语言学大纲

第一章语言学和语言

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解语言学的研究对象和研究方法。

教学重点与难点：

语言学的概念；现代语言学的研究领域；语言研究中的一些重要对立；语言的概念

复习思考题：

1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language?

2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study

3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?

4. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?

5. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?

6. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?

第二章音位学

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解英语语音学和音位学的研究内容。

教学重点与难点：

语言的语音媒介，语音学的定义，发音器官，语音的记述，英语语音的分类，音位学，音位学和语音学的关系，音位和音位变体，音位对比、互补分布和最小对立体，音位规则，超语段音位特征。

复习思考题：

1. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?

2. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?

3. How are the English consonants classified?

4. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?

5. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?

6. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule and the deletion rule.

7. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English

function in conveying meaning?

第三章形态学

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解词类的概念和一些成词规则。

教学重点与难点：

形态学的概念，开放性词类与封闭性词类，语词的内在结构和构词规则，形位（语素）的概念，屈折语素和派生语素，复合词

复习思考题：

1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.

2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.

3. Think of three inflectional morphemes and point out their grammatical meaning.

第四章句法学

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解转换生成句法的基本理论框架。

教学重点与难点：

句法学的概念，范畴的概念，词语范畴、短语范畴和短语结构，短语结构规则（X杠理论），短语构成要素，句子的概念（句子规则），转换的概念和种类，深层结构和表层结构，移动-α和转换限制

复习思考题：

1. What is syntax?

2. How do we determine the category of a phrase? And how do we describe the internal structure of a phrase that is formed of more than one word?

3. Do you think that the X-bar theory is an abstraction of phrase structure rules? How?

4. Illustrate with an example how we apply transformational rules to get a surface structure out of a deep structure.

第五章语义学

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解“意义”概念的含糊、语言学对“意义”研究的内容和方法。

语义学概念，对“意义”的理解（命名论、认知论、环境论、行为主义论），词汇意义，语义关系（同义关系、反义关系、上下义关系），句子之间的意义关系，对词汇意义和句子意义的分析

复习思考题：

1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?

2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?

3. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.

4. How can words opposite in meaning be classified?

5. In what ways is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?

6. What is “grammaticality”? What might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?

第六章语用学

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解语用学的概念和部分基本理论。

教学重点与难点：

语用学的概念，语用学和语义学的关系，语境的概念，句子意义和话语意义，奥斯丁的言语行为理论，格莱斯的会话原则理论。

复习思考题：

1. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?

2. Why is the notion of context essential in the pragmatic study of linguistic communication?

3. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related and how do they differ?

4. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance? Give an example.

5. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?

6. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?

第七章语言变化

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解语言变化的内容和原因。

语音的变化，形态和句法变化，词汇方面的变化，语言变化的原因。

复习思考题：

1. What kinds of changes have you observed with the English language? Give some examples for each kind of these changes.

2. What do you think are the causes of linguistic change?

3. Give at least two examples to show the influence of American English on the British English.

第八章语言与社会

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解社会语言学的一些基本概念和研究内容。

教学重点与难点：

语言和社会的关系，语言社团和语言变体，社会语言学的研究方法，语言变异（方言、语域、正式程度），标准方言，洋泾浜和混合语，双语现象和双语制。

复习思考题：

1. How is language related to society?

2. Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.

3. What are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? How do they jointly determine idiolect?

4. In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?

5. What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own..

6. What linguistic features of Black English do you know? Do you think Black English is an illogical and inferior variety of English? Why or why not?

7. What peculiar features does pidgin have?

8. How do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common?

第九章语言与文化

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解语言和文化的关系以及文化教学的重要性。

教学重点与难点：

文化的概念，语言和文化的关系，Sapir-Whorf假设，文化差异的语言学证据，文化教学的重要性,文化重迭和文化扩散，文化交流。

复习思考题：

1. What is the relation between language and culture?

2. What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view.

3. Can you find some words in Chinese loaned from other languages? Explain how they were used in the original language and how they are used now.

4. Based on your own experience of learning English, illustrate to what extent it is necessary to learn its culture when learning a foreign language.

5. What do you think of linguistic imperialism and cultural imperialism? Is it nonsense or something worth consideration?

第十章语言习得

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，对儿童如何习得母语这一问题有一定的科学的认识。

教学重点与难点：

儿童语言习得的行为主义观、内在论、互动说，儿童语言发展中的认知因素，语言环境和临界期假说，儿童语言的发展阶段

复习思考题：

1. Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.

2. Try to explain the following terms: Language acquisition; Language Acquisition Device; Critical Period Hypothesis.

第十一章二语习得

教学目的与要求：

通过本章的学习，了解二语习得的一些关键性的概念和模型。

教学重点与难点：

母语习得和二语习得的关联，对比分析，错误分析，中介语，母语在第二语言学习中作用，二语学习模型，二语习得理论对教学的意义

复习思考题：

1. To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experiences?

2. Do you use Chinese in English learning and how? Try to observe yourself and pay attention to this, what conclusions can you reach about the role of Chinese in your English

learning?

3. Based on your own experience, give at least three examples which are related to overgeneralization and performance errors.

4. What kind of a language learner you are? Have you ever thought of why and how you learn English?

5. Identify personality factors that may contribute to the success of learning a second/foreign language.