商务文本翻译尺度的探讨

[收稿日期]2003206217

[作者简介]彭　萍(19-),女,北京外国语大学讲师,北京大学英语系博士研究生,研究方向:翻译学与中西文化比较。

A pp lied P hy sics A :M aterials S cience &P rocessing ,V o lum e 77,N um ber 1 June 2003.

A pp lied P hy sics

B :L asers and Op tics ,V o lum e 76,N um ber

4 A p ril 2003.E ng ineering w ith Co m p u ters ,V o lum e 18,N um ber 4

N ovem ber 27,2002.

B asic R esearch in Card iology ,V o lum e 98,N um ber 3 M ay

2003.

A Co m par ison between Ch i nese and Fore ign Sc ien tif ic and Techn ica l Per iod ica ls

——V o ice D istribu ti on and F ron t 2W eigh t Sen tence’s U se F requency

H E R u i 2qing

(Fo reign L anguages Co llege ,Zhanjiang O cean U niversity ,Zhanjiang ,Guangdong 524088,Ch ina )

[Abstract ]T he statistics of vo ice distributi on and front 2w eigh t sentence’s use frequency from English abstracts in Ch inese and fo reign scientific and technical peri odicals indicate that Ch inese autho rs use passive vo ice and front 2w eigh t sentence mo re fre 2quently than fo reign autho rs ,particularly tho se from English 2speak ing countries .T h is is because quite m any dom estic au 2tho rs equate scientific and technical docum ents in English w ith English abstracts in scientific and technical peri odicals ,un 2aw are of the latter’s uniqueness in structure ;blindly believe that the effectiveness of passive vo ice is universal ;m istake do 2m estic standard fo r internati onal standard ;do no t stick to the standard abstract structure .T he info r m ati on structure theo ry and the statistics p rove that front 2w eigh t sentence is undesirable .

[Key words ]scientific and technical peri odicals ;English abstracts ;vo ice distributi on ;front 2w eigh t sentence ;info r m ati on structure

上海科技翻译

S hang hai J ou rnal of T ranslators f or S cience and T echnology 2004N o .1

商务文本翻译尺度的探讨

彭　萍　(北京外国语大学国际商学院,北京100089)

[摘要]本文认为,对商务文本的翻译来说,中外翻译史上的翻译标准大多数显得笼统,根据商务文本本身的特点、翻译

的目的和译文的读者层,作者认为商务文本翻译的具体尺度应该是意思准确,术语规范,语气贴切。

[关键词]商务文本;翻译尺度[中图分类号]H 315.9

[文献标识码]B

[文章编号]100026141(2004)0120019204

在讨论商务文本的翻译尺度之前,我们首先来回顾一下国内外对翻译标准的探讨,看这些标准是否能真正指导商务翻译实践。

对翻译标准问题的探讨历来是中外翻译界的热点问题。在我国,翻译标准一直是翻译理论界讨论的焦点问题。比如支谦的“循本旨,不加文饰”,道安的“尽从实录,不令有损言游字”,玄奘的“既须求真,又须喻俗”,这些有关翻译的观点都是他们在翻译佛经过程中的一些主张。后来又出现了严复的“信”、“达”、“雅”之说,傅雷的“神似”说,钱钟书的“化境”说,而这些标准是针对文学翻译而言的。在西方,泰特勒(T ytler )认为翻译应该保存原作的思想、风格

和手法以及原作的通顺,现代的翻译标准有奈达的

“动态对等”(dynam ic equ ivalence )和后来的“功能对等”

(functi onal equ ivalence )和苏联费道罗夫的“等值论”。①这些标准,实际上仍然离不开“忠实”二字。

如果用以上这些标准来指导商务文本的翻译,似乎显得过于笼统。笔者认为翻译的问题应该具体问题具体分析,因为具体的翻译受到翻译的性质、翻译的目的以及不同读者群的制约。②所以我们不妨具体来考察一下商务文本的翻译尺度问题。

就翻译的功能而言,具体表现在模拟信息、揭示思维模式、满足人们的审美娱乐感、丰富译入语及缩

91?

小世界语言距离几个方面③。商务活动直接涉及到交易双方的经济利益,任何一方均想从谈判、合同、协议以及最后交易中获得最大利益,正如人们所说,商场如战场。同时,商务文件又涉及到双方的权利和义务,这就要求译者忠实地把原作的内容模拟出来。同时,在文本中,双方又都不失礼貌、客气,商务材料和文件无论从用词、句法结构还是行文方式上都相当严谨,其措辞显得天衣无缝,从文体上说属于庄严文体,非常正式。因此,译者也要模拟出原文的语气和文体。这样就可以避免产生歧义现象,免得引起误解或由于措辞不严谨而被对方利用。这样看来,模拟信息和揭示思维模式这两种功能在商务翻译中就表现得尤为突出。

另外,翻译面对的是不同的读者层,比如我们不得不承认W TO公约的读者与《简爱》的读者层是不一样的。不同的读者层对翻译的要求和期望值也不一样。商务材料和文件的读者不同于文学欣赏的娱乐性读者。娱乐性读者最看中的便是译作的审美价值,而商务材料和文件的译文读者属于“一般业务性需要读者层”④,他们所看重的并不是译作本身的审美价值,不期望能从译文中获得多么大的审美情趣,他们看中的是译作是否正确地、或说准确地传达了原文的信息。因为他们真正关心的是其与对方的商务活动是否能进行下去、怎样进行下去,以及是否能获得最大利益等问题。商务翻译的目的也就在于满足读者这种要求。

鉴于以上有关商务文本的文体、翻译目的和译文的读者层的探讨,可以得出这样的结论,即商务文本翻译必须做到(1)意思准确;(2)术语规范;(3)语气贴切。这些堪称商务文本的具体翻译尺度,我们不妨具体看一下这几个尺度:

一、意思准确

商务文本的用词一般相当正式,措词严谨。而且翻译的目的就是让目的语一方正确了解对方的要求和规则,从而决定是否继续把商务活动进行下去或是否还要提出修改意见。前面已经说过译文的正确与否直接关系到双方的利益,所以译者必须注意,不要疏漏任何细节,要忠实地模拟原文的信息。比如,商务文本中经常会出现数字,由于英汉之间的数字进位制度不同,译者对英文表示的数字或用汉字表示的数字如果不加注意,就会把位数搞错,这样对其中一方造成的损失是可想而知的。再比如,英语商贸函电或协议中经常会出现as early as…,at least…等字眼,这些万万不能漏译,如果漏译,很可能会使贸易或协议双方产生纠纷,造成损失。

另外,牵扯到双方的权利和义务时,译者一定要弄明白权利的享有方和责任、义务的承担方到底是谁。我们来看一个例子:

例1:当事人一方违约后,对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大,没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的,不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用,由违约方承担。

对于这个例子,一定要搞清楚“当事人”、“对方”的责任和义务,明白“当事人”、“对方”和“违约方”的关系,参考译文如下:

W hen either p a rty breaches the Con tract,the other p a rty sha take certa in m easu res to p reven t the loss f ro m exp and ing.If the other p a rty d oes not take such m easu res,thus resu lting in the exp and ing of the loss,the p a rty tha t breaches the Con tract sha ll not co m p ensa te f or the exp and ed loss.T he reasonable exp enses p a id to p reven t the loss f ro m ex2 p and ing sha ll be assum ed by the p a rty who breaches the Con tract.

译文黑体部分明确地传达出了原文的有关双方责任的指称信息,虽然指称和原文比起来,显得有些重复,但这是两种语言的不同特点造成的,要正确地传达原文的信息,就不得不如此。

如果说上面内容准确是由商务文本的文件以及商务翻译的功能决定的,那么要满足译文读者的需要,还要用正确的目的语把正确的内容表达出来,因为即使内容没有错误,如果表达不清,读者也“一头雾水”。由于商务文本的句子一般较长,结构复杂,冗长重叠,所以在组织译文句子方面,要注意句子之间的连贯和必要的调整,使译文意思清晰、明了,易于被读者接受和理解。

例2:T he B uy er sha ll p ay the S eller U S＄350, 000w ith in20d ay s af ter the B ank of Ch ina has re2 ceived the f ollo w ing d ocum en ts f ro m the S eller and f ound the m in ord er,bu t not ea rlier than12 (t w elve)m on ths af ter the d a te the Con tract P lan t f or the f irst ti m e reached95?of g ua ran teed ca2 p acity of the w hole Con tract P lan t accord ing to the g ua ran teed qua lity ind ices as p er A nnex V I to the Con tract or65m on ths af ter the d a te of sig n ing the con tract,w h ichever is ea rlier.买方须于中国银行收到卖方下列单据,并经审核证实无误后的二十天内向卖方支付350,000美元,但此款项的支付不得早

于合同工厂第一次达到附件V I所规定之质量保证指标的95?以后的12个月,或本合同签字后的65个月,以早到的日期为准⑤。

这个例子中,英文只包含一个句子,这个句子相当复杂,状语从句中套着定语从句。这个时候,如果只按原文的结构和顺序翻译,势必导致中文句子冗长难懂,所以译者按中文的表达习惯,把如此复杂的英文句子译成了意思明了的汉语。

二、术语规范

商务材料涉及到经济、贸易、法律等领域,所以材料中有关这些方面的术语在所难免,有时一篇文章中比比皆是。目的语中肯定也有相应的术语。为了正确地传达原文的信息,并能使译文读者把握正确的意思,译者就需选用正确的、规范的对等术语,如果术语不正确,就很有可能导致误解,从而给商务合作造成不便、甚至是巨大的损失。我们中国不是有句“差之毫厘,谬以千里”的古训吗?所以译者对于术语的翻译要倍加小心,如果对某个词语的翻译产生疑义,就不妨问问自己:这是不是商务术语?然后去查专业的词典或向专业人士请教,千万不要匆匆下笔,比如,“不可抗力”最好不要随便译成fo rce that canno t be resisted,虽然意思正确,但不合乎术语规范,正确的英语应该是fo rce m ajeu re,再比如“信用证”应该是letter of credit,而不能顺手译成credit card。还有一些常用的词汇在商务材料里可能就不再是普通意义了,比如m ake an offer不是指“提出帮助”,而是“发盘”的意思。现在大的公司都在提倡企业文化建设,引进了一些英语词汇,比如visi on一般都译成“愿景”,o rgan izati on learn ing译成“学习型组织”。有关术语的正确翻译,我们再来看一个例句:

例3:W e enclose ou r invoice and sha ll d raw on you a t s igh t ag a inst th is sh ipm en t th roug h the loca l bank,as ag reed,w e ask y ou to p rotect up on p resen-ta tion.　发票随函寄上。我们将按约定通过本地银行向你开出这批船货的即期汇票。请见票即付。⑥英语句子中黑体部分,在一个不通商务的人看来,可以说是“丈二和尚,摸不着头脑”,而实际上sigh t draft是“即期汇票”的意思,p ay on p resen ta2 ti on也是商贸用语,是“见票即付”的意思,只不过这儿把pay换成了p ro tect。由此可见,使用规范术语的重要性。

另外译者对翻译材料中英文公司名称或人名如果不熟悉,也不要轻举妄动、想当然地去译,而是应该寻问知情者,或保留原文,以免引起误会。

三、语气贴切

商务文章一般除措词严谨外,在文体上还表现为语气委婉,注重礼节。这类文体往往使用一些固定的套语和行文模式,显得庄重,如被动语态在商务英语行文使用频繁就是说话人在尽量避免使用个人口吻,以使口气显得客观,所以我们在商务英语信函中会经常见到be requested ob liged,be app reciated 等。汉语更是如此,顾曰国在谈到中国人的礼貌原则时,就提出了“自卑而尊人”一说⑦。中国是礼仪之邦,在商务方面也表现得淋漓尽致,有一整套公函套语,往往使用“贵(处,公司)”、“谨”、“承蒙”、“乞谅见谅”等礼貌字眼,还使用“兹”、“获悉”、“为盼”等套语。鉴于中英两种语言都有自己的措词严谨方式,在翻译时我们就可以根据两种语言用词用字的严谨特点,在保持意思不变的情况下进行归化处理。下面我们来看两个例子:

例4:D ea r S irs,

I am reques ted by the Im p ort&E xp ort D ep a rt2 m en t to inf or m y ou tha t the150tons of coa l ord ered f ro m y ou r co m p any one m on th ag o has not been d e-livered.W ill you be so k ind as to institu te enqu iries concern ing th is non2d elivery?

I t w ill be app recia ted tha t y ou g ive y ou r rep ly as soon as p ossible.

Y ou rs f a ithf u lly,

A lice A ustin

(S ecreta ry of the A dm in istra tion)从这一封英文商务信函的黑体部分可以看出其措辞的严谨和语气的委婉。在翻译时,为忠实地模拟出原文的语气信息,不妨拟译如下:

敬启者:

进出口部请我通知您:一个月前从贵公司订购的150吨煤至今仍未发货,能否请您过问一下此未发货事宜?

请尽快回复,不胜感激。

您忠实的

爱丽斯?奥斯丁

(行政管理部秘书)译文的黑体部分正确地模拟了原文的语气和措词,严谨而委婉。同时,由于汉语不象英语那样频繁使用被动语态,所以被动语态在译文中被转化成了主动语态,符合中文的表达习惯。

例5:为加强大厦的安全管理,我公司将于4月

24日起对已到期的大厦租户证统一更换,烦请各租户配合。　T o streng then the secu rity m anag e m en t of the B u ild ing,the exp ired tenan ts ca rd w ill be re2 ne wed f ro m A p ril24,so it is app recia ted tha t a ll tenan ts coop era te w ith us.

这个例子中,中文措词严谨,语气显得客气,还用了“烦请”二字。在英译文中,译者使用了被动语态,恰当地再现了原文的语气。

传统意义上的翻译标准探讨,有它的局限性。结合商务活动的特点,我们对商务文本的翻译尺度做出了具体界定,即意思准确、术语规范、语气贴切。当然,要做到以上几点,商务翻译工作者应该具有扎实的汉、英语功底(包括理解和写作)、广博的商务知识、认真负责的态度并掌握一定的翻译理论和技巧。本文对商务英语中翻译的具体尺度进行了粗浅的探讨,希望能够对搞好商务英语翻译有所帮助。

①　《文艺翻译与文学交流》[苏]加切奇拉泽著,蔡毅和虞杰

编译,中国对外翻译出版公司(1987),第19页,原文是:

费道罗夫为“等值翻译”规定了这样的要求:传达原作的内容和形式并再现原作形式上的特点(在语言手段所记得范围内);创造它们的功能对应物,特别要重要传达局部即原文的各个因素或段落与整体的关系。

②　《中西诗鉴赏与翻译》,辜正坤著,湖南人民出版社

(1998),212-231页。

③　同上。第212-222页。

④　同上,第228-231页。

⑤　《英文国际经济贸易合同中状语的语用分析与翻译技

巧》,许国新,《中国翻译》2002年第3期,第61页。⑥　《大学英汉翻译教程》,王治奎等编,山东大学出版社

(1995),第220页。

⑦　《礼貌、语用与文化》,顾曰国,见《文化与交际》,胡文仲

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第十一届全国科技翻译研讨会征文通知

经中国译协科技翻译委员会、中科院科技译协与中科院研究生院和交大铭泰软件有限公司商定,第十一届全国科技翻译研讨会拟于2004年8月上中旬在中科院研究生院(北京)举行,为期4天。

本届研讨会主题为“信息化技术在科技翻译方面的应用”。交流内容主要包括:(1)信息技术在翻译过程中的成功应用、问题及其探讨;(2)机器翻译和移动语音识别的发展方向及对当前机器翻译软件的评价;(3)计算机辅助翻译技术(CA T)在翻译中的成功应用及其分析;(4)加入W TO以后的科技、经贸、法律、媒体等方面的翻译;(5)口译;(6)科技新术语研究现状与推广;(7)科技翻译人才与电子化翻译人才的培养、科技翻译课程的设置;(8)科技图书、论文翻译质量评估。

论文要求:参会者请在2004年4月30日前提交正式论文(打印稿:A4纸,汉字5号宋体,论文6000字为宜,摘要200字),同时请附上详细的通讯地址、联系电话、e2m ail。来稿必须是从未在其他出版物发表的创新性论文,如要求在大会发言请注明。筹备组计划于2004年5月30日前寄发正式邀请函。按下列联系地址邮寄论文5份打印件,并寄软盘,在信封左上角请注明:“第十一届全国科技翻译研讨会论文”字样,或通过电子邮件传递。

费用:会议收取注册费800元人民币(研究生凭学生证复印件、译协会员凭会员证复印件可优惠200元),往返差旅、食宿回原单位报销或自理。提前注册交费者另加280元可获赠雅信CA T翻译软件一套。

电话:010********* 传真:010********* 电子邮件:jyzhang@https://www.360docs.net/doc/0114645569.html,

联系地址:(100864)北京市西城区三里河路52号中科院科技翻译工作者协会联系人张晶莹小组

商务英语句子及翻译

1、The market leader is frequently able to lead other firms in the introduction of new products, in price changes, in the level or intensity of promotions, and so on. 市场领导者在引进新产品、调整价格、促销活动等方面能够领导其它企业。 2、Contrary to a common belief, wholly dominating a market, or having a monopoly, is seldom an advantage: competitors expand markets and find new uses and users for products, which enriches everyone in the field, but the market leader more than its competitors. 和普遍看法相反，完全控制市场，或者垄断，很难有优势：竞争者扩大市场，寻找产品的新用途和客户，从而使这个领域的人富有，但是市场领导者比竞争者得到更多。 3、In the car hire business, the challenger actually advertises this fact: for many years Avis used the slogan ‘We’re number two. We try harder.’ 在汽车市场，竞争者登广告的真相是：阿维斯多年来一直用这个标语“我们是第二，我们一直很努力。” 4、Although small companies are generally flexible, and can quickly respond to market conditions, their narrow range of customers causes problematic fluctuations in turnover and profit. 尽管一些小公司很灵活，能够迅速对市场情况做出反应，他们有限的范围内的客户们导致翻覆波动和利润的不确定。5、Although the market could understand data concerning companies’earnings, it was highly inefficient in valuing assets, including land, buildings and pension funds. 尽管市场能够获悉企业收入的资料，对价值资产的利用效率非常低，包括土地，建筑和养老基金。 6、The ideal targets for such buyouts were companies with huge cash reserves that enabled the buyer to pay the interest on the debt, or companies with successful subsidiaries that could be sold to repay the principal, or companies in fields that are not sensitive to a recession such as food and tobacco.

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1、我们愿与贵公司建立业务往来。 We are willing to establish trade relations with your company. 2、我们愿为发展双方贸易提供机会。 We wish to offer you an opportunity to develop bilateral trade. 3、我公司经营电子产品的进出口业务，希望与贵方建立商业关系。 This corporation specializes in importing and exporting electronic products and wishes to enter into business relations with you. 4、根据你公司1月20日来函要求，现附寄目录一份。 As requested in your letter of Jan.20, we enclose a copy of our catalogue. 5、对你努力为我公司开拓市场，深表感谢 We very much appreciate your efforts to explore the market for our products. 6、我们相信，我们双方的业务将随着时间的推移而得到发展。 We are sure that the business between us will be promoted in years to come. 7、我们保证对于贵方的询价给予充分的重视。 We assure you of our best attention to any inquiries from you. 8、殷切地盼望早日来函。We anticipate a prompt reply from you. 9、如果你方报价具有竞争性，交货期可接受的话，我们愿向你方订货。 We shall be very glad to place our order with you if your quotation is competitive and delivery date acceptable. 10、一旦收到你方具体询价，我们将电告报价。 As soon as we receive your specific inquiry, we will cable our quotation. 11、如果你方有兴趣，请电告我方，说明所需数量。 If you are interested, please cable us, indicating the quantity you require. 12、此发价为实盘，以你方在本月底前复到有效。 This offer is firm, subject to your reply which should reach us not later than the end of this month. 13、我们对贵方发盘颇感兴趣，几日内将给予明确答复。 We find your offer very interesting and shall give you a definite reply in a few days. 14、鉴于我们长期的贸易关系，特报此盘。 It is in view of our longstanding business relationship that we make you such an offer. 15、这是我方最新价格单，您会发现我们价格是具有竞争性的。 This is our latest price list. You will find our price is very competitive. 16、如果你方订货数量大，价格还可以进一步考虑。 We can reconsider our price if your order is big enough. 17、若你方愿降低价格，比方说百分之五，我们愿向你方试订此货。 Should you be prepared to reduce the price by, say 5%, we should place trial order with you. 18、鉴于我们已按此价与买主大量成交，我们不可能再降价了。 In view of the fact that we have done a lot of business with buyers at this price, we cannot reduce our price any further. 19、我们建议你方再次考虑发价，使之与国际市场价格一致起来。 We suggest that you reconsider your price, and bring it into line with the international market price. 20、我方决定再作百分之二的让步，希望这能有助于你方推销产品。 We have decided to make a further concession of 2% in the hope that this will help you push the sales of our

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