《英语语言学》答案完整版
《英语语言学概论》答案完整版
考核方法：闭卷考试
时间：100分钟
题型：
I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?)
II．判断(15×1?=15?)
III．填空(10×1?=10?)
IV．术语解释(5×2? =10?)
V．简答题(4×5? =20?)
VI. 分析题（30’）
重点掌握的术语：
1. Linguistics语言学
The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.
2. design features设计特点
They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality.
3. Displacement移位
Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places.
4. Duality二元性
It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously.
5. Arbitrariness任意性
It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.
6. Manner of articulation发音方法
It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated.
7. Place of articulation发音部位
It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated.
8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学
The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics.
9. Phonology音系学
The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language.
10. Assimilation同化
It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g].
11. Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词
A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word
…donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.
12. Morpheme词素
It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s.
13. Immediate Constituent直接成份
It is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to show constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction.
14. Syntax 句法；语法
The study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence.
15.semantics 语义学
The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular.
16. Hyponymy 下义关系，上下位关系
When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy.
17. Homonymy同音异义
It is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial institution as well.
18.synonymy 同义
It refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide.
19. Pragmatics 语用学
The study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey.
20. Synchronic 共时性，历时性
It is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time.
第一章语言的起源
概念辨析
The “bow-wow” theory
The “yo-heave-ho” theory
思考
“bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在？
The former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them while‘yo-he-ho? theory means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort
自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？
On the one hand, it does not answer our question regarding the origins of the sounds produced because primates have grunts and social calls, but they do not have developed the capacity for speech.
On the other hand, soundless and abstract things have not been explained since a language cannot be only a set of words used as‘names? for entities.
第三章语言的属性
概念辨析
language
Design features of language
Displacement
Arbitrariness
Duality
应用
能够根据所观察到的语言现象来解释语言的定义性特征。
能够根据语言的定义性特征来区别人类语言和动物交流系统
思考
人类语言有哪些功能？
First, it has the function of cultural transmission. People pass knowledge, skills from one generation to the next only through oral language especially in the old days,
Second, it has the function of communication. Human use their language to communicate with each other, socially or emotionally, to indicate their friendliness, cooperation or annoyance and pleasure.
Third, it plays an important role in thinking. Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel it necessary to speak their thoughts aloud.
动物交流系统里存在“说谎”吗？
It absolutely exists in animal communication system. For example, some animals will pretend to die to avoid being eaten. Therefore,it is common phenomenon in animal for survive or foods.
第五章语音学
概念辨析
Articulatory/acoustic/auditory phonetics
manners of articulation vs. places of articulation
Consonants vs. V owels
Whether they are produced with obstruction of the air stream in the mouth.
phonetics vs. Phonology
Production and characteristics of speech sound vs. How speech sound forms and abstract or mental aspect of it.
broad transcription vs. narrow transcription
Whether they have allophones
理解
Speech organs
The classification and description of consonants
The classification and description of vowels
应用
能够识别发声器官图中的发声器官名称
Vocal cords声带alveolar 齿龈palate 上颚velum软腭
能够根据发音部位/方式英语辅音进行分类和描述。
发音部位bilabial [p][b][m][w] labiodental [f][v] dental[θ][e] alveolar[t][d][s][z]
a l v e o-p a l a t a l[?][?][t?][d?][j]v e l a r[k][g][?]g l o t t a l[h]
发音方式Fricative [f][v][θ][e][s][z][?][?] affricate[t?][d?]
能够描述元音
前元音/i/ /i:/ /e/ /?/
中元音/?/ /?/ /?:/
后元音/u/ /u:/ /?/ /?:/ /a:/
思考
长元音是短元音的时间延长吗？
the length and tenseness in articulation.
基本元音系统在元音描述和分类中有什么用处？
With the cardinal vowel as reference, the vowel in a particular language can be accurately described without much difficulty.
第六章音系学
概念辨析
Phonetics vs. Phonology
Phones, Phonemes and allophones
The minimal unit in the sound system of a language is phoneme. Many different versions of that sound-type produced in actual speech are phones. And these phones are allophones.(from abstract to specific and the whole of the specific.)
Phonemic contrast vs. Complementary distribution
Phoneme vs allophone(like [p=] and [p h])
Syllables
Must contain a vowel sound.
assimilation
理解
The relation among phones, phonemes and allophones
The different types of assimilation
Regressive, progressive and double assimilation
The different types of deletion(elision)
应用
能够分析语音学和音系学的区别
能够根据根据音位对立概念来组建和设计最小对子和最小对子组
能够根据互补分布概念来理解同一音位在不同语音环境下的发音效果
能够清楚地分析音节结构
能够根据同化现象来解释语流中的音变现象
思考
如何确定语言中的音位？
we can distinguish a phoneme in terms of meaning because each phoneme can produce different meaning in a language, such as, [s]sound in the word …sing? and [θ]sound in the word …thing?. Since the two words have different meaning, the two sound are different phonemes.
开音节和闭音节有何不同？
第七章构词法
概念辨析
Blending vs. Clipping
The combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term such as …smog?which is from smoke and fog.
The element of reduction is called clipping such as gas which is used more frequently than gasoline.
Derivation vs. Back-formation
It is the most common word-formation process in the production of new words by means of affixes.
Prefix vs. Suffix
Added to the beginning of a word or the end of the word.
运用
能够根据构词法来辨识所出现的新词
Coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym and derivation.
思考
前缀和后缀在构词法中的作用有何不同？
In general, prefixes are to show the direction of the original form while suffixes are to show the parts of speech of it.
转类词(converse)和同音同形异义(homonymy)字有差异吗？
Converse emphasize the difference if its part of speech while homonymy focus on the difference in its meaning.
第八章形态学
概念辨析
Free morphemes vs. Bound morphemes
Whether they can stand by themselves as single words.
Lexical morphemes vs. Functional morphemes
Whether they carry the …content? of message we convey.
Derivational morphemes vs. Inflectional morphemes
The former are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.
The latter are used to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.(plural or single, past tense or not, comparative or possessive,present participant or past participant.)
理解
Morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
应用
能够根据词素的分类对英语句子进行简单的形态描述
e.g.The girl -?s wild ness shock -ed the
(functional) (lexical) (inflectional) (lexical) (derivational) (lexical) (inflectional)(functional)
teach er -?s
(lexical) (derivational) (inflectional)
能够区分派生词素和曲折变化词素
思考
序数词词尾是派生词素还是屈折变化词素？
派生词素
词根和词干有什么区别？
Root is the form which cuts out all its affixes while stem is the form which only deletes its inflectional morphemes. For example …teacher? is stem while …teach? is root in the word …teachers?.
第九章短语和句子
概念辨析
Prescriptive grammar vs. Modern linguistics
Collect some samples of the language then describe the regular structures of it.
理解
Agreement (number/person), gender (natural gender/grammatical gender),case
Tense, aspect and voice of verbs
掌握
Parts of speech
Noun adjective verb adverb conjunction (what does it refer to and how it is used)
IC analysis
应用
能应用直接成分分析法对英语简单句进行分析并标示节点名称
｛S〔NP[A rt The] [N dog]〕〔VP[V followed]〔NP[Art the] [N dog]〕〕｝.
学会直接成分分析法树形图的绘制
S
NP VP
Det N V NP
Det N
The the ball
第十章句法
概念辨析
Deep structure vs. Surface structure
An abstract level of structural organization or not
理解
Generative grammar
Analogically, if the sentences of a language can be seen as a comparable set, then there must be a set of explicit rules that can produce all those sentences. Such a set of explicit rules is a generative grammar.
Phrase structure rules
rules state that the structure of a phrase of a specific type will consist of one or more constituents in a particular order.
S→NP VP VP→V NP (PP)(Adv)
NP→{Art (Adj) N,PN} PP→Prep NP
Recursion
repeat some symbols on the right of the arrow. e.g. VP→V S
掌握
Syntactic description
Phrase structure rules
应用
能应用表层结构和深层结构概念来分析歧义结构（结构树形图）
能应用短语规则来分析ungrammatical sentences的原因
学会绘制句子结构的树形图
S
NP VP
Art N V NP Adv
PN
The father helped George yesterday.
第十一章语义学
概念辨析
Conceptual meaning vs. Associative meaning
Whether it covers those basic, essential components of meaning
Homonymy vs. Polysemy
It has a single entry or not.
理解
Componential analysis
Features such as ‘+animate, ?animate’; ‘+human, ?human’, ‘+female, ?female’.
Semantic roles
Agent and theme (patient) Instrument and experiencer Location, source and goal
掌握
各类词汇语义关系如synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy 等
Synonymy同义vs. Antonymy反义hyponymy上下义关系homonymy同形异义vs. Polysemy 多义（a single entry,express one meaning of it but in different specific aspects)
Collocation
One word tend to occur when conveying others which is the distinct side from the original one.
应用
能应用反义关系概念对反义词进行分类（分级、互补、关系）
Gradable antonymys are the ones that the negative of one member of them does not necessary imply the other.
Non-gradable antonymys or complementary pairs
能应用词源理论来对同音同形异义和一词多义进行辨析
第十二章语用学
概念辨析
direct speech vs. indirect speech
Whether the result of it is an direct speech act.
locutionary act/illocutionary act (force)/perlocutionary act
Locutionary act (发话行为): the act performed when we speak, i.e. the act of producing a sound, word or sentence. If we say a word “Good.”,we produced a word.
Illocutionary act(行事行为): we make clear our purpose in producing sounds, the way we intend them to be understood (force); the act performed by saying something. If we say a word “Good.”, we are praising him or her.
Perlocutionary act (取效行为): the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. If we say a
word “Good.”, we want to make him or her happy.
cooperative principle vs. conversational implicature
Cooperative Principle (CP): Make your conversational contribution such as is required , at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
Conversational Implicature (含义): the implied meaning
掌握
语用学与语义学的核心区别
Pragmatics focus on content not only its meaning.
合作原则的四个准则
QUANTITY Make your contribution as informative as is required.
Ex.---- Where is X?
---- He’s gone to the library. He said so when he left.
QUALITY Try to make your contribution on that is true.
Ex. Every nice girl loves a sailor.
RELATION Make your words are relevant to what people talk about.
Ex.---- Mrs. X is an old bag.
---- The weather has been quite delightful this summer, hasn’t it?
MANNER Be perspicuous.
Ex. “Never seek to tell thy love, Love that never told can be.”
implicature与illocutionary act的共同点
The real intention are both not the words themselves but the the inner purpose of the speaker.
应用
能够用例子分别说明言语行为理论的三个概念。
能准确表达合作原则的四个准则，并能举例说明，还能表述违背某一准则而得出的会话含义。
了解会话含义的几个特征，并能用例子给予解释说明。
(i) Calculability
Ex. Referential letter
(ii) Cancelability/Defensibility
Ex. a. John has three cows.
b. John has only three cows.
c. John has three cows, if no more.
d. John has at least three cows.
(iii) Non-detachability
A conversational implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form. Ex. a. John’s a genius.
b. John’s a mental prodigy.
c. John’s an enormous intellect.
d. John’s a big brain.
(iv) Non-conventionality
a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims
Ex. a. John has three cows.
b. John has only three cows.
c. John has some cows.
代表性人物
Chomsky 乔姆斯基转换-生成语法创始人Saussure 瑞士索绪尔现代语言学之父Bloomfield 布龙菲尔德美国结构主义语言学
教育学复习题及答案
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英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
英语语言学总结
第一章 All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a systm of semantics. 语音系统，词汇语法系统和语义系统。 Language is a means of verbal communication. Design Features of language: the features that define our human languages. 决定了语言性质特征叫定义特征 Design Features: Arbitratiness(任意性)：the froms of liguistic signs bear no natural relationsip to their meaning.语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联 系。 1\ Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ists meaning语素音义关系的任意性 2\ Arbitrariness at the syntactic level 句法层面上的任意性。 Syntactic: the sentences are constructed according to the grammar of arrangement. 句法学，是依据语法规定构建句子结 构的方法。 3\ Arbitrariness and convention 任意性和规约性 Duality（二层性）: is meant the propertry of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特 性，上层结构的单位底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合 规则。 Sound-the only function is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning相互组合构成有意义的单位。 Creativity（创造性）：is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. 源于二层性和递归性 Displacement(移位性)：human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.人类语言可以让使用者在交往 时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体时间或 观点。比如现在说孔子。 语言功能： 1. informative, also called ideational function. 信息功能也叫概念功能 2) Performative施为功能，is to change the social status of persons. 改变人 的社会地位，比如仪式。 3) Emotive Function感情功能 4) Phatic communion寒暄功能 5) Recreational Function娱乐功能
教育学复习资料参考答案
教育学复习资料参考答案 一、名词解释 1.接受学习：接受学习，即学习内容以现成的定论的形式直接呈现，与学习者已形成的认识结构联系起来，以实现对这种学习材料的掌握的学习方式。在形式上有听讲法、读书指导法、自学法等。目前，接受学习成为课堂学习的主要形式。 2.课程设计:课程设计是指课程机构的编制，主要解决依据培养目标设置哪些课程以及解决课程的标准问题。 3.读书指导法：是教师指导学生通过阅读教科书、参考书和课外读物获取知识、培养独立阅读能力的教学方法。亦称阅读和围绕阅读材料进行的活动法。 4.教育目的：教育目的是指国家或社会对教育所要造就的人的质量规格所作的总体规定与要求。具体来讲，教育目的是指教育活动所要达到预期结果，是人们对受教育者达成状态的期望，即人们期望受教育者通过教育在身心诸方面发生什么样的变化，或者产生怎样的结果。 5.教育自传：当教师们讲述他们自己的教育故事时，这种谈论教育的方式有些像叙述自己的“自传”。我们把它叫做“教育自传”。 6.绝对评价法：是在被评价对象的集合之外，确定一个要达到的目标或标准（客观标准），再将评价对象与这个客观标准进行比较，从而判断其到达目标的程度的一种评价方法。 7.形成性评价：形成性评价主要是在教学和学习过程中进行，一般以学习内容的一个单元为评价点，采用及时的反馈和根据学生个体的差异进行有针对性的矫正。 8.教育:教育就其定义来说，有广义和狭义之分。广义的教育泛指增进人们的知识、技能和身体健康，影响人们的思想观念的所有活动。包括社会教育、学校教育和家庭教育。狭义的教育主要是指学校教育，是教育者根据一定的社会要求，有目的、有计划、有组织地对受教育者施加身心影响，把他们培养成一定社会或阶级所需要的人的活动。 9.课程目标：课程目标广义为课程总目标，狭义为分科课程目标，各领域、各学科的教育目标，是指从某一领域或某一学科的角度所规定的人才培养具体规格和质量要求（分科目标）。 10.教学也有广义、狭义之分。从广义上看，凡是有教有学、教与学统一的活动，都可称作教学。这里，教学包含了通过某种传授形式获得知识和发展的一种活动。狭义的教学指学校的教学活动，是教师有计划、有组织地引导学生学习教材，掌握知识、技能，发展智能，增强体质，形成科学世界观和良好个性的教育活动。 11.学校教育：学校教育是教育者根据一定的社会要求，有目的、有计划、有组织地对受教育者施加身心影响，把他们培养成一定社会或阶级所需要的人的活动。 12.人性化教育：是建立在人本心理学基础上的教育理念，它强调教育应以人为中心，重视教育的人性需要，尊重人的尊严和人格，重视人的主体性、主动性、创造性和人的个性的全面发展。人性化教育是以尊重人格和学生的主体性存在为前提的教育，是使人获得健全人格，使人性得到完满实现的教育。
普通遗传学(第2版)杨业华课后习题及答案
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大学英语语言学练习题
I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only. 1. Clear ［1］and dark [?] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24) 2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32) 3. Consonant sounds can be either?voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16) 4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative?principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87) 5.??Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4) 6.?An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18) 7.?XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46) 9.??While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70) 11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70) 12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70) 13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70) 14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15) 16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70) 18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70) 19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)
英语语言学讲解
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三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
现代教育学答案完整版
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三、《学记》、《理想国》、《论语》、《雄辩术原理》等教育著作在教育史上的地位 1.《学记》，是我国及世界上最早的一篇集中论述教育和教学问题的论著。它是中国古代一部典章制度专著《礼记》（《小戴礼记》）中的一篇，系统而全面地阐明了教育的目的及作用，教育和教学的制度、原则和方法，教师的地位和作用，教育过程中的师生关系以及同学之间的关系。 2. 柏拉图是古代著名的哲学家、教育家，是西方哲学史客观唯心主义的最大代表任务，他的《理想国》是西方教育史上第一座重要的里程碑，他最早提出了完整地教育体系，是西方教育思想的重要奠基人。 3. 《论语》是儒家的经典著作之一，由孔子的弟子及其再传弟子编撰而成，其中蕴含着极为丰富和有价值的教育思想。孔子的学说成为我国两千多年封建文化教育的正统。 4. 《雄辩术原理》是西方最早的专门论述教育问题的著作。穆勒评价：他的著作是整个文化教育领域中古代思想的百科全书。
遗传学课后习题答案
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英语语言学练习题(含答案))
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies
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