当的词填空) 54．All things (consider), the planned trip will have to be put off. (所给词的适当形式填空)55．The school shop,customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays. (用适当的词填空)四、书信写作56．假如你是李华。
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Acasestudyofinnovativepopulation-basedalgorithmsin3Dmodeling:Artificialbeecolony,biogeography-basedoptimization,harmonysearchq
JoséM.García-Torresa,⇑,SergioDamasb,OscarCordóna,b,c,JoséSantamaríadaDept.ofComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence,UniversityofGranada,Spain
bEuropeanCentreforSoftComputing,Mieres,Spain
cCentrodeInvestigaciónenTecnologíasdeLaInformaciónydelasComunicaciones(CITIC),UniversityofGranada,Spain
dDept.ofComputerScience,UniversityofJaén,Spain
articleinfoKeywords:Population-basedmetaheuristicsABCBBOHSImageregistration3Dmodeling
abstractDeterministicoranalyticalmethodsforcomputingtheglobaloptimaofafunctionalhavebeenexten-sivelyappliedinawiderangeofengineeringapplications.Nevertheless,itiswellknowntheyusuallylackofeffectivenesswhendealingwithcomplexnonlinearoptimizationproblems.Inparticular,suchashort-comingshavebeenaddressedbyusingapproximateapproaches,namedmetaheuristics.Amongthemall,thosemethodsusingapopulation-basedscheme,e.g.theevolutionaryalgorithms,havebeenthemostsuccessfuloptimizationstrategies.Recently,innovativepopulation-basedalgorithmssuchasABC,BBO,andHShavearisenaspromisingoptimizationmethodsduetotheyprovideagoodtradeoffbetweendesignandperformancewhencomparedtoothermoreelaboratedmethods.Inthiswork,weaimtofirstintroducetheparticulardesignofthesethreecuttingedgealgorithms,andadditionallyanalysetheirper-formancewhentacklingachallengingreal-worldoptimizationproblem.Inparticular,ourcasestudyofnumericaloptimizationtacklesacomputervisionproblemnamed3Drangeimageregistrationfor3Dmodelingtasks.ComputationalexperimentshavebeenconductedcomparingtheperformanceofABC,HS,andBBOagainstothercontributionsinthestate-of-the-artof3Dimageregistration.Ó2013ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
1.IntroductionOptimizationproblemsareoftencomplexsituationstocopewithinseveralareasofknowledgesuchasengineering.Theobjectivefunctionmayhavemanylocaloptimaandinmanycasesfindingthebestsolution(namedglobaloptimum)issotime-con-sumingthatgoesbeyondtheadmissibleinpracticalapplications.Thoseproblemscannotbehandledbyclassicalmethods(e.g.gra-dient-basedalgorithms)whicharelikelytocomputelocaloptima.Thus,thereremainsaneedforefficientandeffectivenumericaloptimizationmethodsfortacklingchallengingreal-worldengi-neeringproblems.Inthelastfewdecades,approximatealgorithms,namedmetaheuristics(MHs)(Glover&Kochenberger,2003;Luke,2009),havedemonstratedtheirgoodperformanceinthesekindsofproblems,wheretheguaranteeoffindingtheoptimalsolutionisrelaxedinordertoobtainhighqualitysolutionsinamuchmorereducedtimeinterval.TherearedifferentkindsofMHs.Amongthemall,population-basedtechniquesworkonapopulationofsolutionsbasedonanal-ogieswithnaturalphenomena.Thisapproachhasbeenappliedtoalargeamountofengineeringoptimizationproblemsandithasbeingprovedtobeeffectiveinsolvingwell-knownchallengingproblems.Withinpopulation-basedtechniques,wecanfindclassicaltechniquessuchasgeneticalgorithms(GAs)(Goldberg,1989;Michalewicz,1996),particleswarmoptimization(PSO)(Clerc,2006;Kennedy&Eberhart,2001)andantcolonyoptimiza-tion(ACO)(Dorigo&DiCaro,1999;Dorigo&Stützle,2004;Farha-anaetal.,2012;Zhou&Wang,2012).Recently,manynewpopulation-basedapproacheshavebeenarised:artificialbeecolony(ABC)(Karaboga&Basturk,2007a,2007b),differentialevolution(DE)(Price,1999;Storn,1997),harmonysearch(HS)(Geem,Kim,&Loganathan,2001),catsswarming(CS)(Chu&Tsai,2007),andbiography-basedoptimization(BBO)(Simon,2008),amongothers.Testingthesenewpopulation-basedapproachesandcarryingoutacomparisonwithotherstateoftheartmethodsmayservethefieldtoanalyseboththeirshortcomingsandgoognessin
0957-4174/$-seefrontmatterÓ2013ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.08.074
qThisworkispartiallysupportedbyboththeSpanishMinisteriodeEducacióny
Ciencia(Ref.TIN2009-07727)includingEDRFfundingsandtheUniversityofJaén(Ref.R1/12/2010/61)includingfundingsfromCajaRuraldeJaén.⇑Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+34660057583.
E-mailaddresses:jmgt@correo.ugr.es(J.M.García-Torres),sergio.damas@softcomputing.es(S.Damas),oscar.cordon@softcomputing.es(O.Cordón),jslopez@ujaen.es(J.Santamaría).
ExpertSystemswithApplications41(2014)1750–1762ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectExpertSystemswithApplications
journalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/eswa