广外自考商英本科00602口译上册课后习题中英文翻译1-10

Unit 1

1-1英

Tourist industry was designated as a new economic growth point in the national economy at the conference on economic work held by the central committee of the communist party of china. 在中国共产党中央委员会的经济工作会议中，中国的旅游业被定为国民经济的新增长点。

The move promoted the status of the tourist sector in economic and social development, paving the way for the rapid development of the tourist industry in the next century.这不仅提高了旅游业在经济和社会发展中的地位，同时也为旅游业在下个世纪的发展铺平了道路。

The top 54 tourist cities were selected throughout the country by examination. The event has not only improved the environment for urban tourist development, but has also speeded up the internationalization and modernization of the tourist cities.

通过检查，评选出了54个旅游城市。这样的评选不仅改善了城市旅游环境，也加快了城市旅游业国际化和现代化的进程。

Continuous growth was obtained despite the adverse circumstances of the international market.尽管国际市场的环境并不好，但是我国的旅游业仍然保持持续的增长。

A steady growth in overseas travelers has given an impetus to the development of the domestic tourist industry.海外旅客的稳定增长促进了国内旅游业的发展。

In 1998, the total volume of income from the tourist industry amounted to 343 billion yuan, an increase of 10.2% over the previous year, contributing greatly to realizing the preset growth target with regard to the national economy. 1998年，旅游业的总收入为3430亿元人民币，比去年增长了10.2%，为实现国民经济预定的增长目标做出了巨大的贡献。

A provisional method for the trial establishment of sino-foreign joint-venture travel agencies was introduced with the approval of the state council. 征得国务院的同意，我们引进了关于试建中外合资旅游机构的暂行方法A structure to further expand the opening of the tourist industry has emerged thanks to the promulgation of the method. 由于这一办法的颁布，形成了进一步扩大旅游业对外开放的新构架。

It will help open new channels for attracting expertise from overseas travel services, which will bring about a new competitiveness in the domestic travel service market. 这一办法会帮助我们打开吸引游客、从海外旅游行业中引进先进的管理经验的渠道。这同样也会给国内的旅游业市场带来新的竞争。

1-2

Not long ago, the secretary general of the world tourism organization said. “the Asian financial crisis has slowed down the development of world tourism , but the Chinese tourism industry has maintained a high growth speed.”世界旅游组织秘书长弗朗加利日前认定，亚洲金融危机使世界旅游业放慢了增长速度，而中国旅游业却继续保持着强劲增长势头。

He predicted that by 2020, china will become the largest tourism country in the world.

他预测，到2020年，中国将有望成为世界第一大旅游大国。

The secretary general was attending the ’98 china international tourism fair, held in shanghai. At the fair, the quoted a survey report as saying; due to the financial crisis in Asia, the number of tourists coming and going between the Asian countries has dropped by a large margin since summer 1997. 弗朗加利去年出席了上海98中国国际旅游交易会，他援引世界旅游组织一份分析报告说，由于金融危机的影响，亚洲各国之间出入境旅游人数从1997年夏季开始大幅度减少。

The growth speed of world tourism decreased from 5.5 percent in 1996 to 3.8 percent in 1997.世界旅游业的增长速度因此由1996年的5.5%下降到去年的3.8%。

From January to August 1998, the number of tourist entering china totaled 41.3284 million people/times, or an increase of 12.22 percent over the figure for the corresponding period of last year.1998年1至8月份，我国旅游入境人数达4132.84万人次，比1997年同期增长12.22%。

Foreign exchange earnings generated by tourism reached 8.198 billion us dollars, or an increase of 5.55 percent over those of the corresponding period of last year. 旅游外汇收入达81.98亿美元，比1997年同时期增长5.55%。

The number of overseas tourists coming to china has kept growing, except from the other Asian countries, the number of whose tourists has shown a slight reduction.

国际客源市场中，除亚洲市场有所下降外，其他各大洲市场均有增长。

The secretary general pointed out that china’s tourism industry has shown a rising trend during the Asian financial crisis, and the Chinese people should be proud of this, he said. 秘书长弗朗加利指出，中国旅游业在亚洲金融危机中仍出现上升势头，是值得自豪的。In 1990, the number of foreign tourists entering china ranked 12th in the world, and in 1997, the sixth: 1997年中国的旅游入境人数在世界上的排名由1990年的第12位上升到第6位，

and its foreign exchange earnings generated from tourism ranked 25th in the world in 1990, and the eighth in 1997.旅游外汇收入则从第25为升至第8位。

The constant deepening of China’s reform and opening to the outside world has greatly promoted the development of China’s tourism. 秘书长认为，中国改革开放的不断深入使旅游业随之得到了强劲发展。It is predicted that by 2020, the number of tourists worldwide will be about 1.6 billion, of whom 137 million will come to china.预计到了2020年，全世界旅游人数将接近16亿，其中1.37亿人将到中国旅游。

The secretary general said that he likes china very much, because china is a “very lovely country”. 秘书长说，他非常喜欢中国，因为中国是个“十分可爱的国家”，It has beaches, plains and mountains,

as well as one of the most ancient civilizations in the world, he pointed out. 它不仅拥有海滩、平原和山脉，而且是世界文明古国之一。He is right: china’s 5000-year history of civilization is an invaluable tourism resource which is attracting more and more tourists from all over the world.中国五千年文明史就是最大的旅游资源，正在越来越多地吸引着世界各地的旅游者。

1-3英

Since the reform and opening policies were first instituted, china’s tourism industry has developed more rapidly than the overall national economy. 自从改革开放政策的实施，中国旅游业的发展比国民经济的总体发展还要快。From 1978 to 1996, foreign exchange earnings derived from tourism rose from us $ 260 million to us $ 10.2 billion, an average annual growth of 22%.举个例子，从1978年到1996年，旅游业所得外汇从2.6亿美元增加到102亿美元，也就是平均每年增长了22％。

International tourism has leapt over several historical stages of development. 国际旅游业的发展经历了几个历史阶段。

In the wake of the resounding successes of visit china '92 programme, tourism authorities launched theme activities like china landscape '93, china heritage '94, china folklore'95, china resort '96, visit china '97, china city and country tour '98 and ecology tour '99. 随着92中国旅游年取得巨大成功，旅游部门又连续推出93中国山水游，94中国文化古迹游，95中国民俗风情游，96中国度假胜地游，97中国旅游年，98中国城市乡村游和99中国生态游。

All these activities has earned foreign exchange for the country and have improved the development of domestic tourism and national economy.

这些活动都为国家挣得了外汇，促进了旅游业和国民经济的发展。

Tourism infrastructure has been continuously adjusted, improved and optimized. 旅游基础设施也在不断地得到调整，改进，完善。

The arrangements within the tourism resorts have been made more rational.

旅游胜地的规划也越来越合理。

In the development of tourism, structural adjustments have been strengthened and the variety of offerings has been improved and expanded each year.在旅游业的发展中，我们加强了结构调整，各种服务每年都得到改善和扩张。In addition to the development of 12 state-level holiday resorts, china also offers tours involving boating, exploration, hunting, and dozens of other specialized tour package. 除了发展12个国家级的度假村以外，我们还提供了如划船，探险，狩猎，和其他数十种具有特色的代办旅游。

Tours centered on the silk road, the yangtze river three gorges, and other special itineraries have enriched tourism offerings. 以丝绸之路，长江三峡，和其他一些路线为中心旅游，丰富了旅游业务。Tourism in the central and western regions has come to the fore in fierce development.中部和西部地区的旅游业也有了显著的发展。

1-4

Without proper planning, tourism can cause problems.没有合理的规划，旅游业将会导致麻烦。

For example, too many tourists can crowed public places that are also enjoyed by the inhabitants of a country.比如，过多的游客会令那个国家的所有公共场所拥挤不堪，而这些场所同时也是当地人们所享有的。

If tourists create too much traffic, the inhabitants became annoyed and unhappy. 如果游客令交通拥挤，当地居民将会感到不高兴甚至恼火。

They begin to dislike tourists and to treat them impolitely. They forget how much tourism can help the country's economy. 他们开始不喜欢游客，也不再会礼貌地对待他们。当地人会忘记旅游业给他们的经济带来了多少好处。

It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them.所以，经常想想旅游目的地国家的那些当地人，想想旅游对他们的影响，这非常重要。

Tourism should help a country keep the customs and the beauty that attract tourist. Tourism should also improve the well-being of local inhabitants.旅游业应该帮助一个国家保存它的那些吸引游客的风俗文化和美丽风景；同时旅游业也应该保证当地居民的幸福健康。

Too much tourism can be a problem. If tourism grows too quickly, people must leave other jobs to work in the tourism industry. 旅游业太发达也会是一个问题。如果旅游业发展得太快了，人们就必须放下其他工作来服务于旅游业。This means that other parts of the country's economy can suffer.这意味着这个国家的其他经济项目将受到影响。

On the other hand, if there is not enough tourism, people can lose jobs. Businesses can also lose money. 另一方面，如果旅游业不足，人们就可能失业，一些商业也会亏本。

It costs a great deal of money to build large hotels, airports, first-class roads and other support facilities needed by tourist attractions. 修建大酒店，机场，一级公路和其他吸引游客所需的服务设施需要大笔资金。

For example, a major international-class hotel can cost as much as 50 thousand dollars per room to build.比如，修建一个国际级大酒店的一个客房就得耗资5万美元.If this room is not used most of the time, the owners of the hotel lose money.如果这个客房大部分时间都空着，那这家酒店的老板就得亏本。

Building a hotel is just a beginning. There must be many support facilities as well, including roads to get to the hotel, electricity, sewers to handle wastes and water.修建一个酒店只是刚刚开始，还需要有很多辅助设施，比如通往酒店的道路，酒店的供电，处理污水的阴沟等等。

All of these support facilities cost money. If they are not used because there are not enough tourists, jobs and money are lost.所有这些辅助设施都需要钱。如果这些设施仅仅是因为没有足够的游客而闲置着，那人们就会丢掉工作，也会损失钱财。

English version for Techniques for Interpreting英

A. Tourist sites to show ancient culutre展示古代文化的几个旅游点

Shanxi Province plans to develop four major tourist sites

based on the zhou(11th century-256BC), Qin(221-207BC),Han(206BC-220)and Tang(618-907)dynasty culture.陕西省计划发展四个以展示周，秦，汉，唐四个朝代的文化为目的的旅游点。

The Qin culture Tourist Site will be expanded on the basis of the Mausoleum of Qinshihuang. 秦文化旅游点以秦始皇墓为基础扩建而成。

In addition to the existing Qin Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses, some other halls will be built to specially house different exhibits, such as bronze horses and chariots, sacrificial object tombs and the tombs of mausoleum builders.

除了原有的秦兵马俑之外，将增设各类展厅，用以专门陈列一些特别的展品，如：青铜战马，战车，殉葬品墓以及陵墓建造者的坟墓等。

Upon completion of various facilities, the Mausoleum of Qinshihuang will be turned into the Qinshihuang Mausoleum Museum which will be a considerable scale.这个旅游点的各种设施建成以后，秦始皇墓将变成具有相当规模的秦始皇陵墓博物馆。

The Han Culture Tourist Site will be located a dozen km north of xi'an, capital city of the province.汉文化旅游点将坐落在省府西安以北十几公里处。The area enconpasses many imperial tombs and sacrificial pits, which contain rich artifacts of high artistic value.这个旅游点将包括许多帝王墓，祭奠场地，其中含有很多具有极高艺术价值的人工制品。

The ruins of the birthplace of the Western Zhou Dynasty(11th century-771BC)in the east of Baoji city will be the major component of the Zhou Culture Tourist Site; while the Tang Culture tourist site will be at the northeast of Xi'an city proper.周朝旅游点位于宝鸡市东面的西周发源地遗址上；而唐朝文化旅游点则位于西安市区的东北部。

B. First Eco-park 第一个生态公园

The Shunde Eco-park, opened at the end of last year, is a new tourist attraction in Guangdong province, built in line with ecological principles and displaying the local unique eco-agriculture.去年开放的，位于顺德的生态公园是广东省的一个新旅游景点。这个公园的建立，既符合生态规律，又展示了当地独特的生态农业。

Built at a cost of 300 million yuan, the park covers nearly 2 million square meters and is the country's first theme park that centers on ecological environmental protection. 耗资3亿元人民币建成的这个生态公园，占地面积200万平方米，是中国第一个以生态环境保护为中心的特色公园。

It integrates the local natural eco-environment with sightseeing, holidays, culture, entertainment, production and environmental protection.

它把当地的自然生态环境与旅游度假，文化娱乐，生产以及环境保护相结合。

The part that has been opened is the first-phrase project built with an investment of 9 million yuan.目前已经开放的是耗资900万元的第一期工程。C. Visit wild animals near the great wall 长城边上的野生动物园

The Badaling Wildlife World, the largest zoo of its kind in the northern china, was officially opened to visitors on May 1999 after more than a year's construction.八达岭野生动物世界是华北地区同类动物园中最大的。经过一年多的修建，这个动物世界于1999年5月正式向游客开放。

The zoo, adjacent to the Badaling section of the Great wall, was built on the mountain, at a cost of 15 million yuan. 这个动物世界毗邻八达岭长城，建在山坡上。修建这个动物世界耗资1500万元。Covering an area of about 400 hectares, it consists of 20 zoological gardens, two historical sites, four places featuring animal performances, one botanical garden, one holiday resort and two places for body building and sports.动物世界占地面积大约400公顷，其中包括有20个动物园，两个历史景点，四个动物表演场，一个植物园，一个度假村，和两个健身体育中心。

More than 2000 animals are kept in the zoo. Visitors may take a touring carriage to enter the animal section inhabited by beasts of prey, such as white tigers, northeast china tigers, African lions, bears and wolves. 野生动物世界内有2000多种动物。游客可以乘坐公园里的游览车进入猛兽区，在那里游客将看到凶猛的白虎，东北虎，非洲狮，熊和狼。

One may walk in the tame animal section and enjoy affinity with giraffes, zebras, peacocks, swans and rhesus monkeys. 游客也可以走进驯兽区，享受长颈鹿，斑马，孔雀，天鹅，和罗猴的友好。

A wildlife nature reserve with ancient Roman style is provided, enabling visitors to see animals hunting in the wild.一个具有古罗马风格的野生自然保护区，让游客可以亲眼目睹动物在野生环境中猎食。

At the same time, visitors may also enjoy the well-preserved natural scenery in the zoo. 同时，游客还可以尽情享受动物世界里得到良好保护的自然风光。One may stroll along small winding roads, savoring the beauty of lush forests and apricot blossom. 人们可以漫步在蜿蜒的小路上，欣赏茂盛的丛林和盛开的杏花；Or one may climb up the mountain, in search of the thousand-year-old Buddha.可以爬上山坡，去寻觅那千年大佛。

Unit 2

2-1 Nanjing南京英

"The Lower Yangtze River City" is an itinerary designed by the china National Tourism Administration. 由中国国家旅游局策划的"江南水乡游"。

On this tour travelers have the chance to appreciate the beauty of southeast china and the Yangtze Delta. 可以让游客欣赏到中国东南部和长江三角洲的秀丽风光。Tour starts in Nanjing, capital of Jiangsu Province, and ends in shaoxing, Zhejiang province, totaling 300 km. 这一路线从江苏省省府南京市开始，最终到达浙江省的绍兴市，全长300多公里

Cities along this tour are very close to one another, so transportation is very convenient. 这条路线的各个旅游城市相距很近，交通都很方

便。

Nanjing is one of the seven ancient Chinese capitals. One of its most famous spots is the Qinhuai River. 南京市是中国著名的七大古都之一。秦淮河是它最典型的景点之一。

The Qinhuai River, about five kilometers long, has always been a business and cultural artery for Jiangsu Province.秦淮河号称十里之长，一直是江苏省商贾云集，市肆繁华之地。

As night falls, lighted boats can be seen shuttling back and forth.夜幕降临，秦淮河上的灯船往来似火龙。The Qinhuai River region has become a very popular tour because it offers so many classical Chinese sights and sounds. 现在的秦淮河已经建成了具有古典特色的文化旅游地。

The streets along the river banks date from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and tourists can enjoy listening to local opera on a boat in the evening, and at the same time enjoy the local cuisine.到达这里，不仅可以欣赏明清风格的街市建筑，还可以乘船夜游秦淮河，聆听地方戏曲，品尝秦淮小吃。

2-2 Yangzhou扬州英

Yangzhou, 95 km from Nanjing, can be reached by bus in two hours.

扬州距南京95公里，约两小时车程。There are many beautiful lakes and gardens in Yangzhou, the best known of which is Shouxihu(the slender west lake), Located in the western suburbs of the city, the lake got its name because of its narrow shape and beautiful scenery.扬州是一座风景园林城市，以瘦西湖著名。瘦西湖位于西郊，因湖面瘦长,风景秀丽而得名。

Rows of trees and flowers grow on Shouxihu's banks, interspersed and accentuated by exquisite pavilions. 瘦西湖湖岸花木扶疏，楼台亭阁相间。

From Yuning Bridge in the middle of the lake one can see 15 inverted reflections of the moon in every arch of the bridge, a unique view of Yangzhou.其最独特的景色是:每当皓月当空的夜晚，建在湖上的玉宁桥的十五个桥洞里，每一个都映出一轮明月。

2-3 Wuxi无锡英

Wuxi is known for its attractive Taihu Lake, advanced economy,

a fertile "land of fish and rice" and a galaxy of talents. It is one of the

10 key tourist sites in China. 无锡以太湖胜迹，鱼米之乡，经济发达，人文荟萃四大特点，名列全国10个旅游重点城市之内。

The Taihu Lake, a creation by the nature, moulds the humane spirit of the Wuxi people with its grandness and unique beauty.自然造化的太湖以博大的气势和明媚的秀丽陶冶了无锡人的人文性格。

The rivers and lakes alternating with hills and plains form the terrain of the area. 无锡的江河湖泊与山丘平原相间;With the four seasons clearly demarcated, it enjoys abundant sunshine. 四季分明，阳光充足

The ecological environment is favorable with more than 2500 species flourishing.生物总类多达2500种左右，生态坏境优越;Rich in natural resources, it has a highly developed agriculture.物产丰富，农业特别发达。

It has a big population and comparatively few farmlands. As a result, people are engaged in intensive farming, as if doing embroidery work in their fields. 在人多地少的情况下，无锡人种田如绣花，精耕细作，讲究效益。

Farmlands, fishponds, tea gardens, orchards, mulberry trees and bamboo jointly provide food for the people and form a unique ecological picture.由此，农田，鱼塘和茶果桑竹在提供饮食的同时，也构成了江南田园的生态美。

The intensive farming has fostered a special way of thinking and behaviour among the Wuxi people who are astute, careful and calculated.精耕细作，也熏陶了人的思维，行为方式，使无锡人具有精明，细致，缜密的性格倾向;It has also brought the development of industry and commerce.它也带动了工商业的发展。

Nearly all of the local entrepreneurs in its modern history started their businesses connecting with the grain, vegetable oil, cotton or silk. 无锡近代民族实业家无不从粮油，棉纱，蚕丝等起步，Wuxi was once proclaimed as one of the country's four major rice markets, the cotton yarn shipping center and the finest silk producer in southeast china.所以，无锡有全国四大米市之一，布码头，丝蚕"甲于东南"的称谓。

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Cannal which crosses the city, connects the Shanghai-Ningbo Railway and the Yangtze River port in the east. 穿越而过的京杭大运河东连上海的泸宁铁路和长江口岸; This facilitates the city with the expansion of its industry and commerce. Thus, it was known as "Small Shanghai".使无锡的工商业获得了拓展的空前有利条件，"小上海"之称由此形成。

2-4 Flying Asparas 飞天英

According to Indian Mythology, an asparas is a goddess of water and clouds, and there is another saying that they are the lovers of the god of musicians and dancers.根据印度的神话传说，飞天是云和水的女神，也有说她是佛教中歌舞奏乐者的情人。As Buddhism spread to China through the silk road, flying asparas began to appear in Chinese mural. 飞天随着佛教，沿着"丝绸之路"传入中国后，便在石窟的壁画和雕刻中大量出现。

2-5 Sailing on Queen Elizabeth 1 乘坐伊丽莎白1号游船

The finest way to Europe is not necessarily the best way. 赴欧洲旅游，最快的旅程未必就是最佳的选择。

Sailing on Queen Elizabeth 1 is a vacation in itself, you do not arrive in a frazzle, more tired than when you left. 比如，乘坐伊丽莎白1号漂洋过海，虽然耗费时间，但度假休闲却自此开始。当您到达目的地时，您会像刚出发时一样，丝毫不觉得旅途劳顿; You arrive as you should: refreshed, with new friends and new experience. 当您到达目的地时，您应该是精神焕发，有了新友，还大增了见闻。

There are more things to see and to do aboard Queen Elizabeth 1 than there are in most European towns. 乘坐伊丽莎白1号，您可以观赏许多景致，还可以纵情娱乐，这为大多数欧洲城镇所不及。She's 65000 tons, 13 stories high, and longer than three football fields.

Queen Elizabeth1 is one of the great sights of Europe.伊丽莎白1号的排水量为65,000吨，高达13层，比3个足球场大，本身就是欧洲胜景之一。

An airplane provides a seat, Queen Elizabeth 1 provides a stateroom nicer than most hotels in Europe. 飞机仅为乘客提供一个座位，而伊丽莎白1号却为您提供一个舱房，其豪华舒适程度，欧洲大多数旅馆要为之逊色。

Room for room, she has the largest stateroom, wardrobes, dressing rooms, and bathrooms of any ships afloat. 就房间而言，它的舱房，衣柜，化妆室，盥洗间较任何一艘船都大。

Queen Elizabeth1 has a staff of over 900. This means at least one crew member for every two passengers. 伊丽莎白1号拥有900多位工作人员，这意味着每两位乘客至少有一位船员侍候。When you ring for your steward or stewardess, the call is answered with dispatch.当您按铃叫唤服务员时，他们会随叫随到; Like a good English butler or a maid, they are there when you want them and not there when you don't want them.就像训练有素的英国家仆，招之即来，挥之即去。

Queen Elizabeth 1 carries so many passengers, you are bound to meet a host of people you like, or love. (Is there time to fall in love on an airplane?) 伊丽莎白1号载客如云，您无疑可以遇到许多有趣的人，或您所爱的人（乘飞机有时间谈情说爱吗？）And if you should happen to meet someone you don't like, a game of hide-and-seek aboard Queen Elizabeth 1 can last until southampton.即使您碰巧遇上一个不喜欢的人，您也尽可在船上和她（他）玩玩捉迷藏的游戏，避而不见，可以一直玩到船抵达南安普敦。

Airplane have a baggage limit of 44pounds. Queen Elizabeth 1 has a baggage limit of 275 pounds, you may buy a car in Europe and bring it home in our garage.乘飞机旅行，行李限重44磅，但乘坐伊丽莎白1号，行李限重高达275磅。您可以在欧洲买辆车，停放在我们的汽车间，与您一同回家。

It will hold 80 cars. Our hold holds countless antiques.该汽车间可停放80辆轿车，船上的专用货舱可以任君存放数不尽的古玩珍品。

$46 a day includes your stateroom, food and entertainment.一天46美元，包括舱房，膳食和娱乐。Or you can spend $193 a day. The price depends upon the size and location of your stateroom and the time of year you sail. 船上最高收费也只不过是每天193美元，其价格的高低取决于舱房的大小，所处的位置和航行的季节。$46 per day in total is $321. This is $5 more than one-way economy air fare.以每天46美元计算，总航程共需321美元，该费用仅比单程经济舱机票贵5美元。

2-6 Travel in yunnan云南之游英

Y unnan is a place abundant in tourism resources. It is a province of plateaus and mountains and has three kinds of climate: tropical, frigid and temperate. 云南的旅游资源非常丰富。云南的地形以高原，山脉为主，具有热带，寒带和温带气候。

It is one of the birthplaces of human begins. The ape-man's tooth fossil proves that there was human activity in yunnan as early as about 1.7 million years ago. 云南是人类发源地之一，在那里发现的猿人牙齿化石证明，早在170万年前，云南就有人类活动的痕迹。

Yunnan has the largest number of ethnic groups-52 out 56 Chinese ethnic groups live in yunnan. 云南是中国最大的少数民族聚集地~中国56个少数名族中，就有52个少数民族生活在云南。

It is regarded as the origin of ethnic folk art and literature. It has rich natural resources and is given a number of titles such as "the plant kindom," "the animal kindom," "the kindom of non-ferrous metals", and "the natural garden." 她被誉为少数民族风俗文化的起源地。云南的自然资源丰富，被赋予"植物王国"，"动物王国"，"有色金属王国"和"自然花园"等美称。Kunming is called the "spring city" with and adverage temperature of 15 degrees Centigrade. It is not very cold in winter or very hot in summer and flowers ,bloom all through the four seasons in the city.其省会昆明享有"春城"之美誉。昆明冬天不冷，夏天不热，平均温度是15°C，一年四季鲜花盛开。

The Xishuangbanna Tropical Rain Forest and Dai Ethnic Folklore Tour are essential while you are travelling in Y unnan. 西双版纳热带雨林和傣族民俗风情是到云南旅游必不可少的项目。Xishusngbanna lies in southern yunnan. In the thick forest on both sides of the Lancang River live scores of ethnic groups including the Dai, Hani and Jingpo. 西双版纳位于云南的南部，澜沧江两岸茂密的森林里生活着包括傣族，哈尼族和景颇族在内的众多少数民族。The ancient folk customs and beautiful tropical landscape will give you a new experience. 古朴的民俗风情和迷人的热带景色给人一种崭新的体验。

It takes 50 minutes to fly from Kunming to Jinghong, capital of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous prefecture. 从昆明乘飞机到景洪~西双版纳傣族自治州的首府，只需要50分钟。

In the Dai village, you can find two-story detached buildings primarily made of bamboo and wood. The ground floor serves as barns and sties for domestic animals; the upper floor is for people to live in. 在傣族的村寨里你可以看到一种独立式的小竹楼，它以竹和木为主要材料，分上下两层，下层为畜圈和仓库，上层住人。In the Dai bamboo buildings, which reflect the Dai characteristics, you can see that bamboo is found everywhere: in bedrooms, balconies, doors and windows and even floors are all made of bamboo.在傣族人的竹楼里，卧室，阳台，门窗，甚至楼板处处用竹，体现了傣族的特色。Here, tour visitors can visit the local people's home freely. Whenever there are visitors, the hospitable hosts will make a fire and serve their guest a cup of hot tea. 在这里，游客可以随便到当地人家做客。只要有客人，主人都会非常好客地生火，为客人烧水倒茶。

There are tropical fruit trees and flowers in every courtyard. You can enjoy as much as you like the unique Dai Ethnic folklore.每个庭院里都有热带果树和鲜花，游客可以尽情地领略这里独特的傣族风情。

2-7 Sydney悉尼

The city of Sydney is the oldest and largest city in Australia. Sydney was founded in 1788 as a British prison colony with about 1500 prisoners and their guards; 悉尼是奥大利亚最大，最古老的城市，建立于1788年。当时，它只是英国犯人的聚居地，在那里大

概有1500名犯人和看守。

Today it is home to more than 3.6 million people. It is a busy industrial centre and tourist resort. 今天，这里已经是360万人的城市了。悉尼是繁忙的工业中心和旅游胜地。

2-8 Venice威尼斯

The old seaport of Venice is one of the world's most beautiful cities.

古老的港口威尼斯是世界上最美丽的城市之一。

Like several other Italian towns, it has many magnificent buildings from the past. 就像意大利的其他小城一样，威尼斯有许多过去遗留下来的漂亮的建筑物。

Venice was built on a group of small islands in a lagoon, which remains flooded throughout the year. The main streets are canals, and the traditional boat called a gondola is still a common form of transport.

威尼斯建在一个终年湖水充盈的咸水湖的几个小岛上，主要的街道是"运河"，主要的交通工具是一种狭长的平底船。

2-9 New York纽约

At the mouth of the Hudson River on the east coast of the United States is New York City, the country's biggest city. It is also one of the oldest.

纽约市位于美国东岸哈德孙河河口，是美国最大的城市，同时也是历史最古老的城市。New York has founded in 1642 and is now an urban area with 8 million people. 纽约建于1624年，目前拥有800万人口。

The city is the financial heart of the nation and houses the offices of many large companies and dozens of theatres, museums, and parks. Skyscrapers more than 300 metres tall dominate the city centre, Manhattan.纽约是美国的经济中心，这里有很多大公司办事处，还有几十家戏院，博物馆，公园等，其在市中心曼哈顿里，林立着300多米高的摩天大楼。

2-10 Crater Lake 火山湖

Crater Lake National Park is Oregon's only national park and it is one of the most accessible and breathtaking parks in the United States. 火山湖国家公园是俄勒冈州唯一的国家公园，是美国一个最令人叹为观止的公园。

The deep blue color of the lake's water almost seems unreal and it will facinate you first time you lay eyes on it. 深蓝色的湖水如梦似幻，你第一眼看到它的时候就会被它深深吸引。

Carter Lake is the deepest lake in the United States with the depth of 1932 feet. It was formed 7700 years ago from an eruption. 火山湖是美国最深的湖，深1932英尺，由7,700年前的一次火山喷发而形成的。A caldera was created from the volcano falling into itself; and later from rain and snow melt it was filled with the bluest of blue water. 火山喷发后岩浆又落入火山口，形成破火山口; 后来，雨水和溶化的雪水使火山口里涌满湛蓝无比的湖水。So blue in fact, as one story goes, that many years ago the Kodak Company used to send letters to its customers apologizing for its inability to match the color exactly. 曾有这样一个故事来描述湖水的蓝，很多年前，柯达公司曾发信给它的客户，因其无法真实地再现湖水的色彩而表示歉意。

It's hard to imagine that from such a violent eruption came one of the most beautiful and tranquil settings in the United States. Crater Lake is the best visited during the summer months and into the fall. 很难想像，这样一次凶猛的火山喷发竟形成了美国最美丽宁静的一大自然景观。火山湖最佳的游览季节是夏季和初秋。From October to July, a thick blanked of snow covers the park and encircles the lake. It's a setting best for some of the best cross-country skiing in the nation.从10月到来年7月，厚厚的白雪覆盖了整个公园，环绕火山湖。对于越野滑雪的人来说，这是最佳的场地了。

English version for Techniques for Interpreting 英

1.

A. Border Tour in the Heihe River Area黑河地区的边境旅游

The city of Heihe in Heilongjiang Province, taking border tourism as its pillar industry, in 1998 witnessed a remarkable grown in the number of travelers, income and profits compared with the same period of 1997. 位于黑龙江省的黑河市把边境旅游作为它的支柱产业。1998年，无论是游客的数量，还是旅游收入和利润，都比1997年同期有了显著的增长。

The number of visitors to the Heihe River increased to 118087 by the end of last October, an increase of 10.6% over the same period of 1997.到去年的10月份为止，到黑河旅游的游客增加到118,087人，比1997年同期增长了10.6%。

Heihe and Russia's Amur Region are only separated by the river. 黑河和俄罗斯的阿穆尔地区仅一江之隔。

With the advantageous geological conditions, the Heihe government has further expanded its opening, including border tourism.当地政府利用这里的优越的地理环境，进一步扩大开放，包括开放边境旅游。While improving its environment for economic development, the local government has also attached importance to speeding up the construction of tourist scenic spots .在改善环境以促进经济发展的同时，当地政府还重视加快旅游景点建设的步伐。

As a result, its tourism is thriving with unique border characteristics and a special national flavour, thus extending domestic and overseas tourist routes.为此，黑河的旅游正以其独特的边境特点和特殊的民族风格蓬勃发展，为国内外游客增添了旅游路线。

Now, the city has built more than 40 good hotels and restaurants to attract more tourists.目前，黑河已经建成了40座体面的旅店和餐馆，以吸引更多的游客。

B. Guilin桂林

As a beautiful and historical famous world city, Guilin is

located in South China's Guanxi Zhuang Autonomous region. 风景优美，历史悠久，世界闻名的桂林位于中国南部的广西壮族自治区。Featuring Karst topography, it has long been renowned for having the most beautiful scenery in China. 桂林以溶岩地形为主，因拥有中国最迷人的山水而闻名。

It is endowed with scenery characterized by lovely hills, weridly shaped peaks, winding rivers with limpid waters, grotesque rocks and exotic caves.桂林的风景很有特色:秀丽的丘陵，险峻的山峰，蜿蜒的小河，奇异的岩石和岩洞。

Tourism has become the pillar industry in the city. A multi-functional and multi-level industrial structure and a tourist receiving system have been formed.旅游业已成为这座城市的支柱产业，这里已形成了一个多功能，多层次的产业结构和旅游接待体系。The city has 31 star hotels, including two five-star hotels, three four-star hotels and 15 three-star hotels.桂林有31个星级酒店，其中包括2个五星级，3个四星级和15个三星级酒店。

It has 18 international travel agencies and nearly 1000 interpreters in 20 foreign languages.她还拥有18个国际旅行社，有大约1,000名口译人员从事20多种语言的翻译。

The beauty of the city and the hospitality of its people have drawn tens of millions of visitors from more than 100 countries and regions during the past twenty years.在过去的20年里，这座风景美丽的城市和她热情好客的人民吸引了来自100多个国家的数千万游客。

C. Marine Eco-Tour Booms in Guangdong广东海洋生态旅游迅速发展

In recent years, marine ecological tourism has been rapidly developed in coastal Guangdong Province. 最近，海洋生态旅游在地处沿海的广东省迅速发展起来。It is expected to become a new economic growth point at the beginning of the new century.预计这将成为新世纪初经济的新增长点。

Statistics show that the Pearl River Delta, with a population of more than 20 million, is the largest and most stable tourist market in this regard.数据表明，拥有2000万人口的珠江三角洲将会成为这方面最大，最稳定的旅游市场。For example, Dong'ao Tourist Comprehensive Development Zone, in the central part of Wanshan Archipelago, covers an area of only 4.62 square km. However, the zone was visited by 50000 travelers in the first nine month of 1998, earning an income of 20 million yuan from the tourist industry.例如，位于万山群岛中部的东澳岛旅游综合开发区，虽然仅占地4.62平方公里，但在1998年的头9个月已经接待了5万游客，仅旅游业就创收2000万元。

The booming marine eco-tourism has changed the lives of the local fishing community, who look upon the new industry as one way out of poverty.迅速发展的海洋生态旅游业改变了当地渔民的生活，他们把这种新的工业看做可以摆脱贫困的办法。

Unit 3

3-1 Reduction of summer grain output by over 10 million tons 英

夏粮减产逾千万吨

The latest statistics from the state statistics bureau shows that summer grain output of 2000 will decrease by 11 million tons from that of 1999. 据国家统计局的最新统计，2000年夏粮比1999年减产1,100万吨。

This yield reduction is a result of decreased growing acreage and differs in nature from those caused by natural disasters. 这一减产主要是播种面积减少造成的。

The yield reduction is voluntary readjustment in the face of transformed supply and demand in the grain market.它与以往由于自然灾害引起的减产有本质不同，这是在粮食供求关系发生重大变化后，面对市场的主动调整。

Structurally, growing area for grain crops sees the greatest reduction, cotton-growing area remains at the same level as 1999, and sugar-bearing crops growing area continues to decrease while growing acreage for oil-bearing crops and fruits increases.从种植业结构来看，粮食种植面积调整幅度较大，棉花与1999年基本持平，糖料面积继续调减，油料，蔬菜等作物的面积增加。

In 2000, the land available for growing grain crops is expected to decrease by 50 million mu. 预计2000年全国粮食播种面积将减少5000万亩。

However, land for growing fine varieties of crops will increase. Sixty-nine million mu goes to fine wheat, two times the 1999 figure and 20% of the total land area for wheat. 虽然种粮面积减少，但优质粮面积却增加了，优质专用小麦种植面积达到6900万亩，占小麦总面积的20%，比1999年扩大两倍;

Fifty million mu goes to fine early-maturing rice, which is 50% of the total land area for early rice.优质早稻5000万亩，占早稻总面积的50%。

In terms of geographical distribution, half of the reduction is in the eastern part of China, meaning production of major crops begins to concentrate in advantageous regions. 从区域结构来看，东部地区调整占一半，西部地区少一些，主要农作物开始向优势生产区集中。After readjustment, wheat growing area in Hebei, Shandong, Henan, shanxi and Shaanxi, which are the major producers of wheat in china, will take up 51.3% of the country's total wheat growing land, compared with 49% in the year 1999.经过调整，预计小麦主产区冀，鲁，豫，晋，陕五省的小麦面积在全国所占比例将由1999年的49%上升到51.3%。

3-2 Concern about grain output reduction对粮食减产的担心英People are concerned about such a decrease of grain crops growing area, because the 50 million mu reduction in 2000 is already on the basis of a decrease of 9.4 million mu in 1999, with the total grain crops growing area down to 1.65 billion mu all over the country. 粮食播种面积在1999年减少940万亩的基础上，2000年又调减5000万亩，使得全国粮食作物总面积下调至16.5亿亩。There has never been such a great acreage decrease historically and people are worried because this reduction hits the alarming mark that is needed to ensure food supply.从历史上看，这么大的调整力度是没有过的，而

这个指标一直被认为是保障粮食供应的警戒线，因此引发了一些人的担心。

Experts from the Ministry of Agriculture asked people not to worry too much. 农业部专家指出，对此不必过于担心。

On one hand, with steady increase in unit yield and weakening dependence on unprocessed food grains as a result of a different diet in rural and urban areas, data based on past experience may not be reliable. 一方面，随着粮食单产的不断提高，城乡膳食结构的变化带来对原粮消费依赖性的减弱，过去的经验数据已不一定可靠;

On the other hand, analysis should not be confined to quantity only. Instead, different situations in different regions should be taken into consideration. A greater reduction of acreage in non-production zone should be considered normal.另一方面，也不能光看总量，应根据区域具体情况分析，比如非生产区调减多一些是正常的。

3-3 Action needed against aridity 行动起来对付干旱

China has a pressing need to develop agriculture which uses water efficiently in a bid to ensure security of food supplies and alleviate poverty in its vast arid areas, a senior Ministry of Agriculture official said. 农业部一位高级官员说，为保证广大干旱地区的粮食供应和消灭贫穷，中国迫切需要发展有效利用水资源的农业。

"Half of the country's arable land is afflicted by a water shortage. Some 43 percent of China's population lives in arid regions," Vice-Minister said. 这位农业部副部长表示，"我国一半的可耕地面临着水资源短缺的问题。大约43%的人口居住在干旱地区。"

Nationwide, droughts reduce grain output by 3-million tons a year.

从全国范围来看，每年由于干旱，导致粮食产量减少300万吨。

"Grain production is expected to remain at about 500 million tons at the end of the century and reach 800 million tons in the next 30 years. Arid farm land will play a crucial role in increasing future output.""预计到20世纪末粮食产量将保持在5亿吨的水平，往后30年将达到8亿吨。干旱的农田对提高将来的粮食产量具有至关重要的作用。"

The arid regions, mostly located in the north of the country, have vast land resources and abundant sunshine. 干旱地区集中在我国北方，拥有广阔的土地资源以及充足的阳光。

Statistics from Ministry of Agriculture indicate that per capita farm land and forests in the 16 northern provinces and regions are respectively 1.34 and 1.15 times the country's average. 根据农业部的统计数字，北方16省的人均农田和森林分别是全国平均水平的1.34倍和1.15倍。Arid land in these areas produces 46 percent of the country's grain, 61 percent of cotton, 72 percent of soybeans, and 46 percent of edible oil products.全国46%的粮食，61%的棉花，72%的大豆以及46%的食用油由这些干旱地区生产。

But these regions still practice extensive agriculture, with unit yield far below the country's average, which is partly attributable to lack of water.但是这些地区实行的仍然是粗放经营，单产远远低于全国平均水平，这部分是由缺水引起的。

"If two-thirds of the sown land in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces were equipped with water-saving agricultural technology, and their unit yields reached the national average, they could produce 20 million tons more grain than now, going a long way towards resolving their food problems, "Vice-Minister said.副部长表示，"假如山西和陕西两省三分之二的农田拥有节水技术，单产达到全国平均水平，那么粮食产量将比现在增加两千万吨，这对于解决那里的粮食问题将是迈进了一大步。"

Poverty always goes hand in hand with aridity and other difficult natural conditions and this has made it all the more important to develop agriculture in these regions which uses water efficiently.贫穷总是伴随着干旱等艰难的自然条件，这就使得在干旱地区发展有效用水的农业特别重要。

3-4 Agrochemicals draw attention 农业化学制品受关注

The first China International Agrochemical Exhibition will be held at the China Agriculture Exhibition Hall in Beijing November 2-5.中国首届国际农化制品展将于11月2~5日在北京中国农业展览馆举行。

The event will show the industry's determination to increase competitiveness through international co-operation.展览会将显示我国农化业通过国际合作增强自身竞争力德决心。

The agrochemical products on display will include pesticide, herbicide, fertilizers, plastic films, biotechnologies for agricultural use, feed additives, rubber products and chemical building materials.参展的农化产品包括杀虫剂，除草剂，化肥，塑料薄膜，农用生物技术，饲料添加剂，橡胶制品以及化学建材。

Currently, China has the capacity to produce 750000 tons of perticide and herbicide a year, with an actual output averaging 400000 tons a year, ranking the second largest in the world.目前，中国杀虫剂和除草剂的年生产能力为75万吨，实际年均产量为40万吨，居世界第二位。

About 95 percent of pesticides and herbicides have proven to be highly efficient products with little chemical remains in plants when put into practical use. 约95%的杀虫剂和除草剂经证实十分有效，残留量微乎其微。

In 1998, more than 100000 tons were exported, earning US $ 320 million in foreign exchange. Exports have exceeded imports for the past five years.1998年，中国出口十多万吨杀虫剂和除草剂，创汇32,000万美元。过去5年出口量一直超过进口量。

However, China still lags behind developed nations in terms of product varieties, production technology and expertise, as well as investment in research and development.然而，中国在产品种类，生产技术以及研发投入等方面仍然落后于发达国家。

Fertilizers will become the main item on display at the exhibition. 化肥将成为展览会会上的主要展品。According to a report from the Ministry of Agriculture, the ratio of contribution of fertilizers to yield increase has amounted to 40 percent.根据农业部的一份报告，化肥对产量提高的贡献率已达到40%。

Currently, China is self-sufficient in nitrogen supply, but still

falls short of demand for phosphate and potash fertilizers.目前，我国氮的供应可自给自足，但磷肥和钾碱仍供不应求。

Analysts say that if China joins the World Trade Organization, the domestic fertilizer industry will suffer tough competition from foreign counterparts since the costs of their fertilizers are much lower than those in China.分析家们认为，假如中国加入世贸，国内化肥业将面临国外同行的激烈竞争，因为国际化肥的成本低得多。

"If quotas are removed, tariffs lowered, and the market opened up, the fertilizer industry, like other chemical sectors, will be greatly affected," said an industry insider.一位业内人士指出，"若取消配额，降低关税，打开市场，国内化肥业将和其他化学部门一样遭受严重的冲击。"

Over the past few years, China has invested significantly in fertilizer projects to support development of agriculture. 过去几年，中国政府大力投资于化肥项目以扶持农业发展。

However, a decline in farmers' income, the price war between domestic enterprises, and an influx of imports have squeezed the profit margins of the fertilizer producers, thereby exacerbating the burdens on these projects to repay loans.然而，随着农民收入的下降，国内企业之间的价格战，以及进口货的大量涌入，大大减少了化肥生产厂家的利润，从而加重了这些项目偿还贷款的负担。

Unit 4

4-1 英

Since the restoration of its rightful status in international sports organizations in the late 70s and early 80s, China has taken an active part in their competitions, including the last five World Cup editions organized by the Federation International de Football Association (FIFA). 自从中国在70年代末，80年代初恢复了在国际体育组织中的合法地位后，中国非常积极地投身于各种竞赛，包括参加了国际足联组积的前五届世界杯锦标赛。

But on all occasions it was knocked out in the zonal preliminaries and failed to the final stage.但每一次都在分区预赛中就被淘汰，总是没有机会参加决赛。

Over the past two decades or so, the Chinese sport circles have raised the inspiring slogan "Rush out of Asia and march into the world!" 大概是二十多年前，中国体育界提出了很有感召力的口号: "冲出亚洲，走向世界"！

In some sports, such as table tennis, weightlifting and fancy diving, China has reached the continental and world levels.在一些体育项目里，比如乒乓球，举重和花样跳水，中国确实达到了欧洲乃至世界水平。

But the picture is quite different in the world's NO.1 sport football, also known as soccer. (To be exact, here we mean the men's soccer, not women's soccer in which China is fairly strong, placing second at the Atlanta Olympics.)但在世界头号运动~足球方面，中国的情形就大不一样了（准确来讲，这里指的是男子足球，而不是女子足球。中国的女子足球还是比较强大的，曾在亚特兰大奥运会中获得亚军。）

It will take us a long time to fill the gaps between China and the world's soccer powers. 我们需要很长时间的努力才能缩短和世界足球强国之间的差距。To achieve this, first of all, our players must improve their individual skills in all the technical movements--such as dribbling, passing and shooting.要达到这个目标，首先，我们的运动员们必须提高各自的基本技巧，比如带球，传球，射门等。

In the second place, they must improve their tactical cooperation. 其次，运动员们必须改进他们在战术上的合作。

This is particularly necessary for a national team with its members coming from different clubs and playing different styles. The 11 individuals must knit into an organic whole. 这种合作对于由来自不同俱乐部，风格各异的成员组成的国家队尤为重要。球队里的11位成员必须抱成一团，形成有机的整体。

Whatever style a team plays, as has been proved by the world cup games, there must be good balance between attack and defense, and it is wrong to overemphasize one to the neglect of the other in actual fighting.历届世界杯比赛证明，不管足球队的风格怎样，他们的进攻和防守都能达到一定的平衡，过分强调一方面而忽略另一方面都是错误的。

Our players must improve their psychological training. 中国队员还必须加强他们的心理素质训练。They must build a strong desire to win and confidence in victory, trying to catch up when falling behind and never letting up when running against all the odds. 他们必须具有强烈的求生欲望，坚定必胜的信念，落后时要努力追赶，碰到与对手的实力有悬殊时不要气馁。

Our national team has almost always lost to South Korea mainly because of its deep-rooted "phobia of south Korea". 我们国家队几乎每次都是因为"恐南韩症"而输给南韩的。A player will never be able to conquer his opponents if he fails to conquer himself, or his own mental barriers.一个运动员如果不能战胜自己，战胜自己的心理障碍，就不可能战胜对手。

4-2

Professional American football in the United States is almost wholly played by the native-born American citizens, mostly very large and very strong, many of them black.从事美式职业足球的运动员几乎都是土生土长的美国人。他们通常身高体壮，多数为黑人。

It is a game of physical strength. Linemen routinely weigh more than 300 pounds. Players are valued for their weight and muscles, for how fast they can run, and how hard they can hit each other.这种运动是体力的较量。锋线球员体重通常超过300磅。运动员被看中的是体重和肌肉，是奔跑速度和冲撞能力。

Baseball was once American's favorite game, but has lost that claim to basketball.棒球曾经是美国最受欢迎的运动项目，但现已让位篮球。

In baseball, agility, quickness, perfect vision and quick reaction are more important than pure strength. 对于棒球，敏捷，速度，良好的视力和快速的反应比单纯的力量更重要。Baseball was once a purely American game, but has spread around much of the New World.棒球曾经是纯美国式运动，但现已传遍美洲大陆大部分地区。

Soccer, which many countries just call football, is the most

widely enjoyed sport in the world. 英式足球（许多国家就称之为足

球）是世界上最受欢迎的体育项目。

More than 20 million people in 140 nations play the game. It requires stamina more than strength. 在140个国家里有2000万人从事这项运动。Unlike American football and baseball, where long pauses are built into the game, soccer requires almost constant motion.这项运动需要的是耐力，而不仅是力量，英式足球不像美式足球和棒球那样有长时间的暂停，它需要几乎不停地跑动。It requires little else: one ball, two goals and a field with boundaries. 它没有什么其他要求: 一个球，两个球门，一块划上边界的场地足矣。Despite its worldwide appeal and easy access, however, it has been slow to catch on in the United States.尽管英式足球风靡全球，简单易行，但在美国却流行很慢。

4-3 英

More Chinese people than ever are enjoying a fashionable sporting lifestyle.越来越多的中国人开始享受一种时尚的运动型生活方式。

They are spending their spare time doing keep-fit exercises in the once-not-so-familiar gymnasiums and stadiums around the country. 人们开始花时间到以前不经常去的健身中心或体育场去做健美操。With the ever rising living standards, their quest is to keep themselves fit and beautiful. 随着生活水平的不断提高，人们也要求保持健美。The trend has created a need for more space in gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the country.在这种趋势下，国家需要开放更多的健身场所和体育馆。

Statistic released by the China National Sports Commission shows there are 615,693 arenas around the country, occupying 780 million metres.

中国国家体委公布的数据表明，全国现在大约有615,693个健身场所，占地面积共7.8亿平方米。

It means that each person in China has 0.65 square metres of sporting space.这意味着，在中国每人平均有0.65平方米的运动场地。

But figures from 1995 show that only 6000 stadiums were regularly open to the public .Many of them were left unused or were occupied for other purposes, such as furniture showrooms.而1995年数据表明，当时只有6,000个体育馆定期向公众开放，其中有不少体育馆闲置着，或者用于其他用途，如用做家具展厅等。

But things have been changing since China launched its National Fitness Programme in 1995, which encourages people nationwide to exercise improve their physique. 但是，自从中国在1995年开始了全民健身运动以来，情况就改变了。全民健身运动鼓励全民锻炼身体，提高体质。

The National Sport Commission released a circular in May 1996 requiring all gymnasiums and stadiums in the country to open to the public as soon as possible. 国家体委于1996年5月公布了一项通告，要求全国的所有健身房和体育馆都尽快向公众开放。

The Commission says it wants to see more sports facilities utilized, with more space made available for ordinary people. 希望有更多的运动设施能投入使用，有更大的空间供普通老百姓活动。4-4

A high-calibre gymnastics coach came to china from Russia to help Chinese Gymnasts. Following is a brief account of his experience in China.一位很有能力的俄罗斯体操教练来到中国，帮助中国体操运动员。下面他简单地介绍了他在中国的一些经历。

"Thanks to my job in china, I have been able to see many things for myself in this country. In recent years, China has made tremendous progress in its economy." 由于我在中国工作，所以我能亲眼目睹这个国家发生的一些事情。The people are well-fed and well-clothed. In particular, I'm impressed by the great variety of foods available in the market, most of which are cheap and home-produced. 人们吃得好，穿得好。特别就给我深刻印象的是，市场上食物品种丰富，大多都是本地产的，而且价格公道。Of course, there are also problems which remain to be solved.当然，还存在一些问题有待解决。

But China is not a country going from one extreme to the other. Rather, she keeps to her own way tackling problems with determination. 但是中国不是一个走极端的国家;相反，它有自己一套解决问题的方法和决心。

That's why I have great respect and admiration for this country and her people.这就是我敬佩这个国家和它的人民的原因。

After coming to China, I was surprised to find the excellent training facilities which most Russian gymnasts would envy. 我到了中国后，非常吃惊地发现，这里拥有非常先进的训练设备，对此大多数的俄罗斯体操运动员都会羡慕的。As one of the four sports powers in the world today, China has successfully learnt from the "experience of the former Soviet Union," while making innovations suited to her domestics condition. 作为当今世界上四大体育强国之一的中国，已经成功地学习了前苏联的经验，同时还有所创新以适应它的国情。The Chinese Government provides all the neccessary facilities for training and competitions, thereby enabling talented youngsters to receive systematic training and make steady progress. 中国政府为训练和比赛提供了一切必需的设备，从而确保那些有天赋的青少年接受系统的训练，使他们稳步提高。All these plus the expertise and experience gained from their foreign counterparts, I believe , contribute to China's tremendous success in sports.所有的这些，加上从国外同行那里学到的先进技术和经验，使中国体育取得巨大的成就。

During my stay in China, I taught gymnastics in two different provinces one after the other.我在中国期间，曾先后在两个省执教。Working in the bright and spacious gyms with a group of diligent and smart girls, I was always in a very merry mood. 在宽敞，明亮的体操馆内，和一队刻苦，聪明的女孩子一起训练，我的心情非常愉快。Moreover, I had the respect of my Chinese about the rules I made, however strict they were.而且，我尊敬我的中国同事，我的队员们严格地执行我的指令，不管我定的规则有多严格，她们都毫无怨言。For example, when I requested that they pay attention to their diet, they would follow my advice and would not even take an extra drop of water.比如，我要求她们注意节食，她们听从了我的意见，甚至不会多喝一滴水。

I was deeply impressed by such highly disciplined teams.她们高度的纪律性给我留下了深刻的印象。

4-5 Dialogue Interpreting

Situation: Practicing Chinese martial arts require a lot of efforts. You must be able to stand as straight as a pine tree, sit as squarely as a stone, and move as swiftly as a gust of wind. 练习中国武术是需要付出很多努力的。你必须能做到站如松，坐如钟，行如风。

It doesn't sound easy, does it? But some people are just determined to try. A few of them are foreigners. 这听上去并不容易，是吗？但是仍有人决心尝试，其中一些是外国人。

One of these enthusiasts is Mr. Derrick Copp from the U.S., who is even setting up a martial arts school in Beijing. He talked with the reporter about his understanding of and experiences with Chinese martial arts.来自美国的德雷克.科普先生便是这样一位热心者。他甚至在美国创办了一所武术学校。下面他向记者谈起他对中国武术的理解和体验。

TW:How do you come up with the idea of practicing Chinese martial arts?

您怎么想到要练中国武术的呢？

Derrick: Actually, I've exercised all my life. When I was a child, I did some ballet. I did some gymnastics. And I used to like swimming. So when I am studying Chinese, I decided that I would need some sort of exercise. So I thought, well, since I was in China, I might just do some typical Chinese thing. While at the same time, learn Chinese and Chinese culture. 其实我一直都在运动。小时候，我跳芭蕾。我练过体操，游泳。因此，当我在中国学习的时候，我应该学一种运动，我想，既然我在中国，那就应该学点中国典型的东西。同时，了解中国，学习中国的文化。

TW: You must have encountered a lot of people who are also practicing Chinese martial arts?您一定遇见过许多也练武术的人？

Derrick: Right. I've met people practicing martial arts at all levels. I've met people who have, I would say, very shallow understanding of Chinese martial arts. And also I've met people who have deep understanding of Chinese martial arts.没错，我遇到了各个层次的练武术的中国人。应该说，我遇到一些对武术理解很肤浅的人，同时也遇到一些对武术理解很深刻的人。

TW: Why would you use the world "shallow"?您为什么用肤浅这个词呢？

Derrick: I think the underlying meaning of the Chinese martial arts is very mental. It has to do with mental state. 我认为武术的根本内涵是精神上的。它与人的精神状态很有关系。

A lot of people teach martial arts only as a physical movement. You do this move. You do that move. You hit a person here, you hit a person there. 很多人只是把武术当作身体动作来教，你做这个动作，你做那个动作。

But I think the more you study Chinese martial arts, you begin to understand that there is more of mental state. 但我想，你研究中国武术越深，你就会明白，武术含有精神上的因素。

How to improve your mental state. How to make yourself happier. How to deal with the world around you. 比如，怎样使自己更快乐，怎样应付你周围的客观坏境。I think a lot of the internal styles are addressing this tyle of thing. That's why I say "shallow" and "deep".我认为内在的东西都涉及到这一点，所以我说肤浅和深刻。

TW: You said just now that the Chinese martial arts have certain things that can help people happier.您刚才说可以帮助人们变得更加快乐。Derrick: A lot of internal styles are based on meditation. A lot of the Chinese philosophies, I think, are based on meditation, like Taoism, Buddhism, and some of the martial arts. 很多内在的东西是以默想为基础的。很多中国的哲学体系都基于默想，如道教，佛教，还有一些武术等。

I think they are all trying to reach this goal of happiness. When martial arts address these goals, they make the objective of these goals better fitted for a peoson. 我想它们都是要达到快乐这一目标的。而武术使这些目标更适合每一个人。I think just physical exercise doesn't necessarily make you happy. When doing taijiquan, it makes me calmer, especially in China.我想，单纯的体育运动不一定能带给你快乐。当我打太极拳的时候，我感觉特别宁静，安详，特别是在中国。

TW: Why especially in china?为什么特别在中国？

Derrick: There are so many things in China that exerts a lot of pressure on you. And China is a developing country. So there are just some difficulties that come along with a developing country.因为在中国有很多事情会影响到你。中国是一个发展中国家，存在许多发展中国家所特有的问题。

TW: Are there many Chinese martial arts clubs back in the States?

在美国有很多中国武术俱乐部吗？

Derrick: A lot, actually. There are a lot of martial arts clubs from other countries too, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Brazil, not as many and it should be, but they are growing. 有很多，其实还有很多别国的俱乐部，如日本的，南韩的，菲律宾的，巴西的等等，这还不够多，但已经在不断增加了。

There is a large amateur following now. And they've begun a professional competition going. So it's growing. 有大量业余爱好者在学，不少已经朝着参加专业比赛的方向发展。

According to statistics, one every ten Americans has studied or is studying a style.of martial arts. So that's a huge market. 1/10 of the population.根据一些统计，每10个美国人中就有1个已经或正在学武术。中国武术市场很大，占了美国十分之一的人口。

TW:From your point of view, why do they go to martial arts school to study?

在您看来，他们为什么要上武术学校去学习？

Derrick: Americans have a lot of leisure time. I think that martial arts is reaching more than a goal. They help to keep fit, healthy, and to learn about self-defense and about another culture.美国人有很多空闲时间，而且我想练武术的目的也不是单一的。武术可以帮助我们保持身材，保持健康，教会我们自卫，同时还可以帮助我们了解另一种文化。

TW: Derrick, I'm sure you will keep up practicing Chinese martial arts. 德雷克，我相信您会继续练中国武术的。

Derrick: Oh, definitely, definitey. Martial arts is something you have to keep on studying through out your entire life. It's unlimited.当然，武术是无限量的，一辈子都应该坚持。

TW: Well, good luck. 那，祝您好运。

Derrick: Thank you.

Exercises for Techniques for Interpreting

1.A

China Cup National Horse Racing Open Tournament is scheduled to be held at the Guangzhou Racecourse."中国杯"速度塞马公开塞将在广州赛马场举行。

The participating horses will be divided into two groups ~ Chinese horses and thoroughbrebs, with the former competing in the 1000m, 1300m, 1800m and 3000m races and the latter in the 1000m and 1800m events, and all of them will first take part in the prelims before competing in the finals. 参赛马分国产马和纯种马两个组。国产马分别编班参加1000米，1300米，1800米和3000米预赛，根据预赛计时成绩，获得前十二名的马匹有资格参加决赛。纯种马进行1000米，1800米预赛和决赛。

Rewards in cash will be given to the first three racers in each event. 各单项决赛的冠，亚，季军获得不同数额的奖金。

The purpose is to use the money to improve the quality of the horses and to introduce fine studhorses.颁发奖金的目的旨在促进各队对马匹的改良和引进优良种马。

By comparision , dope tests for horses are even more complicated.

马匹兴奋剂的检查比人还要复杂。

Whereas there are nearly 200 kinds of forbidden drugs for human athletes according to the figures published by the authorities concerned, the number is well over 300 for horses. 人的违禁药品目前有关部门公布的有近200种，而马却多达300多种。

At present, only the testing centre in Britain has the equipment to test the blood samples of horses, but such equipment is so expensive that China cannot affort it. 而且目前只有英国的马匹检测中心才拥有这种血检设备，其价格昂贵。Nevertheless, horses experts can tell whether a horse has used any drug or not through a scrutiny of its eyes, tongue and sweat. 虽然我国还不具备这套血检仪器，但有关的马匹专家还是能通过"察言观色"，从马的眼睛，舌头，出汗情况来判断马匹是否服用了违禁药品。

Horse racing, whose history dates back to the ancient times, is a traditional and popular sport among the minority nationalities in China. 速度赛马在中国是一项历史悠久的传统民族体育项目，其竞技性，观赏性和民族性深受广大群众尤其是少数民族的喜爱。早在远古时期就有赛马活动记载。

Modern horse racing, it is reported, was introduced into China in the 1860s.

中国人引入现代赛马运动始于19世纪60年代。

Since the founding of new China in 1949, great attention has been paid by the departments concerned to promoting equestrian sports, and rapid progress has been made in recent years. 新中国成立后，马术和速度赛马作为体育运动项目得到国家的高度重视，得到了较快发展。With the development of China's economy, many clubs and racecourses have been set up in various parts of the country, thereby providing favourable conditions for the promotion of this sport.近年来，随着经济建设的不断发展，各地区兴建了不同规模的马场和俱乐部，为中国开展速度赛马运动创造了更加优越的条件。

B.

At the invitation of the Chinese football Association, Adidas organized a five-day Wiel Coerver Coaching in the coastal city of Qinhuangdao last September-the third of its kind ever held in china.由中国足球协会邀请，阿迪达斯公司于今年9月在我国秦皇岛举行了第三届为期5天的阿迪达斯-科化训练班。

Invited by the famous Dutch coach Wiel Coerever in the 70s, this training class has made remarkable achievements for juvenile soccer players in many countries in promoting their technical and tactical standards on the basis of all-out training.训练班由荷兰教练Weil Coerver于70年代首创，强调经过全面训练，提高整个球队的技术，战术水平，在许多国家培养青少年足球运动员方面收到了良好的效果。

During the past two decades or so, Adidas has given full support to China in the development of soccer among the children, providing them with chances for training and competiton. 近20年来，阿迪达斯公司大力支持中国足球运动的发展，为中国青少年球员提供了训练和比赛机会。

In the Adidas Football Park held in paris during the 98 world cup, china took park in the competiton and placed fifth. 1998年世界杯期间，在巴黎举办了"阿迪达斯Football Park"青少年足球比赛，中国获得第五名。

Adidas will sponsor "4V4"for both boys and girls next year as another event to advance soccer throughout the world.明年阿迪达斯将继续组积"4V4"青少年足球比赛，设男子组，女子组，为小球迷提供更多的锻炼机会。

2.

A. Saint-Denis: The Grand Stadium圣丹尼斯体育场

The State de France can only be described in superlatives: the biggest multifunction Olympic-sized stadium in the world; the biggest worksite in France; and the one that has the most media attention. 这座法兰西体育场只能用"最"字来描绘:它是世界上最大的多功能的

奥林匹克体育场，是法国最大的建筑工地，它也得到了媒体最大的关注。

From May 11995 when building work started, the site, due for completion in November 1997, has never failed to astonish its visitors. 从1995年5月1日开始建设，到1997年11月完工，它一直都令来参观的人感到惊讶。

It has to be said that over and above its technical achievements, the stadium is impressive for many other reasons!据说这座体育场之所以令人瞩目，除了它技术上的成就之外，还有其他一些原因。

Thanks to its variable capacity, its unparalleled comfort, and the exceptional quality of its installations, the State de France can host a wide variety of events ranging from football and rugby matches to shows on a grand scale, as well as athletics competitions. 由于它的可变的容量，无可比拟的舒适以及优质的设施，这座法兰西体育场可以举行从足球，橄榄球比赛到大规模的表演等多种多样的活动，当然还有田径比赛。

The ability to vary its capacity is one of the state de France's chief assets.

能改变容量是法兰西体育场的一个主要优点。

The circle of mobile stands closest to the sports area, and which contains 25000 seats, is an amazing technical achievement, for never before has flexibility on this scale been attempted. 离比赛场地最近的活动看台拥有25,000个座位，这是一个令人惊讶的技术成就。因为如此规模的活动装置是前所未有的。The stands, when set in a configuration 15 meters back from the running tracks and jumping pits, provides 21000 seats, giving spectators maximum visibility. 这个看台被放置在离跑道和跳坑15米之外的一个装置上，可以提供21,000个座位，并为观众提供最佳的观赏效果。

The middle stand has a capacity of 30000 and the upper stand 25000. 中间的看台拥有30,000个座位，上层看台拥有25,000个座位。

In addition, the stadium ground itself can accommodate 25000, bringing the maximum capacity for large-scale shows to 105000.另外，体育场内地面上可以容纳25,000人。因此遇到大型表演时，体育场最多能容纳105,000人。

B. FIFA & World Cup国际足联和世界杯

The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was set up in 1904 when the game had spread across the continent of Europe to the point at which international organization was needed.1904年，足球在欧洲大陆风靡一时，急需成立统一的国际组积。于是，国际足球联合会应运而生，简称国际足联。

The first competition for the cup was organized in 1930 by FIFA and was won by Uruguay.国际足联组积的首届世界杯比赛是在1930年，当时乌拉圭人喜摘桂冠。

Held every four years since that time, except during World War II, the competition consist of international sectional tournaments, leading to a final elimination event made up of 16 national teams. (From 1988, the number of teams rises to 32). 从此，除了二次世界大战期间，世界杯每四年举行一次。整个比赛包括国际区际比赛，以及由16支球队参加的比赛（从1988年起，参赛队伍升至32支。）Unlike Olympic association football, world Cup teams are not limited to amateur players, and so the competition serves more nearly as a contest between the world's best players. 与奥林匹克足球赛不同的是，世界杯参赛队不受"必须为业余球队"这一条款所限，所以，这项赛事几乎可以被视为世界顶尖高手间的较量。

Referees are selected from lists that are submitted by all the national associations.世界杯的裁判员则从各个国家的足协报名单中挑选。

Unit 5

5-1 英

China implements a family planning policy with the aim of promoting its social and economic development, raising the people's living standards, improving the quality of life of its population and safeguarding the people's rights to enjoy a better life.中国实行计划生育政策，目的是促进社会，经济的发展，提高人民生活水平，改善人口质量，维护人民享有更加美好生活的权利。

In order to guarantee its people's minimum living conditions and enable citizens to become better off, the only correct choice that China can make is to strive for economic growth and adjust its population growth to the country's social and economic development.为了保证人们起码的生活条件，使公民富裕起来，中国唯一正确的选择就是努力发展经济，调整人口增长，以适应国家，社会和经济的发展。

In the view of China's situation, the Chinese government has formulated a population policy of controlling the size and raising the quality of the population and a family planning policy of late marriage and childbirth, having fewer but healthier babies, and one child per family. 根据中国的实际情况，中国政府制定了控制数量，提高质量的人口政策和晚婚晚育，少生优生，每家一个孩子的计划生育政策。

Shorthanded rural families with financial difficulties may have a second child after an interval of 3 or over 3 years.农村缺乏劳动力的困难户可以生第二胎，两胎间隔要在3或3年以上。

The family planning programme puts constraction first. The government forbids any form of forced abortion, and induced abortion is performed only as remely for contraception. 计划生育以避孕为主。政府禁止以任何形式强迫流产，只有在避孕失败时才采用人工流产作为补救措施。

It is universally acknowledged that China has achieved tremendous successes in family planning.中国计划生育取得了巨大的成就，这是世界公认的。

When carrying out its family planning policy, the government has always given priority to publicity and education to make people realize that birth control, as a fundemental policy, has a direct bearing on the country's prosperity and people's happy family life.中国在执行计划生育政策的时候，政府始终把宣传教育放在首位，使人们认识到计划生育这一基本国策直接关系到国家的繁荣和人们的家庭幸福。At the same time, the government has adopted some necessary economic and administrative measures as supplementary means.同时，

政府也采取一些必要的经济和行政措施作为辅助手段。

5-2 An Urgent Problem Waiting for a Solution一个亟待解决的问题

A very important world problem~in fact, I am inclined to say it is the most important of all the great world problems which face us at the present time~is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resourse.一个非常重要的全球问题~实际上，我要说这是当前我们面临的全球重大问题中最重要的问题~迅速增长的人口对土地资源的压力。

It is not so much the actual population of the world but its rate of increase which is important. 关键不在于现实人口之多，重要的是人口增长率。

It works out to be about 1.6 percent in each year's net increase. In terms of numbers this means something like ninety million additional people every year.据计算，每年净增长大约1.6%;用具体数字表示，就是每年增加约90,000,000人。

Canada has a population of twenty-seven million~rather less than four months' climb in the world population. 加拿大有2700万人口~不到世界人口4个月的增长数。Take Australia. There are seventeen million people in Australia. So, it takes the world less than three months to add to itself a population which lives in that large country. 拿澳大利亚来说，它有人口1700万，因此要不了3个月世界人口的增长量就达到了生活在这么一个辽阔国土上的人口。Let us take our own crowded country -England and Wales: fifty-six million people ~ just about seven months' supply.让我们看看自己这个拥挤的国家~英格兰和威尔士有人口5600万~只不过大约是世界人口7个月的增长量。

By this time tomorrow, and every day, there will be added to the earth about 240000 extra people.明日此时，地球上要新添24万人，而且天天如此。

I am not taking about birth rate. This is net increase. 我不是在谈出生率，而是在谈净增数。To give you some idea of birth rate, look at the second hand of your watch. Every second about five babies are born somewhere in the world. Another baby! Another baby! You cannot speak quickly to keep pace with the birth rate. 为了向你提供关于出生率的概念，请看着你手表上的秒针，每秒钟世界上大约有5个婴儿出生，又一个婴儿，又一个，又一个，你数的速度还赶不上出生率呢。

This enormous increase of population will create immense problems.

人口剧增会带来大问题。By AD 2000, unless something unexpected happens, there will be as many as 6100000000 people on the surface of this earth! 到公元2000年，如不发生意外，世界人口将多达61亿！So this is a problem which you are going to see in your lifetime.所以这是一个在你有生之年就看得到的问题。

Why is this enormous increase in population taking place?为什么会发生人口剧增呢？It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and the practice of what is coming to be called Death Control. 这实际上是由于知识的普及和实行了所谓的"死亡控制"。You have heard of Birth Control? Death control is something different. 你听说过"节制生育"吧？"死亡控制"则是另一码事。Medical examinations at school catch disease early and ensure healthier school children. Scientists are at work eliminating deadly diseases.学校里进行的体格检查能早期发现疾病，从而保证在校儿童的身体更加健康。科学家们正在研究消灭不治之症。

As we know, medical care helps to keep people alive longer. 正如我们所知，医疗保健有助于人们的健康长寿。

We used to think seventy was a good age; now eighty, ninety, it may be , are coming to be recognized as a normal age for human begins. 我们过去认为，70岁就是长寿了。现在80岁，90岁都可以算是人类的正常寿命。People are living longer, and fewer children are dying, so the population of the world is shooting up.人的寿命增高，儿童死亡率降低，所以世界上的人口激增。

5-3 Old-age Insurance in China中国的老年养老保险英

At present, old-age insurance is a growing problem. 目前情况下，中国老年养老问题不可能不备受关注。

In the past pension for government workers were provided by the state, and the senior citizens in rural areas were supported by their families. 过去国家单位和企业职工的养老由国家和企业负担，农村老人的养老由家庭负责。

With the development of a market economy this mode will no longer do. In the cities the elderly have become a heavy burden on enterprises and the government, while in the countryside, with the implementation of family planning, sometimes one couple has to support four parents and one child. And this obviously would be a very heavy burden.随着市场经济的发展，这种养老模式受到了严峻的挑战，养老费用已经成为不少企业沉重的负担。至于农村，由于实行计划生育，有时一个家庭一对夫妇要承担三四位老人和一个孩子的赡养，负担显然过于沉重。

In the countryside, providing old-age insurance for 900 million peasants is a very complicated problem. 在农村，解决九亿农民的养老是一个极为复杂的问题。This is attributable to China's low level of economic development, huge population and limited national strength. 这同中国经济发展水平，国力有限而人口如此庞大有关。But nevertheless progress has been made in this aspect.尽管如此，近年来在农村养老方面还是迈出了可喜的步伐。

Old-age insurance is collected mainly from individuals, subsidized by collective funds, and the government grants preferential policies in support. 农村养老保险奉行的是"个人保障为主，集体补助为辅，国家予于政策扶持"的原则。The money comes mainly from the individual, although rural enterprises pay a small part, and government at various levels is being called upon to contribute.具体来说，资金主要以农民个人缴费为主，乡镇企业出一部分，农村各级财政也予以应有的支持。

Old-age insurance in the countryside helps peasants alleviate worries about their dotage and changes the traditional concept of rearing children for one's old age. Its influence on social development is also potentially far-reaching.农村社会养老保险的深入发展，有助于解决农民晚年靠谁养活的后顾之忧，也有助于改变传统的养儿防

老的生育观念，它对社会发展的影响是深远的。

Considering China's present capabilities, it is impossible for government and society to take on the entire burden of supporting the elderly.从中国目前的国力来考虑，没有家庭养老的支撑，国家和社会是很难承担如此庞大的农村老年群体的赡养任务的。Chinese stress family, and the tradition of supporting the elderly under one's roof should be carried forward. 中国的家庭素来重视"亲情"，爱幼敬老的传统有着强大的生命力，今后仍需发扬光大。

China's old-age support system will still have to take the family as the core unit, subsidized by social welfare, all in accordance with China's realities and cultural traditions.总之，中国的养老体系应以家庭养老为主，社会养老为辅，这是符合中国国情和文化传统的。

5-4 英

Ever since Thomas Malthus published his Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798, population has been blamed for all other problems. 自从马尔萨斯在1798年发表他的人口理论学说以后，人们就认为其他所有的社会问题都是人口问题引起的。Worsening environmental pollution, energy shortages, soil erosion, the destruction of forests and desertification since the 1960s have further intensified concern about population growth, especially that of developing countries.60年代以来急剧恶化的环境污染，能源短缺，土壤侵蚀，森林破会和沙漠化等问题使人们更加关注人口增长，特别是发展中国家的人口增长。

As the most populous country in the world, China has often been a focus of attention in the international community. 作为世界上人口最多的国家，中国一直是国际关注的焦点。

With rapid economic development and success in family planning, China has been frequently maligned with talk of the "China threat" or the spread of mistaken ideas like "the world will be unable to feed China" and "family planning violates human rights."随着经济的发展和计划生育政策所取得的成功，中国开始频繁地遭到诸如"中国威胁论"，"世界将养不活中国"以及"计划生育违背人权"等错误论调的中伤。

5-5 英

October 12 of 1999 is the United Nations World Day of Six Billion People. 1999年10月12日是联合国确定的"世界60亿人口日"。

This indicates that the world's population has reached six billion, a landmark in human development that sounds an alarm.这表明世界人口总数已经达到60亿，这是我们人类发展的一个里程碑，也是人口增长过快的警钟。

Human society has experienced remarkable development and changes in the 20th century. 20世纪人类社会经历了前所未有的进步和变化。

Along with those has come the rapid growth of population and severe deterioration of the global environment. 同时也出现了人口剧增和严重的环境问题。The United Nations and governments of all nations, especially those in the developing world, have made unswerving efforts to solve the population problem.针对这种形势，联合国以及各国政府，特别是发展中国家为解决人口增长过快问题做出了不懈努力。

With 1.2 billion residents, China is the world's most populous developing country. Being confronted with the heavy population pressure, Chinese government has made family planning a fundamental state policy to control the population growth. 中国是人口最多的发展中国家，面对人口的巨大压力，中国政府把实行计划生育，控制人口增长作为一项基本国策。

Besides this, the government has mapped out a series of documents setting pace for the sustainable development.同时还制定了一系列重要法规来规范长期以来行之有效的发展计划。

China will continue its present family planning policy to tackle population problems in China and create a positive population environment for all-round development in the next century. 有12亿人口的中国将继续以目前的计划生育政策来解决中国的人口问题，为新世纪的全面发展创造一个良好的人口环境。And we hope that exchanges between China and other nations will be further strengthened in the fields of population and development so as to make new contributions to stabilizing and promoting the global peace and development.我们希望在人口与发展领域加强与国际社会的广泛交流与合作，为稳定全球人口，促进世界和平与发展做出新的贡献。

5-6

The population of the world is increasing at an alarming rate.世界人口正在以惊人的速度增长着。

There are now about 5700 million people on the earth. By the year 2000 there will be at least 400 million more. 现在地球上大约有57亿人，到2000年至少要增加4亿。Where will all these millions live? More houses, blocks of flats and skyscrapers will have to be built. Soon no new houses will be able to have a garden. 人们将不得不修建更多的房子，公寓楼和高层建筑。很快新的房屋就不再有花园了。Man will have to build houses under the sea. Scientists are already working on this possibility. 人们将不得不在海底建造房屋，科学家们正在研究这种可能性。By the twenty-first century many men will probably go to live on other planets if life is found to be possible there. 到了21世纪，如果发现其他星球上有生命的话，许多人就可能到那儿去居住。There will probably be regular flights in spaceships from the earth to these other planets.这样在地球和这些星球之间就可能会有宇宙飞船定期来往飞行。

5-7 Uneven Population Distribution人口分布不均

China's population is unevenly distributed, becoming denser as one moves from west to east. 中国的人口分布不均，人口分布从西到东越来越稠密。

The coastal areas in the east are densely populated, with 360 people per sq. km; the plateau areas in the west are sparsely populated, with fewer than 10 people per sq.km. 东部沿海地区人口密集，每平方公里360人;而西部的高原地区人口稀少，每平方公里不到10人。

If a straight line is drawn between Heihe in Heilongjiang province and Tengchong in Y unnan Province, we will find that in the area east of the

line, which makes up 42.9% of China's territory, live 94.4% of the country's population, whereas in the area west of the line, which constitutes 57.1% of the total area of China, inhabit only 5.6% of its population.如果我们画一条直线把黑龙江的黑河到云南的藤冲连接起来，我们就会发现，这条直线的东面，占了全国面积的42.9%，却有94.4%的人口居住在这里; 而这条直线的西面，占了57.1%的国土，却只有全国人口的5.6%居住在这里。

5-8 China Benefits Mankind中国造福人类

With its outstanding achievements in halting the population explosion, China won high praise from United Nations experts. 中国在控制人口增长方面取得了巨大的成就，受到了联合国的高度赞赏。

"China has had the most successful family planning policy in the history of mankind in terms of quantity, and with that China has done mankind a favour," United Nations population Fund representative Burmester said.联合国人口基金代表布尔梅斯特说:"中国是人类历史上实施计划生育最成功的国家，中国为人类做了件大好事。"

On October 12, our planet received its 6 billion baby. 今年10月12日，地球村迎来了它的第六十亿位居民。

But the day might have come at least three years ago if China had not implemented its family planning policy.然而，如果中国不实行计划生育政策，世界人口将至少提前3年达到60亿。

UN figures indicate that the world population has doulbed in the past 40 years, and 1 billion were added in the' past 12 years, the shortest amount of time ever to witness a billion births.联合国的数据表明，在过去4年里，世界人口翻了一番; 而仅仅是过去的12年里，世界人口就增长了10亿，这是世界人口增长最快的一段时期。

The expanding population is imposing heavy pressure on the environment and resources. It has also caused continuing poverty in fast growing areas.人口的不断膨胀给环境和资源带来了沉重的压力，同时也使人口增长迅速的地区"穷者更穷"的情况持续下去。

Curbing the rapid population growth is a tough task whole world is facing, not just one or two countries.控制人口的快速增长是全球面临的艰巨任务，而不仅仅是一两个国家的事。

With a responsible attitude towards its people and world, China was among the earlies to input great manpower and money in carrying out a family planning policy. China has made a great contribution to mankind.本着对它的人民以及对世界负责的精神，中国是最早投入大量的人力物力实施计划生育政策的国家之一。中国为人类作出了巨大的贡献。

Unit 6

6-1 英

China persistently sopports activities involving the peaceful use of outer space, and maintains that international space cooperation shall be promoted and strengthened on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, mutual complementarity and common development. 中国一贯支持和平利用外层空间的各种活动，主张在平等互利，取长补短，共同发展的基础上，增进和加强空间领域的国际合作。We insist that the aim of international space cooperation is to peacefull develop and use space resources for the benefit of all mankind. 我们坚持国际空间合作应以和平开发和利用空间资源，为全人类谋取福利为宗旨。

The Chinese government adopts the following policies in developing international space cooperation: persisting in the independence and self-reliance policy, carring out active and pragmatic international space cooperation to meet the needs of the national modernization drive and the demands of the domestic and international markets for space science and technology.中国政府在开展国际空间合作中采取的基本政策是:坚持独立自主的方针，根据国家现代化建设的需要，以及国内外航天科技的市场需求，开展积极，务实的国际空间合作。

China's participation in international space cooperation started in the mid-1970s. 中国在空间领域的国际合作始于20世纪70年代中期。

During the last two decades or more, China has joined bilateral, regional, multilateral and international space cooperation in different forms, such as commercial launching service, which have yielded extensive achievements.

20多年来，中国开展了双边合作，区域合作，多边合作以及商业发射服务等多种形式的国际空间合作，取得了广泛的成果。

Ever since the Chinese government made the declaration in 1985 that China's "Long March" launching vehicles would serve the international market and provide intetnational satellite launching service, up to October 2000, China had successfully launched 27 foreign-made satellites for user in Pakistan, Australia, Sweden, the United States, the Philippines, as well as domestic users. 自1985年中国政府宣布"长征"系列运载火箭投放国际市场，承揽国际卫星发射服务业务以来，至2000年10月，先后为巴基斯坦，澳大利亚，瑞典，美国，菲律宾，巴西等国家及中国用户成功的发射了27颗国外制造的卫星。The service of "Long March" launching vehicles in the intetnational satellite launching market is a beneficial supplement to international commercial satellite launching services, and it has provided foreign clients with new options."长征"系列运载火箭进入国际卫星发射服务市场，是对国际商业卫星发射服务的有益补充，也为国外用户提供了新的选择。

6-2 英

According to an agreement signed in Beijing, the Great Wall Industry Corporation(CGWIC) will take satelcom, a telecommunications satellite owned by the Italian Alenia Aerospazio Company, into space aboard a Long March 3A rocket. It will be launched in the first half of 2001.中国长城工业总公司与意大利阿莱尼亚宇航公司在北京签订了用长征三号甲运载火箭发射讯达恒通信卫星的商业发射服务合同，合同规定的发射日期为2001年上半年。

Weighing 2.6 tons, the Satelcom is a geo-stationary telecommunications satellite with 28 KU-band transponders on board.讯达恒卫星是地球同步轨道通讯卫星，总量约2.6吨，共有28个KU波段转发器。

The lauch will be the fourth for the three-stage Long March 3A, following three successful launches since its maiden flight in 1994. 长征三号甲运载火箭是我国自行研制的三级运载火箭。自从1994年首次发射以来，已成功发射了三次。

The contract was the first time Great Wall provided launch services for an international client using the Long March 3A.这是长城工业总公司首次使用这种型号火箭承担发射外国卫星任务。

6-3 英

In January 1979, the China Aviation Technology Import and Export Corporation was founded with the approval of the State Council. Since then, China has had a window to show its srength in aviation industry development to the world. 1979年1月，伴随着中国改革开放的步伐，中国航空技术进出口公司经国务院批准正式成立。中国航空工业从此有了向世界展示实力的窗口。

Simultaneously, China's aviation industry has expanded its business to technology introduction, engine export, production subcontracting, sales services for aviation components and the export of non-aviation electrical and machinery products, achieving good economic return.与此同时，中国航空工业还通过中航技术公司开展技术引进，发动机出口，转包生产，航空零备件售后服务，非航空机电产品出口等多项贸易往来，并取得了突出成就。

In the mid-1970s, China sold its first batch of "Fighter 6" and "Practice Plane 6" to other counties. 从70年代中期，中国出口销售第一批"歼六"，"初教六"飞机开始。

So far, several hundreds planes have been put into service in 20 counties and regions. 到目前为止，已有数百架飞机在20多个国家和地区服役。

The fihgter planes made in China have become a main army force to safeguard territorial air space of the countries importing them.以歼击机为代表的中国军用飞机成为保卫出口所到国领空的一支重要力量。

China's civil transport planes have also reputation in the countries importing them for their reliable performance, multiple purposes and low price. 中国"运"系列民用飞机一直以性能可靠，用途广泛，价格低廉的优势获得了其所在国的称赞。

They also play a positive role in the development of agriculture, forestry, fishery, transport, post and telecommunications, disaster relief and emergency needs. 也在农业，林业，渔业，运输业，邮政业以及赈灾抢险等领域发挥着重要作用。

Some of the planes have become special ones to serve the presidents of other countries. 有的还成为国家首脑的专用飞机。

Since 1989, the Corporation has signed contracts to export 93 "Y-12 Plane" to Asia, Africa, South America and Oceania, earning US $ 200 million and taking a share of the international market.从1989年起，中航技术工公司与亚洲，非洲，南美洲，大洋洲等地区国家签署了93架"运十二"飞机的出口合同，创汇2亿多美元，在世界民用飞机市场占了一席之地。

6-4 英

The China Aviation Technology Import and Export Shenzhen Company is a window of China National Aviation Industry Corporation in Shenzhen, and a branch of the China Aviation Technology Import and Export Corporation. 中国航空技术进出口公司深圳分公司是中国航空总公司设在深圳经济特区的窗口，是中国航空技术技术进出口总公司的分支机构。

Since its founding in 1980, the company has gradually grown into a comprehensive enterprise group integrating high technology industry, commerce and trade, real estate, tourism, finance and securities, supported by the talents and technical force of the aviation industry and taking advantage of the geography and policy of the specail zone. 自从1980年成立以来，该公司依托航空工业的人才和技术实力，发挥深圳地区的地理，政策优势，逐步发展成为集高科技工业，商贸，房地产，旅游服务和金融证券等多元化于一体的综合性企业集团。By the end of 1996, the company had 106 enterprises including three listed companies of Fiyta, Nanguang and Tianma, with a staff of 10000. 至1996年底，拥有包括飞亚达，南光，天马3家股票上市公司在内的企业106家，职工万余人。

In 1994, the company was among the 100 top enterprise of Guangdong Province in import and export and has become one of the 18 key enterprises in Shenzhen.1994年，该公司进入广东省进出口百强企业之列，并成为深圳市18家重点扶持企业之一。

Taking advantage of aviation technology to produce civil products, the company is energetically developing high-tech, high value-added, high exchange earning export-oriented enterprises, forming electronics, clock and watch , computer, telecommunications, machinery, building materials and plastics industries, with most of its products exported.中航技术进出口公司深圳分公司充分利用航空尖端科技的优势开展民用工业品生产，大力发展高科技，高增值，高创汇的外向型企业，形成电子，钟表，电脑与通信，机械，建材和塑胶等产业，产品大部分外销。

The company has established close ties with foreign countries via the overseas institutions of the China National Aviation Industry Corporation and China Aviation Technology Corporation, forming an autonomous foreign trade network, operating advanced production technology and equipment, purchasing materials, exporting civil products, contracting processing business and undertaking boned warehousing and transshipping business.

该公司通过中国航空工业总公司，中国航空技术进出口总公司设在国外的机构，与海外建立了密切的联系，采购各类所需物资，出口民用产品，承接三来加工业务，并开展保税仓储以及转运业务。

6-5

The region above earth is, in a way, becoming a dump. Scientists estimate that 10,000 to 15,000 large pieces of junk are orbiting our planet.

从某种意义上来说，外层空间正在变成一个垃圾场。科学家估计，目前大约有1万~1.5万块垃圾正在围绕着地球旋转。

The space junk includes burned-out rocket engines, old fuel tanks, satellite that have stopped working, and parts of exploded rockets. 这些太空垃圾中有燃烧过的火箭推进器，旧燃料箱，失控的人造卫星

以及爆炸的火箭碎片。

Most pieces hurtle along at about 6 miles a second (9.5 km/s).大多数的太空垃圾都以大约每秒6英里(9.5公里/秒)的速度高度运行。

Space trash has already fallen to earth. Most of it has landed in the oceans or on open land, away from the cities. 太空垃圾已有不少落到了地球上，其中大多数掉到了远离城市的海洋或旷野里。Scientists are working on various ways to clean up the litter while it is still orbiting in space. 科学家正在探索各种途径以清除朋在太空中运行的垃圾。

One suggestion: a satellite that would function as a trash "truck". A space shuttle would carry it into orbit. 其中一项建议是发射一颗能充当太空(垃圾车)的人造卫星。宇宙飞船可以将这颗卫星送入轨道。There, the satellite would track trash and collect it with robot arms. The shuttle would then bring the satellite~and its trash ~ back to earth.在那里，这颗卫星可以追踪垃圾并用机械臂进行回收，然后，宇宙飞船可以将卫星连同垃圾一并带回地球

Where space trash might land is only one problem. 太空垃圾可能会坠落到什么地方仅仅是问题之一。

Scientists worry more about a greater danger: collisions in orbit between spacecraft and trash. 科学家更为担心的是一个更大的危险:航天器在轨道上与太空垃圾发生碰撞。

Cleaning up space trash would make space travel safer for satellites-and for astronauts.清楚太空垃圾能使得人造卫星和宇航员的航程更为安全。

6-6

On July 20, 1969, two American astronauts planted the first human footsteps on the moon. 1969年7月20日，两名美国宇航员第一次把人类的足迹印到了月球上。

The man who took the first step was Neil A. Armstrong, the 38-year-old civilian commander of the Apollo 11. 第一个踏上月球的人是阿波罗11号的机长，38岁的尼尔·阿姆斯特郎。

As he reached the bottom of the landing craft's ladder and extended his booted left foot to touch the moon's powdery surface, he said: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."当他走到登月艇扶梯的底部，伸出他穿着靴子的左脚，要碰到月球粉状的表面时，他说:"这是一个人的一小步，却是人类跨出的一大步。"

He was followed down the ladder minutes later by Edwin B. Aldrin, Jr., a 39-year-old Air Force colonel. 几分钟后，跟着他走下梯子的是一名39岁的空军上校，小埃德文·奥尔德林。

For 2 hours and 21 minutes, the two men wandered about on the barren, rock-strewn moon surface. 他们在寸草不生，乱石嶙嶙的月面漫步了2小时21分钟。They tested their ability to move about on this strange world. They took photographs of the landscapes. They set up scientific experiments and collected rock and soil samples. 他们在这个陌生的星球上测验他们的的行走能力。他们拍摄照片，进行科学试验，收集土和石的标本。

They set up a television camera so the whole world could watch.他们还架起了一部电视摄影机，好让全世界都能看到。

All the while, the third member of the crew, Michael Collins, 38, an Air Force lieutenant colonel, piloted the Command ship in lunar orbit 70 miles above the surface, waiting for the two explorers to rejoin him for the trip back to earth. 第三名成员麦克尔·柯林斯，一位38岁的空军中校，始终驾驶着指挥船在月面上空70英里处的月球轨道上运行，等待着两位探险家和他汇合，重返地球。

Altogether, the visit to the moon lasted 21 hours and 37 minutes. 这次对月球的访问一共持续了21个小时37分钟。

Through television and radio, hundreds of millions of of people followed the activities aboard Columbia, the Command Ship, and Eagle, the landing craft.通过电视和广播，几亿人追踪着"哥伦比亚"号指挥船和"鹰"号登月艇的活动。

Though the mission was completed almost without flaw, it was filled with suspense and anxiety. 这次任务虽然圆满完成，却令人充满焦虑和担忧。

The astronauts faced risks on the moon never before met by man.宇航员在月球上所冒的危险是人类从没有遇到过的。

And, as with all space flights, chances of failure and disaster were ever present. 而且，像所有太空飞行一样，失败和灾难的可能性是永远存在的。

An error or failure of the millions or individual parts anywhere along the way could have ended the mission short of goal.在数百万零部件中，任何一件在中途出了毛病或者失灵，就会使登月任务无法完成。An equipment failure or accident on the way could have left the astronauts stranded.在月球如果有一种设备失灵或出事，就会使宇航员陷入困境。

But they made it. After eight days in space, they splashed down in the Pacific to a presidential greeting aboard the recovery carrier, the U.S.A hornet. 但是他们完成了任务。经过8天太空飞行之后，他们降落在太平洋上，在担任打捞任务的美国航空母舰"大黄蜂"号上，接受总统的祝贺。

They were the heroes of the nation and the world. It was a journey that look man beyond the earth to walk on another world.他们成了美国和全世界的英雄人物。这是一次将人类带到地球以外的另一个星球上去漫游的旅行。

Passage B

China's International Commercial Satellite Launching

service greas up to international pratice

Reporter(Q): More than 10 years have elapsed since the Chinese Government authorized the Great Wall Corporation to exclusively run the business of international business satellite launching. Your corporation has won prestige in the international community of astronautics, insurance and satellite communications.

Zhang Xinxia(A): In October 1985, the Chinese Government announced that its Long March serial carrier rockets had entered the international business launching service market. Over the past decade or so, we have established business relationships with corporations, international satellite organizations, and insurance companies in dozens of countries and regions. We have held business talks with more than 100 satellite clients and potential clients, resulting in the conclusion of

26 business contracts and many long-term cooperative agreements. So far, we have successfully launched 8 rockets and have succeeded in 5 carrier launches. China's business satellite launching service(BSLS), developing from its first entry into the market to winning a certain share of the market, and from a few models of carrier rockets at the initial stage to being capable of producing new models of various specifications of powerful thrust and multifunctional carrier rockets at present, has made important contributions to China's astronomical science and technology industry.

Q: Presently, how about the rocket carriage capacity for satellite launches?

A: To meet the demands for launching on the intetnational market, we have studied and produced new models of carrier rockets with powerful thrust for various demands. On the basis of the LM-2C and LM-3 rockets, we have step by step built up a series of carrier rockets for commercial satellite launching, including the models LM-2C, LM-2, IC/SD, LM-2D, LM-2E, LM-3, LM-3B, and LM-4, promoting the carrier capabilities for satellites to be launched into a synchronous orbit with the moving earth from 1.4 tons to 5 tons, and the perigee orbit carrier capability from 2.5 tons to 9.5 tons. Meanwhile, the EPKM solid-propellant engine used for perigee synchronous orbit launching and the satellite distributor for iridium satellite launching have also successfully been developed. China's astronomical industry can now launch satellites for different uses into perigee orbit, orbit running in synchronism with the sun and orbit running in synchronism with the movement of the earth.

Q: Following the two failures in satellite launching, what remedial measures have you taken?

A: On February 15, 1996, a LM-3B rocket with powerful thrust was first launched carrying a 708 satellite, but crashed to the ground 22 seconds after it was launched as a result of the malfunction of its intertial calibration in the control system. On August 18, 1996, a LM-3 rocket carrying Chinese satellite No.7 was launched, but it failed to enter its planned orbit because of the second engine closing time for the third stage engine of the rocket signaled 48 seconds in advance of the scheduled time. These two failurescreated uncertainty among the customers and the insurance circles in the Long March series rockets. As a result, three contracts were canceled and two others were suspended. And another two would-be projects in the making proved abortive and the corporation found itself in a very difficult situation, unable to reassure its clients and continue to develop its market in the world.

In this severe situation, the corporation mobilized all the personnel in the system to find the causes of the failures. It strengthened its rigid control and took forceful measures to promote its general product quality. The general corporation immediately drew up five concrete measures, including the "Rules on Requirements for strengthening the Control Over Model Quality", the "Opinions Concerning the Strengthening of Astronautic Scientific Research and Control Over Production", and measures for eradicating all quality problems. It also published the "General Regulation On the Approval of Astronautic Model Products", and carried out rocket production under the guiding principles of "taking a more serious, more prudent, and more conscientious attitude in work". The China Carrier Rocket Research Institute conducted a harmless detection on a large amount of refractory parts of the carrier rockets.According to the new standards set by the state, several hundreds of welded seaming points were detected through X-ray or industrial CT examinations. When rockets were equipped with the qualified and flawless pans, they were again put into testing and experiment. And a quality re-examination and testing were also conducted on several hundred non-metallic parts in storage. The passing standards for various stages were revised with stricter rules on the control points of delivery, and were moved from place to place, filling propellant fuel, and ignition, guaranteeing the launch and flight of any rockets without any potential causes of accident. After many endeavors, the quality of rockets was upgraded. As the general contractor for international satellite launching, the Great Wall Corporation notified its clients and insurance circles about the whole process of the failure of the launches and the causes and reported the analysis of the causes and the measures taken. It invited international astronomical specialists to join in the investigation into the accidents. After the examination of the accidents was conducted, specialists were organized to visit clients and insurance circles abroad and expounded to them all the details of the accident. It also invited the officials of the insurance community to inspect the ground tests and test flights of our improved rockets. All these endeavors have been rewarded with the understanding from clients and insurance circles. Only by so doing, have they learned of the improvements in rocket quality and seen their confidence in the product increase. And consequently a new satellite-launching contract was implemented and the launch proved a success.

On August 20, 1997, the successful launch of a philippines' satellite justified the general design of the LM-3B, demonstrating a satisfactory result achieved in improving quality. On September 1, the LM-ZC/SD rocket to be used for the launch of an iridium satellite, successfully made its first test flight. On October 17, the Asia-pacific No.2 R satellite was once again launched by the LM-3B successfully, and with a very high degree of precision. These three successful launches, in addition to the earlier successful launches in the same year of the East-Is-Red No.3 and the wind-and-Clouds No.2 satellites, meant that the corporation's situation was beginning to turn for the better, and it recovered its reputation among its clients and insurance circles. Following the successful launches made by the LM-3B, a series of launching service activities have been carried out.

Q: In face of the fierce competition in international commercial satellite launching, what do you plan to do?

A: Astronomic technology is the symbol of the comprehensive strength of a country, representing, in a sense, the political status, economic strength and technological progress of the country and nation. Today, the competition in commercial launching is so acute that the old

rocket suppliers are trying their best to consolidate and develop their market. In recent years, the Russian model "proton", Ukrainian model "apex" and Janpanese H2 rockets have joined the competitors. In particular, rocket suppliers now have organized themselves into conglomerations, and transnational groups, further adding fuel to the flames of competition. Facing the challenge, we must promote the reliability of our payload rockets, and create a satisfactory flight record on the basis of steady progress on the one hand, and on the other, we have to create the world's first rate level of service so as to develop our market by providing good service. At present, we have to promote the coordinate capabilities in the launching service and shorten the cycling period of time in production and launch, and create a good business image for our corporation in the minds of clients and insurance circles.

To promote the level of service and to meet the needs of the world market, we have taken some measures, as follows:

1. Promoting the reliability of rockets. Quality is the foundation of reputation and the lifeline of international commercial satellite launching. The successful launches of the retrievable satellite in October 1996, the East-Is-Red No.3, the Wind-and-Clouds No.2, the Philippines' and the Asia-Pacific No.2 R satellite and the test flight of the iridium satellite in 1997, have proved that the measures taken to promote quality are correct. Should we persist in the improvement, we can promote the quality of our product and the level of service continuously.

2.Promoting coordinate capabilities in launching services. Shorten the cycling period of time in production and launch. Improve the facilities for launching.

3.Creating a reliable image in the minds of clients and insurance circles. Whatever may happen in launches in the future, success or failure, the process and result should be promptly and accurately relayed to them.

4.Improving measures for security control and salvage. And promote handling capabilities in urgent situation.

5.Promoting the quality of personnel and the level of management so as to further promote our service to gear up with the practice on the world market. Promoting personal business, technological and managerial levels, and creating conditions for clients and insurance circles and satellite producers to have a good understanding of China. And improving gradually the living conditions for launching service.

6. In the development of the world market, we should positively cooperate with the powerful corporations in the world in various forms.

Q: What share has China obtained of the international launching market? And now can it develop itself in the domain of astronomic trade in the future?

A: From our first business satellite launch in 1990 to July of 1996, we held about 7 to 9 percent of the total shares of the market. In 1997, we have carried out the planned launch of the Philippine's and the Asia-Pacific No.2 R satellite. As planned, the iridium satellite will also be launched this year. The iridium satellite system is a perigee orbiting communications system in synchronism with the moving earth, consisting of 66 satellites. China has entered constracts for 11 launches of 22 of these satellites.

The launch plan for 1998 also includes the Chinese satellite No.8, Xin Nuo No.1 and the scientific experimental satellite carrying a load from China and Brazil, all to be launched by LM-3B rockets.

According to the long-term agreement signed between the corporation and the American Hughes Co., the world's largest commercial satellite supplier, in June 1997, in the period from the second half of 1998 to 2006, a total of 10 satellite made by Long March rockets. Five of them will be positioned and the other five selective. The Great Wall Corporation has also conducted a memorandum with the American Lora Co. for a number of launching services, and the latter has promised to purphase two rockets from the Great Wall Corporation.

The successful launches by the LM-3B rocket in 1997 have created favourable conditions for china to acquire more contracts for launching satellites orbiting in synchronism with the moving earth. China's perigee orbiting commercial satellite system will enter the practical use stage. The development of the moving and wide-band alternative communications system has shown the broad visa for the average and low altitute orbit satellite market. We must make more efforts to develop this market. Moreover, we will also intensify outer-space technology coorperation with our counterparts in the world to promote the country's export of satellites and parts and components.

Q: May I take the liberty to ask you another question? Have you financial allowances been granted by the government for your commercial satellite launching service?

A: No. Not any. Our launching service is completely governed by the market economy.

Unit 7

7-1 Redefining types of ownership in the country's economy 英我国重新划分经济成分类型

The new regulations concerned aim at accurately reflecting structure of ownership and SOE's control of shares.为准确反映和研究我国所有制结构以及国有经济的控股情况，国家开始实行新的经济成分类型划分法。

In general the bifurcation of economy includes public & non-public, the former is again divided into state ownership and collective ownership while the latter into private enterprises, enterprises owned by Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan businessmen, and enterprises owned by foreign businessmen.经济成分将被划分为两大类型，共五种成分类型。第一大类为公有经济，其中包括国有经济和集体经济两种成分类型; 第二大类为非公有经济，其中包括私有经济，港澳台经济，外商经济三种成分类型。

The calculation method is based on the paid-in(i.e. paid up) capital. In the paid-in capital there are five kinds: state capital, collective capital, individual capital （calculated as private capital）, HK, Macao and Taiwan capital, and foreign capital. 确定企业经济成分时的推算方法: 根据企业实收资本中的国家资本，集体资本，个人资本，港