初中英语从句语法讲解
从句
从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。(参见以下各条）
３、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法:
(1) 表语从句:在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。
例如：Thaｔ is wｈｙ he did not ｃomｅto scｈooｌ yeｓtｅrday. / It is ｂｅcause y ｏu ａｒｅ so ｃleveｒ.
(2) 宾语从句:在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
①基本形式：(主句＋）连词＋从句主语+从句谓语+...
②关于宾语从句连词的选择:
若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用thaｔ，在口语中thａｔ可以省略；
若从句来源于一个一般疑问句，连词则用if 或whether;
若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如whａt,who，wｈere,when等）例如：Theｙｂeｌieve that the comｐｕter wiｌl fｉnally ｔake the plaｃe of hｕ
man beｉnｇs．(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。) （从句本来就是陈述句)/ I wonder wh
ｅther I shoulｄｓay sｏmｅthing ｆor hiｍｔo ｔhe ｈeａｄｍaster． (我不知道是
不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。) (从句来源于一般问句ＳhalｌＩ say sｏmｅthｉng
ｆor him to the headｍaster?)/ Ｈe askeｄ me wheｒe he cｏuｌｄｇeｔ such ｍedicin
ｅ. (他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。) (从句来源于特殊问句Where caｎｈe get such me
ｄｉｃｉne?)
③宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时;
如主句是过去时，从句则相应地使用过去某一时态，遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如:Ｉ t
ｈink Ｉ will dｏ better ｉn Eｎglish this ｔerm．（我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。)
/ Thｅ tｅａcher askｅd the boｙ if ｔhe eａrth ｉｓroｕnd. (老师问那个男孩地球
是不是圆的。)
④下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：
bｅｓoｒrｙ / afraid / sｕrｅ／ｇlａd +that从句,如:I’m sｏrｒy I’m late. (对
不起,我迟到了。)/ Ｉ’m afｒａiｄ hｅ iｓn’t iｎat the ｍｏｍent.(恐
怕他此刻不在家。)
(3) 状语从句:在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原
因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。
时间状语从句通常由ｗhen ,as ，wｈｉlｅ, afteｒ, bｅfｏre, sincｅ, as ｓooｎ as ,since, tiｌl (ｕntｉl）， whilｅ, wｈeneｖｅr等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意，时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如：Ｗhen yoｕ fｉnish the work, you mａy go ｏｕt ｔo pｌａy wiｔｈ Sam.(你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。）／ I won’ｔ leave uｎｔil Mum coｍes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。)
地点状语从句通常由ｗhｅre, wheｒｅveｒ等引导。如：Go bａcｋ where yoｕ caｍe froｍ!
(哪里来还滚到哪里去！) ／I ｗill neｖer forgｅt to ｃatch the thief ｗho ｓtol ｅ my ｎeckｌaｃe wｈeｒeｖｅr he mａy be.(我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)
原因状语从句通常由beｃause， since, ａs等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abｒoad ｂeｃａuse hｉs ｆathｅr had founｄ a good unｉｖersity ｆor him. (他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)
目的状语从句通常由so thaｔ.．., sｏ.．．hat...，ｉn orｄeｒ thaｔ.．.等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有cａn / ｃoｕld ／ mａｙ／ mｉght等情态动词。如:Ｈe ｇot up earliｅr ｓo thaｔｈｅcｏulｄｃatch ｔhｅfｉrst trａin.（他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)
结果状语从句通常由sｏthat..., so...ｔhat．.. 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如:Ｈe losｔｓo many bikes thａt ｈe deｃｉded never ｔo buy a ｎew oｎe.(他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)
比较状语从句通常由as, thａｎ, as （ｓo).．.as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分，只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如:Jaｎe ｉｓｍuｃｈｔaｌlｅr than I/me． (Jaｎe比我高多了。) / I don’ｔ have aｓ many books as you (ｄo). (我书没有你多）
让步状语从句通常由though (alｔhouｇh), as, eｖen if( evｅn thｏｕｇh)， hｏwｅver, whatev ｅr等引导。如：Evｅn if yoｕ pay the debｔ（债务) ｆｏｒ me, I wｉlｌ not ｔhank you becａｕｓｅｉｔhas nｏthiｎg tｏ do with me． (即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你，因为它与我毫无关系。)／ He wearｓ a T-ｓhirt tｈougｈ it is veｒy cｏl ｄ. (他穿了一件Ｔ恤衫,尽管天很冷。)
条件状语从句通常由if，unless， aｓ lonｇ aｓ等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。Yoｕ will cerｔainｌy f ａil in ｔhe coｍｉng fiｎal ｅxａmsｕnlesｓ yｏu work muｃh haｒｄｅr. (即将
来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。） / If it dｏｅｓn’t ｒain toｍoｒrow, we ｓhalｌ gｏ hikiｎg. (如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。) [注意] 1、beｃaｕse与so;(al)ｔhoｕｇh与ｂｕt；if与ｓｏ不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。
2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。
(４) 定语从句:在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
①定语从句的位置:放在名词或代词的后面。如：Tｈｅ man who haｓ aｎ umbrella in his ha
ｎd is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)
②语法术语的改变:被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词;引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词，其中th
ａt、which、wｈo称为关系代词,where、ｗheｎ、how称为关系副词。
③关系代词或关系副词的作用：
关系代词whｏ、whom和wｈｏsｅ指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。whicｈ指物thａt 多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。Ｔhis iｓ the tｈief (that/who/wｈoｍ）wｅ haｖe been looｋing fｏr ｔhesｅ days． (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。） / Pｌeaｓe find a rooｍ wｈicｈ is bｉg enｏｕgｈｆor all of uｓｔｏ liｖe in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)
关系副词ｗhｅn或ｗhｅre引导定语从句时，它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如:Tｈis ｉｓthe ｒｏｏｍwｈere they ｈad a ｑｕａrrel ａｗeek aｇo. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。)／ I cａn neｖｅr ｆorｇet the daｙ wｈｅn I fｉrｓt saw y ｏu. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)
④限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完
整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如:She sｐent tｈe whole evｅning tａｌｋing abouｔｈer laｔest ｂｏoｋ, wｈicｈ none ｏf ｕs had ｈeard of． (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)
［注解]
1、关系代词只能用ｔｈaｔ的情况：当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, aｎytｈing等),或先行
词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用ｔhaｔ．如:All thａt Ｌilｙ tｏld me sｅemｓｕntrue.(Ｌily告诉我的话似乎不真实。）/ Ｃan ｙｏu give me anything ｔｈat hａs nｏ sugar insiｄｅ? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西?)／Ｔhis is the first ｔwo-storｙbus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市
的双层公交车。）
2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who（指人)、that(指物)，而不用that指人或用which指物。
如:Do you kｎow the woman ｗhｏ iｓ weeping in tｈe coｒnｅｒ? (你认识那个在角落里
哭泣的女人吗?)/ Do nｏｔｔeｌl mｅａny worｄｓ that ｈave nｏtｈｉng tｏｄ
o with me． (跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)
3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用whiｃh或ｗｈom，较少使用tｈaｔ或ｗhｏ,而且,关系代词常常
省略。如:Ｔom’s fatｈer ｗaｓ tｈe first pａｒenｔwhoｍｏｕｒｔeacher talked
to. (Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)
４、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时，必须用whiｃh或ｗｈｏm,而当介词移到句尾时，则又可以使用that或ｗho. 如：Tｈis is thｅ rｏom ｉｎwｈich Ｍｉss Ｌi oｎce ｌiveｄ． (= Ｔ
his ｉs the rｏoｍ Miss Li once lｉｖed in．） (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。) (５）主语从句:在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由thａt，ｗhe ｔher以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下，常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：When
we shouｌd ｓtart is ｓtｉll a quesｔioｎ. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)
十五、直接引语和间接引语(初中不作特别要求）
1、直接引语和间接引语：在陈述句中,直接引用说话人原来的语句,称为直接引语。在书写时，直接引语用
引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容,称为间接引语。
２、直接引语改变为间接引语:
１、直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时应注意以下各点：
①不用引号,而用连接词ｔhaｔ,但有时可省略。
②人称作相应变化；
③主句里的动词如果是过去时,间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变：一般现在时变一般过去时;一
般将来时变过去将来时;现在进行时变过去进行时；现在完成时变成过去完成时;一般过去时变成过去完成时;但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用,则时态不变。
如:He saｙｓ,"I am not fｒoｍ the UＳA．”→He says that ｈe is not ｆｒom ｔhｅ USA.
Mr Smith said tｏhis gｉｒl fｒiｅnd，“I havｅn’ t seen ｙou foｒ a lｏng time．”
→Mr Smｉth sａiｄ to his girl friｅnｄ tｈat he had nｏt seen heｒ fｏr a long time.
2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时，需用从属连接词ｗheｔher或if引导，词序要改变。
如：Lｉn Tao sａid to Miss Green, ＂Is it ｍａｄe in Cｈｉｎa?”→Lin Ｔao askｅd Mis
this
these
now
ago
today
this week(month,etc.) next week ( month,etc.) yesterday
tomorrow
here that
those
then
before
that day
that week ( month,etc.) the next week ( month,etc.) the day before
the next (following) day there
ｓGｒeen ｉf it ｗａs mａde in Cｈina．
3、直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用疑问词引导，词序是：连词+主语＋谓语。
如：Ｌｕcｙ said to me, “Hｏw ｃan I helｐ？”→Luｃｙ askeｄ me how she ｃoulｄｈelp.
4、直接引语如是祈使句,变间接引语时，须将祈使句变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式前用ｔell, ask,
orｄer. 如：He sａｉｄ tｏ the liｔｔle ｂoｙ,“ Come hｅre, yｏung man! ”
→He aｓkｅd the liｔtｌe ｂｏｙ tｏｇo therｅ.
5、直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化:
在直接引语中在间接引语中
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记)
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即 状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以 下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属 于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外， 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先 行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语 里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first
初三英语宾语从句讲解练习
初三英语宾语从句讲解 练习 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】
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【初中英语语法——三大从句之表语从句】 【表语从句】 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。 表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。 名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句，例如： T he problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)// The s cissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语)// What I told him was that I would find h im a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略)// That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)// That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) “That is why...”是常用句型，意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，又如： That is why you se
e this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮，这就是现在这 个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。// That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。 下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构，它们与“Tha t is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚： (1)“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why...”中why引 导的是—个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样，例如： That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意 的理由。 (2)“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词 性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么……/ 因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由，“That is why...” 则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，例如： He did not see the film last night. That is because he ha d to help his littl e sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有
初中英语宾语从句专项练习(完整版)
宾语从句基本讲解与练习 一、概念 在句子中起到宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。 二、连接词 1. 陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that (在非正式场合that可以省略)。that在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有实在意思，只起到连接作用。 No one told Jack (that) there would be a class meeting the next day.没有人告诉杰克第二天有班会。 Little Tom was afraid (that) he couldn’t pass the exam. 小汤姆担心这次考试不及格。 【拓展1】可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, wish, hope, imagine, wonder, know, believe, agree, explain, feel, suggest, hear, mean, notice 等。 【拓展2】当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。 I don’t think (that) he can give a speech at the meeting.我认为他 不会在会上发言的。
【拓展3】在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope 等动词以及I’m afraid 等后，可用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，用not代替一个否定的宾语从句。 eg: --- Do you believe he will come 你相信他会来吗 --- I believe so. 我相信会。 --- I don’t believe so. (或I believe not.) 我相信不会。 2. 以whether或if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句是陈述句语序。whether或if在从句中不充当任何成分，意为“是否”。 eg: “May I use your knife” He asked me. → He asked me if he might use my knife. 【注意1】从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。 eg: “Do you know her telephone number” He asked me. → He asked me whether I know her telephone number. 【注意2】：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外。 ①当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if。 eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the picnic. 我们在讨论是否去野餐。 ②引导词与动词不定式或or not 连用时，只用whether。 eg: Please let me know whether to do next step. 请让我知道是否开展下一步行动。
初中宾语从句详细讲解与练习
宾语从句 在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。它是众多从句中的一员，在复合句中作主句谓语动词、介词或某些形容词的宾语。 在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如：I know the man. 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如：I know that the man is a policeman. 主句引导词从句 宾语从句三大块: 1. 引导宾语从句的连词和代词选择； 2. 宾语从句的语序； 3. 宾语从句的时态。Ⅰ.宾语从句的引导词 1.陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如： My teacher said I was a good boy.老师说我是个好男孩。 She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill. I am sure (that) he will succeed. 用以下开头与下列句子连成宾语从句: 1. I know … 2. She says … 3. Tell yo ur friend … （that） 1.This is a book. 2.You like singing. 3.He worked last night. 4.They will go home. 5.Jim has been to Beijing. 6.She sings well. 2.当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如： (1) Is Jim a good student? I don’t know I don’t know if /whethe r Jim is a good student. (2) Does Kate get up early? Do you know? Do you know if /whether Kate gets up early? 用以下开头与下列句子连成宾语从句: 1.Do you know … 2.I want to know … 3.The teacher asks … if/whether 1.Is he reading ? 2.Do you get up at six? 3.Does Tom work hard? 4.Did you watch TV ? 5.Will they read books ? 6.Can you sing ? 注意：只能用whether不用if 的三种情况 ?一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下3种情况只能用whether： ?①与or not连用： He asked me whether or not I was coming. Let me know whether you can come or not. ?②在介词之后： It depends on whether it is going to rain. I worry about whether I hurt her feelings ?③在不定式之前： We haven’t decided whether to go there. I don’t know whether to accept or refuse. 3.如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的疑问词引导。如： 1.What is she doing? Can you tell me? Can you tell me what she is doing? 2.Where does she live? Do you know? Do you know where she lives? 用以下开头与下列句子连成宾语从句: 1.Do you know … 2.I want to know … 3. Can you tell me … 1.What is this ? 2.What are you doing ? 3.Where do you live ? 4.When does he get up ? 5.How did you go to work?
初中英语语法状语从句讲解专项练习及答案
初中英语语法状语从句讲解专项练习选择合适的连接词，完成下列句子。 spends a lot of money on books______he is not rich. fell into sleep ______she was listening to the music. David at school today ----No. He is at home ______he has a bad cold. , won't have supper ______my mother comes back. to him slowly ______he may understand you better. 6. ______ she doesn't come on Sunday, I'll go fishing by myself. is four years ______I had left that small village. 8. ______the air moves, it is called wind. will go to the park ______it doesn't rain tomorrow. boys did ______much work. are few new words in the passage ______we can't understand it. ? back ______you come from. reached the station ______the train had left. you have a swimming pool ----No, we don't. At least, not ______big ______yours. me your paper ______you have finished it. is raining hard, ______we have to stay at home. 17. ______you work harder, you'll never pass the final exam. after the children ______I am out. ' village is ______far away ______I can't get there on foot. is ______an interesting book ______I can't stop reading it. 能力提高练习 1 ( ) 1 The meeting didn't start___ everyone was there. A. because B. until C. why D. if ( ) 2 The boy ___ to bed ___ his mother came in. A. went not; until B. didn't go; after C. went; until D. didn't go; until ( ) 3 I won't believe you___ I have seen it with my own eyes. A. before B. until C. after D. when ( ) 4 He ___ home ___ she was satisfied ___ his answer yesterday. A. didn't go; until; with B. wasn't go; after; to C. doesn't go; before; with D. didn't go; until; to ( ) 5 He ___ back until the work ___ done. A. isn't; will be B. isn't; is C. won't be; will be D. won't be; is ( ) 6 They didn't start the work ___ their teacher came back. A. until B. while C. as soon as D. if 2 ( ) 1 Tom will call me as soon as he ___ Shanghai. A. arrives B. will reach C. arrives in D. get to ( ) 2 I'm sure he'll come to see me before he ___ Beijing. A. will leave B. is leaving C. leave D. leaves ( ) 3 I will tell him the news as soon as he___ back. A. come B. comes C. will come D. came 3 ( ) 1 Tom has got a watch. He ___ it for two years. It _______ by his father. A. has bought; was bought B. has got; is bought , C. was bought; has bought . D. has had; was bought "' ( ) 2 When he got to the station, the train ___. A. left B. had left C. leaves D. has left