雅思阅读同义替换词大总结
雅思阅读同义替换词大
总结
Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998
雅思阅读中同义替换词大总结
1.限制：limit, restrict, confine, define, narrow, tighten, constrict, cap,
2.narrow(v.):这个词大家以前使用的时候一般都是作为形容词来用，这里强调下它的动词的用
法。
3.. We are working on narrowing the gap between our points of view. 缩小差距
4.. We’re working to narrow down the list of possible suspects.
5.. The smoking causes the same diseases in women as in men and the gap between
their death rates is narrowing.
6.define (v.):这个词大家以前熟悉的意思是给……下定义, 这个意思和限制并不矛盾，什么叫下
定义就是描述出一个事物的轮廓，所以定义就是在一个给定的范围内给一个事物限定的特定的意思。（define的英文解释： If you define something, you show, describe, or state clearly what it is and what its limits are, or what it is like）
7.. The Supreme Court decision could define how far Congress can go in trying to
determine the outcome of court cases.
8.cap (n./v.): 这个词最常用的意思是帽子的意思，作为限制的意思再形象不过了。. The
government has placed a cap on local council spending.
9.snow-capped mountains
10.补充信息：魔兽世界（WOW）的资料片燃烧的远征（TBC）刚刚推出的时候，在官网上就有
这么句话：An increase in the level cap to 70 大家不妨体会下这句话中的cap的意思（当然了，有游戏功底的理解起来相当的easy,再次强调本人的原则：游戏不是坏事，能学以致用就好）
11.
12.在NBA里面就有工资帽这种说法（工资帽的概念1984年被引入，NBA联盟和球员工会之间
首先进行谈判，只有双方同意，工资帽才被正式公布。每年NBA的工资帽都在增加，1997-98赛季是2690万美元，上赛季是4384万美元，而如今则是4387万美元。那么什么是工资帽呢工资帽的具体数额和NBA前一年的总收入密切相关。具体来说，这个工资帽是根据NBA前一年
的总收入，然后取这个总收入的48％作为NBA球队花钱的资本，再拿这个48％后的收入再除以29（NBA上赛季球队总数），得出的平均数就是当年的工资帽，各球队花在球员身上的工资总额不得超过这个数字。）
13.集中，聚焦于：focus on, concentrate on, aim, spotlight, be engrossed in,
lay/place/put emphasis on, deal only with, highlight,
14.spotlight(v./n.):本意是聚光灯的意思
15.. A new report has turned the spotlight on the problem of poverty in the inner
cities.
16.. The report has turned the spotlight on the startling rise in street crime.
17.. Unemployment is once again in the spotlight.
18.. The article spotlights the problems of the homeless.
19.engross (v.): 全神贯注于某事
20.. The scene was stunning, and for a time engrossed all our attention.
21.. He was so engrossed in his book that he didn’t hear her come in.
22.highlight(v./n.):本意为用高亮度标记
23.. The incident has served to highlight the problems of urban deprivation.|
24.highlight 作名词用表示一系列事情的亮点，高潮，最精彩所在，
25.. That weekend in Venice was definitely the highlight of our trip.
26.. The highlight of the trip was visiting the Great Wall of China.
27.现代的，最新的：contemporary, modern, current, present, recent, up-to-
date, latest
28.这里需要注意latest不要翻成最晚的，是最新的，最近的意思
29.up-to-date(a.):最新的
30.. They have access to up-to-date information through a computer database.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/017951439.html,test (a.):最新的
32.. the latest fashions from the Paris catwalks.
33.contemporary:现代的，这个词准确的来说和最近的（latest）意思还是有区别的，不果的
阅读考试大部分词考得都是词和词之间的相关性，其实也不太有可能两个词的意思是完全一样
的，一般来说只要他们意思相关，并且不发生矛盾的话，我们就可以认为他们之间是同义词。这也就是为什么contemporary会和latest在一组的原因了。
34.增长：grow, increase, expand, rise, improve, soar, climb, extend, rocket,
35.
36.improve:这个词在这里需要强调下，这个词在某些特定的场合下甚至可以表示下降的意思，
例如：犯罪率在improve，像这种不好的事情得到了改善
37.soar (v.):飙升
38.. The price of petrol has soared in recent weeks.
39.rocket(v./n.):作名词是火箭的意思, 动词: 直线上升
40.. Stock prices rocketed to their highest level yesterday.这组词在阅读和写作当中可能
会发生词性的变化，主要是形容词，动词和名词这三种间的转换。
41.grow-growing-growth; increase-increasing-increase; expand-expanding-
expansion; rise-rising-rise; improve-improved-improvement; extend-extended-extension; climb-climbing-climb
42.悲观的，忧郁的： pessimistic, gloomy, depressed, depressing, hopeless,
sad, blue, unhappy, low-spirited, mournful, dismal, miserable, glum,
broken-hearted , down in the dumps(informal),
43.pessimistic(a.):悲观的
44.. Doctors are pessimistic about his chances of making a full recovery.
45.gloomy (a.):衰退的, 忧郁的,
46.. Frank dismissed these gloomy thoughts from her mind.
47.blue (a.): 这个词可以解释为蓝调即悲伤忧郁的音乐,不过只能用复数形式blues
48.. She usually calls her mother when she’s feeling blue.
49.blue这个词还有高贵的意思，例如这个短语：blue-blooded 表示出生于皇室家族或者社会
地位很高的家族
50.blue book这个词大家可千万不要多想，它一般指英国官方发布的蓝皮书（封面通常是蓝色
的）（yellow pages黄页即包含电话号码和公司地址的黄色封面的书）
51.blue movie色情电影，不过这种用法差不多已经过时了，现在一般都说porn movie
52.blue chip 蓝筹股即表现优异的，或者值得投资的股票
53.blue collar蓝领
54.加速，前进：accelerate, speed up, advance, hasten, quicken, develop,
hurry,
55.accelerate(v.)：物理学中的加速度就是这个单词
56.. The decline of her health seemed to suddenly accelerate.
57.develop (v.): 发展，也就是说现在的速度比原先的快才能叫发展，所以develop和和加速
这个意思是属于相关词
58.在这里需要强调一下，英文当中越简单的东西，它的用法是越丰富的，这里简单列几个
develop常用的几个词条
59.develop liver disease 得病
60.develop the pictures 冲照片
61.advance(v.): 进步，前进
62.. The group's research has done much to advance our knowledge of the HIV
virus.
63.相似的，相同的similar, alike, resemble, same, resemble, identical, still(这个
词需要体会), analogous, twin,
64.alike (a.): . The two versions of the text are alike in many ways.
65.resemble (v.): . Soldiers are trained under conditions that closely resemble real
combat.
66.identical (a.): . This house is almost identical to the one where I lived as a child.
67.still:仍然这个词放在这里大家不要觉得很奇怪，大家想想看，如果两句话用still相连接，
是不是表示两句话当中肯定有相同的事情发生呢例：十多年过去了，我仍然……后半句话我没有写完，但相信大家都能看出我在十年后肯定有和十年前相同的地方。所以still是个信号词，是same的相关词
68.analogous (a.): . Marine construction technology like this is very complex,
somewhat analogous to trying to build a bridge under water.
69.twin (n./v./a.): 记住阿娇和阿萨就记住这个单词了，本意是双胞胎的意思
70.. identical twin
71.. the twin problems of poverty and unemployment/Meet my twin sister.
72.. The opera twins the themes of love and death.
73.. Chichester in England is twinned with Chartres in France.
74.颜色colour(red, blue, brown, etc.),hue, pigment, shade, tint, tone, dye,
75.首先需要和大家说明的是colour的同义词并不是很多，从上的变化来看，对颜色的变化集中
在将colour变成几种具体的颜色，这需要大家在考试的时候尤其注意。
76.hue (n.):色彩/观点，信念
77.. Her paintings capture the subtle hues of the countryside in autumn.
78.. political opinions of every hue (= of many kinds)
79.表示深色的形容词：dark, deep, rich
80.表示浅色的形容词：light, pale, soft, pastel
81.表示颜色很鲜艳，很亮的形容词：bright, brilliant, vivid,
82.shade (n.):色调，颜色的深浅
83.. a delicate/pale/rich/soft shade of red
84.pigment, dye (n.):颜料，染料
85.tint和tone不需要掌握，大家只需要知道他们两个都是表示颜色的，只需要看到认识，不需
要掌握用法。
86.重要的,必要的,必不可少的，关键的，有意义的，
important,significant,seminal,weighty,critical,momentous,vital,essential,cr ucial,indispensable,necessary,key,pivotal, chief, principal, leading, historic, (反义词：unimportant, trivial, minor, irrelevant, insignificant)
87.这组词不仅在阅读中很重要，在写作中也尤为值得一提，这组词直接的或者间接的都表示重要
的意思。
88.significant (a. ): . Volunteer tutoring programs can have a significant impact on
student achievement.
89.significant还可以表示变化很大或者大量的意思：
90.. A significant number of drivers still refuse to wear seat belts.
91.critical (a.):至关重要的，危及的
92.. Foreign trade is of critical importance to the economy.
93.Eight people were killed and four are still in a critical condition.
94.题外话：critical point在游戏中可以指暴击点数的意思
95.momentous(a. ): 有意义的
96.. The revolution taking place in Eastern Europe must be counted as one of the
most momentous events of this century.
97.vital (a.): . Regular exercise is vital for your health.
98.. The tourist industry is of vital importance to the national economy. (of vital
importance= very important)
99.vital signs: 生命特征（判断一个人是否还活着，例如心跳，体温等）
100.indispensable (a.): 必不可少的
101.. International cooperation is indispensable to resolving the problem of the drug trade.
102.necessary：这个词可以说是这组词里最简单，但也是最容易弄错的一个，很多学生都会说必要的和重要的是有不同的：重要的不一定是必要的，但必要的一定是重要的。关于这点的解释大家可以参考上面的similar和same的解释。
103.紧急的，迫不及待的,临近的urgent, pressing, crucial, critical, immediate, emergent,
104.pressing(a.): . Poverty is a more pressing problem than pollution.
105.immediate (a. ): 急切的，迫切的，接近/临近的（这个词条非常常用，特别是后面接地点的时候，基本上都是表示接近和靠近的意思）
106.. There is an immediate danger of war.
107.. It is a thriving shopping centre for the people who live in the immediate (=local) area.
108.immediate family: 直系亲属（父母，子女，兄弟姐妹等）
109.长期的，慢性的chronic, persistent, long-term, habitual, long-standing, 反义词：acute
110.chronic(a.):这个单词的本意是慢性的，引申出长期的意思，或者说是这个单词的解释中包
含长期的意思。
111.. chronic heart disease
112.. There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
113.. He was a chronic alcoholic and unable to hold down a job. /chronic gambler 114.chron-这个前缀和时间有关，chronicle编年史（把历史事件按照时间来排列编成的一本
书）（来自希腊神话中宙斯(Zeus)他老爸的名字：Cronos。该神害怕自己的子女反抗自己，曾
吞食了自己的后代，就象时间的无情，吞噬一切---利用古罗马，古希腊的神话故事来背单词是
种不错的培养兴趣的背单词的方法，而且在的写作中有很多还可以用得上，何乐而不为，在随
后的词条中会陆续介绍）chronometer计时仪（常用语科学领域的）
115.habitual (a.):习惯性的（养成习惯了，那肯定是长期形成的）
116.. an habitual smoker/drinker/liar/criminal
117.long-standing (a.): . a long-standing relationship/debate
118.人工的，人造的，合成的artificial, synthetic, false, man-made, manufactured, artificial intelligence(AI)=machine reasoning
119.artificial (a.): 人工的
120.. an artificial limb/flower/sweetener/fertilizer/colours
121.synthetic (a.): 人工合成的
122.. synthetic rubber
123.false (a.): 假的，错误的（在某些时候人工的，合成的，不就是大家眼中的假货么不是到大
家有没有看过前段时间电视台的那个激情四溢的侯总，他说的仿钻不就是我们所说的假货么，大
家好好体会）
124.false teeth/hair/eyelashes etc 假牙/假发/假睫毛
125.false friend: 就是来自一对不同两个语言的词（或者是两个字母表中的字母）看起来或者是
听起来相仿，但是意义完全不同．例如busboy看上去很像是汽车售票员，确是表示餐厅勤杂工
的意思（这样的例子还有很多）
126.manufactured (a.):人造的（其实manu-这个前缀本来是表示用手工制造的意思，但是随着时间的推移，这个前缀已经逐渐转变为用机器大批量制造的意思了，例如：The firm
manufactures women’s clothing.）
127.. a news story manufactured by an unscrupulous journalist
128.联系,连接,绑定link, associate, connect, relate, tie, unite, attach, bind,
129.tie (v.): . My social life and business life are closely tied.
130.tie作名词有领结和平局的意思.The first game ended in a tie.
131.. Jason had taken off his jacket and loosened his tie.(=necktie)
132.tie the knot 结婚(非正式说法，一种很形象化的说法：打上蝴蝶结，类似于我们中文中的说法：结为连理或者走进教堂这种间接的说法)
133.attach (v.): 附加，固定
134.. A copy of my resume is attached to this letter.
135.attachment (n.): . old people's attachment to traditional customs 忠诚
136.. I'll send the spreadsheet as an attachment. 附件
137.. a child's attachment to its mother 依恋
138.bind (v.) 绑定这个词的发音和汉语解释绑定非常的接近，可以帮助大家记忆(Bind on Acquire/Bind on equipment打过魔兽世界的应该很熟悉这两个短语吧：拾取后绑定和装备后绑定)
139.最后需要大家在写作中注意这几个动词和介词的搭配：
140.link A to/with B; associate A with B; connect A to/with B; tie A to B; relate A to B;
bind A to B;
141.足够的，充分的,大量的sufficient, adequate, enough, abundant, ample, plenty of ,considerable, plentiful,
142.sufficient (a.): . sufficient time/resources/information 反义词：insufficient 143.. Will the growth in output be sufficient to meet the increased demand
144.adequate (a.): . an adequate supply of hot water 反义词：inadequate
145.. There is a lack of adequate provision for disabled students.
146.abundant (a.): . We have abundant evidence to prove his guilt.
147.ample (a.): 这个词一般都放在名词之前，不可以说A is ample.
148.an office complex with ample parking
149.这个词还可以用于幽默的说女性的身材很胖：a woman with an ample figure
150.considerable (a.): 大量的，不要想当然得把这个词的意思想象成和考虑有关。这个词和足够的有些区别，但再次强调它和足够的意思并不矛盾，他们之间的关系很像necessary和
important，在考试这种主要是考察考生语言和理解能力的测试中，一般来说我们不需要区分他们之间的细小的逻辑差别（负责不就变成律师资格考试啦）。
151.. issues of considerable importance
152.. We've saved a considerable amount of money.
153.
154.战争，军事，military,army,battle(field),armed
forces,attack,combat,conflict,crusade,war, the services,
155.armed forces: 武装部队/力量 arm本意是胳膊的，动词的意思是装备的意思（equip）,所以armed解释为武装的
156.. Many of the gangs are a rmed to the teeth (=carrying a lot of weapons). 武装到牙齿，这个说法很形象
157.armed还可以解释为用知识或者技能来武装自己：. She came to the meeting armed with all the facts and figures to prove us wrong.
158.crusade (n.):最初的意义是指11-13世纪之间欧洲天主教国家在解放耶路撒冷的口号之下对亚洲穆斯林国家发动的战争。到了现代，它的意义已经泛化，可以指代说话者认为具有正义性质的一切努力和行动。（十字军东征，参战者服装均饰以红十字为标志，故称“十字军”。其实这场战争并不是正义的）
159.. They led an unsuccessful crusade against government corruption.
160.. a crusade for equal rights
161.那么crusader是什么人，大家可以猜猜
162.了解历史的目的是为了，里面的很多职业都是来源于历史典故或者神话传说。一句话：学英语主要靠兴趣，无处不在的学英语才是学英语的最高境界。（不一定指游戏）
163.attack (v.): 这个词相信不用解释，给出大家很熟悉的一句话：Our forces are under attack.
164.the services：在军队中服役
165.隔绝，孤立，分离
isolation,separation,detachment,disconnect,insulate,loneliness, desolate, remote,
166.isolation (n.): . Because of its geographical isolation, the area developed its own unique culture.
167.detachment (n.): . He answered with an air of detachment.
168.insulate (v.): 绝缘insulating tape 绝缘胶带
169.lonely (a.): 孤独的（从而不开心的），注意和alone的区别（alone是表示一个人或者单单的意思，不是孤独的意思，例如travel alone）
170.desolate (v.): 荒凉的，空虚的
171.. In some of the more desolate regions, half of the active population is out of work.
172.remote (a.): . remote control 遥控器；remote chance/possibility 机会渺茫；
173.表达，申明，陈述expression, statement, announcement, communication, declaration,
174.declaration: . a ceasefire declaration
175.The Declaration of Independence独立宣言（the document written in 1776, in which the thirteen British colonies in America officially stated that they were an independent nation and would no longer agree to be ruled by Britain. The most
famous part of it is: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable
Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.）
176.
177.最高点，顶峰peak,summit,top,high point,crown,acme,zenith, highest point, 178.这组词在A类小作文当中很常见
179.peak (n./v.): . Figures produced at a World Energy Conference showed that oil and gas production should reach a peak between 1985 and 2000.
180.. Wind speeds peaked at 105 mph yesterday
181.summit (n.):山顶/峰会（就是国家首脑间的会议）
182.. A summit meeting of OPEC leaders was called to find a solution to the oil crisis. 183.. Many people have now reached the summit of Mount Everest.
184.crown (n./v.): 本意是皇冠（大家可以注意丰田有款车型就叫皇冠，车尾会印有crown这个单词）
185.. crown prince（the son of a king or queen, who is expected to become the next king）
186.crown princess
187.crown colony（a colony controlled by the British government）
188.脆弱的，容易受到伤害的
fragile,sensitive,vulnerable,delicate,frail,weak,susceptible,tender,
maximum risks, powerless, feeble, weedy, flimsy, rickety, jerry-built,
badly made,
189.fragile (a.): . Relations between the two countries are in a fragile state.
190.sensitive (a.):敏感的，很多考生不明白脆弱的和敏感的怎么会是相关词，举个简单的例子：如果有篇文章中说南极的气候非常的敏感
191.frail (a.): . frail body/physique
192.feeble (a.): . a feeble light/voice
193.susceptible (a.): . Children are particularly susceptible to the disease.
194.delicate (a.): . The sun can easily damage a child's delicate skin.
195.
196.有吸引力的attractive,,charming,good-
looking,inviting,lovely,pretty,pleasant,tempting, engaging(engage),
197.inviting (a.): . an inviting smell (英英解释：something that is inviting is attractive and makes you want to experience it)
198.engaging (a.): . one of her most engaging and least known novels
199.. engaging smile
200.fall, decline, descend, dive, drop, plummet, plunge, sink, decrease(improve),go down, slump, cut, dip,
201.depend on,rely upon(on),count on,lean on,reckon on,rest on,bank on,
202.资金，金融，补助，福利，工资fund,finance,pay
for,subsidize,salary,economic,welfare, wage, money, income, fee,
203.说白了，这组词都是和钱有关的
204.welfare (n.): 福利（健康和幸福），这个词不要和farewell 弄混淆了，这个词是古语表示再见的意思，有不讲述关于同性恋的电影叫Farewell, my concubine—霸王别姬205.很多考生都会认为福利和钱还是有差别的，福利是无形的，钱是看得见的，不过从个根本来说，福利其实就是种金钱激励（至少西方人是这么认为的），所以welfare和钱是相关词。
206.. Annabelle stopped getting welfare benefits when her husband landed
a minimum-wage job.
207.subsidize (v.): 补助（sub-这个前缀的意思表示：under or below a particular level or thing）
208.补助的方式有很多，但归根结底都可以用钱来表示，在这点上可以参考welfare 209.. Farming is heavily subsidized (=subsidized a lot)by the government.
210.wage (n./v.): 工资
211.. The wage increases will come into effect in June.
212.. minimum wage/wage-packet (an envelope that contains your wages)/
213.注意：wage作为动词用，解释为发动（战争或者运动的意思）
214.. wage a campaign/struggle/battle etc；wage war (on somebody/something)
215.again,once more,anew,afresh,in addition,
216.第一，最初，最早first, earliest, oldest, initial, original(反义词copy), introduction, commencement, pioneer, coin, launch, debut,
217.pioneer (n./v.):先锋（也就是第一批做某件事的人），所以pioneer和first的关系也属于定义型相关
218.. The new cancer treatment was pioneered in the early eighties by Dr Sylvia Bannerjee.
219.. He was a pioneer in the field of biotechnology.
220.initial (a./v.):头文字D的全称就是Initial Drift(drift是漂移的意思) 221.. The two countries have initialled a new defence co-operation agreement.
222.. initial stage/phase/period
223.original (a.):这个词在阅读中很多时候用来修饰一件艺术品，意思就是说这
件作品是真的，不是后人仿造的或者赝品，所以original在这里和copy是反义词。
224.. the original painting
225.coin (v.): 发明，创造（当然包含第一次的意思了）
226.. The word 'cybershot' was coined by SONY.
227.introduction (n.):引进the act of bringing something somewhere for the first time(英英解释)
228.. the introduction of Buddhism to China nearly 2000 years ago https://www.360docs.net/doc/017951439.html,unch (v.): 我们熟知的意思为火箭的发射，考试中常用的意思为开始或者推
广
230.. The company hopes to launch the new drug by next October. 231.debut (n./v.): 初次登场
232.. Paula is the only artist to achieve four number ones from a debut album.
233.. He made his Major League debut as shortstop.
234.. The show will debut next Monday at .
235.hazard, danger, risk, threat, jeopardy, peril,
236.常见的，寻常的
usual,normal,common,general,habitual,ordinary,regular,routine,typical, 237.habitual (a.): 习惯性的
238.. an habitual smoker/drinker/liar/criminal
239.routine (a./n.):例行公事，常规
240.. Staying at your desk until pm has become routine.
241.. routine tasks/jobs
242.impossible,out of the
question,unachievable,unobtainable,impracticable,unattainable,
243.额外的，补充的extra,additional,added,supplementary,
244.ignore,overlook,neglect,pass over,turn a blind eye to,disregard, 245.change,modify,alter,shift,vary,convert,mutate,reorganize,
246.easy,not difficult,child's play,effortless,no trouble,a piece of cake, 247.潮湿的damp,wet,moist,humid,cave,
248.cave (n.): 山洞
249.同样的，cave和潮湿的意思也是相关，但不同义，这种同义关系属于特征类转换，也就是说山洞具有的特征之一就是潮湿性，这个同义关系在考试中还有不少，随后还会陆续举出
250.damp (a.): . damp clothes
251.moist (a.): . Her eyes were moist (= with tears).
252.humid (a.): . The island is hot and humid in the summer.
253.反对object, oppose, argue against, protest, disagree, dispute, quarrel, contradict, anti-,
254.vision,sight,image,
255.appreciate,be aware of,realize,recognize,
256.curve,bend,arc,wavy,
257.导致，产生breed,produce,arouse,bring
about,cause,generate,give rise to,lead to,result in,contribute to,be
responsible for, create,
258.breed (v./n): 本义：繁殖/品种，引申为产生(原句：Isolation breeds
linguistic diversity 地域的隔离导致/产生语言的多样性)
259.. Poverty is a breeding ground for crime.
260.. Poor living conditions breed violence and despair.
261.contribute to: contribute大家最常用的意思是贡献，所以很多考生都有个思维定势是，这个词只能导致好的结果。其实不然，这个短语是个中性词，后面接好的或者是坏的结果都是可以的。
262.. Stress is a contributing factor in many illnesses.
263.arouse (v.): . He works hard to arouse his students' curiosity.
264.bring about: . A huge amount of environmental damage has been brought about by the destruction of the rainforests.
265.generate (v.): . The program would generate a lot of new jobs.
266.generation (n.):有产生还有一代人的意思 . the new generation of mobile phones
267.generation gap：代沟
268.Generation X ：90后（没有目标的一代人）
269.Generation Y ：80后
270.灭绝，消失extinct, vanished, gone, lost(loss), die out, kill off, disappear, absence,
271.extinct (a.): 这个词很多考生不会用，注意这个词是形容词，不是动词（不要少了形容词前的be动词）。
272.. Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years.
273.extinct volcano 死火山/active volcano 活火山/dormant volcano休眠火山274.vanish (v.): . a rapidly vanishing way of life
275.. The bird vanished from sight.
276.absence (n.):缺少，缺乏
277.. The case was dismissed in the absence of any definite proof. 278.. absence makes the heart grow fonder 距离产生美
279.diversity, difference, variety, diverseness, range, variation,
280.inevitable,unavoidable,certain,sure,inescapable,
281.疾病，痛苦
complaint,illness,disease,sickness,upset,affliction,ailment,malady,
https://www.360docs.net/doc/017951439.html,plaint (n.): 委婉语：疾病/抱怨，投诉
283.大家先看看disease这个词的构成，dis-是一个否定前缀，ease的形容词是easy，就是轻松，舒服的意思，由此可见，disease其实本来也是个委婉语，后来逐渐的就没有委婉的意思了，complaint也有这个趋势。
284.. a kidney complaint（可不要解释为肾脏的抱怨）
285.. minor complaints like headaches
286.upset (n.): stomach upset
287.affliction (n.): 非常正式的说法
288.. Smoking is a major cause of cancer and other afflictions.
289.ailment (n.): 不是很严重的病
290.. minor ailments
291.maladay (n.): 老式用法，还可引申为一种很严重的社会问题
292.. Violent crime is only one of the maladies afflicting modern society. 293.because(of),due to,since,for,by reason of,in that,on account of,owing to,thanks to,
294.独特的unique, gifted, unparalleled, incomparable, unequalled, unrivalled,
295.unique和gifted是真题中出现的一对相关词。原文中某些运动员的基因很独特，题目说他们很有天赋，意思是一致的。
296.unique (a.): . Joan has a unique talent for languages.
297.unparalleled (a.): 无与伦比的
298.. He has an unparalleled knowledge of local history.
299.incomparable (a.): . He was an incomparable teacher.
300.identify,recognize,spot,
301.营养nutrition, diet, food, nutriment, nourishment,
302.电影movie, film, feature, picture, motion picture, moving picture
303.feature (n.): . There were a couple of short cartoons before the main feature.
304.. double feature (=when two films are shown together)
305.motion picture: (AM)=movie
306.. the motion picture industry
307.damage, harm, hurt, impair, ruin, destroy, weaken, spoil, kill
308.leisure, recreation, spare time, ease, relaxation, rest,
309.inhibit, hinder, impede, obstruct, stop, hamper, forbid, obstacle, bar, barrier, block, hurdle, obstruction, impediment, prevent, ban, difficulty,
310.唯一的，排外的sole, only, alone, exclusive. single, solitary, privilege
311.privilege (n.):特权，有篇文章说的是artificial reef(人造礁石)，其中有个内容说的是日本政府有个政策就是给予渔民们特权：如果这块礁石是由这个地区的渔民造的并且带来
了鱼群，那么这些鱼就专属于这些渔民。大家想想在这里privilege（特权）是不是就是表示只有他们才有的权利，是不是排他性的。
312.再给个例子，特权车，例如警车，闯红灯不犯法（非执勤情况而且不鸣警笛的情况）是不是警车的特权呢
313.再如，贵族学校是不是有钱人家孩子的特权呢以特低价买商品房是不是某些官员的特权呢
314.. A good education should not just be a privilege of the rich.
315.sole (n.): 唯一的
316.. The company has the sole rights to market Elton John's records. 317.exclusive (a.): 动词形式是exclude（就是include的反义词）
318.. Our prices are exclusive of sales tax
319.. mutually exclusive 相互排斥的
320.. exclusive report/interview/coverage etc
321.. an exclusive girls' school（exclusive places, organizations, clothes etc are so expensive that not many people can afford to use or buy them）
322.alone (a./adv.): . The team earned over a million pounds from television alone last year.
323.rural,country,agricultural,countryside,farmland,
324.stress,burden,pressure,tension,strain,
325.distinct,different,detached,discrete,
326.agree,in favour of,consent,comply,approval,
327.偶然的，不小心的by chance, by accident, accidentally, unintentionally, incidentally,
328.阅读考试中还有种可能性就是文章描述一个事件，来说明它的偶然性。例如说一头驴掉进了一个洞里，那当然也是偶然的了（不知道是不是有笨驴看到洞,自己还故意往里面走的……）这种转换属于事例说明法。再如，题目如果说养蜜蜂失败了（fail）,文章中可能并没有fail的同义词，而描述了一个事件：例如运送蜜蜂的时候船翻了来说明fail的意思，这也是事例法。