oracle常用命令及格式

oracle常用命令及格式

一：关于日志管理的

1.切换日志：sql> alter system switch logfile;

2.切换checkpoints：sql> alter system checkpoint;

3.增加日志组：sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]

sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size1m;

4.增加日志成员

sql> alter database add logfile member

sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,

sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;

5.改变日志文件名字或路径

sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/re do01.log'

sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

（此处注意，那个文件路径的输入格式）

6.删除日志文件组：sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;

7.删除日志文件成员

sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/ redo01.log';

8.清除日志文件内容

sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/l og2a.rdo';

二、关于表空间管理的

1.创建表空间

sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\ oradata\file1.dbf' size100m,

sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size100mminimum extent 5 50k [logging/nologging]

sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)

sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_managem ent_clause]

2.创建本地管理表空间（9i中无需指定，因为9i全部使用local表空间）

sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradat a\user_data01.dbf'

sql> size500mextent management local uniform size10m;

3.创建temporary tablespace

sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\o radata\temp01.dbf'

sql> size500mextent management local uniform size10m;

4.改变表空间的默认存储属性

sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent2m;

sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial2mnex t2mmaxextents 999);

5.改变表空间online和offline

sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;

sql> alter tablespace app_data online;

6.使表空间只读/只写

sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;

7.删除表空间

sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents and datafi les;

8.使数据文件自动扩展

sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\orad ata\app_data01.dbf' size200m

sql> autoextend on next10mmaxsize500m;

9.改变数据文件大小

sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.db f' resize200m;

10.移动数据文件到别的磁盘或者更改名字

sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\o radata\app_data.dbf'

sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

三：关于表操作

1.创建表

sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column dataty pe]....)

sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]

sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextent s 50)

sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]

2.复制一个已经存在的表

sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging]assubquery 3.创建一个临时表

sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * fro m xay;

on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

4.表的pctfree和pctused计算

pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /avera ge row size

pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)

5.改变表的存储参数

sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(n ext 500k

sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);

6.手工为表分配一个区

sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k dataf ile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');

7.移动一个表

sql> alter table employeemovetablespace users;

8.重新分配没有使用的表的空间

sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep intege r]

9.清除表数据（不能恢复）

sql> truncate table table_name;

10.删除一个表

sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

11.删除表中的列

sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade co nstraints checkpoint 1000;

alter table table_name drop columns continue;

12.使表中某列失效

sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments casc ade constraints;

alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000 data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

四：关于索引的

1.创建function-based索引

sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quant ity-quantity_shipped);

2.创建B-tree索引

sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(colum n,.. asc/desc) tablespace

sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k ne xt 200k pctincrease 0

sql> maxextents 50);

3.索引的pctfree

pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of ro ws)*100/maximum number of rows

5.创建bitmap索引

sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storag e( initial 200k next 200k

sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

6.改变索引的存储参数

sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);

7.为索引分配区空间

sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');

五：约束

1.定义一个约束

sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/d efault;

set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

2.删除约束

sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints

sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cas cade constraints

3.在创建表时定义约束

sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primar y key deferrable

sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);

primary key/unique/references table(column)/check

4.enable constraints

sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

5.enable constraints

sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

六：LOAD数据

1.插入table（emp_old）数据到emp

sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging

sql> select * from emp_old;

2.并行插入

sql> alter session enable parallel dml;

sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging

sql> select * from emp_old;

3.oracle数据导入工具sql*loader

sql> sqlldr scott/tiger \

sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \

sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true

七：reorganizing data

1.export数据

$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.l og compress=n direct=y

2.import数据

$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y

3.导出一个表空间数据

sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;

$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace= sales_ts

triggers=n constraints=n

4.导入一个表空间数据

$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles= (/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2

/sles02.dbf)

sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;

八：managing password security and resources

1.改变用户密码

sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle;

2.使用密码函数

sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varch ar2(30),

old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean

3.创建一个包括密码限制的profile文件

sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3 sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_ function

sql> password_grace_time 5;

4.altering a profile

sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3

sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;

5.删除一个profile

sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];

6.创建一个包含资源限制的profile文件

sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2

sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 7.查看profile的两个数据字典

dba_Users,dba_profiles

8.使资源限制生效

sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;

九：Managing users

1.创建一个用户

sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tables pace users

sql> temporary tablespace temp quota10mon data password exp ire

sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default]; 2.现在一个用户使用某个表空间

sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;

3.删除用户

sql> drop user juncky [cascade];

十：managing privileges

1.查看权限的数据字典

system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs

2.授予系统权限

sql> grant create session,create table to managers;

sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;

with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any us er or role;

3.dba的权限

sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter d atabase backup controlfile,

alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database

alter database archivelog,restricted session

sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create databas e,recover database until

4.回收系统权限

sql> revoke create table from karen;

sql> revoke create session from scott;

5.授予object权限

sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;

sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen w ith grant option;

6.查看dba权限

dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs

7.revoke object privilege

sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constr aints];

8.查看系统审计

sys.aud$

9. protecting the audit trail

sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;

10.审计用户

sql> audit user;

11.对summit执行select语句操作进行审计

sql> audit select any table by summit by access;

12.对成功执行的lock语句进行审计

sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever succe ssful;

13.一些重要数据字典

all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts, dba_obj_audit_opts

dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit _session,dba_audit_statement

十一：manager role

1.创建角色

sql> create role sales_clerk;

sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;

sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;

2.修改角色属性

sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission; sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;

sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;

3.分配角色给用户

sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;

sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;

sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;

4.分配默认角色

sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;

sql> alter user scott default role all;

sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk; sql> alter user scott default role none;

5.生效和失效角色

sql> set role hr_clerk;

sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;

sql> set role all except sales_clerk;

sql> set role none;

6.收回用户的角色

sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;

sql> revoke hr_manager from public;

7.删除角色

sql> drop role hr_manager;

8.角色相关数据字典

dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role _sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles

十二: BACKUP and RECOVERY

1.系统重要维护数据字典

v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafil e,v$sgastat

2. Rman need set

dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size 3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback

> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions

4.脱机冷备

> shutdown immediate

> cp files /backup/

> startup

5.restore to a different location

> connect system/manager as sysdba

> startup mount