英语语言学树形图举例

树形图详细讲解

1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.

a) The old lady suddenly left.

Det A N Qual V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road.

Det N V P Det N P Det N

c) The snow might have blocked the road.

Det N Aux Aux V Det N

d) He never appears quite mature.

N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.

a) full of people

A P N

full of people

b) a story about a sentimental girl

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det A N

a story about a sentimental girl

c) often read detective stories

Qual V NP

A N

often read detective stories

d) the argument against the proposals

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det N

the argument against the proposals

e) move towards the window

V PP

P Det N

move towards the window

3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.

a) The jet landed.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

v1.0 可编辑可修改 Det N Pst V

The jet landed

b) Mary became very ill.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst V AP

Deg A

Mary became very ill

c) What will you talk about

NP C S

N Infl NP Infl VP

VP NP

V P N

What will you e talk about e

d) The apple might hit the man.

NP VP

Det N Aux V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N V NP

Det N The apple might hit the man

e) He often reads detective stories.

NP VP

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Present

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.

a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V NP

Det A N

A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det A N

A huge moon hung in the black sky

c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det N

An unusual event occurred before the meeting

d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A NP Pst V PP

A N P NP

Det A N

A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill

5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Aux V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

v1.0 可编辑可修改OR

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

Helen put on her clothes and went out

c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pres VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv

The detective went out and the mysterious man came in

e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.

NP VP

N V C S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

N Aux V Det N Aux V

Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt

6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.

a) You know that I hate war.

NP VP

N V C S

NP VP

N V N

You know that I hate war

OR CP

C InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pres V C S

NP VP

N V NP N

You know that I hate war

b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.

NP VP

N V C S

NP VP

N V C S

NP VP

Det N V A

He said that Tom asked whether the class was over c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.

NP VP

N VP NP

Aux Neg V NP C S

Det N NP VP

N V NP

Det A N

Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.

NP VP

Det N V NP NP

N Det N

Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce e) The children argued over whether bats had wings.

NP VP

Det N VP C S

V P NP VP

N V NP

The children argued over whether bats had wings

7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.

a) The essay that he wrote was too long.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg A

NP Infl VP

N V NP

The essay he wrote that was too long

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

The essay that he wrote e was too long

b) The dog that he keeps bites.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V

C Infl S

Pres NP VP

N V NP

The dog he keeps that bites

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pres V NP

The dog that he keeps e bites

c) Herbert found the man she loved.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det N C S

NP Infl VP

N V

Herbert found the man she loved who

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det N S

NP NP

N V

N N

Herbert found the man (whom) she loved e

d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

P NP

C Infl S

NP VP

N Qual VP NP

V P N

The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

P NP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Qual VP NP

V P N

The girl whom he often quarrels with e majors in linguistics

8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.

a) Would you come tomorrow

Deep structure

C S

N Infl V Adv

you would come tomorrow

Surface structure

C S

NP AdvP

Infl

N Infl V Adv

would you e come tomorrow

b) Can you pass me the newspaper

Deep structure

C S

NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

you can pass me the newspaper Surface structure

C S

Infl NP NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

c) Should the students report the incident

Deep structure

C S

NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

the students should report the incident

Surface structure

C S

Infl NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

should the students e report the incident

d) What did you eat for lunch

Deep structure

C S

NP PP

NP NP

N Infl V P

N N

you did eat what for lunch

Surface structure

NP C S

Infl NP PP

NP NP

N N Infl V P

N N

what did you e eat e for lunch

e) Who should this be reported to

Deep structure

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